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This document discusses sampling and sampling techniques including: - Definitions of population, sample, sampling, and different sampling methods like random sampling and probability sampling. - The sampling frame is described as a list of all elements in a population that can be sampled. - Probability and non-probability samples are defined, with probability samples allowing statistical inference. - Methods of probability sampling include simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic random sampling, and cluster sampling. - Computing population and sample parameters like the mean, variance, and standard deviation are explained. - Permutations, combinations, and the sampling distribution of statistics are defined as important concepts.

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61 views15 pages

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This document discusses sampling and sampling techniques including: - Definitions of population, sample, sampling, and different sampling methods like random sampling and probability sampling. - The sampling frame is described as a list of all elements in a population that can be sampled. - Probability and non-probability samples are defined, with probability samples allowing statistical inference. - Methods of probability sampling include simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic random sampling, and cluster sampling. - Computing population and sample parameters like the mean, variance, and standard deviation are explained. - Permutations, combinations, and the sampling distribution of statistics are defined as important concepts.

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alleanadelrosario.06
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MODULE13:

Sampling and Sampling Techniques

POPULATION- refers to the whole group


under study or investigation
SAMPLE-subset of the population
SAMPLING- the process of selecting a
sample
RANDOM SAMPLING- all subjects in
the population listed in the study have
the same chances of being chosen for
the survey.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING-refers to the
selection of a sample from a population,
when this selection is based on the
principle of randomization, that is, random
selection or chance.
SAMPLING FRAME- It is a list of all those
within a population who can be sampled,
and may include individuals, households
or institutions.

Two types of Samples


1.Probability samples
>Obtained using some objective chance
mechanism, thus involving randomization.
>Probabilities of selection are known.
>Require the use of complete listing of the
elements of the population called the
sampling frame.
>Generally referred to as random samples.
>They allow drawing valid generalizations
about the population.
2.Non Probability Samples
>Probabilities of the selection are unknown.
>Should NOT be used statistical inference.
>Result from the use of judgement sampling,
accidental sampling, purposively sampling,
and the like.

Methods of Probability Samples


1.Simple Random Sampling
•Most basic method of drawing a
probability sample
•Assigns equal probabilities to each
possible sample
•Results to a simple random sample

Types of Simple Random Sampling(SRS)


A.SRS without Replacement
-Does NOT allow repetitions of selected
units in the sample.
B.SRS with Replacement
-Allows repetitions of selected units in
the sample.

Randomization Techniques
-Use chips of paper
-Use table of random numbers
-Use calculator to RAN#
(random number generator)

2.Stratified Random Sampling


•The population is divided into different
strata or divisions
•The number of samples are proportionately
picked in each stratum that is why all strata
are represented in the samples

3.Systematic Random Sampling


•Adopts the skipping pattern in the
selection of sample units
•Gives a better cross-section if the listing
is linear in trend but has high risk of bias
if there is periodicity in the listing of units
in the sampling frame
•Allows the simultaneous listing and
selection of samples in one operation

4.Cluster Sampling
•Population is divided into clusters or
groups and then the clusters are randomly
selected.
•All elements of the cluster that was
randomly selected are considered the
sample of the study.

1.A researcher surveys 5 randomly


selected classes from 7classes.
CLUSTER
2.A researcher separates the list of
boys and girls, then draws 7 names by
gender. STRATIFIED
3.A researcher writes the name of each
student on a piece of paper, mixes the
papers in a bowl, and draws 7 pieces
of paper. SIMPLE
4.A researcher tells the class to count
and then selects those students who
count a multiple of 7. SYSTEMATIC
5.There are 20 toddlers, 40 teenagers,
45 middle aged and 55 senior citizens in
a certain area. Samples are taken
according to the total number of people
in the area. STRATIFIED

MODULE 14:
Computing for the Parameter and
Statistics
POPULATION MEAN:
•The mean is the sum of the data
divided by the number of data.
•Used to describe where the set of
data tends to concentrate at a certain
point.

POPULATION VARIANCE AND SD


•Variance and standard deviation
determine how to spread or to
scatter each data on the set from
the mean. Standard deviation is
simply the square root of the
variance.
SAMPLE MEAN:
•The sample mean is the average of
all the data of the samples. The
symbol 𝑥̅(read as “x bar”) is used to
represent the sample mean. To compute
for the sample mean, we simply add all
the data and divide it by the number of
elements in the sample (n).

SAMPLE VARIANCE
•Sample variance is the computed
variance of the elements of the
sample.

SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION


•Sample standard deviation is the
computed standard deviation of the
elements of the sample. S is used to
represent sample standard deviation.
MODULE 15:
Identifying Sampling Distribution
of Statistics

PERMUTATIONS
- when order matters.

TWO TYPES OF PERMUTATIONS


1.With repetition
Ex: choosing 3 of those things,
the permutations are:
N×n×n
(n multiplied 3 times)
N × n × … (r times) = n^r

Example: In the lock above, there


are 10 numbers to choose from
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) and we choose
3 of them:
10 × 10 × … (3 times) = 103
= 1,000 permutations

2.Without repetition
-we have to reduce the number of
available choices each time
Example: what order could 16 pool
balls be in?
16 × 15 × 14 × 13 × …=
20,922,789,888,000
Not all just 3 of them
16 × 15 × 14 = 3,360

PERMUTATION FORMULA:

COMBINATION:
-the order does not matter

TWO TYPES OF COMBINATION:


1.Combinations with Repetition
Ex: five flavors of icecream: banana,
chocolate, lemon, strawberry
and vanilla.We can have three scoops.
How many variations will there be?
2.Combinations without Repetition
-Also known as Binomial Coefficient

Example: Pool Balls (Without Order)

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
•Sampling distribution of a sample
means is a frequency distribution
using the computed sample mean
from all the possible random samples
of a particular sample size taken from
the given population
Steps in Making a Sampling
Distribution

Module 16: Finding the Mean and


Variance of the Sampling Distribution
of the Sample Mean
EXAMPLE: The following are sample data
obtained from the Statistics quiz of 22
students in Math High School in Quezon
Province. Compute the mean and variance
of the frequency distribution.
What if the “population mean” is
equal to the “sample mean”?
-This happens because all samples
obtained of n size came from the
same population

Variance of the population is higher


than the variance of the sample
•Since a sample of n is less than the
population N then the data vary by a
small amount as compared to the
population

If you are given the Sampling distribution


of the sample mean, you can compute
for the mean, variance and standard
deviation by using the ff:
Mean:

Variance:
Standard Deviation:

Mark is conducting a survey on

grade 12 students of Nasyonalismo


High School. He found out that there
are only few students who knew
about the makers of the Philippine
flag consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 SHS
students from 5 sections. Suppose that
the sample size of 2 sections were
drawn from this population (without
replacement), describe the sampling
distribution of the sample means.

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