Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Surveying 1

Surveying has to do with the determination of the relative •Photogrammetric Survey - Made to utilize the principles of Error in Tape:
spatial location of the points on or near the surface of the aerial photogrammetry, in which measurements made on
earth. It is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical photographs are used to determine the positions of Too Long Too Short
distances between objects, of measuring angles between photographed objects. Measure Add Subtract
lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of •Astronomical survey - generally involve imaging or
Layout Subtract Add
establishing points by predetermined angular and linear "mapping" of regions of the sky using telescopes.
measurement.
Linitial
Lcorrect = Linitial ± e( )
Ltape
Geodetic Surveying - the type of surveying which takes Tape Correction
into account the true shape of the earth. Surveys Problem 1:
employing the principles of geodesy are of high 1. Correction due to Temperature A rectangular lot having a dimension of 217.3 m by 148.5 m
precision and generally extended over large areas. was measured by a 30 m tape which is 0.04m too long.

Plane Surveying - the type of surveying in which the

C T = L (T − To ) a. What is the correct width of the lot?
b. Find the error in the area.
mean surface of the earth is considered as a plane, or in c. If the same tape is used to set a baseline with length of
which its spheroidal shape is neglected. α – coefficient of linear (or thermal) expansion
837.5m, determine the actual distance to be laid out.
– use 11.6 x 10-6/°C if not given
Units of Measurement L – measured length/length of tape
Problem 2:
•Sexagecimal units of angular measurement are the degree, T – temperature during measurement
A 100 m steel tape is used to measure the distance of the line
minute, and second. A plane angle extending completely To – standard temperature
and found to be 1539.28 m long. During measurement, the
around a point equals 360 degrees; 1 degree = 60 minutes, 1 tape is supported at the ends under a pull of 10 kg and the
minute = 60 seconds. 2. Correction due to Pull
observed mean temperature is 31ᵒC. The tape is of standard
•Centesimal units, the grad, or grade, is the angular unit. 400 length at 20ᵒC and a tension of 12 kg. The cross-sectional area
grads = 360 degrees. 1 grad = 100 centesimal minutes; 1 (P − Po )L of the tape is 0.035 cm2. The coefficient of linear expansion is
centesimal minute = 100 centesimal seconds. CP = 0.0000116/ᵒC. and the modulus of elasticity of steel is 2.0x10 6
aE kg/cm2. The tape weighs 1.5 kg.
METHODS OF SURVEYING: a. Determine the total correction for temperature.
•Control Survey - Made to establish the horizontal and P – applied pull/tension b. Find the total correction due to pull/tension.
vertical positions of arbitrary points. Po – standard pull/tension c. Determine the total correction due to sag.
•Boundary Survey - Made to determine the length and L – measured length/length of tape d. What is the correct length of the line?
direction of land lines and to establish the position of these a – cross-sectional area of tape
lines on the ground. E – elastic modulus of steel _____________________________________________
•Topographic Survey - Made to gather data to produce a Leveling is the operation of measuring vertical distance,
topographic map showing the configuration of the terrain 3. Correction due to Sag either directly or indirectly, to determine the difference in
and the location of natural and man-made objects. elevation.
•Hydrographic Survey - The survey of bodies of water
w 2L3 Methods of Leveling:
made for the purpose of navigation, water supply, or sub-
aqueous construction.
CS = •Direct or Spirit Leveling, by measuring vertical

•Mining Survey - Made to control, locate and map

24P 2 distances directly. Direct leveling is the most precise
method of determining elevations and is the one
underground and surface works related to mining commonly used.
w – linear weight of tape
operations. •Indirect or Trigonometric Leveling, by measuring
L – distance between supports
•Construction Survey - Made to lay out, locate and monitor vertical angles and horizontal or slope distances.
P – applied pull/tension
public and private engineering works.
•Route Survey - Refers to those control, topographic, and
construction surveys necessary for the location and
construction of highways, railroads, canals, transmission
lines, and pipelines.

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Surveying 1
Types of Leveling: AREA COMPUTATION kg. This tape was used to measure a line which was found to
•Differential Leveling - is the operation of determining Problem 4: be 662.702 m at an average temperature of 24.6 0C using the
differences in elevation of points some distance apart or A closed traverse has the following data: same pull. Use coefficient of expansion of 11.6 x 10 -6/0C.
of establishing bench marks. Usually, differential LINE BEARING DISTANCE a. Compute the standard temperature.
leveling is accomplished by direct leveling. Precise AB S 700 14‘ E 32.24 b. Compute the total temperature correction.
leveling is the precise form of differential leveling. c. Compute the correct length of the line.
BC S 360 30’ W 31.71
•Profile Leveling - is the operation (usually by direct
leveling) of determining elevations of points at short CD N 650 19’ W 17.54 4. The line of sight of a wye level was tested by setting up
measured intervals along a definitely located line, such DE N 800 35’ W 36.30 exactly midway between two points A and B. The rod
as the center line for a highway or a sewer. EA N 600 08’ E 46.44 reading on A was 1.520 and at B was 1.395. The instrument
a. Find the departure of line CD. was next set up at B and rod readings A and B are 1.683 and
Problem 3: 1.490 respectively.
b. Compute the DMD of line DE.
To adjust a dumpy level by peg method of adjustment, two a. What is the error in the line of sight?
c. Determine the area of the traverse using DMD method.
points A and B were set up. With the instrument at Point A, b. Determine the true rod reading at A that will make
the rod reading at A was 1.623m and the foresight at B was Problem 5: the line of sight horizontal.
2.875m. The level is transferred at B and the backsight at B It is desired to determine the area bounded by a straight road
was 1.622m while the rod reading at A was 0.362m. and an irregular boundary. 5. Given the data of a closed traverse, determine the value of
a. Find the true elevation between A and B. x, y and area of the traverse.
STATION OFFSETS (m)
b. What is the error in the line of sight?
c. Determine the correct reading at A that will give the 0 + 000 4.4 SIDE Lat Dep DMD DA
level line of sight with the instrument still at point B. 0 + 020 5.9 AB 453.21 25.89 25.89 11733.61
0 + 040 3.6 BC x 98.12 --- -52198.18
CLOSED TRAVERSE 0 + 060 6.8 CD -92.12 --- 161.99 ---
Computation of Areas: DA -12.87 -37.98 --- y
1. Triangle Method 0 + 080 8.7
2. Diagonal/Coordinate Method 0 + 100 4.6 6. A surveyor sets up a transit at a point Q which is at the
3. Double Meridian Distance Method (DMD Method) a. Determine the area by trapezoidal rule. middle portion of a four-sided tract of land and reads the
4. Double Parallel Distance Method (DPD Method) b. Find the area by Simpson’s 1/3 rule. bearings and measures the distance, as given below.
Double Meridian Distance (DMD) Method: Line Bearing Distance (m)
•Compute and balance the latitudes and departures of all QA N 410 W 430
lines in the traverse. Problems for Practice: QB N 350 E 535
•Compute DMD (Double Meridian Distance) 1. The taped distance of a line was 99.812 m using a 100m QC S 670 E 497
-The DMD of the first line is equal to the departure. steel tape weighing 2 kg at a pull of 10 kg and temp of 32 0C.
QD S 560 W 621
-The DMD of any other line is equal to the DMD of the The difference in elevation between the end points is 45cm.
preceding line + departure of the preceding line + The tape is exactly 100m at a temp of 280C and standard pull
What is the area of the land in hectares?
departure of the line. of 10 kg. If the coefficient of expansion of the tape is
-The DMD of the last line is numerically equal to the 0.0000118/0C and the tape was supported at the ends and at
departure of the last line but with opposite sign 25m interval during measurement find the correct horizontal
•Compute Double Areas (DMD x latitude) distance of the line.
Answers:
•Sum the Double Areas then divide by 2.
1. 99.805m
2. A 100 m tape is suspended at the ends under a pull of 15
kg. It has also supports at 30 m and 75 m marks. What is the 2. 0.014 m
total correction due to sag if the tape weighs 2.4 kg? 3. a) 28.270C b) -0.028 m c) 662.67 m
4. e = 0.068 m TRA = 1.615 m
3. A 50 m steel tape was standardized and supported 5. x = -348.22 y = -488.8026
throughout its whole length and found to be 0.00205 m A = 27937.95
longer at an observed temperature of 31.80C and a pull of 10 6. 50.36 hectares

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Surveying 2
ELEMENTS OF A SIMPLE CURVE REVERSE CURVE Situation 1: A simple curve have tangents AB and BC
Simple Curve – a circular arc, extending from one Problem 3: intersecting at a common point B. AB has an azimuth
tangent to the next. The perpendicular distance between two parallel of 1800 and BC has an azimuth of 2300. The stationing
tangents of the reverse curve is 35m. The azimuth of of the point of curvature at A is 10+140.26. If the
-Point of Curvature (PC) – point where the curve the back tangent is 2700 while the common tangent is degree of curve of the simple curve is 40, determine the
leaves the back tangent (first tangent). 3000. The first radius of the curve is 160m and the following:
-Point of Tangency (PT) – point where the curve joins stationing of PRC is 2+578. Determine the following: 3. Length of the long chord
the forward tangent (second tangent). a. Radius of the second curve. 4. Stationing of a point “X” on the curve on which a
-Intersection Angle (I) – angle of intersection of b. Stationing of PC. line passing through the center of the curve makes an
tangents. c. Stationing of PT. angle of 580 with line AB, intersects the curve at point
-Vertex or Point of Intersection (V or PI) – intersection SPIRAL CURVE “X”.
of back tangent and forward tangent. Problem 4:
-Tangent Distance (T) – distance from vertex to the PC A spiral curve having a length of 100 m is to be laid Situation 2: The common tangent BC of a reverse curve
or PT. out in a certain portion of road. The degree of the is 280 m and has an azimuth of 312 0. AB is tangent of
-Chord Distance (C) – line connecting PC and PT. central curve is 6°. the first curve whose azimuth is 2520 and a distance of
-External Distance (E) – distance from the vertex to the a. Find the offset distance at the first quarter point 320 m while CD is tangent of the second curve whose
curve. of spiral. azimuth is 2180 and a distance of 260 m. If the radius
-Middle Ordinate (M) – line joining the middle of the b. Determine the spiral angle at the third quarter of the second curve is 190 m, determine the following:
curve and the middle of the chord. point of spiral. 5. radius of the first curve
c. Compute the maximum speed of the car that 6. length of the second curve
SIMPLE CURVE could pass through the spiral without skidding. 7. total area of road from A to D using a width of 10m
Problem 1:
Two tangents adjacent to each other having bearings Problem 5: Situation 3: An 80 simple curve connecting two
N 65030’ E and S 85010’ E meet at station 11+157.98. If A spiral easement curve has a spiral angle at SC of 12° tangents that intersect at an angle of 88 0 is to be
the radius of the simple curve connecting these two and an offset distance at SC equal to 3.4m. Distance replaced by a symmetrical three centered compound
tangents is 249.17m, determine the following: along tangent up to SC is 79.62m. What is the length curve having a 60 end curves and 100 curve at the
a. Tangent Distance of the short tangent, long tangent and length of throw? center maintaining the same PC.
b. Long Chord 8. Find the central angle of the 100 center curve.
c. Middle Ordinate Problems for Practice: 9. Find the central angle of the 60 end curves.
d. External Distance 1. Two tangents AB and BC intersect at an angle of 240. 10. Determine the stationing of the PT if PC is at
e. Degree of Curve A point P is located 21.03 m from point B and has a 10+185.42
f. Length of Curve perpendicular distance of 2.79 m from line AB.
g. Stationing of PT Calculate the radius of the simple curve connecting
the two tangents and passing point P.
COMPOUND CURVE Answers:
Problem 2: 2. It is desired to lay out a curve at right angle. The 1. 285.33 m 5. 132.07 m 8. 51.460
A compound curve has the following elements: curve is compound with radius R1 equal to 310m and 2. 270 m 6. 311.72 m 9. 18.270
I1= 30° I2= 24° radius R2 equal to 260m. If the distance from the vertex 3. 242.14 m 7. 7500.20 m2 10. 10+410.14
D1= 4° D2= 5° to PC is 290 m, what is the distance from vertex to PT? 4. 10+300.26
If the stationing of the vertex is 4+ 620,
a. Determine the stationing of PC.
b. Find the stationing of PCC.
c. Determine the stationing of PT.
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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Surveying 2

SIMPLE CURVE

I
a. T = R tan tangent distance
2
I
b. C = 2R sin long chord
2
1145 .916
c. D= degree of curve
R

d. L C = RI length of curve
180
 I 
e. E = R  sec − 1 external distance
 2 

 I
f. M = R1 − cos  middle ordinate
 2

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Surveying 2
L 2
180
= 
2RL S 
ELEMENTS PI
I 
LT = Long tangent i=
ST = Short tangent 3
R = Radius of simple curve
L = Length of spiral from TS to any point along the
spiral Es p=
(L ) S
2

Ls = Length of spiral Ts 24R

I = Angle of intersection Xc Ic
Ic = Angle of intersection of the simple curve
θs SC CS θs L3
p = Length of throw or the distance from tangent x=
that the circular curve has been offset 6RL S
X = Offset distance (right angle distance) from R I R
tangent to any point on the spiral
Ls L5
Xc = Offset distance (right angle distance) from y =L−
θs Ic θs 40R 2 (L S )
2
tangent to SC
Es = External distance of the simple curve TS ST
θ = Spiral angle from tangent to any point on the P LS I
spiral TS = + (R + p) tan
θs = Spiral angle from tangent to SC 2 2
i = Deflection angle from TS to any point on the
I
E S = (R + p) sec
spiral, it is proportional to the square of its
distance x SC −R
is = Deflection angle from TS to SC 2
y = distance from TS along the tangent to any point
on the spiral
θ 0.036k 3
LS =
i R
0.0079 k 2
e=
TS R
D L
=
DC L S

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Surveying 3
VERTICAL CURVES Problem 3: length of parabolic curve that shall connect the two
•A gradient is a dimensionless number. It is usually In a certain portion of on-going construction of Clark- gradelines.
expressed in percentages; (e.g., a road of +4% gradient Subic road, a parabolic curve is designed to connect a Answer: 199.50 m
rises 4 units vertically in 100 units horizontally). +6% grade and a -4% grade. The curve is to pass
•Gradients rising from left to right are positive through point “P” the stationing of which was 35+280 2. An unsymmetrical parabolic curve has a forward
gradients and gradients falling left to right are and the elevation is 198.13m. If the grade intersection tangent of -8% and a backward tangent of +5%. The
negative. is at station 35+300 and the elevation is 200 m, back tangent of the curve on the left side is 40 m
Types of Vertical Curves determine the following: long while that of the right side is 60 m long. PC is
Summit Curves: Vertical Curves where the total a. Length of the curve. at Sta. 6+780 and at elevation 110 m. Determine the
change in gradient is negative. b. Location of the summit from PT. elevation at Sta. 6+820.
Sag Curves: Vertical Curves where the total c. Elevation of summit. Answer: 110.44 m
change in gradient is positive.
Notes on Vertical Curves: Problem 4: 3. A vertical summit parabolic curve has a vertical
•The length of parabolic curve L is the horizontal A grade of -3% is followed by a grade of +2% which
offset of 0.375 m from the curve to the grade tangent
distance between PC and PT. intersects at station 10+250 and elevation of 100m. If
at station 10+050. The curve has a slope of +4% and -
•PI is midway between PC and PT. the maximum change in grade per 20 m station is
2% grades intersecting at the PI. The offset distance of
•The curve lies midway between PI and the midpoint 0.20%, determine the following
the curve at PI is equal to 1.5 m. If the stationing of the
of the chord from PC to PT. a. Length of parabolic curve that shall connect these
PC is at 10+000,
•The stationing of vertical curves is measured not two gradelines.
a. Compute the required length of curve.
along the curve but along a horizontal line. b. Stationing of PC.
b. Compute the horizontal distance of the vertical
c. Elevation of PC.
SYMMETRICAL PARABOLIC CURVE curve turning point from the point of intersection of
the grades.
UNSYMMETRICAL VERTICAL CURVE
Problem 1: c. Determine the elevation of the vertical curve turning
The back tangent with grade of +3.4 % and forward Problem 5: point if the elevation of PT is 86.42 m.
tangent with grade of -4.8 % intersects at station An unsymmetrical parabolic curve connects a +4.2% Answers: 200 m
14+750 and elevation 76.3m. The two tangents are grade and a -3.4% grade. The length of curve on the 33.33 m
connected by a 320 m parabolic curve. left side of the vertex is 80 m and 110 m on the other 87.09 m
a. Find the location of the highest point from PC. side. If the stationing of the point of intersection is
b. Compute the stationing of the highest point of the 4+460 and its elev is 145.2 m. Determine the following: 4. In a certain road construction undertaken by the
curve. a. Location of the summit from PT. Bureau of Public Highways, it was decided to connect
c. Determine the elevation of the highest point. b. Stationing of the summit. a forward tangent of 3% and back tangent of -5% by a
c. Elevation of the summit. 200 m symmetrical parabolic curve. It was discovered
Problem 2: that the grade intersection at station 10+100, whose
A descending grade of 6% and an ascending grade of elevation is 100 m fall on the rocky section with the
2% intersect at Sta 12 + 200 whose elevation is at 14.375 Problems for Practice: exposed boulder at elevation 102.67 m. To avoid rock
m. The two grades are to be connected by a parabolic 1. An underpass crossing a reinforced concrete bridge excavation, the project engineer decided to adjust and
curve, 160 m long. Find the elevation of the first has a downward grade of -4% meeting an upward construct an unsymmetrical curve in such a way that
quarter point on the curve. grade of +8% at the vertex with elev. 70 m and the curve still jus clear the rock without altering the
stationing 7+700 exactly underneath the centerline of position of PC and the grade of the tangents.
the bridge having a width of 10m. If the minimum Determine the stationing and elevation of the new PT.
required clearance under the bridge is 5m and the Answer: 10+300; 106 m
elev. at the bottom of bridge is 78.10m, determine the

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Surveying 3

SYMMETRICAL PARABOLIC CURVE UNSYMMETRICAL VERTICAL CURVE

L 1L 2
H= (g 1 + g 2 )
2(L 1 + L 2 )
L
H= (g1 + g 2 )
8
g 3 (L1 + L 2 ) = g1L1 + g 2L 2
x 2 (L / 2)
2

=
y H

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Surveying 4
EARTHWORKS b. Compute the volume by prismoidal c. What is the area of the section at station
formula. 0+250?
Problem 1: c. Determine the prismoidal correction.
Compute the side slope and the base of the
given cross-section that has an area of 31.7 m2. Problems for Practice:
CUT AND FILL SECTIONS 1. From station 10+100 with center height of
9.8 0 7.4 3.4m in cut has a ground line which makes
+2.4 +2.64 +1.2 Problem 4: uniform slope of -4% to station 10+180 whose
Given the following cross sections center height in fill is 1.2m. Assume both
Problem 2: Base for cut = 9m Sideslope = 1:1 sections to be trapezoidal having a width of
Find the value of x if the width of the roadway Base for fill = 8m Sideslope = 1.5:1 roadway of 8.0 m and sideslope of 1:1 for both
for cut is 6m and 4.8m in fill. Side slope is 1:1 Station 3+000 cut and fill. If the shrinkage factor is 1.3,
Also, compute the area of cut and fill. 5.48 0 5.0 compute the difference in volume of cut and
+0.98 +3.05 +0.50 fill in cu m.
X 0.60 0 5.46 Answer: 996.18 m3
-2.64 0 +0.39 +2.46 Station 3+060
6.76 0 4.63 Situation 1:
Problem 3: -1.84 -1.22 -0.42 Given the following cross-section notes for
The following data are cross-section notes of
a road in cut:
the ground which will be excavated for a a. Compute the volume of cut using end area 10.00 0 7.80
roadway. method.
+2.50 +4.23 +1.40
b. Find the volume of fill using end area
Station 4+120 method.
8.00 0 9.20 2. What is the width of the roadway?
+2.00 +3.2 +2.80 Problem 5: 3. What is the sideslope?
From Station 0+200 with center height of 1.4 m 4. What is the area of the cross-section?
Station 4+160 in fill, the ground line makes a uniform slope
9.50 0 10.70 of +5% to station 0+260 whose center height is Answers: 10 m;
+3.00 +2.6 +3.80 2.8 m in cut. Assuming both sections to be 2:1;
trapezoidal with a roadway of 10m and 47.4 m2
The base road is 10 m and the sideslopes are sideslope of 2:1
1.5:1 a. Compute the grade of the finished roadway.
a. Find the volume of excavation by end area b. How far from station 0+200 will the filling
method. extend?

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Surveying 4

EARTHWORKS Five Level Cross Section

Level Cross Section

1
A5 L = ( BC + fRdR + fLdL)
2
VOLUME BY END AREA METHOD

It is assumed that the volume between successive cross sections is the average
Three Level Cross Section of their areas multiplied by the distance between them.

L
Ve = (A1 + A 2 )
2
VOLUME BY PRISMOIDAL FORMULA

L
Vp = (A1 + 4A m + A 2 )
6
Am is determined by averaging the corresponding linear dimensions of the end
sections and NOT by averaging the end areas A1 and A2.

PRISMOIDAL CORRECTION

A3 L =
1
[C (d R + d L ) + B (hR + hL )] Cp =
L
(c1 − c2 )(d1 − d 2 ) V p = Ve − C p
2 2 12
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