Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Sixth Term
Civil Engineering

Analysis and Design of Slabs

Solved Example
(One-way Examples)
Example 6.1: Design a slab of 10 m  3.75 m
clear dimensions supported over 342 mm
thick walls on all the four sides. This slab is
part of a residential house. Use C−18
concrete and Grade 280 steel. Use US
Customary bars and prepare bar bending
schedule.
Solution:

⚫ The slab is supported on all the four sides

and longer to shorter dimensions is 10 / 3.75
 2.67.
⚫ Hence, the slab is one-way along the 3.75 m
side.
⚫ For the calculation of slab depth, the span
length may be considered equal to the clear
dimension plus half brick length bearings on
the two sides.
 End Conditions Steel Grades

280 or 300 420

Simply L/25 L/20

Supported
One end L/30 L/24
continuous

Both ends L/35 L/28

continuous

Cantilever L/12 L/10

⚫ hmin = L / 25 = (3750 + 2×114) / 25
= 159 mm(say 160 mm)
⚫ d  h − 27 = 133 mm

⚫ L = clear span + h = 3.91 m

Dead Load
⚫ R. C. slab: 0.160  2400 = 384 kgs / m2
⚫ 75 mm screed of brick ballast:

0.075  1800 = 135 kgs / m2

⚫ P. C. C. + terrazzo:

0.060  2300 = 138 kgs / m2

qD = 657 kgs / m2
Live Load
⚫ For residential building: qL = 200 kgs / m2
Factored Load
⚫ qu = 1.2 qD + 1.6 qL
= (1.2  657 + 1.6  200)  9.81 / 1000
= 10.87 kN / m2
= 10.87 kN / m per meter width
Factored Bending Moment
⚫ Mu = 1 / 8 qu Ln2  1 / 8 qu L2
(approximation on safe side)
= 1/8  10.87  3.912 = 20.78 kN-m per
meter width
Main Reinforcement
⚫ R = Mu / bd2 = 20.78×106 /(1000×1332)

= 1.1747 MPa
⚫ fc = 18 MPa  17.27 MPa : fy = 280 MPa

⚫  = 0.005

⚫ As =  × b × d = 0.005×1000×133 = 665 mm2

Diameter And Spacing

⚫ Using #10 bars: #10 @ 100 mm c/c provides

As = 710 mm2
⚫ Using #13 bars: #13 @ 190 mm c/c provides

As = 679 mm2
Maximum preferred spacing: least of
i) 2h = 320 mm (Code value is 3h)
ii) 300 mm (Code value is 450 mm)
iii) 159,600 / fy − 2.5cc
= 159,600 / 280 − 2.5×20 = 520 mm
iv) 126,000 / fy = 126,000 / 280 = 450 mm

smax = 300 mm

Selected main reinforcement:

#13 @ 200 mm c/c
Temperature Reinforcement
⚫ Temperature steel: 0.002  b  h
= 0.002  1000  160 = 320 mm2
⚫ Using #10 bars: #10 @ 200 mm c/c
provides As = 355 mm2
Maximum preferred spacing: least of
i) 2.5h = 400 mm (Code value is 5h)
ii) 375 mm (Code value is 450 mm)
iii) 159,600 / fy − 2.5cc
= 159,600 / 280 − 2.5×20 = 520 mm
iv) 126,000 / fy = 126,000 / 280 = 450 mm
smax = 375 mm
Selected temperature reinforcement: #10 @ 200 mm c/c
Check For Shear
⚫ Vu = qu ( Ln / 2 − d)

= 10.87  (3.75 /2 − 0.133) = 18.94 kN

⚫ cVc = 0.75  0.17 f c bw d

= 0.75  0.17  1 18  1000  133 / 1000

= 71.94 kN
⚫ The applied shear force is significantly lesser
than even cVc / 2.
Sketch Of Reinforcement: The reinforcement
details are shown in Fig. 6.2.
 1

#10 @ 380 c/c (M2)

#13 @ 190 c/c (M1) 535

750 535 160

1 #10 @ 200 c/c (D1) #10 @ 200 c/c (D2)

 Compressible Material
#13 @ 380 c/c
#10 @ 380 c/c
#10 @ 200 c/c

160

#13 @ 190 c/c

535
215

3750
200 200
Bar Bending Schedule
⚫ Number of bars for M-1 = 10456 / 190 = (say 55)
⚫ Total length of bars M-1 = 3750 + 2  180 = 4110 mm
⚫ Length M-1 for estimation = 3750 + 2 (200 − 20)
+ 0.414  109 + 18  13
= 4.389 m
⚫ Number of bars for M-2 = 10456 / 380  2 = 55
⚫ Number of bars for D-1 = 3750 / 200 = 19 (say 51)
⚫ Bottom length of bars D-1 = 10000 − 530 + 180 = 9650 mm
⚫ Total length of bars D-1 = 10000 + 2  180 + 18  10
= 10.540 m
⚫ Length D-1 for estimation = 10360 + 0.414  86 = 10.40 m
⚫ Number of bars for D-2 = 3750 / 400  2 = 20
⚫ Length of bars D-2 and M-2 = 750 + 180 + 18  10 = 1.110 m
 Table 6.3. Bar Bending Schedule For Example 6.1. Steel Grade: 300
S. Bar No. Len. Dia. Weight Of Bars Shape Of Bar
No. Desig- Of Of Of No.10 No.13
nation Bars Bar Bar
(m) (mm)
109
1 M-1 55 4.389 #13 240
3400 710

2 M-2 55 1.110 #10 35

930
710
3 D-1 19 10.54 #10 113 86
10360

4 D-2 20 1.110 #10 13

930

5 H-1 4 8.50 #10 19 8500

6 H-2 4 2.25 #10 5 2250

= 195 252

Total Steel Required  447 kgs

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Example: Design a cantilever projecting out from a room
slab extending 1.0m and to be used as balcony (LL = 300
kg/m2). A brick wall of 250 mm thickness including plaster
of 1m height is provided at the end of cantilever.

fc’ = 18 MPa fy = 280 MPa

Slab thickness of room = 125 mm. Slab bottom steel in the

direction of cantilever is # 13 @ 190 mm c/c, alternate bars
are bent up.
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Solution:

125 mm cantilever

h
L = 1000 + 1m
2
125
L = 1000 + = 1063mm  1.07m
2
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Solution: (contd…)
L 1063
hmin = = = 89mm
12 12
Let us use the same thickness as of the room

h = 125mm  h min

d = 125 − 20 − 7 = 98mm Main steel in cantilever is

at the top
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Solution: (contd…)
Slab Load
125
Self weight of slab =  2400 = 300kg / m 2
1000
75
75 mm brick ballast/ screed = 1800 = 135kg / m 2
1000
60
60 mm floor finishes =  2300 = 138kg / m 2
1000

Total dead load = 300 + 135 + 138 = 573kg / m2

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Solution: (contd…)
Slab Load
Live Load = 300kg / m2

( )
w u = 1.2  573 + 1.6  300 
9.81
1000
= 11.46kN / m 2

= 11.46kN / m For a unit strip

Pu = 1.2(0.25 11)1920 
9.81
1000
= 5.65kN
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Solution: (contd…)
Pu = 5.65kN
w u L2
M u = Pu  L + w u = 11.46kN / m
2
11.46 1.07 2
= 5.65 1.07 + 1.07m
2

= 12.6kN − m Per meter width

M u 12.6 106 fc '

= = 1.3120  = 0.85 = 0.0546
bd 2
1000  98 2
fy
 2.614 R   2.614  1.312 
ρ =  1 − 1 −  = 0.05461 − 1 −
 
 = 0.00548

 f c
   18 
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Solution: (contd…)

A s = 0.00548 1000  98 = 538mm 2

# 13 @ 380 mm c/c already

available in the form of half the
bent up bars from the room slab

#13 @ 380c / c  A s = 342mm 2

Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Solution: (contd…)
Remaining steel required at the top = 538 - 342 = 196mm 2
#10 @ 350c / c
Or
#13 @ 380c / c

Distribution steel = 0.002 1000 125 = 250mm 2

#10 @ 275c / c
Maximum preferred spacing: least of
i) 2.5h = 312 mm (Code value is 5h)
ii) 375 mm (Code value is 450 mm)
iii) 159,600 / fy−2.5cc
= 159,600 / 280 − 2.5×20 = 520 mm
iv) 126,000 / fy = 126,000 / 280 = 450 mm

smax = 375 mm

Selected temperature reinforcement:

#10 @ 275 mm c/c
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Solution: #13 @ 380 c/c

Slab bottom steel

1500 mm

#10 @ 275 c/c

#13 @ 380 c/c

Example 6.3:

Design a slab consisting of eight panels of 8 m 

3. 5 m clear dimensions, continuous along their
longitudinal edges, that are supported on 300
mm wide beams. Office live load is to be used
along with a floor finish load of 300 kg/m2 and
200 kg/m2 immovable partition load. Use C−20
concrete, Grade 280 steel and US Customary
bars.
Solution:

A unit strip of slab, taken along the shorter

direction, acts as a continuous beam
L  3500 + 300 = 3.8 m
hmin for end panel = L / 30 = 3800 /30
= 127 mm(say 130 mm)
d  h − 27 = 103 mm
Dead Load
⚫ R. C. slab: 0.130  2400 = 312 kgs / m2
⚫ Floor finish: = 300 kgs / m2
⚫ Partition load: = 200 kgs / m2
qD = 812 kgs / m2
Live Load
For office building: qL = 250 kgs / m2
Factored Load
qu = 1.2 qD + 1.6 qL
= (1.2  812 + 1.6  250)  9.81 / 1000
= 13.48 kN / m2
1 m strip
8m

3.8 m
Table: Moment Coefficients for Slabs Having Spans
Lesser Than 3.0 m

1. Negative moments at all supports, integrally built with 1 wuln2

beams. 12

1
2. Positive moment in end panel. wuln2
14

1
3. Positive moment in central panels. wuln2
16
Table: Moment and Shear Values for Beams
and Slabs Having Spans Greater Than 3.0 m.

1. Positive Moment
End spans:
1
If discontinuous end is unrestrained wuln2
11
1
If discontinuous end is integral with the support wuln2
14
1
Interior spans: 16
wuln2
2. Negative moment at exterior face of first interior support
1
Two spans: 9
wuln2
1
More than two spans: wuln2
10
 1
3. Negative moment at other faces of interior supports wuln2
11
(ln in no. 3 is the average of clear spans of the two adjacent panels.)
4. Negative moment at interior faces of exterior supports for members
built Integrally with their supports:
1 wl2
The support is a spandrel beam or girder: 24
u n

1 wuln2
The support is a column: 16

The support is not monolithic: Zero

wu l n
5. Shear in end members at first interior support 1.15
2
wu l n
6. Shear at all other supports
2
Factored Bending Moments
ln = 3.5 m
⚫ Exterior support Mu− = 1 / 24 qu ln2
= 13.48×3.52 / 24 = 6.88 kN-m / m
⚫ Exterior span Mu+ = 1 / 14 qu ln2
= 13.48×3.52 / 14 = 11.80 kN-m / m
⚫ First int. support Mu− = 1 / 10 qu ln2

= 13.48×3.52 / 10 = 16.51 kN-m / m

⚫ Interior support Mu− = 1 / 11 qu ln2
= 13.48×3.52 / 11 = 15.01 kN-m / m
⚫ Interior span Mu+ = 1 / 16 qu ln2
= 13.48×3.52 / 16 = 10.32 kN-m / m
Table: Calculation of Steel

Section Mu/bd2  bd As,min As

Exterior support Mu− 0.6485 0.0027 278 260 278

Exterior span Mu+ 1.1123 0.0047 484 260 484

First interior support 1.5562 0.0066 680 260 680

Mu−

Interior support Mu− 1.4148 0.0060 618 260 618

Interior span Mu+ 0.9728 0.0041 423 260 423

 ⚫ Exterior span Mu+: As = 475 mm2
#13 @ 250 mm c/c
⚫ Interior span Mu+: As = 420 mm2
#10 @ 160 mm c/c
⚫ The balance top steel, after considering the area
of bent up bars, at the supports is given below:
Section As Available Balance As Extra Steel
Steel

Exterior support Mu− 278 258 20 #10 @ 500 mm c/c

First interior support Mu− 680 468 212 #10 @ 300 mm c/c
Interior support Mu− 618 420 198 #10 @ 350 mm c/c
Check For Maximum Spacing Of Main Steel
Maximum preferred spacing: least of
i) 2h = 260 mm (Code value is 3h)
ii) 300 mm (Code value is 450 mm)
iii) 159,600 / fy − 2.5cc
= 159,600 / 280 − 2.5cc = 520 mm
iv) 126,000 / fy = 126,000 / 280 = 450 mm
smax = 260 mm
Temperature Reinforcement

⚫ Temperature steel: 0.002  b  h

= 0.002  1000  130 = 260 mm2
⚫ #10 @ 250 mm c/c provides As = 284 mm2
Maximum preferred spacing: least of
i) 2.5h = 400 mm (Code value is 5h)
ii) 375 mm (Code value is 450 mm)
iii) 159,600 / fy − 2.5cc = 159,600 / 280 − 2.5cc
= 520 mm
iv) 126,000 / fy = 126,000 / 280 = 450 mm
smax = 375 mm
Selected temperature reinforcement:
#10 @ 250 mm c/c
Check For Shear
Vu = 1.15  qu ( Ln / 2 − d)
= 1.15  13.48  (3.5 /2 − 0.103)
= 25.53 kN

cVc = 0.75  0.17 f c bw d

= 0.750.17  1 201000103 /1000
= 58.73 kN
⚫ The applied shear force is significantly lesser
than even cVc / 2.
 #4 @ 6’’ c/c

#4 @ 6’’ c/c

#4 @ 6’’ c/c #4 @ 6’’ c/c #10 @ 160 c/c

#4 @ 12’’ c/c #4 @ 12’’ c/c #4 @ 12’’ c/c
 ln / 3, top additional steel may
ln / 4, may be reduced to ln / 5 be curtailed at ln / 4, not less
if the end is not monolithic with than ld (ACI value is ln / 3).
RC column.

ln / 7 if less than 50% of

the steel is bent up. ln / 4 if less than ½ of steel is bent up,
more than 50% must not be bent up for
approximate detailing.
c) Bent-Up Bars

Note: For slabs the distances ln/4 and ln/3 for top
extensions may be reduced to 0.22ln and 0.3ln,
respectively. Similarly, the bottom distance ln/4 may be
reduced to 0.22ln.
 Type of Steel Reinforcement Value Length
(mm)
Top steel extension from face of exterior ln / 5 700
support, for short and long directions.
Top steel extension of bent-up bars on 0.3ln 1050
opposite side from face of supports.
Bottom bars bent-up point from face of 0.22ln 770
supports, for short and long directions.
Top extra steel on interior supports, on both 0.22ln 770
sides, from the face of supports.
 #10 @ 500 c/c #10 @ 500 c/c

#10 @ 250 c/c

#13 @ 250 c/c #10 @ 160 c/c #10 @ 160 c/c

#10 @ 250 c/c #13 @ 180 c/c #13 @ 200 c/c

 Type of Steel Reinforcement Value Length
(mm)
Top steel extension from face of exterior support, for ln / 5 700
short and long directions.
Alternate bottom bars curtailed from face of inner ln / 8 435
supports, in short direction.
Alternate bottom bars curtailed from face of supports, same as 435
in long direction. in short
direction
Extension of top extra steel on interior supports, from 0.3ln 1050
the face of supports, for alternate bars.
Extension of top extra steel on interior supports, from 0.22ln 770
the face of supports, for remaining alternate bars.
STAIRCASES
Staircases provide means of movement from one floor to another in a
structure. Staircases consist of a number of steps with landings at
suitable intervals to provide comfort and safety for the users.

(a) and (b) Straight flight stairs (c) Quarter-turn stairs

(d)Half-turn stairs (e) Branching stairs
STAIRCASES

(f) Open-well (half turn)

(g) Open-well with quarter turn landing
(h); (i); (j) Geometrical stairs
The definitions of some technical terms, which are used in connection with design
of stairs, are given:
a. Tread or Going: horizontal upper portion of a step.
b. Riser: vertical portion of a step.
c. Rise: vertical distance between two consecutive treads.
d. Flight: a series of steps provided between two landings.
e. Landing: a horizontal slab provided between two flights.
f. Waist: the least thickness of a stair slab.
g. Winder: radiating or angular tapering steps.
h. Soffit: the bottom surface of a stair slab.
 Design Of Stair Slab
⚫ The slab underneath the stairs is designed as one-
way slab for the expected live loading, dead load of
R. C. slab, dead load of steps and dead load of floor
finishes.
⚫ The thickness of the slab for stair is called its waist
dimension.
⚫ Following points are to be considered for such a
design:
1. The span length and loading with respect to the
horizontal plan are considered for the calculation of
bending moments.
2. The self-weight of the stair slab is first calculated in
the inclined plane and is then multiplied with R 2 + T 2 / T
or approximately 1.22 to calculate the load on the
horizontal plan, where R is the riser and T is the
tread.
3. In case only one or no edge of steps is supported
on walls, the stair is considered to span
longitudinally. However, the slab may be assumed
to span along the width of the steps if there is newel
wall towards the inner side and both edges of the
slab are supported.
4. Due to the inclined nature and availability of more
stiffness, the waist dimension may be selected
equal to both ends continuous one-way slab (L/35
for Grades 280 and 300 and L/28 for Grade 420). In
case the landing is also supported along the other
edges, the span of stair may be considered up to
the center of the landing. However, in this case, the
landing must be designed to carry all the
corresponding loads along a direction perpendicular
to the stair.
5. If the steps are made up of reinforced
concrete, some minimum steel is to be
provided within these steps.
6. A small and usually concealed beam, in-
between the landing and the flight of stair,
is beneficial to keep the depth of stair slab
and the required reinforcement in the
economical range.
7. Tension steel making an angle less than
180 and present on the inner side of this
angle may cause falling of the concrete
cover and loss of tensile force (Fig. 6.8).
The detailing must be carried out to
eliminate this situation.
 T
T

T
a) Incorrect Way
T

b) Correct Way
Example 6.4: Design the first flight of the stair shown
in Fig. 6.9, having a reinforced concrete footing at
the bottom. Use C − 18 concrete and Grade 280
steel. R = 180 mm and T = 260 mm. Select US
Customary reinforcement.
Solution:
⚫ L  1.2 + 3.12 = 4.32 m
⚫ hmin considering both ends continuous/fixed = L / 35
= 4320 / 35 = 124 mm
(say 125 mm)
⚫ d  h − 27 = 98 mm
1.2 m 12 @ 0.26 m = 3.12 m

1.2 m

1.2 m

Plan View of Stair for Example 6.4.

Dead Load
⚫ R. C. slab: 0.125  2400  (1802+2602)0.5 / 260
= 365 kgs / m2
⚫ Weight of steps: (R/2000)  2400 = 216 kgs / m2
⚫ 15 mm floor finish: 0.015  2300 = 35 kgs / m2
qD = 616 kgs / m2
Live Load
⚫ For stairs: qL = 300 kgs / m2
Factored Slab Load
⚫ qu = 1.2 qD + 1.6 qL
= (1.2  616 + 1.6  300)  9.81 / 1000
= 11.96 kN / m2
= 11.96 kN / m per meter width
Factored Bending Moment
⚫ Mu  1 / 10 qu L2 (one end continuous)
= 1/10  11.96  4.322
= 22.4 kN-m per meter width
⚫ dmin for singly reinforced section

Mu 22.4  10 6
= = = 78mm
0.205 f cb 0.205  18  1000
Main Reinforcement
⚫ Mu / bd2 = 22.4×106 /(1000×982) = 2.3324 MPa

⚫ fc = 18 MPa : fy = 280MPa

⚫  = 0.0103

⚫ As = 0.0103×1000×98 = 1010 mm2 per meter width

Diameter And Spacing

⚫ Selected Steel = #13 @ 120 mm c/c

⚫ 2 h = 300 mm (OK)
Temperature Reinforcement
⚫ Temperature steel: 0.002  b  h
= 0.002  1000  125 = 250 mm2
⚫ Selected temperature reinforcement: #10 @ 275 mm c/c
Check For Shear
⚫ Vu = qu ( Ln / 2 − d)

= 11.96  (4.32 /2 − 0.098) = 24.66 kN

⚫ cVc = 0.75  0.17 f c bw d

= 0.75  0.17 18  1000  98 / 1000 = 53.0 kN

⚫ The applied shear force is significantly lesser than even
cVc
Curtailment Distances
⚫ Ln / 7 = 4320 / 7 = 617 mm (say 610 mm)
⚫ Ln / 5 = 4320 / 7 = 864 mm (say 870 mm)
⚫ Inclined 0.22 Ln = 0.22  4320  1.22 = 1160 mm
⚫ Inclined 0.30 Ln = 0.30  4320  1.22 = 1580 mm
 #13 @ 120 c/c

#13 @ 240 c/c Waist = 125

610 1 − #10 (typical)

#13 @ 120 c/c
#6 @ 300 c/c (typical)
1200 − 260
= 940 > ln / 5 #10 @ 275 c/c
420 #13 @ 120 c/c
No negative moment
capacity at this section, 1160
only allowed if after ln / 5

If the distance is lesser than ln / 5

or if more rigidity / continuity is #13 @ 240 c/c
present at this end, the detail may
be made as follows:

#13 @ 120 c/c

#13 @ 120 c/c

#13 @ 240 c/c

ln / 5
Must read the book