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Math 10 Q2 - Reviewer

The document provides an overview of key concepts in polynomials including: 1) The definition and parts of a polynomial expression such as degree, leading term, and constant term. 2) Methods for dividing polynomials including long division and synthetic division. 3) Theorems related to polynomials like the remainder theorem, factor theorem, and fundamental theorem of algebra. 4) How to graph polynomial functions based on their degree and leading coefficient. 5) Additional polynomial topics such as rational roots, circles, and multiplicities of roots.

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cbordeos03
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119 views7 pages

Math 10 Q2 - Reviewer

The document provides an overview of key concepts in polynomials including: 1) The definition and parts of a polynomial expression such as degree, leading term, and constant term. 2) Methods for dividing polynomials including long division and synthetic division. 3) Theorems related to polynomials like the remainder theorem, factor theorem, and fundamental theorem of algebra. 4) How to graph polynomial functions based on their degree and leading coefficient. 5) Additional polynomial topics such as rational roots, circles, and multiplicities of roots.

Uploaded by

cbordeos03
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Polynomial Expressions

A polynomial expression P(x) is an expression of the form:

Here is an example of a polynomial expression:

Parts of a polynomial expression:

Degree - The highest exponent in the polynomial expression.


Leading Term - The term with the highest exponent in the polynomial expression.
Leading Coefficient - The numerical coefficient of the leading term.
Constant Term - The term without a variable.

A polynomial expression does not have:


- A variable in the denominator. Ex:
- Negative exponents. Ex:

- Fractional exponents. Ex:


- A variable under a radical sign. Ex:

A polynomial expression is said to be in standard form when the exponents are in


descending order.
This polynomial is in standard form:

While this polynomial is not in standard form:

Dividing Polynomials: 2 Methods


There are 2 methods in dividing polynomials:
- Long Division
- Synthetic Division

Dividing Polynomials: Long Division

Dividing using the Long Division Algorithm (LDA) is similar to dividing whole numbers.
Here is a visual example of how LDA is done:
How to perform LDA:
Step 1: Check if the dividend is in standard form. If it isn’t, arrange it.
Step 2: Divide the leading terms of the dividend and the divisor.
Step 3: Multiply the divisor and the result from Step 2.
Step 4: Subtract the result from the dividend.
Step 5: Bring down the next term of the dividend to the bottom of the remainder.
Step 6: Repeat Steps 2-5 until there are no more terms to bring down.

Tips & Additional Info:


- Check for missing terms. If there are any, add them with a coefficient of 0. Ex:

- If there is a remainder, add it to the quotient in the form .

Dividing Polynomials: Synthetic Division

An easier way to divide polynomials is by using the Synthetic Division Algorithm (SDA).
SDA uses the coefficients of the terms to find the quotient.
Here is a visual example of how SDA is done:
How to perform SDA:
Step 1: Check if the dividend is in standard form. If it isn’t, arrange it.
Step 2: Bring down the leading coefficient.
Step 3: Multiply the coefficient by the divisor.
Step 4: Add the terms of the next column.
Step 5: Repeat Steps 3 & 4 for the remaining columns.

Tips & Additional Info:


- Missing terms have 0 as their coefficient.
- SDA works well when the divisor is a binomial. For divisors with a degree of at least 2, see
this video: Dividing a Polynomial by a Trinomial Using Synthetic Division

Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem

The Remainder Theorem

In other words, you can find the remainder of a polynomial simply by substituting r to
it.
The Factor Theorem

Rational Root Theorem

How to find the roots of a polynomial function:

Step 1: Check if the polynomial is in standard form.


Step 2: List all the possible rational roots of the polynomial using Rational Root
Theorem.
Step 3: Test if is a root of the polynomial using any division method. (SDA is
best)
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
A polynomial equation of degree n has at most n real roots.

Graphs of Polynomial Functions


X-intercept - Value of x when y = 0 (basically, the x-intercepts are the roots of a
polynomial function)
Y-intercept - Value of y when x = 0 (where the graph passes the y-axis)

Here’s a table showing the end behaviours of polynomial functions:


Leading Coefficient Degree (even/odd) End Behaviour (left Possible Sketch
(positive/negative) side, right side)

Positive Even Rising Rising Parabola


Positive Odd Falling Rising Stretchy S
Negative Even Falling Falling Upside-down parabola

Negative Odd Rising Falling Upside-down, stretchy S

“What about multiplicities?”


Roots with:
Odd multiplicity - flattens a bit at one point, then continues going into the same
direction.
Even multiplicity - flattens a bit at one point, then it bounces back (like a parabola).

A polynomial function of degree n has at most n-1 turning points.


Circles
A circle is a closed figure in which the set of all the points in a plane is equidistant
from a point called the center.

Radius - A line segment whose endpoints are the center and a point on the circle.
Diameter - A line segment whose endpoints are on the circle. It passes through the
center.
Chord - A line segment whose endpoints are on the circle. It does not pass through
the center.
Secant - A line that intersects a circle in two points.
Tangent - A line that intersects a circle in one point. This intersection point is called
the point of tangency.
Semicircle - Half of a circle (Also an arc that is exactly 180 degrees)
Arc - Part of the circumference of a circle.
Minor arc - An arc less than 180 degrees
Major arc - An arc greater than 180 degrees
Central angle - An angle whose vertex is the center of the circle.
Inscribed angle - An angle whose vertex is on the circle.
Stuffs I wanna say (and some disclaimers)
This is basically everything that was taught for this quarter (at least in my section). I just
wanna clear one thing: This will not guarantee you a 60/60 score in the actual test. You gotta do
some self-study. Practice makes progress. Also, apologies if I missed something. I do encourage
you to go to YouTube if you want additional information though.

“How often we forget… Faith without works is… MORTIS!”


- John Ward, Faith: Chapter III

Reviewer made by Hanz Lui Reyes of 10-Humility. Print this if you want, just don’t remove this credit.

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