1.

2 Different Types of Operating systems-

1. Batch operating system

 Definition: A Batch Operating System manages and executes multiple jobs

(tasks) without user interaction, allowing efficient utilization of computer
resources.
 Job Queuing: Jobs are submitted in batches, forming a queue. Each batch
contains multiple jobs to be processed sequentially.
 Job Control Language (JCL): Users prepare job control cards that specify the
job's requirements, such as input data, processing steps, and output destinations.
 No User Interaction: Once jobs are submitted, the system processes them
automatically without user intervention.
 Job Scheduler: The system's job scheduler determines the order of job execution
based on factors like priority and resource availability.
 Spooling: Output from batch jobs is stored in a spool until it's ready to be
printed or viewed.
 Efficiency: Batch processing is efficient for repetitive tasks or tasks that don't
require immediate user input.
 Examples of Batch Jobs: Payroll processing, report generation, data backup.
 Reasons for Use: Batch systems were utilized when computers were expensive
and required to be utilized efficiently. Batch processing allowed for efficient use
of computer time by queuing similar jobs together.
 Job Control Cards: Users provided instructions using punched cards, which
contained information about the job's requirements and processing steps.
 Limitations: Limited interactivity and longer response times made it unsuitable
for tasks needing quick user feedback.
 Diagram: [Batch OS Diagram]
2. Multi Programmed

Multiprogramming Operating System:

 Definition: A Multiprogramming Operating System enables the execution of

multiple programs (tasks) concurrently on a single CPU, maximizing CPU
utilization and improving system efficiency.
 Task Scheduling: The OS scheduler selects tasks to execute from a pool of
ready-to-run programs, aiming to optimize CPU usage.
 Context Switching: When a task is interrupted or blocked, the OS performs a
context switch, saving the current task's state and restoring the next task's state
for execution.
 Process Control Block (PCB): Each task has an associated PCB that stores
information about its execution status, such as register values and memory
allocation.
 Memory Management: The OS allocates memory to tasks and ensures
protection to prevent one task from accessing another task's memory.
 I/O Management: Manages input/output operations, allowing tasks to perform
I/O operations without blocking the CPU.
 Benefits: Improved CPU utilization, faster response times, and efficient use of
system resources.
 Reasons for Use: Multiprogramming allows the CPU to switch between tasks
during idle periods, maximizing resource utilization. It's essential in interactive
environments where users require quick responses and multitasking.
 Example: Modern operating systems like Windows, macOS, and Linux implement
multiprogramming to provide a seamless user experience.
 Challenges: Coordination of tasks, efficient scheduling, and resource sharing are
challenging in multiprogramming environments.
 Diagram: [Multi-tasking OS Diagram]
3. Time Shared OS

 Definition: A Time-Sharing Operating System allows multiple users to interact

with a single computer simultaneously, by dividing the CPU's time into small
slices and rapidly switching between tasks.
 Time Slicing: The CPU time is divided into time slices, allocated to different tasks.
This provides each user with a fair share of processing time.
 Interactive Response: Users can input commands, run applications, and receive
quick responses due to rapid task switching.
 User Isolation: The OS ensures that users' tasks are isolated from each other to
prevent interference or unauthorized access.
 Process Scheduling: The OS schedules tasks based on priority, ensuring that
higher-priority tasks receive more processing time.
 Resource Sharing: Users share the same resources, but the OS ensures fair
distribution and prevents conflicts.
 Example: UNIX-based systems like Linux are often used in multi-user
environments.
 Reasons for Use: Time-sharing allows efficient utilization of a computer's
resources, providing a responsive environment for multiple users to work
simultaneously.
 Terminal Emulation: Users interact with the system through terminals or
terminal emulators, allowing remote access.
 Graphical User Interface (GUI): Modern multi-user systems often incorporate
GUIs for intuitive interaction.
 Security: Multi-user systems implement user authentication and access control
mechanisms to ensure security.
 Diagram: [Time-Sharing OS Diagram]
4. Multiprocessor Systems

 Definition: Multiprocessor systems involve multiple processors (CPUs) working

together in a single computer system, sharing resources and executing tasks
concurrently.
 Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP): In SMP, all processors are treated equally
and have access to the same memory and I/O resources.
 Task Parallelism: Multiprocessor systems excel at parallel execution of tasks,
improving system throughput and performance.
 Shared Memory: Processors share a common memory space, allowing efficient
communication through memory variables.
 Interprocessor Communication (IPC): Mechanisms like message passing or
shared memory are used to enable processors to communicate and synchronize.
 Load Balancing: The OS distributes tasks evenly among processors, ensuring
efficient utilization.
 Reasons for Use: Multiprocessor systems are employed to handle
computationally intensive tasks, improve system responsiveness, and enhance
overall performance.
 Examples: High-performance computing clusters, modern desktop computers
with multiple cores, and server systems.
 Types: SMP, Asymmetric Multiprocessing (AMP), and Hybrid Multiprocessing (a
combination of SMP and AMP).
 Scalability: Adding more processors can enhance system performance, but
scaling efficiency may vary.
 Cache Coherency: Ensuring data consistency in shared caches is a challenge in
multiprocessor systems.
 Diagram: [Multiprocessor Systems Diagram]
5. Distributed Systems

 Definition: A Distributed Operating System manages multiple interconnected

computers as a single cohesive system, allowing users to access resources and
perform tasks seamlessly.
 Transparency: Users and applications perceive the distributed environment as a
single system, regardless of the underlying complexity.
 Resource Sharing: The OS ensures efficient sharing of resources like files,
printers, and processing power across the network.
 Communication: Distributed systems rely on various communication
mechanisms such as message passing and remote procedure calls to enable
processes on different machines to communicate.
 Global File System: A distributed OS may provide a global file system that allows
users to access files located on different machines transparently.
 Scalability: Distributed systems can scale by adding more machines to the
network, allowing them to handle increased workloads.
 Fault Tolerance: Distributed OSs implement redundancy and fault tolerance
mechanisms to ensure system reliability in the presence of failures.
 Reasons for Use: Distributed operating systems are employed in scenarios where
resource sharing, high availability, and collaboration among geographically
dispersed users are crucial.
 Examples: Modern cloud computing platforms like Amazon Web Services (AWS)
and Google Cloud Platform (GCP) are built on distributed operating system
principles.
 Challenges: Consistency, security, and efficient resource allocation are challenges
in managing distributed systems.
 Diagram: [Distributed OS Diagram]
6. Real time systems.

 Definition: Real-Time Systems are designed to respond to events or input within

a defined time frame, ensuring timely execution of tasks.
 Hard Real-Time: In hard real-time systems, missing a deadline can lead to
system failure, making it critical to meet timing constraints.
 Soft Real-Time: Soft real-time systems have more flexible timing requirements,
allowing some deviations from deadlines without catastrophic consequences.
 Task Scheduling: Real-time systems use scheduling algorithms to prioritize tasks
based on their urgency and deadlines.
 Predictability: Real-time systems focus on providing predictable and
deterministic behavior to meet timing constraints.
 Embedded Systems: Real-time systems are commonly found in embedded
applications like automotive control, industrial automation, and medical devices.
 Examples: Aircraft flight control systems, medical equipment, automotive engine
control.
 Reasons for Use: Real-time systems are used where timely and accurate
response to events is critical for safety, reliability, and efficiency.
 Timing Analysis: Designers perform timing analysis to ensure tasks meet their
deadlines and avoid potential failures.
 Resource Management: Real-time systems allocate resources efficiently to
ensure tasks get required processing time.
 Diagram: [Real-Time OS Diagram]