Intervention for Calculus Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ϵ ℝ. The Following properties of order hold.

Section 1 - Algebra
1. Trichotomy Power of Order
1A. Introduction - Among a < b, a > b, and a = b, only one is true.
2. Transitive Property of Order:
Real Number System - If a < b and b < c, then a < c.
- The real number system is fundamental in the study of 3. Addition Property of Order:
algebra. This system consists of the set of ℝ of elements - If a < b, then a + c < b + c.
called real numbers and two operations addition and 4. Multiplication Property of Order:
multiplication, denoted by the symbol + and ·, respectively. - If a < b, and c > 0, then ac < bc.
- If a < b, and c < 0, then ac > bc.
Rational Number
- Either terminating or a non terminating but repeating Subset of the Set of Real Numbers
decimal.
- Ex: 1. Set of Positive Integers (ℤ+ , ℕ):

1 ÷ 4 = 0. 25 - {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}
2. Set of Negative Integers (ℤ-):
2 ÷ 3 = 0. 66
- {… , −5, −4, −3, −2, −1}

Irrational Number 3. Set of Whole Numbers (𝕎) :

- {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}
- A non repeating, non terminating decimal. 4. Set of Integers (ℤ):
- Ex: - {… , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}
π = 3. 141592654 … 5. Set of Rational Numbers (ℚ):
𝑒 = 2. 718281828459 … - { x|x is a number which can be expressed in the form p q ,
where p and q are both integers and q ≠ 0 }
Properties of a Real Number 6. Set of Irrational Numbers (ℚc):
- { x|x is a number which cannot be expressed as a quotient
1. Closure: 𝑎+𝑏 ϵ ℝ of two integers }

𝑎·𝑏 ϵ ℝ FHM:
Two important consequences of the substitution property are the
2. Commutative: 𝑎+𝑏=𝑏+𝑎 following:
1. If a = b, then a + c = b + c
𝑎·𝑏=𝑏·𝑎 2. If a = b, then ac = bc

3. Associative: 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐 The converse of these two rules is called the Cancellation Laws for
addition and multiplication, respectively.
𝑎 · (𝑏 · 𝑐) = (𝑎 · 𝑏) · 𝑐 1. If a + c = b + c, then a = b.
2. If ac = bc, then a = b, c ≠ 0.
4. Distributive: 𝑎 (𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐𝑏
Fundamental Operations on Real Numbers

Real numbers can be interpreted geometrically by associating them

5. Identity: 𝑎+0=𝑎 with points on a horizontal line called a real axis with a point called the
origin representing the number 0. This real axis is referred to as the
𝑎·1=𝑎 real-number line.

6. Inverse: 𝑎 + (− 𝑎) = 0 Absolute Value

1
𝑎( 𝑎 ) = 1, 𝑎 ≠ 0 The absolute value of a real number 𝑎 , denoted by |𝑎| , is a non
negative number defined by
Properties of Negative Real Numbers
|𝑎| = {𝑎, 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 ≥ 0}
Let 𝑎, 𝑏 ϵ ℝ |𝑎| = {− 𝑎, 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 0}
1. − (𝑎) =− 𝑎
2. − (− 𝑎) = 𝑎 Geometrically, the absolute value of is defined as the distance
3. − 𝑎(𝑏) = (− 𝑎𝑏) = 𝑎(− 𝑏) between the point and the origin.

4. (− 𝑎)(− 𝑏) = 𝑎𝑏
Operations on Signed Numbers
5. − (𝑎 + 𝑏) = (− 𝑎) + (− 𝑏)
A. Addition of Signed Numbers
Properties of Order (Inequality) of Real Numbers
 - To add real numbers with like signs, get the sum of their Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ and 𝑚, 𝑛 𝜖 ℕ. The following laws of exponents hold.
absolute values and prefix the common sign.
- To add real numbers with unlike signs, subtract their 1. nth Power of a: 𝑛
𝑎 = 𝑎 · 𝑎 · 𝑎 · ,,, · 𝑎
absolute values and prefix the sign of the number with the
greater absolute value.
2. Product of Powers: 𝑚
𝑎 ·𝑎 =𝑎
𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
- Ex:
7 + (− 2) = 5
3. Quotient of Powers: 𝑎
𝑚
𝑚−𝑛
𝑛 = 𝑚 > 𝑛 =𝑎
𝑎
B. Subtraction of Signed Numbers
𝑚
𝑎 1
- To subtract two signed numbers, change the sign of the 𝑛 =𝑚<𝑛= 𝑛−𝑚
𝑎 𝑎
subtrahend and proceed to algebraic addition.
- Ex: 𝑎
𝑚

𝑛 =𝑚=𝑛=1
9 − (− 3) = 11 𝑎

C. Multiplication of Signed Numbers 4. Power of a Power 𝑚 𝑛

(𝑎 ) = 𝑎
𝑚𝑛

- The product of two or more signed numbers is either 5. Power of a Product 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

(𝑎𝑏) = 𝑎 𝑏
positive or negative depending on whether the number of
negative factors is even or odd, respectively.
6. Power of a Quotient 𝑎 𝑛 𝑎
𝑛

- Ex: (𝑏) = 𝑛
𝑏
(− 7)(− 5) = 35
Polynomials
D. Division of Signed Numbers
A polynomial is an algebraic expression of one or more terms each of
- The quotient of two numbers with like signs is positive while which is a product of constants and variables, where each variable is
the quotient of two numbers with unlike signs is negative. raised to a positive integral exponent including zero. It can be
- Ex: classified typically as monomial (a polynomial of one term), binomial
−35 (polynomial of two terms), or trinomial (polynomial of three terms).
−5
=7

The degree of a monomial is the sum of the exponents of its literal

E. Nth Powers of Real Numbers
coefficients.

- For any positive integer 𝑛 , we define 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑛 as the nth power

The degree of a polynomial is the highest degree of its monomial
of b.
terms.

F. Series of Operations on Real Numbers

Illustration:

- If an expression to be evaluated involves more than one

1. −5 is a monomial of degree 0.
operation, there is a set of rules to be followed. We call this
2. 3𝑎4 is a monomial of degree 4.
the hierarchy or order of operations.
3. 2𝑥𝑦 − 1 is a binomial of degree 2.
4. 2𝑎3 + 5𝑎𝑏2 − 7𝑏3 is a trinomial of degree 3.
Operations on Signed Numbers
5. 5𝑥2 𝑦𝑧3 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧5 + 3 is a trinomial of degree 7.
Rules in Evaluating Expressions Involving Series of Operations
The standard form of a polynomial in one variable is given by
1. First, perform all operations in grouping symbols. Perform
𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 2
operations above and below a fractional bar separately. 𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛−1𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛−2𝑥 + ... + 𝑎2𝑥 + 𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑎0
2. Second, perform powers and extractions of roots.
3. Third, moving from left to right, perform any multiplications where 𝑎1, 𝑎2, 𝑎3, ... , 𝑎𝑛 are real numbers (𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0) and 𝑛 is nonnegative
and divisions in the order in which they appear. integer. Also, 𝑎𝑛 is called the leading coefficient and 𝑎0 the constant
4. Fourth, moving from left to right, perform any additions and
term .
subtractions in the order in which they appear.

Operations on Polynomials
Positive Integers and Zero Exponents

A. Combining Similar Terms

An algebraic expression of the form 𝑎 𝑛 is called a power of which 𝑎 is
the base and 𝑛 is the exponent. The exponent indicates the number of
Rules in Simplifying Polynomials Involving Grouping Symbols
times the base is to be taken as a factor. Hence,
1. Remove the grouping symbols by applying the distributive
𝑛
𝑎 = 𝑎 · 𝑎 · 𝑎 · ,,, · 𝑎 up to n factors of a property of multiplication over addition.

Law of Exponents
 2. In case a pair of grouping symbols encloses other grouping 3 3
𝑥 − 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 )
2 2

symbols, remove the innermost symbols first and work

from the inside out. Factoring a Perfect Square Trinomial: The factors of a perfect
3. Collect similar terms as they appear. trinomial square are two identical binomials which are either the
square of a sum or the square of a difference.
Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials
2 2 2
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑦)
- To add or subtract polynomials, arrange similar terms in
2 2 2
column and find the sum or difference of the terms in each 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) = (𝑥 − 𝑦)
column.
Factoring by Grouping: Terms are grouped together so that a
Multiplication of Polynomials common factor between groups of terns can be collected.

- To multiply polynomials, arrange the terms of both Rational Expression

polynomials in descending powers of one variable, then
Algebraic Fractions:
multiply each term of one polynomial by all the terms of the
other polynomial. Combine similar terms.
An algebraic fraction is an expression which is a quotient of two
algebraic expressions.
Division of Polynomials

A rational expression is an algebraic fraction whose numerator and

- To divide a polynomial by a monomial, divide each term of
denominator are both polynomials.
the polynomial by the monomial by applying the rules for
signed numbers and the laws of exponents.
The domain of a rational expression is the set of values of the
variables involved that will make the expression a real number.
Special Product

Reduction of Rational Expressions to Lowest Terms

I. Product of Two Binomials
2
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑) = 𝑎𝑐𝑥 + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑥 + 𝑏𝑑 To reduce a rational expression to its lowest term, get the highest
common factor, that is, the highest exact divisor of the expressions, of
II. Product of a Sum and a Difference
both the numerator and denominator and apply the cancellation law
2 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 𝑦 with the assumption that the factor to be cancelled is not zero.

Operations on Rational Expressions

III. Square of a Binomial A. Addition and Subtraction

2 2 2 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑐
+ 𝑐
= 𝑐
2 2 2 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − =
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐
IV. Cube of a Binomial 𝑐
+ 𝑑
= 𝑐𝑑
3 3 2 2 3 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑐
− 𝑑
= 𝑐
3 3 2 2 3
(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 3𝑥 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑐≠0

V. Product of a Binomial and a Trinomial B. Multiplication and Division

2 2 3 3 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑐
(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑏
× 𝑑
= 𝑏𝑑
2 2 3 3 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑑 𝑎𝑑
(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 ) = 𝑥 − 𝑦 ÷ = + =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏𝑐

VI. Square of a Polynomial Complex Fraction

2 2 2 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧
A complex fraction is a fraction having one or more fractions in either
Factoring Polynomials or both of its parts.

Different Types of Factoring Techniques:

Difference of Two Squares: The difference of two squares is equal

to the product of two binomials that are the sum and the difference of
the square roots of the two squares.

Sum or Difference of Two Cubes: The sum or difference of two

cubes has factors of a binomial and a trinomial.
3 3 2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 )
 Intervention for Calculus
Section 1 - Algebra

1B. Equations

Linear Equations

Slope Intercept Formula:

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏

wherein

m = slope

b = y intercept

Standard Form:
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐶

Slope Formula:
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

Example:

Given:
𝑃1 = (2, 5), 𝑃2 = (5, 14)

Slope:
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 14 − 5 9
𝑚= = = = 3
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 5−2 3

y-intercept point:
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑏 = 𝑦 − 3𝑥
𝑏 = 5 − 3(2)
𝑏 =− 1

Standard Form:
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐶
3𝑥 − 𝑦 =− 1

Quadratic Equations

Quadratic Expression:
2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

Quadratic Formula:
2
−𝑏± 𝑏 −4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎