9.1-Electrostatic Phenomena: Like Charges Repel, Unlike Charges Attract

9.
1-Electrostatic phenomena
There are two types of electric charge, positive (+) charge and negative (–) charge.
Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.
All materials are made of tiny particles called atoms.
Every atom contains three types of particle: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
● Protons are positively charged.
● Neutrons have no charge.
● Electrons are negatively charged.
-There are protons and neutrons in the centre of the atom, called the nucleus.
-The electrons orbit the nucleus.
-An object that has equal numbers of positive and negative charges is neutral.
-If electrons are transferred from one object to another, each object will become
charged.
-Charge cannot be created or destroyed, just like energy.
Conductors and insulators

● In a conductor the electrons are free to move, but in an insulator they are not.
9.2 Dangers of electrostatic phenomena
Sparks
A spark is charge moving through the air, heating up the air.
Sparks happen when the air conducts electricity.
Lightning
Lightning is a big spark that can cause damage to people and buildings.
Current
The moving charge is an electric current.
Electric shocks
Lightning can be very dangerous.
If it strikes a person it can break their bones, cause burns, or even kill them.
The charge travels through the person to earth. The electric current can interfere
with their heart or even stop their heart beating.
Doctors in hospitals can use an electric current to try to restart a patient’s heart if
it stops beating. This can save their life.
Lightning conductor
A lightning conductor is a thick strip of metal such as copper running down the
wall. The strip is attached to a copper plate buried underground.
Earthing
Earthing means connecting the object to the Earth with a conductor.
Earthing reduces the risk of sparks and shocks.
RISKS WITH STATIC ELECTRICITY

In some situations the presence of static electricity can be a disadvantage.
(1) Refuelling in cars and planes
(2) Lightning
(3) Operating theatres
(4) Electronics
9.3 Digital sensors
Capacitor
A capacitor consists of two metal plates separated by an insulator called a
dielectric.
Capacitors can store electric charge.
-A touch screen works like a capacitor using electric charge.

Digital camera
At the back of a digital camera is a charge-coupled device (CCD). This is a grid of
components that work like capacitors.
A digital camera contains a grid that produces charge when light hits it.
Pixels
Digital images are made up of picture elements called pixels.
Colour pictures need to mix red, green, and blue light to make a colour image.
Electric fields
There is a field around a charge. It is called an electric field.
Electric field lines between unlike charges and like charges

9.4 Electric circuits
Circuit components
A complete circuit is needed for components in the circuit to work.
Circuit symbols
Circuit diagrams
A circuit diagram to show how the components in the circuit are connected.
Conductor
An object or a material that conducts electricity is a conductor
Insulator
An object or a material that does not is called an insulator.
9.5 Current: what is it and how we can measure it
What is electric current?
The current is the amount of charge(electrons) flowing per second.
Current is measured in amperes (A).
Small currents are measured in milliamps (mA). {1 mA = 0.001 A}
A meter measures the current is called an ammeter.
The circuit symbol for an ammeter is:

Series circuits
A circuit with a single loop is called a series circuit.
-In a series circuit with several lamps, you cannot turn the lamps on and off
separately. They are either all on or all off. If one lamp breaks, or ‘blows’, then all
the lamps go out.
-Current is the same in every part of the circuit.
Conventional current and electron flow

The current flowing from the positive terminal of the battery to the negative
terminal of the battery. This is conventional current.
The electrons actually flow from negative to positive. This is electron flow.
They travel in the opposite direction.

9.6 Parallel circuits
In a parallel circuit there is more than one loop.
In a parallel circuit, one lamp breaks then the other lamps will still work.
Each lamp can be turned on and off independently.
Current in parallel circuits

Current in branch 1 + current in branch 2 = current next to the battery.
9.8 How components affect the current

-In a series circuit the current decreases if add more components.
- The resistance increases, the current decreases.

RESISTANCE
The opposition of a conductor to current is called its resistance.
voltage
Resistance=
current
𝑽
R=
𝑰
Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).
Changing the number of cells

-Adding cells will increase the current in a series circuit.
-This is the lamp giving out more light.
Parallel circuits
In a parallel circuit, the resistance decreases the current increases.
9.9-Voltage
Voltage
Voltage is the energy that is transferred to the components by the current.
-Voltage is measured in volts (V) using a voltmeter.
-Voltmeters are connected in parallel in the circuit.
If the voltage is bigger, the more charge will pass a point in each second, so the
current will be bigger.
If the voltage is bigger, lamps will be brighter and buzzers will be louder.
Voltage in series circuits

The voltages across components in a series circuit add up to the voltage of the
battery.
Voltage in parallel circuits
The voltage across each branch of a parallel circuit is the same, and is equal to the
voltage of the battery.
9.11 Energy and power

Power
Power is the energy transferred per second.
-Power is measured in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW). (1 kW = 1000 W)

𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐝 (𝐉)
Power (W) =
𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐧 (𝐬)
Energy
Energy is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh).
Energy (kWh) = power (kW) × time (h)

Light-emitting diode (LED)
An LED is still powered by a battery or the mains but it is much more efficient
than a normal light bulb.
It converts far less of the energy into thermal energy and much more into light.
LEDs can be used in a huge variety of ways. (In medicine, Advertising Billboard,
Optical communication).

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9.

Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.

All materials are made of tiny particles called atoms.

● Protons are positively charged.

● Neutrons have no charge.

● Electrons are negatively charged.

-The electrons orbit the nucleus.

-Charge cannot be created or destroyed, just like energy.

Conductors and insulators

Sparks happen when the air conducts electricity.

Earthing reduces the risk of sparks and shocks.

RISKS WITH STATIC ELECTRICITY

(1) Refuelling in cars and planes

(3) Operating theatres

Capacitors can store electric charge.

-A touch screen works like a capacitor using electric charge.

Electric field lines between unlike charges and like charges

Current is measured in amperes (A).

Small currents are measured in milliamps (mA). {1 mA = 0.001 A}

A meter measures the current is called an ammeter.

The circuit symbol for an ammeter is:

-Current is the same in every part of the circuit.

Conventional current and electron flow

They travel in the opposite direction.

Each lamp can be turned on and off independently.

Current in parallel circuits

9.8 How components affect the current

- The resistance increases, the current decreases.

Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).

Changing the number of cells

-This is the lamp giving out more light.

-Voltage is measured in volts (V) using a voltmeter.

-Voltmeters are connected in parallel in the circuit.

Voltage in series circuits

9.11 Energy and power

-Power is measured in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW). (1 kW = 1000 W)

Energy (kWh) = power (kW) × time (h)

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