DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY – 86/100 

Reinforcement Exam (June 24, 2023)

1. The current view of developmentalists that important changes occur throughout the entire
human lifespan

A. multicultural perspective
B. lifespan perspective
C. biopsychosocial perspective
D. maturation

2. Michael, age 16, has recently gained a considerable amount of weight but has not grown any
taller. His father experienced a similar pattern of growth when he was a teenager. Theorists who
suggest that Michael’s growth pattern was inherited from his father emphasize the ________ side
of the nature–nurture debate

A. nature
B. nurture
C. environmental
D. experiential

3. One key issue in the study of human development is the continuity–discontinuity issue. The
discontinuity side posits that development is characterized by change in type or kind. These are
known as ____.

A. Maturation
B. Quantitative change
C. Qualitative change
D. Multidirectional development

4. Combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family, including

income, education, and occupation.

A. Culture
B. Socioeconomic status
C. Risk factors
D. Ethnic gloss

5. Are those that typically happen to everyone at certain times of life—such events as marriage,
parenthood, puberty, menopause etc.

A. Nonnormative influences
B. Normative history-graded influences
C. Normative age-graded influences
D. Cohort
6. Nearly all adults who were children living in Saigon when the U.S. armed forces left Vietnam
in 1975 report that their lives were changed by those events. This exemplifies which of the
following?

A. Normative age-graded influences

B. Social clock
C. Sensitive period
D. Normative history-graded influences

7. ____ is a set of age norms defining a sequence of life experiences that is considered normal in
a given culture and that all individuals in that culture are expected to follow.

A. Normative age-graded influence

B. Social clock
C. Social clock
D. Critical period

8. A span of months or years during which a child may be particularly responsive to specific
forms of experience or particularly influenced by their absence

A. Social clock
B. Cohort
C. Critical period
D. Sensitive period

9. ___ influences are unusual events that have a major impact on individual lives because they
disturb the expected sequence of the life cycle. They are either typical events that happen at an
atypical time of life or atypical events

A. Nonnormative
B. Normative age-graded
C. Normative history-graded
D. Sensitive period

10. A study in which researchers use interviews and/or questionnaires to collect data about
attitudes, interests, values, and various kinds of behaviors.

A. Case study – revolves around a case of a person (e.g. a person with a rare genetic disorder)
B. Survey
C. Naturalistic observation (unobtrusive) – the person/ people didn’t know they are being studied
D. Correlational study – relationship or association; do not involve cause and effect

11. You are taking part in a survey that asks about your attitudes toward physical punishment of
children. Even though you believe that spanking is sometimes necessary, you answer that you are
opposed to any sort of physical punishment. Which of the following terms best describes why
you answered the way that you did?

A. Random responding
B. Faking bad
C. Placebo effect
D. Social desirability – happens wherein there’s a tendency for people to answer in a socially desirable
way; it makes the response not objective

Faking good – want to make it look like there’s nothing wrong with you; put yourself in a good light

12. A researcher found that there is a negative relationship between perceived parental
perfectionism and life satisfaction. What does this mean?

A. Respondents who reported higher levels of perceived parental perfectionism are more likely to report
higher levels of life satisfaction
B. Respondents who reported higher levels of perceived parental perfectionism are more likely to report
lower levels of life satisfaction
C. Perceived parental perfectionism causes a decline in life satisfaction – Experimental research (causal
relationship or simply cause and effect)
D. Any of the above is correct

13. In a/an _____, the investigator manipulates variables to learn how one affects another.

A. Experiment
B. Descriptive
C. Correlational study
D. Longitudinal design

14. Which of the ff. refers to ethnography?

A. a data-collection method in which participants respond to questions

B. the entire group that is of interest to a researcher
C. a detailed description of a single culture or context – studying the way of life of a certain group (e.g
ethnic groups such as Igorot people in the Philippines; Amazon people in South America)
D. a study that tests a causal hypothesis

15. Philosopher John Locke characterized the mind of a child as

A. innately good – Jean Jacques Rosseau

B. corrupted by original sin – Thomas Aquinas
C. the product of evolution
D. a blank slate

16. Orderliness, obstinacy or messiness are some characteristics of adults who are:

A. fixated in the anal stage

B. fixated in the oral stage
C. regressing back to the anal stage
D. regressing back to the oral stage

17. The epigenetic principle states that

A. some societies believe themselves to be special.
B. the ego develops from the dying id.
C. the ego develops in a sequence, with each stage emerging from and being built on a previous stage.
D. central to individual development are those traits and tendencies inherited from our ancestral past.

18. The basic premise of _____ is that the consequences of a behavior determine the likelihood
of the behavior being repeated in the future.

A. sociocultural theory
B. social learning theory
C. classical conditioning – pairing and association (stimulus and response)
D. operant conditioning – reinforcement and punishment from the consequences of a behavior

19. Classical and operant conditioning theories are classified under ________________, while
sociocultural theory and Piaget's theory theories fall under ________________.

A. psychodynamic; learning
B. learning; cognitive
C. cognitive; learning.
D. biological; ecological

20. The child might see an orange and say “apple” because both objects are round. This is known
as ____.

A. accommodation
B. assimilation
C. behavior modelling
D. centration

21. Which of the ff. is a common criticism against Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A. the sequence of stages is NOT fixed

B. research has not supported the existence of the preoperational stage
C. Piaget put a heavy emphasis on environment, ignoring the importance mental processes
D. children develop abilities earlier than Piaget theorized

22. Barney helps his younger brother, who has just learnt to cycle on his own, to navigate narrow
roads and sharp turns. Vygotsky will refer to this as ________.

A. assimilation
B. behavior modelling
C. scaffolding
D. social learning

23. Exosystem in Bronfenbrenner’s theory refers to

A. one’s immediate circle

B. the relationship between the different environments in one’s microsystem
C. the interaction between the microsystem and an outside system
D. the cultural patterns, dominant beliefs and ideologies

24. During conception, the 23 unpaired chromosomes in the ovum and sperm combine to form
23 pairs in an entirely new cell called the

A. embryo
B. DNA
C. fetus
D. zygote

25. What is the result when a single zygote separates into two parts, each developing into a
separate individual?

A. dizygotic twin
B. monozygotic twin
C. fraternal twin
D. nonidentical twin

26. Albert has brown eyes, even though one of his biological parents has blue eyes. Genes for
blue eyes are part of Albert ’s ___.

A. phenotype – physical, observable (e.g. I have brown eyes, white skin)

B. zygote
C. genotype – not everything in the genotype will be seen in the phenotype
D. environment

27. In order for one to have a recessive trait (e.g., having red hair), the person must receive

A. at least one copy of a recessive gene from a parent

B. two copies of a recessive gene, one from each parent
C. at least one copy of a recessive gene and at least one copy of a dominant gene
D. at least two copies of a recessive gene from one parent

28. If a pair of monozygotic twins raised in the same environment end up being different from
one another (e.g., interest, hobbies etc.), it is highly like due to:

A. Genetics
B. Inherited characteristics
C. Nonshared environment
D. Nature

29. The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the
extremities.

A. Cephalocaudal Pattern
B. Gene-environment Correlation
C. Cephamodistal Pattern
D. Proximodistal Pattern

30. Age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s last
menstrual cycle.

A. Mental Age
B. Chronological Age
C. Functional Age
D. Gestational Age

31. Arrange the three stages of prenatal development in the correct order

A. Germinal stage, fetal stage, embryonic stage

B. Fetal stage, embryonic stage, germinal stage
C. Embryonic stage, germinal stage, fetal stage
D. Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

32. A fluid-filled sac in which the baby floats until just before it is born

A. Amnion
B. Placenta
C. Umbilical Cord
D. Embryo

33. Substances, such as viruses and drugs, that can cause birth defects

A. Teratogens
B. Placenta
C. Parturition
D. Androgens

34. In a breech presentation, the infant.

A. is too large to be delivered vaginally.

B. is delivered feet or bottom first.
C. is delivered head first.
D. appears face down.

35. When Ryan was born, the hospital assessed his health with the Apgar scale, and the score
was 5. What does this mean with respect to his breathing pattern?

A. He was in no danger
B. He needed help in establishing a breathing pattern
C. He was in an excellent condition
D. He was in a critical condition

36. Pruning is best defined as

A. The process of synapse development
B. The connection between neurons
C. The process of eliminating unused synapses
D. Fatty sheath that wraps around neurons and enables them to transmit information more rapidly.

37. A baby throws its arms out and then inward (as if embracing) in response to loud noise or
when its head falls. Which reflex is this?

A. Babinski
B. Palmar
C. Darwinian
D. Moro

38. Rita shows better control over her eating habits at 2.5 years than her brother Richard, showed
at the same age. Why?

A. Girls are naturally smarter than boys.

B. Second-born children learn faster.
C. Girls have better fine motor skills.
D. Boys have better gross motor skills

39. The baby coos and the Mom smiles, so the baby coos again to get Mom to smile again.
Piaget would say that this action is an example of:

A. reflexes
B. primary circular reactions
C. secondary circular reactions
D. tertiary circular reactions

40. In the 5th substage of sensorimotor development, “Experimentation” begins, in which the
infant tries out new ways of playing with or manipulating objects. Piaget referred to this as:

A. reflexes
B. primary circular reactions
C. primary circular reactions
D. tertiary circular reactions

41. Deferred imitation of a caregiver’s behavior shows that toddlers have the capacity to form

A. Short-term memory
B. Working memory
C. Core memories
D. Long-term memory

42. Which of the ff. is an example of telegraphic speech?

A. A child pointed to his father’s shoe and say “Daddy,” as if to convey “Daddy’s shoe” - holophrase
B. A thirsty toddler said, “Mama water”
C. A newborn infant asked, “Can I have some coffee?”
D. A baby was able to communicate to her parents using her brain

43. Children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new
experiences.

A. “easy” children
B. “difficult” children
C. “moderate” children
D. “slow to warm-up” children

Temperaments – raw materials of personality traits; your temperament as a child will somehow predict
your personality as an adult; somehow related to the ability to stay focused on a task (like
conscientiousness)

44. When the parent returned in the Strange Situation experiment, babies with ____ attachment
tend to remain upset for long periods of time, kicking, screaming, refusing to be distracted with
toys, and sometimes arching back and away from contact.

A. Secure
B. Avoidant
C. Ambivalent
D. Disorganized

45. Emma is happily exploring the room, crawling and touching various objects. Suddenly, she
spots a brightly colored toy that catches her attention. Excitedly, she reaches out for it.However,
as Emma gets closer to the toy, she notices her mother's facial expression changing. The mother
started to frown. As a result, Emma decides to hold back from grabbing the toy and instead
retreats to her mother's side. Developmentalists would call this _____.

A. separation anxiety
B. social referencing
C. stranger anxiety
D. all of the above

46. Jason, a 4-year-old boy, believes that it gets cloudy and rainy every time he is sad. He
concluded that his sadness is the cause of the bad weather. This tendency is known as

A. irreversible thought
B. centration
C. animism
D. transduction

47. Kai and Ken received their gifts from their parents. Although their gifts vary in many
characteristics, the two compared their gifts based on size. This tendency among children is
known as:

A. irreversibility
B. animism
C. egocentrism – believe that everybody thinks like you do
D. centration – focus on one aspect of a thing or situation

48. Daniel is pretending that one of his blocks is a car. Daniel is exhibiting the ____ function.

A. semiotic – a.k.a symbolic function; starting to understand the meaning of symbols (e.g. using a towel
as your own hair, using flower petals as money: they were all used as symbols to those objects)
B. abstraction
C. preoperational
D. overextension

49. Refers to the awareness that other people have their own intentions, desires, wants, and
motives

A. theory of mind
B. theory of personality
C. theory of being
D. theory of awareness

50. Alicia, 5 years old, knows that she will take a bath at 6:05, change clothes at 6:15, eat
breakfast at 6:20, commute to school at 6:40 and join the assembly at 7:00. A child's awareness
of his or her scripts or daily routine is classified under which type of memory?

A. semantic memory
B. nondeclarative memory
C. generic memory – daily routine; not personally significant
D. autobiographical memory – events that are personally significant to you; core memories (e.g. first time
you went to the cinema, your 7th and 18th birthday)

51. During family dinner, Kevin's family was shocked with the number of new words he has
learned in the past few months. This happens because in early childhood, children experience.

A. theory of mind
B. fast mapping – isang beses lang narinig ang word, napick-up na siya agad (e.g. hearing a bad word
from an adult, the kid will say that bad word too)
C. pragmatics – context of speech, using
D. social speech

52. According to Piaget, children in the moral realism stage believe that

A. rules in games are completely optional

B. children understand that many rules can be changed through social agreement – moral relativism (8+
years old)
C. rules of games can’t be changed because they come from authorities – 7 and younger
D. none of the above

53. Ray feels that his mother is so distant and that it is hard for him to start a conversation with
her. His mother is always busy with her work and is known for having very high standards of
success. When the mother discovered that Ray got a low score in his English class, Ray was
scolded and shouted at for being a “disgrace to the family”. Luke sometimes feels that his worth
depends on whether or not he can please his mother. What Ray is experiencing in known as:

A. Authoritarian parenting
B. Authoritative parenting
C. Permissive parenting
D. Neglectful parenting

54. Which of the following is accurate about Authoritative parenting?

A. They show low warmth and low control

B. They show high warmth and low control
C. They show low warmth and high control
D. They show high warmth and high control

55. Which of the following is an example of using inductive techniques in child discipline?

A. Use of corporal punishment

B. Explaining why a behavior is incorrect
C. Shouting or intimidating the child by raising one’s voice
D. Ignoring the child’s demands and isolating them in a room

56. "If a is bigger than b, and if b is bigger than c, then a is bigger than c." Our capacity engage
in such reasoning relies on which ability:

A. class inclusion
B. transductive reasoning
C. conservation
D. transitive Inferences

57. The attention span of the average fourth-grader is much longer than that of the average first
grader. Which of the following biological changes is primarily responsible for this?

A. pruning of the synapses in the corpus callosum

B. myelination of the neurons in the right side of the brain
C. maturation of the reticular formation – for the attention span; the more you mature the longer your
attention span is
D. Development of the cerebellum

58. Which of the ff. is the best definition of instrumental aggression?

A. aggression to get back at someone who has hurt you – Hostile Aggression
B. aggression used to hurt another person or gain an advantage
C. aggression used to gain or damage an object
D. aggression aimed at damaging another person’s self-esteem or peer relationships – Relational
Aggression
59. Who is experiencing the first indicator of the onset of puberty in a typical female?

A. Mary, whose pubic hair has started to grow

B. Terri, who has just begun to menstruate
C. Jasmin, whose breasts have started to grow
D. Carrie, who has just begun to ovulate

60. Which of the ff. is not a secondary sex characteristic?

A. body hair
B. uterus
C. deepening of voice (among males)
D. development of breasts (among females)

61. Which of the following best defines menarche?

A. growth of the uterus during puberty

B. increase in body fat at puberty
C. the beginning of puberty marked by the development of breast buds
D. the onset of menstruation at puberty

62. The onset of puberty is believed to be associated with

A. smoking
B. risky behaviors
C. teratogens
D. body fat

63. Which of the following explains why adolescents have the tendency to engage in risky and
impulsive behavior?

A. The frontal lobe has reached its full maturity while the limbic system is still developing.
B. The cerebellum of the teenagers is more developed than their limbic system
C. The limbic and reward systems mature earlier than the frontal lobe.
D. None of the above

64. Shelly is a high school sophomore who got pregnant in her freshman year. Even though she
is sexually active, she doesn’t use any form of contraception because she says, “I just can’t see
myself getting pregnant twice.” Shelly’s thinking reflects Elkind’s

A. formal operational thought

B. imaginary audience
C. personal fable
D. naïve idealism

65. Ryan believes that a behavior that is punished is bad and a behavior that is unpunished is
right. We can say he is in the ___ level of moral development?
A. preconventional
B. conventional
C. postconventional
D. meta-conventional

66. Nacing believes that doing the greatest good for the greatest number is the most moral thing
to do. We can say that she is in the ____ of moral development.

A. 3rd
B. 4th
C. 5th
D. 7th

67. Which of the following terms applies to a person whose psychological gender does not match
their physical sex

A. transgender
B. gender dysfunctional
C. homosexual
D. cisgender

68. The identity status of a person who is not in the midst of a crisis and who has made no
commitment

A. Moratorium
B. Identity Achievement
C. Foreclosure
D. Diffusion

69. Byron said "I am going to be a police officer because all the boys in the family are
policemen, and my parents want be to be one as well." According to Marcia, Byron's attitudes
demonstrate which identity status?

A. identity achievement
B. moratorium
C. foreclosure
D. diffusion

70. Brita is a junior interested in majoring in English literature, philosophy, biotechnology, or

European history. While she likes all of these majors, she is not sure which one to focus on.
According to Marcia, Brita would best be classified as being in the ____ level of identity status
concerning a collegiate major.

A. diffusion
B. foreclosure
C. moratorium
D. achievement
71. Kayla considers herself more than an adolescent but not yet fully an adult. This would
qualify her as being in the state known as _____ adulthood.

A. tween
B. passage
C. formal
D. emerging

72. Who would Erikson say is most capable of true intimacy?

A. Harrison, who is 16 years old

B. Cindy, who is overdependent on her boyfriend
C. Burt, who is competitive in school
D. Aileen, who has a clear sense of identity

73. In order to qualify as a “postformal thinker,” you must be able to accept

A. egocentric thought as a necessity.

B. the existence of a single truth.
C. experience as the source of all knowledge.
D. that contradiction is normal.

74. Raul learns that ‘militants’ from one view may also be seen as ‘patriots’ or ‘heroes from
another. This is known as _____.

A. relativism
B. dialectical thought
C. reflective judgment
D. crystallized thought

75. In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, this is kind of love is the product of both passion and
commitment

A. romantic love
B. fatuous love
C. infatuation
D. empty love

76. When discussing his new girlfriend, Mickey says, “I can tell her everything about myself.”
Mickey clearly feels ____ toward his girlfriend.

A. commitment
B. passion
C. infatuation
D. intimacy

77. Assortive mating refers to

A. the tendency for the younger generation to choose the single life
B. the belief that differences, instead of similarities, is the main determinant of marital success
C. sex differences in mate preferences and mating behavior are based on the different amounts of time
and effort men and women must invest in child rearing
D. tendency to mate with someone who has traits similar to one’s own

78. Orland, age 50, has always been the top seller in her real estate company. Nonetheless, she
kept on working on her skills. Three times a year, she attends workshops on salesmanship,
closing, and real estate law. Baltes & Baltes would suggest that Orland is using ______.

A. selection
B. management
C. optimization
D. compensation

79. On which personality dimension would someone who is stingy, critical, and suspicious score
the lowest?

A. Agreeableness
B. Neuroticism
C. Extraversion
D. Conscientiousness

80. Ruth is determined to become president of the corporation. She works more than 10 hours
per day, is meticulous in her work, and sticks with the most difficult projects until they are
completed. Ruth would most likely score highly on a scale that measured _____.

A. agreeableness.
B. conscientiousness.
C. extroversion.
D. openness to experience.

81. To say that a woman has already reached menopause, she should have been infertile for ____
months.

A. 14
B. 10
C. 5
D. 12

82. Which type of task is best suited to assessing fluid intelligence?

A. A trivial contest
B. A timed maze completion
C. A culture-bound test
D. A vocabulary test

83. Which statement best reflects Erikson’s concept of generativity?

A. “Help the children, for they are our future.”
B. “If I have lived the good life, death will be welcomed.”
C. “I am comfortable with the love relationships in my life.”
D. “If you trust others, you trust yourself.”

84. What does the term “Peter Pandemonium” refer to?

A. adolescents who leave home

B. children who leave home and then return
C. young adults who don’t want to grow up
D. adults who are overanxious to get their grown children out of the house

85. Therese, an overprotective mother, cannot accept the fact that her daughter is now a teenager
and that she must give her some freedom to explore the world on her own. She still acts in a
controlling manner and says that her daughter will always be her "baby". This can be an example
of

A. Identity balance
B. Identity accommodation
C. Identity assimilation
D. Identity schema

86. Angel just gave birth to her first child when her father got sick. She is now taking
responsibility of a single mother to her child and a caregiver to her father. Because of this she is
experiencing elevated levels of stress and she feels like giving up. People who are in the same
situation as Angel are part of what we call a _____

A. Historical generation
B. Sandwich generation
C. Moratorium generation
D. Midlife generation

87. Bambi, 9 years old, lives with her mother and siblings. Every weekend, the mother would
usually take Bambi and her siblings to their grandparents' house for their weekly get together.
Bambi has a warm relationship with her maternal grandparents. But since they live in a separate
house, it is their mother who has the day-to-day responsibility of taking care of Bambi and her 2
other kids. What type of relationship does Bambi have with her grandparents?

A. remote
B. involved
C. consummate
D. companionate

88. Those who belong to the oldest old group are those whose age is

A. Between 90-110
B. Over 100
C. Over 85
D. Between 70-90

89. Elijah asks his doctor how long he can plan to live without any major medical problems or
impairments. Elijah is asking about _____ life expectancy.

A. maximum – gaano katagal mabubuhay

B. useful -
C. average
D. modal

90. Which of the following terms applies to intellectually demanding tasks such as managing
finances and paying bills?

A. instrumental personal tasks

B. activities of daily living – everyday tasks or simple tasks (taking a bath, dressing up, cooking)
C. daily tasks
D. instrumental activities of daily living – intellectually demanding tasks (computing, paying bills,
working)

91. The proposed limit for the number of times cells can divide in members of a species.

A. senescence
B. hayflick limit
C. reserve capacity
D. functional fitness

92. Len, 40 years old, is typically mistaken as a 50-year-old. She is aware of this and she said
that this is because she is currently handling 3 jobs on top of being a single mother. This type of
aging is known as.

A. primary aging
B. senescence
C. successful aging
D. secondary aging

93. Which of the following is NOT considered as normal forgetting?

A. Forgetting the meaning of simple words

B. Making mistakes while computing
C. Misplacing things
D. All of the above

94. A cognitive characteristic that includes accumulated knowledge and the ability to apply that
knowledge to practical problems of living, commonly thought to be a characteristic of old age.

A. Postformal thinking
B. Wisdom
C. Emotional intelligence
D. Practical intelligence

95. The conflict of integrity versus despair is characterized by

A. a sense of great care for the next generation.

B. forming an initial sense of identity.
C. attempting to make sense out of one’s life.
D. developing a sense of trust.

96. When you contact a retired neighbor to ask if she is interested in participating in a charity
fundraiser, she tells you that she is no longer interested in activities such as this, and she is
content to do as little as possible since she retired. Your neighbor’s perspective is most consistent
with which of the following views on aging?

A. adaptation
B. social reticence
C. discontinuity theory
D. disengagement

97. Berto knows that there will be a time that he will no longer be able to make decisions for
himself due to his terminal illness. He prepared and signed a document directing his family not
to put him on life support when the time comes that he is unable to make his wishes known.
What is this document called?

A. power of attorney
B. advance directive
C. living trust
D. executive trust

98. The third stage in Kübler-Ross’ stages of grief.

A. bargaining
B. anger
C. depression
D. denial

99. Tasha was informed by her doctor that she has a severe medical condition which might lead
to death if left untreated. The doctor explained to her the different options she can take but Tasha
said that she is no longer interested in hearing more about her condition. She acknowledges the
doctor’s diagnosis but she is not willing to undergo any type of treatment. Tasha accepted that
her time had come and she tried to live a normal life until her final days. What type of response
did she display?

A. Denial (positive avoidance)

B. Helplessness/hopelessness
C. Stoic acceptance
D. Anxious preoccupation
100. Navi, a young adult, likes engaging in risky activities such as over speeding and performing
stunts since he believes that bad things will happen to other people but not to him. He has a sense
of ____.

A. denial
B. personal fable
C. unique invulnerability
D. universal defensiveness

Infancy – up until the 1st birthday

Toddlerhood – up until 3 years old

Criticial period vs Sensitive period

Critical period – used when talking about animals; wherein experience is absolutely required at
fixed developmental periods for subsequent normal function.

Sensitive period – even if you miss the sensitive period, when can still learn because humans are
bound of plasticity

True Experiment – random assignment and manipulation

Quasi Experiment – does not rely on random assignment

Longitudinal study – can be 1 month, 3 months, 6 months to years to decades

Oral Stage – Infancy

Anal Stage - Toddlerhood

Phallic – Early Childhood

Latency – Middle Childhood

Genital – Adolescence onwards

Fixation is permanent while Regression is temporary

Freud emphasized ego while Erikson emphasized superego

Avoidant Attachment – Autism, Reactive Attachment

Indicators of Secure Attachment: Social referencing, Separation anxiety, Stranger anxiety

Autism – problems on theory of mind, social referencing, pragmatics

Authoritarian parenting – related to disorders of anxiety, depression

Conservation starts at Concrete Operational stage

ADHD – problem with reticular formation (for attention span; ability to attend to specific stimuli
is impaired) and frontal lobe

Senelity – katandaan

Primary sex characteristics – for the purpose of reproduction

Start of Menarche

Stress

Nutrition

Body fat