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Normal Distribution

Notes for normal distribution of data, empirical rule

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30 views7 pages

Normal Distribution

Notes for normal distribution of data, empirical rule

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deepshikha.s
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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972/23, 11:24AM 6.1 The Standard Normal Distribution - Introductory Statistics | OpenStax The standard normal distribution is a normal distribution of standardized values called z-scores. z-score is measured in units of the standard deviation. For example, if the mean of a normal distribution is five and the standard deviation is two, the value 11 is three standard deviations above (or to the right off the mean. The calculation is as follows: x=p+ Qo) =5 + @)Q=11 The z-score is three. The mean for the standard normal distribution is zero, and the standard deviation is one. The 2H transformation z produces the distribution Z ~ N(0, 1). The value x in the given equation comes from a normal distribution with mean y and standard deviation o. 2Z-Scores If X is a normally distributed random variable and X ~ N(y, a), then the z-score is: zo H o The z-score tells you how many standard deviations the value x is above (to the right of) or below (to the left of) the mean, y, Values of x that are larger than the mean have positive z-scores, and values of x that are smaller than the mean have negative z-scores. If x equals the mean, then x has a z-score of zero. EXAMPLE 6.1 Suppose X ~ N(5, 6). This says that X is a normally distributed random variable with mean ys =5 and standard deviation o = 6. Suppose x = 17. Then: am 17-5 o z This means that et = 17 is two standard deviations (20) above or to the right of the mean yy Notice that: 5 + (2)(6) = 17 (The pattern is p + zo = x) Now suppose x = 1. Then: z= —* = 45 0.67 (rounded to two decimal places) This means that x = 1 is 0.67 standard deviations (-0.670) below or to the left of the mean 1 = 5, Notice that: 5 + (-0.67)(6) is approximately equal to one (This has the pattern + (0.67)0 = 1) Summarizing, when z is positive, x is above or to the right of y and when z is negative, x is to the left of or below js. Or, when zis positive, x is greater than /, and when z is negative x is less than p. hitpsjlopenstax org/books/intoductory-statstics/pagesi6-1-the-standard.normal-dstibution od 972/23, 11:24 AM 6.1 The Standard Normal Distribution - Introductory Statistics | OpenStax TRY IT 6.1 What is the z-score of x, when x = 1 and X ~ N(12,3)? EXAMPLE 6.2 Some doctors believe that a person can lose five pounds, on the average, in a month by reducing his or her fat intake and by exercising consistently. Suppose weight loss has a normal distribution, Let X = the amount of weight lost (in pounds) by a person in a month. Use a standard deviation of two pounds. X ~ N(6, 2). Fill in the blanks. Problem a. Suppose a person lest ten pounds in a month. The z-score when x = 10 pounds is z = 2.5 (verify), This z-score tells you that x = 10 is standard deviations to the (right or left) of the mean (What is the mean?). [Show/Hide Solution] Solution a. This z-score tells you that x = 10 is 2.5 standard deviations to the right of the mean five. Problem b. Suppose a person gained three pounds (a negative weight loss). Then z = This z-score tells you that x = -3 is standard deviations to the (right or left) of the mean. [Show/Hide Solution] Solution b.z=~4. This z-score tells you that x = -3 is four standard deviations to the left of the mean. Problem hitpsjlopenstax orfbooks/introductory-statstics/pagesi6-1-the-standard:normal-dstribution 972/23, 11:24AM. 6.1 The Standard Normal Distribution - Introductory Statistics | OpenStax c. Suppose the random variables X and Y have the following normal distributions: X ~ N6, 6) and Y ~ N(2, 1). Ifx = 17, then z= 2. (This was previously shown.) If y = 4, what isz? [Show/Hide Solution] Solution c.z=T# - 4? 2 where =2 ando The z-score for y = 4 is z = 2. This means that four is z = 2 standard deviations to the right of the mean. Therefore, x = 17 and y = 4 are both two (of their own) standard deviations to the right of their respective means. The z-score allows us to compare data that are scaled differently. To understand the concept, suppose X ~ N(5, 6) represents weight gains for one group of people who are trying to gain weight in a six week period and Y ~ N(2, 1) measures the same weight gain for a second group of people. A negative weight gain would be a weight loss. Since x = 17 and y = 4 are each two standard deviations to the right of their means, they represent the same, standardized weight gain relative to their means. TRY IT 6.2 Fill in the blanks. Jerome averages 16 points a game with a standard deviation of four points. X ~ (16,4). Suppose Jerome scores ten points in a game. The z-score when x = 10 is - 1.5. This score tells you that x = 10 is_ standard deviations to the (right or left) of the mean, (What is the mean?).. The Empirical Rule If X is a random variable and has a normal distribution with mean j1 and standard deviation a, then the Empirical Rule states the following: + About 68% of the x values lie between -1¢ and +1¢ of the mean p (within one standard deviation of the mean). + About 95% of the x values lie between -2¢ and +2¢ of the mean p (within two standard deviations of the mean). + About 99.7% of the x values lie between -3¢ and +80 of the mean y (within three standard deviations of the mean). Notice that almost all the x values lie within three standard deviations of the mean. + The z-scores for +10 and ~1¢ are +1 and -1, respectively. + The z-scores for +20 and -2o are +2 and -2, respectively. + The z-scores for +30 and ~3o are +3 and -3 respectively. Itps:openstaxoribooks/nroductrystatistisipages!-"-he-standerénora-

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