HKExcel

Education
IB

Math AA HL Concept Notes

Prepared by Ricky
Topic 5.5 & 5.10 & 5.11 & 5.17
Concepts covered:
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 Definite Integral - Area under curve
 “Negative” area
 Area bounded by curves
 Volume of revolution
 Pastpaper practice
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Integration

Integration rules recap:

1. Constant

𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶

2. Power
𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
𝑘𝑥
𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1

Special case, 𝒏 = −𝟏:

1
𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥

3. Exponential

𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶

4. Trigonometry

sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

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Integration

5. Composite function with 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃

(A)
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑎(𝑛 + 1)

(B)
When 𝑛 = −1,
1 ln|𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏|
𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎

(C)
𝑒
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑎

(D)
−cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑎
sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑎

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Integration

(A) Area under curve

Area of region enclosed by a curve and the 𝑥-axis:

𝐴= |𝑦| 𝑑𝑥, where 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Area of region enclosed by a curve and the 𝑦-axis:

𝐴= |𝑥| 𝑑𝑦, where 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦)

𝑎, 𝑏 are the upper bound and lower bound of the region

Example:

1.

Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = (1 − 𝑥)(𝑥 − 3)

and the 𝑥-axis.
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Integration

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Integration

2.

Find the area of the region enclosed by the curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 1, the

𝑥, 𝑦-axes and the line 𝑥 = 2.

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Integration

3.

1
𝑦=− 𝑥 +3
2

Given the shaded region has an area of k sq. units, find the value of

𝑘.

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Integration

4.

𝑦=𝑒

𝑘
Given the shaded region has an area of 2 sq. units, find the value of
𝑘.

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Integration

Area bounded by the curve and the 𝒚-axis:

5.

Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑦 , the 𝑦-axis
and 𝑦 = 4.

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Integration

Practice:

1.

1
Find the area of the region enclosed by 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)(2 − 𝑥) and the
2
𝑥-axis.

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Integration

2.

1
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2) + 1,
2
the 𝑥, 𝑦-axes and the line 𝑥 = 2.

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Integration

3.

1
𝑦= 𝑥 +1
3

𝑘
Given the shaded region has an area of 2k sq. units, find the value of
𝑘.

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Integration

4.

1
𝑦=
𝑥

1 𝑘

Given the shaded region has an area of ln 5 sq. units, find the value
of 𝑘.

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Integration

5.

Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 1 , 𝑦 = 1

and 𝑦 = −1.

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Integration

(B) “Negative” area

Example:

1.

Find the area bounded by the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 , the 𝑥-axis and the
line 𝑥 = −2.

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Integration

2.

Find the area of the region enclosed by the 𝑥-axis and the function
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2).

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Integration

Practice:

1.

Find the area of the region bounded by the 𝑥-axis and the function
𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 1) − 4.

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Integration

2.

Given the function 𝑦 = sin 𝑥.

(a) Write down the value of 𝑘, where 𝑘 is the 𝑥-coordinate of the
first minimum of the function.
(b) Find the area of the shaded region.

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Integration

(C) Area bounded between curves

Example:

1.

Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 and

the line 𝑦 = 1.

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Integration

2.

Find the area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)

and 𝑦 = 2𝑥(𝑥 − 2) from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 4.

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Integration

3.

Find the area bounded by the curves 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and the 𝑥-
axis.

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Integration

4.

Find the area of the shaded region bounded by the curves 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑦

and 𝑥 = −𝑦 + 3𝑦 + 7.

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Integration

Practice:

1.

Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 3 − 𝑥

and the line 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3.

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Integration

2.

Find the area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥

from 𝑥 = −1 to 𝑥 = 1.

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Integration

3.

Find the area bounded by the curves 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 from
𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝜋.

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Integration

4.

Find the area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = √2 − 𝑥

and the 𝑥-axis.

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Integration

5.

Find the area of the shaded region bounded by the curve 𝑥 = −2 +

2𝑦 and 𝑥 = −𝑦 + 3𝑦 + 10.

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Integration

(D) Volume of revolution

Volume of revolution about the 𝑥-axis:

𝑉= 𝜋𝑦 𝑑𝑥, where 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Volume of revolution about the 𝑦-axis:

𝑉= 𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑦, where 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦)

𝑎, 𝑏 are the upper bound and lower bound of the region

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Integration

1.

Find the volume of the solid formed when the function 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 1 is

revolved by 360° about the 𝑥-axis for 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10.

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Integration

2.

1
The region enclosed by the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = −𝑥 is
10
revolved by 360° about the 𝑥-axis. Find the volume of the solid of
revolution.

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Integration

Volume of revolution about the 𝒚-axis:

3.

1
The region enclosed by the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = −𝑥 is
10
revolved by 2π about the 𝑦-axis. Find the volume of the solid of
revolution.

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Integration

Practice:

1.

Find the volume of the solid formed when the function 𝑦 =

1
𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) is revolved by 360° about the 𝑥-axis for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.5.
2

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Integration

2.

The region enclosed by the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 2 is

revolved by 360° about the 𝑥-axis. Find the volume of the solid of
revolution.

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Integration

3.

The region enclosed by the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 2 is

revolved by 360° about the 𝑦-axis. Find the volume of the solid of
revolution.

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Integration

Further practice and pastpaper practice:

1. [NC]

(a) Find 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥.

Part of the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 2 is shown below. The shaded

region 𝑅 is enclosed by the graph of 𝑓, the line 𝑥 = 5 and the 𝑥-
axis. The region 𝑅 is rotated 360° about the 𝑥-axis.

(b) Find the volume of the solid formed.

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Integration

2. [NC]
The graph of 𝑦 = √𝑥 bounded between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑘 is
rotated 360° about the 𝑥-axis. The volume of the solid formed is
8π. Find the value of 𝑘.

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Integration

3. [NC]
The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = √4 − 𝑥 for −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 is shown below.

The region enclosed by the curve of 𝑓 and the 𝑦-axis is rotated 2π

about the 𝑥-axis. Find the volume of the solid formed.

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Integration

4. [C]
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2√𝑥. Line L is the normal to the graph of 𝑓 at the point
(4, 4).
(a) Show that the equation of 𝐿 is 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 12.
(b) Point X is the 𝑥-intercept of 𝐿. Find the 𝑥-coordinate of X.

In the diagram below, the shaded region 𝑅 is bounded by the 𝑥-

axis, the graph of 𝑓 and the line 𝐿.

(c) Find an expression for the area of 𝑅.

(d) The region 𝑅 is rotated 360° about the 𝑥-axis. Find the
volume of the solid formed in terms of π.

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Integration

5. [NC]
Given a function 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.5 + 1.5 sin(𝑥 + 2).
(a) Find ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
(b) The diagram below shows part of the graph of the function

𝑓(𝑥). The area of the shaded region is given by ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

Find the value of 𝑘.

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Integration

6. [NC]
The diagram shows part of the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥. The shaded
3𝜋
region is bounded by 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 = .
4

3𝜋 3𝜋 2
It is known that sin = cos = , find the area of the shaded
4 4 2
region in exact value.

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Integration

7. [NC]
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 + 4 sin 𝑥. Part of the graph of 𝑓 is shown below.

The shaded region is enclosed by the curve of 𝑓, the 𝑥-axis, and

the 𝑦-axis.
(a) Solve for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
i. 4 + 4 sin 𝑥 = 4
ii. 4 + 4 sin 𝑥 = 0
(b) Write down the exact value of the 𝑥-intercept of 𝑓, for 0 ≤
𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.
(c) The area of the shaded region is 𝑅. Find the value of 𝑅 in
terms of π.

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Integration

𝜋
Let ℎ(𝑥) = 4 + 4 sin 𝑥 − . The graph of 𝑓 is transformed to the
2
graph of ℎ.

(d) Give a full geometric description of this transformation.

3𝜋
(e) Given that ∫ 2 ℎ(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑅 and 0 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 2𝜋, find the two
values of 𝑘.

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Integration

8. [C]
Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 1.
(a) Sketch 𝑓(𝑥) for −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 7.

This function can be written as 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − ℎ) − 8.

(b) Write down the value of ℎ.

ℎ(𝑥) is obtained by reflecting the graph of 𝑓 in the 𝑥 -axis,

0
followed by a translation of .
4

(c) Show that ℎ(𝑥) = −𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 3.

The graph of 𝑓 and ℎ intersect at two points.

(d) Write down the 𝑥-coordinates of these two points.

Let 𝑅 be the region enclosed by the graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔.

(e) Find the area of 𝑅.

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Integration

9. [C]
5𝜋
The graph if 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1) sin 𝑥, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ , is shown below.
2

The graph has 𝑥-intercepts at 0, 1, 𝜋 and 𝑎.

(a) Find 𝑎.

The shaded region is rotated 360° about the 𝑥-axis. Let 𝑉 be the
volume of the solid formed.

(b) Write down an expression for 𝑉.

(c) Find 𝑉.

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Integration

10.[C]
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑒 + 2. Part of the graph of 𝑓 is shown below.

The 𝑦-intercept is at (0, 7).

(a) Show that 𝑎 = 5.
(b) Given that 𝑓(10) = 3.00 (Correct to 3 significant figures),
find the value of 𝑏.
(c) Using your value of 𝑏, find 𝑓 (𝑥).
(d) Hence, explain why 𝑓 is a decreasing function.
(e) Write down the equation of the horizontal asymptote of the
graph 𝑓.

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Integration

Let ℎ(𝑥) = −5𝑥 + 16𝑥 + 10.

(f) Find the area enclosed by the graphs of 𝑓 and ℎ.

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Integration

11.[C]
(a) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝜋 cos 𝑥 − 𝑥, −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, using a
scale of 2 cm per unit on each axis.

Label and number both axes and indicate clearly the approximate
positions of the 𝑥 -intercepts and the local maximum and
minimum points.

(b) Find the solution of the equation

𝜋 cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥>0
(c) Find the indefinite integral

(𝜋 cos 𝑥 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

(d) And hence or otherwise, calculate the area of the region

enclosed by the graph, the 𝑥-axis and the line 𝑥 = 1.

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Integration

12.[C]
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 .
1
(a) Show that ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (1 − 𝑒 ).
𝑎
(b) Let 𝑎 = 0.5,
i. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑒 , for −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, indicating
the coordinates of the 𝑦-intercept.
ii. Shade the region enclosed by this graph, the 𝑥-axis, 𝑦-axis
and the line 𝑥 = 2.
iii. Find the area of this region.
(c) Find 𝑦 in terms of 𝑎, where 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

The point 𝐾(1, 0.0498) lies on the graph of the function 𝑦 = 𝑒 .

(d) Find the value of 𝑎 in this case.

(e) Hence find the gradient of the tangent to the curve at 𝐾.

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