UNIT

NATURE OF

Human behavior is the study of human conduct; the way a person behaves or acts; includes
the study of human activities in an attempt to discover recurrent patterns and to
formulate rules about man's social behavior.
Modern Criminologists regard crime as social phenomenon: meaning — an individual's
criminal behavior could be attributed directly or indirectly with his experiences and
interactions to his social environment. Thus, one's knowledge of human behaviors will give
him better understanding as to the causes of normal and abnormal behaviors which
eventually lead to criminal behaviors.

Definition of Terrns•.
Behavior - any act of person which is observable; any observable responses of a person
to his environment; manner of ones conduct.
Attitude - position of the body, as suggesting some thought, feeling, or action; state of
mind, behavior, or conduct regarding some matter, as indicating opinion or purpose;
internal processes. Human Behavior - the acts, attitudes and performances of flesh
and blood individuals according to their environment; properly the subject matter of
psychology.
Personality - that which distinguishes and characterizes a person.
Character - the combination of qualities distinguishing any person or class of persons; any
distinctive trait or mark, or such marks or traits collectively belonging to any person, class
qr race. Psychology — is the totality or sum of all actions, attitudes, thoughts, mental
states of a person or groups of persons, it is the science dealing with the mind of human
being including animal behavior.

Evolution of the study of human behavior:

1. Homer - the author of Iliad and Odyssey who described human behavior as the
modern sense of breath or sign of life.

2. Socrates and Plato - described Human behavior as having two parts:

a. rational part- capable of unraveling the meaning of life and understand
ideal form: to make clear the meaning of life and/or draw conclusions.
b. irrational part - participate in imperfect form; the inability and/or lack or
reasoning, sometimes termed as unreasonable; mostly deals with the emotion.
3. Aristotle - described human behavior as the principle of life; quality or essence of
that distinguishing the living from non-living.

Attributes or Characteristics of Behavior

1. Overt behavior— behaviors that are observable. Physical, pananalita,
2. Covert behavior— those that are hidden from the view of the observer.
3. Simple behavior— less number of neurons are consumed in the process of behaving

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 4. Complex behavior— combination of simple behavior
5. Rational behavior- acting with sanity or with reasons
6. Irrational behavior— acting without reason/ unaware
7. Voluntary behavior— done with full volition of will.
8. Involuntary behavior— bodily processes that goes on even when we are awake or
asleep.

Aspects of Behaviors
1. Intellectual Aspect— way of thinking, reasoning, solving problem, processing info and
coping with the environment.
2. Emotional Aspect— feelings, moods, temper, strong motivational force with in the
person.
3. Social Aspect— people interaction or relationship with other people.
4. Moral Aspect— conscience, concept on what is good or bad.
5. PsychosexualAspect— being a man or a woman and the expression of love.
6. Political Aspect— ideology towards society/government.
7. Value/Attitude— interest towards something, likes and dislikes.

Three Faculties ofMan

'1. Will - the power of conscious deliberate actions; the faculty by which the rational
mind makes choice of its ends of action, and directs energies in carrying out its
determinations.
2. Intellect - the faculty of power of perception or thought; or power of understanding.
3. Soul - the rational, emotional, and volitional faculties in man, conceived of as forming
an entity distinct from, often existing independently of his body; the emotional
faculty of man distinguished from intellect.

Instinct- innate (biological - unconscious); life (sexual wishes)

- pleasure principle (libido) or love instinct (Eros); death (aggressive and embarrassment)

Libido - the instinctual craving of drive behind all human activities, especially sexual, the
repression of which leads to neurosis.

Goals and Objectives ofStudying Human Behavior

l. To describe behavior whether normal and acceptable norms or its abnormal and a
deviant behavior.
2. To identify factors that can predict behavior, e.g. depressed, unrealistic and
unreasonable.
3. To understand and explain by identifying causes that bring about certain effects,
assemble them which are common facts or gather facts and define principles.
4. To control and change behavior as a result of the prediction.
Application: Solution to existing problems in the society.
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 l. Reduce crime rates (crime prevention and suppression)
2. Improve educational techniques (research studies)
3. Treat persons with mental disorders and emotional imbalance or with emotional
problems.

Approaches in the study ofHuman Behavior

1. Neurological - emphasizes human actions in relation to events taking place inside the
body,

especially the brain and the nervous system.

2. Behavioral - focuses on those external activities of the organism that can be
observed and measured.
3. Cognitive - concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms information
in various ways.
4. Psychoanalytical - emphasizes unconscious motives stemming from repressed sexual
and aggressive impulses in childhood.
5. Humanistic - focuses on the subject's experience, freedom of choice and motivation
toward self-actualization.

Assessing Human Behavior (Measures)

1. Descriptive Method (describing the behavior)
a. Naturalistic observation - observes the behavior in the natural setting of the
person's background, e.g. home, school, church, etc.
b. Systematic observation - making use of the adjective check lists, e.g. skills rating
(inventories and questionnaires) test given by the guidance counsel.
2. Clinical Method - diagnose and treatment of serious emotional or mental disorders or
disturbances.
3. Experimental Method - relationship between variables by way of experimental
(laboratory). Specimens are required for comparison and for contrast.
4. Statistical Method - making use of researches that were conducted; measures of
central tendencies, mean, median, mode tests; (the use of the Uniform Crime Report
(OCR))

Determinants of Behavior
1. HEREDITY— genetic inheritance
2. ENVIRONME NT— socio-cultural inheritance
3. SELF— fundamental functioning of the self structure that we make about ourselves
and our world. These assumptions are based on learning and of three kinds:
a. Reality assumptions — assumptions about how things really are and what kind of
person we are.
b. Possibility assumptions — assumptions about how things could be, about
possibilities for change, opportunities and social progress.

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 c. Value assumptions — assumptions about the way things ought to be, about right
and wrong.

The Two Basic Factors Affecting Behavior

A. Heredity/ßiological Factors (nature) - are those that explained by heredity, the
characteristics of a person acquired from birth transferred from one generation to
another. It explains that certain emotional aggression, our intelligence, ability and
potentials and our physical appearance are inherited.
Or the pre-arranged patterns as a result of a process of transmission of genetic
characteristics from parents to the offspring, includes the influences present in the
reproductive cells prior to the time of conception.
It influences all aspects of behavior, including intellectual capabilities, reactions,
tendencies and stress tolerance. This will also explain the conditions that genes,
diseases, malnutrition, injuries and other conditions that interfere with normal
development are potential causes of abnormal/criminal behavior.
It is the primary basis of the idea concerning criminal behavior, the concept that
"criminals are born" —

Theory of atavism - bom criminal.

It also considers the influences of genetic defects and faulty genes, diseases,
endocrine imbalances, malnutrition and other physical deprivations that can be carried
out form one generation to another.

B. Environmental Factors (nurture) — refers to anything around the person that

influences his actions. Some environmental factors are:
1. The family background is a basic consideration because it is in the family whereby
an individual first experiences how to relate and interact with another. The family is
said to be the cradle of personality development as a result of either a close or
harmonious relationship or a pathogenic family structure: the disturbed family,
broken family, separated or maladjusted relations.
2. The influences of childhood trauma, which affect the feeling of security of a child
undergoing development, processes. The development processes are being blocked
sometimes by parental deprivation as a consequence of parents or luck of adequate
maturing at home because of parental rejection, overprotection, restrictiveness, over
permissiveness, and faulty discipline.
3. Pathogenic family structure— those families associated with high frequency of
problems such as:
a, The inadequate family — characterized by the inability to cope with the ordinary
problems of family living. It lacks the resources, physical or psychological, for
meeting the demands of family satisfaction.
b. The anti-social family — those that espouses unacceptable values as a result of
the influence of parents to their children.
c. The discordant/disturbed family — characterized by unsatisfaction of one or
both parent from the relationship that may express feeling of frustration. This is

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 usually due to value differences as common sources of conflict and
dissatisfaction.
d. The disrupted family — characterized by incompleteness whether as a result of
death, divorce, separation or some other circumstances.
4. Institutional influences such as: peer groups, mass media, church and school,
government institutions, NGO's, etc.
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5. Socio-cultural factors such as war and violence, group prejudice and discrimination,
economic and employment problems and other social changes.
6. Nutrition or the quality of food that a person intake is also a factor that influence
man to commit crime because poverty is one of the many reasons to criminal
behavior.

Further, environment as factor affecting behavior pertains to all conditions inside and
outside of an organism that is in any way influence behavior, growth, development of life
process.
1. Physical environment (extema/forces) - all things in this world that affect man
directly and stimulates the sense organs; social environment are physical influences
steaming from outside contact with other people.

a. Primary Social Group 1)

Home
2) neighborhood, etc.
c. Broader Social Group
l) School 2) Church
2) CJS

2. Intemal Environment- the immediate environment within which the genes exist and
function.
a. biological condition of the body
b. exist in the intercellular and extracellular

Note: Heredity and environment become so inextricably joined in producing growth

'and development, it becomes impossible to segregate the influence of these two
factors.

WILLIAM JONES (Psychologist) stated that minds inhabit environment which act on
them and which they react.

NOTE: Personality is a social phenomenon which is unique in every person. Personality

is influenced more by reactions of other people to us, and by our reactions to other
people than by any factor the face, voice, hands, feet, etc., in which we employ these

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 various characteristics in relation to other people will determine what others think of
us. And their reactions to us, insofar as we are sensitive to them, will influence the
opinions we hold concerning our own personality.

Factors influencing evaluations ofBehavior

1. Social Values - may influence concepts of mental health and mental illness like a
person's vocational achievement may be valued highly but he may be inadequate when
judged in relation to his family relationships and outside interests.
2. Different standards set by individual soda/groups for judging whether behavior js
healthy or unhealthy, varies with time, place, culture, and expectations of the social
groups.
3. Incomparable frames ofreference used by individuals, as by members of one's
primary group to evaluate behavior. The individual may compare his feelings and
behavior with how he thinks others feel and behave, or with how he felt and behaved
in the past. Psychiatrists tend to evaluate behavior according to the particular school
of thought which each one follows. The focus of evaluation may influence either a
diagnosis of mental illness, reaction to a crisis situation, or a specific defect in
personality functioning. Treatment approaches revolve around the diagnosis based on
behavior evaluation.

Evaluation to one's individua/ mental status

1. Altitude toward the individua/se/f- This involves aspects related to a person's self-
awareness, acceptance, confidence, level of self-esteem, sense of personal
identification in relation to role, groups, other people, sex, vocation, strengths and
weakness, etc.
2. Growth, Development, Self-actualization - What a person does with her abilities and
potentialities are considered important. Her involvement in outside interests and
relationships, concerns with an occupation or ideas, and her goals in life are
considered.

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 3. Integrative Capacity- Psychoanalyst view this concept as meaning a balance of
psychic forces the ID, EGO, SUPEREGO. The core of this concept is the utilization
of all processes and attributes in a person for the unification of personal
functioning and also the ability to tolerate anxiety and frustration in stressful
situation.
4. Autonomous Behavior - The individual's ability to make his own decisions and react
according to his own convictions regardless of outside environmental pressures, and
acceptance of responsibility for his own actions.
5. Perception ofReality
6. Mastery of One's Environment - The ability to adapt, adjust, and behave
appropriately in situations and in accordance with culturally approved standards so
that satisfactions are achieved in love, work, play and interpersonal relations is
involved here.

PERSONALITY- Totality of a person. Distingishes you to other people.

Sigmund Freud (Father of Psychoanalysis), revolutionized the thinking of the
profession on mental illness, personality development or personality disorders with his
psychoanalytic theories. He postulated that the mind consists roughly of three overlapping
divisions.
1. The consciousis that part of the mind which is immediately focused in awareness.
Aware ang ating utak alam natin ang nangyayari.
2. The pre-conscious is that part of the mind which can be recalled and brought to
awareness at will. Alalahanin ang nangyari sa past
3. The unconscious is the reservoir of memories, experience and emotions that can be
recalled. They are out of the individual's awareness. Nangyari noon na pwedeng ma
recalled. Wala kang control pero nagiging aware ka nalng bigla.

Three Components ofPersonality

1. ID - the unconscious part of the personality which serves as the reservoir of the
primitive' and biological drives and urges. It is that part of the personality with
which we are born. ID is the animalistic self. Biological drives
Libido- pleasure principle; instinctual craving especially sexually.
2. Ego - the mediator bewveen the ID and the superego.
It refers to the developing awareness of self or the "l". It is also known as the
integrator of the personality; the part that interacts with the outside world, partly
conscious and partly unconscious. As the ego develops the reality principle
supersedes or operates in concert with the pleasure principle in guiding the behavior.
The adaptive functions of the ego are the defenses against anxiety. Moderator,
magandang behavior.
3. Superego - the socialized component of the personality. It is the authoritative or
parental direction which becomes incorporated into the personality as the censoring
force or "conscience . It begins primarily by accepting early in life of the standards
of the persons who are most important to the child, and it is first evident when the
child feels within himself that his behavior is right or wrong. If the ego

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 contemplates violation of the superego's code, anxiety results; if the person acts on
the contemplated violation despite the anxiety, guilt feelings result. a very strict
superego usually leads to the development of a rigid, compulsive, unhappy person. A
weak defective superego permits a person to express hostile and antisocial striving
without anxiety or guilt.

Oedipus Complex
Stage when young boys experience rivalry with their father for their mother's
attention and affection. The father is viewed as a sex rival. This conflict is resolved by
the boy's repression of his feelings for his mother.

Electra Complex
The stage when a girl sees her mother as a rival for her father's attention but for
fear for her mother is less.

Note: Both attachment to the mother and father, the Electra complex is gradually
replaced by a strengthened identification with the mother.

Stages ofHuman Development

There are four primary theories of child development: psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive,
and sociocultural. Each offers insights into the forces guiding childhood growth. Each also
has limitations, which is why many developmental scientists use more than one theory to
guide their thinking about the growth of children.

Psychoanalytic Theory

At the end of the 19th century, Austrian physician Sigmund Freud developed the
theory and techniques of psychoanalysis; it formed the basis for several later
psychoanalytic theories of human development. Psychoanalytic theories share an emphasis
on personality development and early childhood experiences. In the psychoanalytic view,
early experiences shape one's personality for an entire lifetime, and psychological problems
in adulthood may have their origins in difficult or traumatic childhood experiences.

In addition, psychoanalytic theories emphasize the role of unconscious, instinctual

drives in personality development. Some of these drives are sexual or aggressive in quality,
and their unacceptability to the conscious mind causes them to be repressed in the
unconscious mind. Here, they continue to exert a powerful influence on an individual's
behavior, often without his or her awareness.

Most psychoanalytic theories portray development as a series of stages through

which all children proceed. According to Freud, child development consists of five
psychosexua/ stages in which a particular body region is the focus of sensual satisfactions;
the focus of pleasure shifts as children progress through the stages.

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 During the oral stage, from birth to age l, the mouth, tongue, and gums are the focus
of sensual pleasure, and the baby develops an emotional attachment to the person providing
these satisfactions (primarily through feeding). During the anal stage, from ages to 3,
children focus on pleasures associated with control and self-control, primarily with respect
to defecation and toilet training. In the phallic stage, from ages 3 to 6, children derive
pleasure from genital stimulation. They are also interested in the physical differences
between the sexes and identify with their same-sex parent. The latency phase, from ages 7
to 11, is when sensual motives subside and psychological energy is channeled into
conventional activities, such as schoolwork. Finally, during the genita/stage, from
adolescence through adulthood, individuals develop mature sexual interests.

Classica/ Conditioning

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an animal's natural response to one

object or sensory stimulus transfers to another stimulus. This illustration shows how a dog
can learn to salivate to the sound of a tuning fork, an experiment first carried out in the
early 1900s by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. For conditioning to occur, the pairing of the
food with the tuning fork (step 3 in the illustration) must be repeated many times, so that
the dog eventually learns to associate the two items.

Learning theorists emphasize the role of environmental influences in shaping the way
a person develops. In their view, child development is guided by both deliberate and
unintended learning experiences in the home, peer group, school, and community. Therefore,
childhood growth is significantly shaped by the efforts of parents, teachers, and others to
socialize children in desirable ways. According to learning theories, the same principles that
explain how people can use a bicycle or computer also explain how children acquire social
skills, emotional self-control, reasoning strategies, and the physical skills of walking and
running.

Learning by Observation

People learn much of what they know simply by observing others. Here a child learns to
use a lawnmower by observing his father's behavior and imitating it with a toy lawnmower.
Spencer Grant/Liaison Agency

Another kind of learning, c/assica/ conditioning, occurs when a person makes a

mental association between two events or stimuli. When conditioning has occurred, merely
encountering the first stimulus produces a response once associated only with the second
stimulus. For example, babies begin sucking when they are put in a familiar nursing posture,
children fear dogs whose barking has startled them in the past, and students cringe at the
sound of school bells that signal that they are tardy. Classical conditioning was first
studied by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov in the early 1900s and later by American
psychologist John B. Watson.

Learning Aggression Through Observation

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Pygmy Mammoth Productions

A third kind of learning consists of imitating the behavior of others. A boy may
acquire his father's style of talking, his mother's tendency to roll her eyes, and his
favorite basketball player's moves on the court. In doing so, he also acquires expectations
about the consequences of these behaviors. This type of learning has been studied
extensively by American psychologist *Albert Bandura. His social learning theory
emphasizes how learning through observation and imitation affects behavior and thought.

Cognitive Theories

Understanding how children think is crucial to understanding their development

because children's perceptions of life events often determine how these events affect
them. For example, a five-year-old who believes that her parents' marital problems are her
fault is affected much differently than an adolescent who has a better understanding of
marriage and relationships. Cognitive theorists focus on the development of thinking and
reasoning as the key to understanding childhood growth.

Cognitive theories provide insights into how a child's mental processes underlie many
aspects of his or her development. However, critics argue that Piaget underestimated the
sophistication of the cognitive abilities of young children. Information-processing theorists
have also been faulted for portraying children as little computers rather than as inventive,
creative thinkers.

Sociocultural Theories

Many developmental scientists believe that children do not proceed through universal
stages or processes of development. To sociocultural theorists, children's growth is deeply
guided by the values, goals, and expectations of their culture. In this perspective, children
acquire skills valued by their culture—such as reading, managing crops, or using an abacus—
through the guidance and support of older people. Thus, developmental abilities may differ
for children in different societies, and development cannot be separated from its cultural
context.
A parent may encourage simple number concepts, for example, by counting beads with
the child or measuring cooking ingredients together, filling in the numbers that the child
cannot remember. As children participate in such experiences daily with parents, teachers,
and others, they gradually learn the culture's practices, skills, and values.

Sociocultural theory highlights how children incorporate culture into their reasoning,
social interaction, and self-understanding. It also explains why children growing up in
different societies are likely to have significantly different skills. Theorists like Vygotsky
are sometimes criticized, however, for neglecting the influence of biological maturation,
which guides childhood growth independently of culture.

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KRESTSCHEMER (German Psychiatrist) - identified two individual personality
types: the Pyknic and Asthenic.

1. Pyknic- they have broad head, long trunk, short legs, narrow shoulders, broad hips
and much flesh; with violent emotions .... when carried to extreme manifest
depressive psychosis.

MANIC DEPRESSIVE REACTION

This disorder, also called an affective reaction, is characterized by two phases:
mania and depression.
The manic phase may be mild and bring elation and a general stepping up of all
kinds of activity. The patient tends to talk endlessly and in an associative rather than
logical way. If the disorder is more severe, he may act bizarrely; he may be a
whirlwind of activity and become so excited and agitated that he foregoes food and
sleep and ends in a state of total collapse.
In a mild depressive phase, the individual feels dull and melancholy, his
confidence begins to drain away, and he becomes easily fatigued by daily routines.
When the depressive phase is more severe, the patient starts to retreat from
reality, gradually entering into a state of withdrawal that is very much like a stupor.
At this point, he hardly moves or speaks. He may be unable to sleep. Eventually, he
begins to question his value as a human being and is crushed by feelings of guilt. He
may refuse to eat. Symptoms may progress to point where an attempt at suicide is a
real possibility.

Stupor - the condition of the body in which the senses and faculties are
suspended or greatly dulled, as by drugs or intoxicants.

He is easily irritated and angered and becomes abusive whenever his desires
are blocked....in which moods of wild, energetic and grandiose (showy) elation are
succeeded by periods of profound depression and inactivity....the most extreme
manifestations are in the manic phase, violence against others and in the depressive,
suicide....the current term is derived from folic maniaco-me/ancho/ique (melancholic)
- morbidly gloomy; sad; dejected; suggesting or promoting sadness; low spirit.

2. Asthenic- they have long head, short trunk, long legs, narrow hips and shoulders and
very little fat; they have the tendency to develop seclusive personality patterns that
may result to dementia praecox or schizophrenia.

AlfredAdler (Founder of individual psychology)

He coined the term "inferiority complex" to describe the conflict, partly conscious
and partly unconscious, which the individual makes attempts to overcome the distress
accompanying inferiority complex of feelings. Thus the person who has strong feelings
of inferiority may behave in a superior way or develop some special skill to compensate
for the supposed inadequacy.

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 He supported the thesis that all behavior is goal-directed; specific personal goal of
the individual and his methods of trying to achieve that goal constituted the
individual's "life style". Change in a life style that has resulted in maladaption could be
accomplished by changing the life goal.

Carl Jung (identified four functions of personality)

1. Sensation- represent concern with the here and now.
2. Intuition- represent concern with that things have been or will be.
3. Feeling- being concerned with a sense of values.
4. Thinking- concerned with things in the abstract.

Jung, a Swiss psychologist identified the Theory of Personality types:

1. Extrovert- persons who are friendly, flexible and adaptable, happy working with
others, free from worries, and outgoing.
2. Introvert - inclined to worry, reserved, lacking in flexibility, self-centered or self-
interested person. Tahimik.

3. 3. Ambivert- in between extrovert and introvert.

Karen Homey
He developed a school of thought that utilizes the process of adaptation of life
situations as an explanation for personality development. She believed that the prime
motivating factor is the need for security, which is not universal factor but one that
operates when security is threatened.

Harry Stack Sullivan

He introduced that individual's self-image, self-concept or "self-dynamism"
organizes behavior. The self-concept is built into the individual as a result of his
experience with significant other persons in his environment and as a result of their
reflected appraisals.
His theory emphasizes social factors as extremely significant for personality
development, especially interpersonal relationships and the self-concept in relation to
them. He coined the term "acculturation ".

Erick Fromm
He believed that the major need of man is to find meaning of life through the use of
his own powers. The basic human conflict lies between the security given by the rigid social
mores and the use of reasoned solutions to the problems of existence.

AdolfMeyer
Founder of Psychobiology (a study not only the person as a whole, or as a unit but
also-as a whole man) and greatly influenced American psychiatry. He emphasized the
importance of considering the total individual from all points of view biologically,
psychologically and socially. This approach is sometimes called holism or the holistic
approach.

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Sheldon - identified the somatotypes in relation to personality:
1. Ectomorph- identified as fragile and thin.
2. Endomorph- identified as soft-rounded and fat.
3. Mesomorph- identified as medium-built.

Erik Erickson
A psychoanalytical theorist identified eight (8) developmental stages throughout the
whole life cycle. In his view, for each stage of development some kind of psychological and
social (psychosocial) crisis is likely to occur.
If a person is provided with a social and psychological environment that is conducive
to development, he will be able to deal adequately with the crisis and problems at each
stage. If he fails to develop the strength and skills needed at each stage, he will
subsequently find difficulty in dealing with psycho-social crises in the succeeding stages of
development.

PSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN ADJUSTMENT

Most of man's behavior can be traced to his attempts to satisfy his needs. All of us
have certain fundamental needs that we seek to satisfy. These needs create tensions in the
human body. When we are able to satisfy these needs, the tensions disappear. Adjustment
has been made

Adjustment- the satisfaction of a need.

Three Elements in the Adjustment Process

1. A need which arouses.
2. Purposive behavior, leading toward.
3. A goal which satisfies the needs.

NEEDS, DRIVES AND MOTIVATIONS

Drivesare aroused state that results from some biological needs. The aroused condition
motivates the person to remedy the need.

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 Needs are the triggering factor that drives or moves a person to act. It is a
psychological state of tissue deprivation.
Motivation on the other hand refers to the causes and "why's" of behavior as required
by a need. Drive and motivation covers all of psychology, they energizes behavior and give
its direction to man's action. For example, a motivated individual is engaged in a more
active, more vigorous, and more effective that unmotivated one. thus a hungry person
directs him to look for food.

Types of Human Needs:

Human needs arise out of a person's biological or psychological make up. They can be
biological (biogenic) needs which are the needs of the body which exist for the
maintenance of health and protection of the body against physical injuries. These include
the need for:
1. food— hunger: the body needs adequate supply of nutrients to function efficiently.
"An empty stomach sometimes drives a person to steal."
2. air— need of oxygen
3. water- thirst
4. rest— weary bodies needs this.
5. sex — a powerful motivator but unlike food and water, sex is not vital for survival
but essential to the survival of the species.
6. avoidance of pain — the need to avoid tissue damage is essential to the survival of
the organism. Pain will activate behavior to reduce discomfort.
7. stimulus seeking curiosity— most people and animal is motivated to explore the
environment even when the activity satisfies no bodily needs.

They can also be psychological (psychogenic or sodogenic) needs. These are influenced
primärily by the kind of society in which the individual is raised. Psychological motives are
those related to the individual happiness and well being, but not for the survival, unlike the
biological motives that focuses on basic needs — the primary motives. Examples of these
are:
1. love and affection

2. for security
3. for growth and development
and
4. recognition from other
human beings.

A.H. Mas/ow
Accordingly, there is a
hierarchy of needs (Fig. O
ascending from the basic
biological needs present at birth
to the more complex psychological needs that become important only after the more basic
needs have been satisfied.
According to Maslow's formulation, the level that commands the individual's
attention and effort is ordinarily the lowest one on which there is an unmet need. For
example, unless needs for food and safety are reasonably well-met behavior will be
dominated by these needs and higher motives are of little significant. With their
gratification, however, the individual is free to devote time and effort to meet on the
higher levels. In other words, one level must be at least partially satisfied before those at
the next level become determiners of action.

Figure L Mas/ow's Hierarchy ofNeeds

Human needs however, can not always be satisfied. Obstacles and difficulties
sometimes stand in the way between the individual and his goal. These obstacles may lie in
the individual's environment or they may be in the individual himself.

Some ofthe reasons why some people fail to reach theirgoa/ are:
1. Unrealistic goals - when the person's level of aspiration is much higher than his level
of achievement, he is bound to fail.
2. Harmful or Anti-socialgoal.

3. Conflicting goals.
4. Environmental difficulties, including force majeure.

FRUSTRATION CONFLICT and ANXIETY

A. Frustration refers to the unpleasant feelings that results from the blocking of motive
satisfaction. It is a form of stress, which results in tension. It is the feeling that is
experienced when something interferes with our hopes, wishes, plans and expectations.
Ppag hidi antin naaatain ung goal natin.
Frustration occurs when a person is blocked in the satisfaction of his needs. A
person faced with frustration becomes anxious and restless, and he tries to seek means
of relieving these anxieties. He tries to engage in various forms of activities that are
intended to satisfy his needs and reduce his tensions.

The common sources offrustration are:

2. Physical Obstacles — are physical barriers or circumstances that prevent a person
from doing his plan or fulfilling his wishes. Gusto mong tumangkad pero pandak ka.
Miss universe pero pandak ka
3. Social Circumstances — are restrictions or circumstances imposed by other people and
the customs and laws of social living. We cannot socialize with other people kasi nga sa
CoViD
4. Personal shortcoming — such as being handicapped by diseases, deafness, paralysis,
etc. which serves as a barrier to the things one ought to do.
5. Conflicts between motives
Reactions to Frustrations- People differ in the way the react to frustrations. An
individual's way of reacting to frustrations is sometimes known as his coping mechanism.
Generally, people faced with frustration react it in one of two ways:
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 1. by fighting the problem in a constructive and direct way by breaking the obstacles
barring him from his goal, or by getting angry and become aggressive; and/or
2. by running away (flight) from the problem, by sulking, retreating, becoming
indifferent, and by giving up without a fight.

These reactions to frustrations are sometimes called fight-flight reactions.

Frustration-tolerance
Individuals also differ in their capacity to tolerate unadjusted states, or frustration
tolerance. Some people are able to withstand prolonged periods of tension without showing
signs of abnormality. Others become neurotic or psychotic, or convert their frustrations
into physical illness, while some act out their frustrations by committing anti-social acts or
becoming alcoholics or drug addicts. Magkakaroon ng unpleasant feelings, magkakaiba tayo
ng mga frustration

Most normalpersons react to frustration in the following ways:

1. direct approach kung may problema ka harapin mo.
2. Detour- kung ang problema mo is paunta ka sa Banaue peo may landslide, hanap ka ng
ibang daan. Finding other way
3. substitution - Gusto mo ung isa pero mahal kaya palitan mo nalng ng mas mura.
4. withdrawal or retreat- gusto mong grumaduate pero ayaw mo na kaya drop ka nalang.
5. developing feelings of inferiority- magmamaliit sa sarili
6. aggression-kung ayw nila sayo, awayin mo
7. use of defense mechanism
Defense Mechanism
Defense mechanisms are the unconscious techniques used to prevent a person's self
image from being damage. When stress becomes quite strong, an individual strives to
protect his self-esteem, avoiding defeat. We all use ego defense mechanism to protect us
from anxiety and maintain our feeling of personal worth. We consider them normal
adjustive reactions when they are use to excess and threaten self-integrity.
Further, defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological processes that act as
safety valves to provide relief from emotional conflict and anxiety. They are forms of
self-deception, which the person may not be aware of, and are resorted to whenever
psychological equilibrium is threatened by severe emotional injury arising from frustration.
Among the more common defense mechanisms are:
1. Denia/ofrea/ity— protection of one self from unpleasant reality by refusal to
perceive or face it. Simply by avoiding something that is unpleasant. Or in denial, the
ego shuts itself off from certain realities. Huwag mo siyang paniwalaan. Namatayan
ka ng kaibigan pero iniisip mo na buhay pa siya.
2. Fantasy— the gratification of frustration desires in imaginary achievement. Paying
attention not to what is going on around him but rather to what is taking place on his
thoughts. Gusto mong maging bf si Jungkook
3. Projection — placing blame for difficulties upon others or attributing one's own
unethical desires to others in an effort to prevent ourselves being blamed. A
mother may deny her hatred for the child is through projection. That is the
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 mother's ego may pretend that the child actually hates her. The mother thus
projects her unacceptable emotions onto the Child. Merong group activity, hindi mo
nagawa ung part mo and then you blame the leader kasi d niya pinaalala sayo.
4. Rationalization — the use of excuses an individual to him and to others. Attempting
to prove that one's behavior is justifiable and thus worthy of self and social
approval. It is also an elaborate justification for what were obviously illogical or
immature actions. Magbigay ka ng rason, hindi ko nagawa kasi wala kami signal
5. Reaction Formation— it occurs when someone tries to prevent his submission to
unacceptable impulses by vigorously taking an opposite stand. Preventing dangerous
desires from being expressed by exaggerating opposed attitudes and types of
behavior and using them as barriers. A step beyond denial is reaction formation, in
which the ego changes unacceptable love into acceptable hate (or vice versa). If a
mother hates her child - a feeling she must deny conscious awareness of - the
mother may . Impulse. Submission of activity is bukas tas nagalit ka agad.
6. Displacement— discharging pent-up emotion on objects less dangerous than those
that initially aroused the emotion. Naipong galit.Boiled emotion tas nilabas mo. Gait
ako sa kasamahan ko sa office pero bawal magalit at manuntok sa office kaya sinuntok
ko nalang ung upuaan niya.
7. Emotional Insulation - withdrawal into passivity to protect self from hurt. maging
solo ka nalang, lumayo ka nalang sa ibang tao.
8. Isolation/lnte/lectua/ization— serves to cut off the emotions from a situation which
is normally is full of feeling. Kug nnon masyado kayong close then may problem na
dumating then hindi mo nalang siya kakausapin.
9. Regression — revert from a past behavior or retreating to earlier developmental
level involving less mature responses and usually a lower level of aspiration. Example
is falling back to childish behavior patterns; some respond to stress by overeating or
by drinking too much. Kinakagat ung nails,
10.Sublimation — a process by which instinctual drives. consciously unacceptable, are
diverted into personally and socially accepted channels. Example is gratification of
frustrated sexual desires in substitutive men sexual activities. Meron kang gustong
gawin pero d mo magawa, mga basketball para lang makalimutan mo ung gusto mong
gawin.
11.Identification — increasing feeling of worth by identifying self with person or
institution. The person can associate himself with something or someone to elevate
position. Or it is a process whereby an individual without conscious awareness,
satisfied frustrated desires by psychologically assuming the role or some of the
traits of another person. May kakausapin kang tao tas sasabihin mo na ikaw ay anak ng
mayor para ma identify mo ung sarili mo. maipagmalaki
12.Introjection — incorporating external values and standards into ego structures so
individual is not at their mercy as external threats. The acceptance of others' values
even they are contrary to one's own assumption. You introduce them to your self.
Gusto mo makipagkaibigan sa lasenggo pero hindi ka naman umiinim so in order for you
to join their circles nagiiging lasenggo ka na din.
13.Undoing— Apologizing for wrongs, repentance, doing penance and undergoing
punishment to negate a disapproved act. You keep on apologizing.
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 14.Sympathism — striving to gain sympathy from others. The person seeks to be praised
by relating faults or problem. Nag mamakaawa, you show them na nakakaawa ka para
wala silang gawin na masama sayo.
15.Acting-out — reduction of the anxiety aroused by forbidden desires by permitting
their expression. The individual deals with all his impulses by expressing them.
Konting problem lng galit na, pinapakita na nagagalit ka, nagwawala ka papansin ka
ganun. Nag rereact agad.
16.Substitution (displacement) - a process by which an unattainable or unacceptable
goal, emotion or object is replaced by one that is more attainable or acceptable.
gusto mo bumili ng expensive na loptop kaya you buy ung mas lesser
17.Repression - the ego blocks off threatening thoughts or desires and thus keeps them
from sweeping into the spotlight of consciousness. Tinatago niya ung sama ng loob
niya.

B. Conflict refers to the simultaneous arousal of Wvo or more incompatible motives

resulting to unpleasant emotions. It is a source of frustration because it is a threat to
normal behavior.

Types of Conflicts
1. Double Approach Conflict— a person is motivated to engage in Wvo desirable
activities that can not be pursued simultaneously. A person has two desirable things
to choose but he cannot achieve it at the same time. Example, I want to be an
engineer and I also want to be a law enforcer but I cannot pursue them
simultanaeosly so I must choose one and let go of the other one.
2. Double Avoidanæ Conflict- a person faces two undesirable situations in which the
avoidance of one is the exposure to the other resulting to an intense emotion. There
is Two negative emotion that I don’t want to feel but I need to experience.
example, I don’t want to continue my study because it is too stressful but I also
don’t want to become jobless in the future.
3. Approach-Avoidance Conflict a person faces a situation having both a desirable and
undesirable feature. It is sometimes called "dilemma", because some negative and
some positive features must be accepted regardless of which course of action is
chosen. There is positive and negative effect, example i work in a company with high
salary but I need to work 12 hours a aday without day off.
4. Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict—a situation in which a choice must be made
between two or more alternatives each of which has both positive and negative
features. It is the most difficult to resolve because the features of each portion
are often difficult to compare. Example, choosing between two cellphones. The first
one is expensive but have a high quality, the second one is cheaper but low quality.

C. Anxiety is an intangible feeling that seems to evade any effort to resolve it. It is also
called neurotic fear. It could be intense; it could be low and can be a motivating force.

HUMAN VALUES
Human values are relevant in understanding human behavior. It is the which people
uses to cognize, express, and evaluates behavior as right or wrong, just or unjust,
appropriat@ or inappropriate. Values are also guides which people use to evaluate their

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behavior thus it gives direction to their life. They are the enduring preferences for mode
of conduct or state of existence.

How are values acquired? They are acquired through the influenced by the rewards
and punishments meted out by our parents, teachers and peers. For instance, at home —
there is the teaching of control, cleanliness and good manners, in school — there is
competition and learning in conformity with a bigger group, morality and the teachings of
the church, the exposure to mass media and the government influences. The accumulations
of these values continue to change as we continue to face different experiences.
Feelings, aspirations, attitudes and belief are also considered values if they are
chosen freely, chosen from alternatives, prized and cherished, publicly affirmed, and
acted upon repeatedly.

UNIT 2
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CRIME
(Criminal Psychology)

FORMULA OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

In explaining the birth of a criminal act or criminal behavior, we must thus consider
three factors: criminalistic tendencies (T), the total situation (S), and the person's mental
and emotional resistance to temptation (R). These factors then can be put into a formula
as:

C=T+S where C — Crime/Criminal Behavior (the act)

T Criminal Tendency (Desire/lntent)
S — Total Situation (Opportunity)
R — Resistance to temptation (Control)
The formula shows that a person's criminal tendency and his resistance to them may
either result in criminal act depending upon, which of them is stronger. This means that a
crime or criminal behavior exists when the person's resistance is insufficient to withstand
the pressure of his desire or intent and the opportunity (Tradio, 1983).
In understanding these, the environmental factors such as stress and strains are
considered because they contribute in mobilizing a person's criminal tendency and the
individual's psychological state while resistance to temptation arises from the emotional,
intellectual and social upbringing and are either the manifestation of a strong or weak
character.

NORMAL AND ABNORMAL BEHAVIORS

The Types of Behavior:

1. Normal Behavior— the standard behavior, the socially accepted behavior because
they follow the standard norms of society.
2. Abnormal behavior — behaviors that are deviant from social expectations because
they go against the norms or standard behavior of society.

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 * Normal and abnormal behaviors depend re/ative/y on the culture ofpeop/e since a
normal behavior to one society may not be accepted or a//owed to other societies or
individuals.

What is normalbehavior?
Understanding criminal behavior includes the idea of knowing who is a normal from
an abnormal one. A normal person is characterized by his efficient perception of reality,
selfknowledge, ability to exercise voluntary control over his behavior, self-esteem and
acceptance, productivity and his ability to form affectionate relationship with others.
Understanding criminal behavior includes the idea of knowing what characterized a
normal person from an abnormal one.

A normal person is characterized by the foll owing criteria:

l. Free expression of personality
2. Ability to exercise voluntary control over his behavior
3. Adequate security feeling
4. Self-esteem and acceptance
5. Efficient contact/perception of reality
6. Adaptability to group norms or ability to form affectionate relationship with others
7. Emotional maturity
8. Adequate self-knowledge
9. Integrated and consistent personality
10. Productivity

Who are abnormal?

When a person fails to meet the criteria enumerated above, he is deemed to be an
abnormal person.

Abnormal Behavior Defined:

1. Deviation from the average (from the statistica/ form). To determine
abnormality, we simple observe what behaviors are rare or infrequent in a given
society or culture and label these deviations from the norm as abnormal.
Many characteristics such as weight, height, and intelligence cover a range of
values when measured over a population. For instance, a person who is extremely
intelligent or extremely happy would be classified as abnormal.

2. Deviation from the ideal (from social norms). One that measures behavior against
the standards toward which most people are striving - the ideal.
A behavior that deviates from the accepted norms of society is considered
abnormal. However, it is primarily dependent on the existing norm of such society.

3. Abnormality as a sense of subjective discomfort (persona/ distress). It focuses

on the psychological consequences of the behavior of the individual. In this approach,
behavior is considered abnormal if it produces a sense of distress, anxiety, or guilt in
an individual - or if it is harmful to others.

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 This is abnormality in terms of the individual subjective feelings of distress
rather than the individual behavior. This includes mental illness, feeling of miserably,
depression, and loss of appetite or interest, suffering from insomnia and numerous
aches and pains.

4. Abnormality as the inability to function effectively (maladaptive behavior). This

views abnormality when people who are unable to function effectively and adapt the
demands of society are considered abnormal like an unemployed, homeless woman
living on the street might be considered unable to function effectively.

Further, maladaptive behavior is the effect of the well-being of the individual

and or the social group. That some kind of deviant behavior interferes with the
welfare of the individual such as a man who fears crowds or can't ride a bus. This
means that the person can not adopt himself with the situation where in it is
beneficial to him.

Legal definition of abnormality

According to the law, the distinction between normal and abnormal behavior rests on
the definition of insanity (one which cannot understand the difference between right and
wrong or inability to exert control over his behavior at the time he or she commits a
crimina/ act), which is a legal, but not psychological, term.

Models ofAbnormality: From Superstition to Science

For much of the past, abnormal behavior was linked to superstition and witchcraft.
People displaying abnormal were accused of being possessed by the devil or some sort of
demonic god (Howells & Osborn, 1984).

Causes ofAbnormal Behavior

1. Anxiezy (psychological perspective). Stressful situations that if become extreme, it
may result to maladaptive behavior.
2. Faulty Leaming (behavior perspective). The failure to learn the necessary adaptive
behavior because of wrongful development. This usually results to delinquent
behavior based on the failure to learn the necessary social values and norms.
3. Blocked or distorted persona/ growth (humanistic perspective). Presumably, human
nature tends towards cooperation and construction activities, however, if we show
aggression, cruelty or other maladaptive behavior, the result may be an unfavorable
environment
4. Unsatisfactory interpersonal relationship. Self-concept in early childhood by over
critical parents or by rigid socialization measures usually cause deviant behaviors
among individuals because they are not contented and even unhappy on the kind of
social dealings they are facing.
5. Pathological social condition. Poverty, social discrimination and destructive violence
always result to deviant behavior.

Models of Psychological Disorder

Model Description Possible Application to Patients

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Medical Model Suggests that
Examine the patient for
physiological causes are
medical problems, such as
root of abnormal
brain tumor, chemical of
behavior. imbalance in the brain, or
Psychoanalytic
disease.
Model
Abnormality stems from Seek out information about
childhood conflicts. the patient's past,
Behavioral Model
considering possible
Abnormal behavior is a childhood conflicts.
learned response. Concentrate on rewards
Cognitive Model and punishment for
patient's behavior, and
Assumes people's belief
identify environmental
and stimuli that reinforce her
behavior.
Focus on patient's
perceptions
thoughts are herself and her
central to environment.
abnormal behavior.
Emphasizes people's Consider patient's behavior
Humanistic
control and responsibility in terms of the choices she
Model for their own behavior. has freely made.
Assumes behavior is Focus on how societal
Socio-cultural shaped by family, society, demands contributed to
Model and culture. patients' disorder.
When a person is frustrated in his attempts to adjust himself to difficult situations over a
long period of time, he may try to escape from these conflicts by doing one of several
things:
l. He may compromise with reality by developing imaginary ailments, phobias, obsessions,
or compulsions. This is known as neurosis.
2. He may withdraw from the real world into the world of fantasy and make-believe
where his hidden or unexpressed desires can be fulfilled. In this stage of mind, the
person becomes psychotic
3. Instead of compromising with reality or withdrawing into his well-being, the person
may go to the other extreme and may become very aggressive and cruel in his
behavior towards others. He is then known as an anti-social personality or a
psychopath or sociopath, and when his anti-social behavior becomes in conflict with
the law, he becomes a criminal.

Primary', Predisposing, Precipitating, Reinforcing Causes

Regardless of one's theoretical orientation, several terms are in common usage
regarding causes of abnormal or criminal behavior.
1. The Primary' Cause — used to designate the condition without which the disorder
would not have occurred. The main reason of the existence of the disorder.
2. The Predisposing Cause — a condition that comes before and paves the way for a
possible later occurrence of disorder under certain conditions.
3. The Precipitating Cause — a condition that proves too much for the individual and
triggers the disorder.
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 4. The Reinforcing Cause — a condition that tends to maintain maladaptive behavior
that is already occurring.

Patterns of Abnormal Behavior

The three classifications or major groups of abnormal/criminal behavior are:
l. The Neurotic Behaviors 2. The
Psychopathic Behaviors
3. The Psychotic Behaviors

Neurotic Behaviors

The group of mild functional personality disorders in which there is no gross

personality disorganization and the individual is not required for hospitalization.

People with neurotic behaviors are sometimes called psychoneurotic. These are
persons who are in the twilight zone between normality and abnormality. They are not
insane, but neither are they normal. They are always tense, restless and anxious.
Frequently, they have obsessions, compulsions, phobias and in some cases, amnesia. Anxiety
is the dominant characteristics.

Further, neurosis embraces a wide range of behaviors that are considered the core
of most maladaptive life style. Basic to this neurotic life-style are:
1. Neurotic Nucleus — the faulty evaluation of reality and the tendency to avoid
rather than to cope with stress. It is characterized by anxiety, avoidance instead of
coping, and blocked personal growth.
2. Neurotic Paradox — the tendency to maintain the life style despite its maladaptive
nature. It is characterized by unhappiness and dissatisfactions.
3.
Neurotic Behaviors are composed ofthe following disorders:
1. Anxiety disorders - These are commonly known as "neurotic fear". When it is
occasional but intense, it is called "panic". When it is mild but continuous, it is called
"worry". They are considered as the central feature of all neurotic patterns. They
are characterized by:
a. mild depressions
b. fear and tensions
c. mild stresses

Anxiety disorders are grouped as:

a. Obsessive-compulsive disorders
@ When an individual is compelled to think about something that he don't want
to think about or carry out some action against his will.
@ The experience of persistent thoughts that we can not seem to get out of
our mind such as thoughts about haunting situations.
@ This disorder may lead to committing immoral acts, etc.

b. Asthenic Disorders (Neurasthenia)

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 @ An anxiety disorder characterized by chronic mental and physical fatigue
and various aches and pains.
@ Symptoms includes:
1) Spending too much sleep to avoid fatigue but to no avail, even feels
worsen upon awake.
2) Headaches, indigestion
3) Back pains and dizziness

c. Phobic Disorders — the persistent fear on some objects or situation that

present no actual danger to the person.
Example of Phobias (for complete list, see appendix)
Acrophobia - high places
Agoraphobia - open places
Algophobia - pain
Asthraphobia - storms, thunder,
lightning
Claustrophobi - closed places
a
Hematophobia - blood
Hydrophobia - water
Mysophobia - contamination/germs
Monophobia - being alone
Nyctophobia - darkness
Ocholophobia - crowds
2. Somatoform Disorders - Complains of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of
physical problem but no organic basis can be found. The individual is pre-occupied
with his state of health or diseases. Somatoform disorders are grouped as:
a. Hypochondriasis — the excessive concern about state of health or physical
condition (multiplicity about illness).

A Hypochondriacally person tend to seek medical advises, but their fears is

not lessened by their doctor's reassurances, and they maybe disappointed
when no physical problem is found.

b. Psychogenic Pain Disorder — characterized by the report of severe and lasting

pain. Either no physical basis is apparent or the reaction is greatly in excess of
what would be expected form the physical abnormality.

c. Conversion Disorders (Hysteria) — a neurotic pattern in which symptoms of some

physical malfunction or loss of control without any underlying organic abnormality.
Sensory Symptoms ofHysteria:
1) Anasthesia — loss of sensitivity
2) Hyperesthesia — excessive sensitivity 3) Hypesthesia
— partial loss of sensitivity
4) Analgesia — loss of sensitivity to pain
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 5) Paresthesia - exceptional sensations
Motor Symptoms ofHysteria
1) Paralysis — selective loss of function
2) Astasia-abasia — inability to control leg when standing
3) Aphonia — partial inability to speak
4) Mutism — total inability to speak

Viscera/ Symptoms ofHysteria

l) Choking sensation 2)
Coughing spells
3) Difficulty in breathing
4) Cold and clammy extremities 5) Nausea

3. Dissociative Disorders - A response to obvious stress characterized by:

a. Amnesia — partial or total inability to recall or identify past experiences.

1) brain pathology amnesia — total loss of memory and it can not be retrieved by
simple means. It requires long period of medication.
2) psychogenic amnesia — failure to recall stored information and still they are
beneath the level of consciousness but "forgotten material".

b. Multiple Personality — also called "dual personalities". The person manifests two
or more symptoms of personality usually dramatically different.

c. Depersonalization — loss of sense of self or the so called out of body experience.

4. Affective Disorders - The affective disorders are "mood disorders", in which
extreme or inappropriate levels of mood — extreme elation or extreme depression.
Forms of affective disorders:
a. Milder forms of affective disturbances
@ Sadness
@ Discouragement
@ Sense of hopelessness
@ Grief and the grieving process
l) death of loved one 2) financial loss
3) break up of a romantic affair
4) separation/divorce
5) separation from an important friend, job, etc.
6) disappearance of anything very important

b. Neurotic affective also called "neurotic mania" characterized by overactive,

dominating, and deficient in self-criticism.

c. Neurotic depression — sadness and dejection (grave sadness). The individual

often fails to return to normal after a reasonable period of time resulted to high
level of anxiety and lowers self-confidence and loss of initiative.

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 d. Major depressive disorders — also called "severe affective disorders" with the
following classifications:
l) Sub-acute major depressive disorders — symptoms
of this depressive disorder includes loss of
enthusiasm, feeling of dejection, feeling of failure
and unworthiness, fatigue and loss of appetite.
2) Acute major depressive disorder — symptoms includes mild hallucinations,
feeling of guilt, want to be alone, and increasingly inactive.
3) Depressive stupor — a severe degree of psychomotor retardation, almost
unresponsive, refuse to speak, and confusions or hallucinations.

The Psychopathic Behaviors

The second groups of abnormal behaviors typically stemmed from immature and
distorted personality development, resulting in persistent maladaptive ways of perceiving
and thinking.

People with psychopathic behaviors are also called sociopaths or psychopaths.

These are persons who do not have any neurotic or psychotic symptoms but are not able to
conform to prevailing customs and standards of conduct of his social group. Some common
characteristics are:
1. absence of a conscience
2. emotional immaturity
3. absence of a life plan
4. lack of capacity for love and emotional involvement
5. failure to learn from experience

Further, they are generally called "personality or character disorders". These group;
of disorders are composed of the following:
1. Personality Disorders — disorders of character, the person is characterized as a
"problematic" without psychoses. This disorder is characterized by disrupted
personal relationship, dependent or passive aggressive behavior. The types of
personality disorders are:
a. Paranoid Personality — characterized by suspiciousness, rigidity, envy,
hypersensitivity, excessive self-importance, argumentativeness and tendency to
blame others for one's own mistakes.
b. Schizoid Personality — characterized by the inability to form social relationship
and lack interest in doing so. The person seem to express their feelings, they lack
social skills. They are the so called "loners".
c. Schizotypal Personality — characterized by seclusiveness, oversensitivity,
avoidance of communication and superstitious thinking is common.
d. Histrionic Personality — characterized by immaturity, excitability, emotional
instability and self-dramatization.

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 e. Narcissistic Personality — characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-
importance and pre-occupation with receiving attention. The person usually
expects and demands special treatment from others and disregarding the rights
and feeling of others.
f. Borderline Personality — characterized by instability reflected in drastic mood
shifts and behavior problems. The person usually display intense anger outburst
with little provocation and he is impulsive, unpredictable, and periodically unstable.

g. Avoidant Personality — characterized by hypersensitivity to rejection and

apprehensive alertness to any sign of social derogation. Person is reluctant to
enter into social interaction.
h. Dependent Personality — characterized by extreme dependence on other people
— there is acute discomfort and even panic to be alone. The person lacks
confidence and feels helpless.
i. Passive-Aggressive Personality — characterized by being hostile express in
indirect and nonviolent ways. They are the so called "stubborn".
j. Compulsive Personality — characterized by excessive concern with rules, order,
and efficiency that everyone does things their way and an ability to express warm
feeling. The person is over conscientious, serious, and with difficulty in doing
things for relaxation.
k. Anti-social Personality — characterized by continuing violation of the rights of
others through aggressive, anti-social behavior with out remorse or loyalty to
anyone.
Anti-social Personality is actually the "psychopathic behavior". The person lacks
of ethical or moral development and the inability to follow approved models of
behavior. They are the un-socialized persons, which often brings them conflict with the
society. They may be refer to mixed groups of individuals such as unprincipled business
people, crooked politicians, imposters, drug pushers, quack doctors, prostitutes, etc.

Common Characteristics ofanti-socialpersonalities

1) Inadequate conscience development and unable to accept ethical values.
2) Irresponsible and impulsive behavior; low frustration tolerance.
3) Ability to impress and exploit others; projecting blame unto others of their
own antisocial acts.
4) Rejection of authority.
5) Inability to maintain good interpersonal relationship.

2. Criminal Behavior - The disorder used to describe the behavior of a person who
commits serious crimes from individual to property crimes and the disobedience of
societal rules in general.

"Dyssoäal personality" is the term used to refer to these individuals, particularly

those who violate law and practice "crime as a profession".

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 As a study, criminal behavior refers to the human conduct focused on the
mental processes of the criminal: the way he behaves or acts including his
activities and the causes and influences of his criminal behavior.

Crimes are c/assifiedas:

1. Acquisitive Crime — when the offender acquires something as a consequence of his
criminal act.
2. Extinctive crime — when the result of a criminal act is destruction
3. Seasonal crime — those which are committed only at a certain period of the year.
4. Situational crime — committed only when given the situation conductive to its
commission
5. Episodal crime — committed by series of act within a lengthy space of time
6. Instant crime — committed the shortest possible time, i.e. serial murder
7. Static crime — committed only in one place; series of crimes
8. Continuing crime — committed in several places
9. Rational crime — committed with intent; offender is in full possession of his mental
faculties/capabilities
10. Irrational crime — committed without intent; offender do not know the nature of
his act
11. White collar crime — those committed by a person of responsibility and of upper
socioeconomic class in the course of their occupational activities
12. Blue collar crime — those committed by ordinary professionals to maintain their
livelihood
13. Upper world crime -- committed by individuals belonging to the upper class of
society
14. Under world crime — committed by members of the lower or under privilege class of
society
15. Crime by imitation — committed by merely duplication of what was done by others
16. Crimes by passion — committed because of the fit of great emotions
17. Sen.'ice crime — committed by rendering all service to satisfy the desire of another

Criminals are classified as:

A. Based on Etiology
1. Acute Criminal— a person who violate a criminal law because of the _impulse or fit
of passion
2. Chronic Criminal — person who acted in consonance of deliberated thinking

B. Based on Behavioral System

1. Ordinary Criminal — lowest form of criminal career
2. Organized Criminal — high degree of organization to enable them to commit crimes
without being detected
3. Professional Criminal — highly skilled

C. Based on Activities
1. Professionals
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 2. Accidental — situational crimes
3. Habitual — continue to commit crime because of deficiency of intelligence, lack of
control

D. Based on Mental Attitudes

1. Active Criminals — due to aggressiveness
2. Passive Inadequate Criminals — Commit crimes because they are push to it by
reward or promise
3. Socialized Delinquents — normal in behavior but defective in socialization process

Three classifications ofCriminal Behavior

A. INDIVIDUALISrlC CLASSIFICATION - overt act which is based solely on the

individual's attributes.
1. Lombroso
a. atavism (born criminal)
b. insane criminal
c. criminaloids
d. criminal by passion
e. occasional criminal

2. Garofalo
a. typical criminals/murderers who kill for enjoyment
b. violent criminals
c. criminal deficient in pity and probity
d. lascivious criminals

3. Ferri
a. insane
b. born criminals
c. habitual criminals
d. passionate criminals

4. Clinical Psychologists and Psychiatrists

a. immature
b. emotionally insane
c. dependent
d. hostile
e. anti-social
f. non-conformist
g. aggressive

B. TYPOLOGIES BASED ON SOCIAL BEHAVIORAL SYSrEM - consist of formation of a

configuration or patterns of variables linked in specified ways.

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 1. Mayhew and Moreau (European Criminologists) - Criminal type is based on the way in
which crime is related to the various activities of a criminal.
a. Professional criminals - professional thieves
b. Accidental offenders - self-defense
c. Habitual criminals - commits crime due to lack of self-control, deficiency in
intelligence,
e.g. pick-pockets, etc.
2. Lindesmith and Dunham - Differentiated individual criminal from social criminal.
Individual criminal is based on diverse and personal reason while social criminal is
product of support and prescribed by group norms. e.g. fraternity, racketeers

3. Gibbons and Gavity - stated that the chronological age at which offenders are
determined by the society as a criminal.
a. Group offenders - from time to time of their first act (life orientation is guided
by criminal group)
b. Group offenders not defined as criminals until late in life (life orientation is
largely guided and re-enforced by non-criminal group) e.g. graft and corruption

4. Reckless - identified criminal careers - crimes are committed because of a vocational

aspect (for living)

Comparison Table

T 010 Descri tion S ecific Acts

Ordinary engage in conventional crimes; with robbery, larceny
Career limited skills, and lack the and burglary
organization to avoid arrest and
Criminals
conviction have a high degree of racketeering,
Organized organization; specialize in activities gambling
Career which can be operated as largescale and and
business; uses force, violence, illegal drugs
Criminals
intimidation and bribery to gain and
maintain control over economic
activities. counterfeiting,
Professional highly skilled, thus able to maintain shoplifting
Criminals or obtain considerable amounts of
money without being detected:
usually avoided conviction because of
connections and contacts; specialize 30 JPMi10 files
in offenses which require skills
rather than violence.
Gibbons — identified role careers (self-image, normative orientation and social psychotic
characteristics).

Adult Types ofOffenders

l. Professional thieves
2. Professional heavy criminals
3. Semi-professional property criminals
4. Property offenders "one-time loser"
5. Automobile Thieves - "joyriding"
6. Naive check forgers
7. White-collar criminals
8. Professional "fringe" violators
9. Embezzlers
10. Personal offenders "one-time loser"
11. Psychopathic assaults
12. Violent sex offenders
13. Non-violent sex offenders - non-violent rape
14. Non-violent sex offenders - statutory rape
15. Narcotic addict - heroin, "shabu"

Juvenile Type ofOffenders

l. Predatory gang delinquent
2. Conflict gang delinquent
3. Casual delinquent, non-gang member
4. Automobile thieves - joyrider
5. Drug-abuser
6. Over-aggressive delinquent
7. Female delinquent
'8. "Behavior problem" delinquent

Cavan. He identified the types of criminal behavior, gave principle consideration to the
public's reaction to crime and the criminals' reaction to the public.
1. Criminal Contra-culture - professional criminals, robbers, burglars, etc.
2. Extreme Under-conformity - occasional drunkenness

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 3. Minor Under-conformity - embezzlement
4. Average Conformity - minor pilferage
5. Minor Over-conformity - exactness in obeying laws and codes.
6. Extreme Conformity - attempts to reform society by persuasion and legal norms.
7. Ideological Contra-culture - strenuous efforts to model society possibly through the
use of illegal means.

Block and Geis

Identified types of criminal behavior, considerable attention was given to the types
of criminal behavior systems and to the social and cultural structure in which criminal
behavior systems arise.
Examples: professional criminals, organized crime organizations, homicides, sexual
offenders, etc•

Typology ofCriminal Behavior based on the type ofcrime committed by Clinard and Quiney
1. Violentpersona/ crime- murder, assault, rape, etc.
2. Occasionalproperty crime - auto theft, shoplifting, check forgery and vandalism.
3. Occupational crime - embezzlement, fraudulent sales, false advertising, price fixing,
black market activity, prescription violation, anti-trust violation.
4. Politica/crime- treason, sedition, espionage, sabotage, etc.
5. Public order crime- drunkenness, vagrancy, disorderly conduct, prostitution, etc.
6. Conventiona/crime- robbery, larceny, burglary, and gang theft.
7. Organized crime - racketeering, organized prostitution, etc
8. Professional crime- shoplifting, pickpocketing, forgery, counterfeiting, etc

Three different types ofmu/tip/e murder

1. Serial murder- several victims in three or more separate incidents over weeks,
months or years.
2. Mass murder- the killing of four or more victims at one location within one event (en
massein group)
3. Spree murder - involves killing at two ore more locations with almost not time to
break between murder.

Genocide - systematic killing of people or nation committed with intent to destroy, in whole
or in part a nation, ethnical, racial or religious group.
1. Killing members in the group.
2. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group.
3. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about
physical destruction in whole or in part.
4. Impossible measures intended to prevent birth within the group.
5. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. Massacre -

indiscriminate killing of people in random without distinction.

Typology of Violent Offenders by J. Conrad

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 1. Culturally violent offenders- are individuals who live in sub-cultures in which violence
is an acceptable problem-solving.
2. Criminally violent offenders - use violence as a means of accomplishing a criminal act,
robbery, etc.
3. Situational violent offenders - commits act of violence or rare occasions, often under
provocation, such as domestic disputes - often describe as crime of passion -
domestic violence, rape, etc.
4. Pathologically violent offenders- mentally ill or persons suffering from mental brain
damage.
LEGALISTIC CLASSIFICA T/0N
Stresses on the seriousness of the offense as indicated by the kind of punishment
provided for the behavior.
1. Most serious offenses - felonies (delitos) - these are acts and omissions punishable
by law under RPC. These are committed by means of fault (culpa) and by means of
deceit (dolo). Culpa - through imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight, or lack of
skill (as a result of the act)
Do/o - with deliberation or deliberately done
2. Less serious offenses are called misdemeanors and are usually punishable by fines or
by confinement in local jail (a.k.a. petty crimes or minor offenses)

Based on the Penalty Imposed

1. Grave Felonies - the law attaches capital punishment or penalties which in any of
their periods are afflictive (Art. 25, RPC)
2. Less Grave Felonies - the law punishes with penalties which in their maximum period
are correctional.
3. Light Felonies - those infractions of law for the commission of which a penalty of
arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos or both, is provided.

Crimes are committed in Ovo ways:

1. By means of commission - Requisites: intelligence, free will, freedom, intent
2. By means of omission - Requisites: intelligence, freewill/freedom, failure to do an act
required by law

MALA INSE - acts are bad in themselves, forbidden behaviors for which there is wide
scale consensus in the mores for prohibition.

MALA PROHIBITA - acts that are bad because they are prohibited by law. Or these are
acts as inherently not bad in themselves but are violations because the law defines
them as such. e.g. traffic violations, City/Municipal Ordinances violations

Elements ofCrime:
1. There must be an act or commission;
2. The act or omission must be voluntary - voluntariness presupposes freedom and will,
intelligence and intent; and
3. The act or omission must be punishable by law.

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In general, a crime consists of:
the criminal act (actus reus) ; and
2. the criminal intent (mens rea)

Note: As a genera/ rule, there is no criminal /iabi/ity unless the two requisites above-
mentioned are present; another Latin maxim says:

"Actusnon facitreum nisi menssitrea"- or the act does not make a person a criminal unless
his mind is criminal.

Art. 4 (RPC) Criminal liabilities sha// be incurred by:

1. any person committing a felony (delito) although the wrongful act done be different
from that which he intended; or
2. any person performing an act which would be an offense against persons or property,
were it not for the inherent impossibility of its accomplishment or on account of the
employment of inadequate or ineffectual means (impossible crime).

Legal Categories ofCrimes under RPC (examples)

l. Crimes against persons 2.
Crimes against property
3. Crimes against chastity

Psychotic Behavior

The group of disorders involving gross structural defects in the brain tissue, severe
disorientation of the mind thus it involves loss of contact with reality.

People suffering from psychotic behaviors (psychosis) are also called psychotic.
They are regarded as the most severe type of mental disorder. A psychotic has tensions
that disturb thinking, feeling and sensing; the perception of reality is distorted. He may
have delusions and hallucinations.

1. Organic Mental Disorders - this occurs when the normal brain has been damage
resulted from any interference of the functioning of the brain.

Types ofOrganic Mental Disorders

a. Acute brain disorder — caused by a diffuse impairment of the brain function. Its
symptoms range from mild mood changes to acute delirium.
b. Chronic brain disorder — the brain disorder that result from injuries, diseases,
drugs, and a variety of other conditions. Its symptoms include impairment of
orientation (time, place and person), impairment of memory, learning,
comprehension and judgment, emotion and self-control.

Groups of Organic Mental Disorders

a. Delirium — the severe impairment of information processing in the brain
affecting the basic process of attention, perception, memory and thinking.
b. Dementia — deterioration in intellectual functioning after completing brain
maturation.
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The defect in the process of acquiring knowledge or skill, problem solving, and judgment.
c. Amnestic Syndrome — the inability to remember on going events more than a few
minutes after they have taken place.
d. Hallucinosis — the persistent occurrence of hallucinations, the false perception
that arise in full wakefulness state. This includes hallucinations on visual and
hearing or both.
e. Organic Delusional Syndrome — the false belief arising in a setting of known or
suspected brain damage.
f. Organic Affective Syndrome — the extreme/severe manic or depressive state
with the impairment of the cerebral function.
g. Organic Personality Syndrome — the general personality changes following brain
damage.
h. General Paresis — also called "dementia paralytica", a syphilitic infection of the
brain and involving impairment of the CNS.

2. Disorders Involving Brain Tumor - A tumor is a new growth involving abnormal

enlargement of body tissue. Brain tumor can causes variety of personality
alterations, and it may lead to any neurotic behavior and consequently to psychotic
behavior.

3. Disorders Involving Head Injury - Injury to the head as a result of falls, blows, and
accidents causing sensory and motor disorders; and mental disorder such as:
a. Retrograde Amnesia — the inability to recall events preceding immediately the
injury.
b. Intra-cerebral Hemorrhage — gross bleeding at the site of damage.
c. Petechial Hemorrhage — small spots of bleeding at the site of damage.
These injuries may also impair language and other related sensory motor
functions and may result to brain damage such as:
1) Auditory Asphasia — loss of ability to understand spoken words.
2) Expressive Asphasia — loss of ability to speak required words.
3) Nominal Asphasia — loss of ability to recall names of objects.
4) Alexia — loss of ability to read.
5) Agraphia — loss of ability to express thoughts in writing
6) Apraxia — loss of ability to perform simple voluntary acts.

4. Senile and Pre-senile Dementia

a. Senile Dementia — mental disorder that accompanied by brain degeneration due
to old age.
b. Pre-senile Dementia — mental disorder associated with earlier degeneration of
the brain.

5. Mental Retardation - A mental disorder characterized by sub-average general

functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior. It is a common
mental disorder before the age of 18. The person is suffering from low I.Q,

35 JPMi10 files
 difficulty in focusing attention and deficiency in past learning. Levels ofMental
Retardation
a. 1. Mild Mental Retardation (I.Q. 52-67)- "educable"
b. 2. Moderate Mental Retardation (I.Q. 36-51) - "trainable"
c. 3. Severe mental Retardation (I.Q. 20-35) "dependent retarded"
b. Profound Mental Retardation (I.Q. under 20) — "life support retarded"

6. Schizophrenia and Paranoia

Schizophrenia — refers to the group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross
distortions of reality, withdrawal of social interaction, disorganization and
fragmentation of perception, thoughts and emotion. It also refers to terms such as
"mental deterioration", "dementia praecox", or "split mind".

Types ofSchizophrenia
1. Simple Schizophrenia (Undifferentiated Type) — the schizophrenia in which
symptoms are rapidly changing mixture of all the primary indicators of
schizophrenia. The varying combinations of delusions, hallucinations, thought
disorders, and gross bizarreness.
2. Paranoid Schizophrenia — it is the illogical, changeable delusions frequently
accompanied by vivid hallucinations, with a resulting impairment of critical
judgment, unpredictable and occasionally dangerous behavior.
3. Catatonic Schizophrenia — it is the altering period of extreme withdrawal and
extreme excitement. The individual may talk or shout incoherently and engage in
uninhibited, impulsive behavior. The person may be dangerous.

4. Hebephrenic Schizophrenia (Disorganized Type) — there is emotional distortion

manifested in inappropriate laughter, peculiar mannerism, and bizarre behavior.

Paranoia — the same as "delusions , Impaired contact with reality". A psychotic

behavior characterized by delusion of apprehension following a failure or frustration.

Symptoms of the Disorder include feeling of being mistreated, ignored, stolen from,
spied upon, and over suspicious. The Disorder is characterized by: (sequence of events
in paranoia)
a. Suspiciousness — the individual mistrust the motives of others and fear that
he will be taken advantage.
b. Protective thinking — blame others for one's own mistake
c. Hostility — respond to alleged mistreatment with anger and hostility, the
person becomes increasingly suspicious.
d. Paranoid illumination — strange feelings of events being experienced.
e. Delusion — feeling of persecution.
Other Groups of Human Disorders

A. Addictive Groups of Disorders - This group of disorders includes substance use, obesity
and pathological gambling.
1. Substance Use (Alcohol and Drug Abuse)
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 Alcoholism or "problem drinking" is an addictive source of human disorders. It is
evident by its general effects as follows:
a. It serves as a depressant
b. It numbs the higher brain center
c. It impairs judgment and other rational
d. It lowers self-control
e. Deterioration of perception

Drug abuse or the inappropriate/misuse is a threat to normal behavior. It is an

addictive disorder, the fact that causes both physical and psychological dependency to
the drug.

2. Extreme obesity — also known as "habitual over eating" is an addictive form of

disorder. It is a life threatening disorder, resulting in such conditions as diabetes,
high blood pressures and other cardiovascular diseases that can place an individual at
high risk of heart attack.
3. Pathological gambling — is an addictive form of disorder, which does not involve
chehically addictive

B. Abnormal Sexual Behaviors

Abnormal sexual behaviors are also called sexual deviations. Sexual deviation is the
effect of sexual dysfunction. Sexual dysfunction is the impairment of the sexual nature or
ability of an individual. Sexual dysfunctions are common causation of sex crimes.

1. Sexual dysfunctions affecting males

a.Erectile Insufficiency (Impotency) — it is a sexual disorder characterized by the
inability to achieve or maintain erection for successful intercourse.
b. Pre-mature Ejaculation — it is the unsatisfactory brief period of sexual stimulation
that result to the failure of the female partner to achieve satisfaction.
c. Retarded Ejaculation — it is the inability to ejaculate during intercourse — resulting
to worry between partners.

2. Sexual dysfunctions affecting females

a. Arousal Insufficiency (Frigidity) —a sexual disorder characterized by partial or
complete failure to attain the lubrication or swelling response of sexual excitement
by the female partner.
b. Orgasmic Dysfunction — a sexual disorder characterized by the difficulty in
achieving orgasm
c. Vaginismus — involuntary spasm of the muscles at the entrance to the vagina that
prevent penetration of the male sex organ.
d. Dyspareunia — called painful coitus/painful sexual acts in women

Abnormal sexual behaviors usually lead to sex crimes. The following are
classifications of abnormal behaviors involving sex.
a. Sexual Reversals
1) Homosexuality —a sexual behavior directed towards the same sex; "lesbianism
or tribadism" for female relationship

37 JPMi10 files
 Transvestism —the achievement of sexual excitation by dressing as a member
2)
of the opposite sex such a man who wears female apparel.
3) Fetishism — sexual gratification is obtained by looking at some body parts,
undemvear of the opposite sex or other objects associated with the opposite
sex.
b. Abnormal behavior based on choice of partner
l) Pedophilia — a sexual perversion where a person has the compulsive desire to
have sexual intercourse with a child of either sex.
2) Bestiality — the sexual gratification is attained by having sexual intercourse
with animals.
3) Auto-sexual (self-gratification/masturbation) — "sexual self abuse"; sexual
satisfaction is carried out without the cooperation of another
4) Gerontophilia — is a sexual desire with an elder person.
5) Necrophilia — an erotic desire or actual intercourse with a corpse
6) Incest —a sexual relation bem'een person who, by reason of blood relationship
cannot legally marry.

c. Based on sexual urge

l) Satyriasis — an excessive (sexual urge) desire of men to have sexual
intercourse
2) Nymphomania — a strong sexual feeling of women with an excessive sexual urge

d. Based on mode of sexual expression

l) Oralism — the use of mouth or the tongue as a way of sexual satisfaction
Fellatio — male sex organ to the mouth of the women coupled with the act
of sucking that initiates orgasm
Cunnilingus — sexual gratification is attained by licking the external female genitalia
Anilism (anillingus) — licking the anus of the sexual partner
2) Sadism — achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification through the
infliction of physical pain on the sexual partner. It may also be associated with
animals or objects instead of human beings
3) Masochism — infliction of pain to oneself to achieve sexual pleasure
4) Sado-Masochism (Algolagnia) — pain/cruelty for sexual gratification
e. Based on part of the Body
l) Sodomy — is a sexual act through the anus of the sexual partner.
2) Uranism — sexual gratification is attained through fingering, holding the
breast of licking parts of the body.
3) Frottage — the act of rubbing the sex organ against body parts of another
person. 4) Partialism — it refers to the sexual libido on any part of the body
of a sexual partner.

f. Based on visual stimulus

1) Voyeurism — the person is commonly called "the peeping Tom", an achievement of
sexual pleasures through clandestine peeping such as peeping to dressing room,
couples room, toilets, etc. and frequently the person masturbate during the
peeping activity.

38 JPMi10 files
 2) Scoptophilia — the intentional act of watching people undress or during sexual
intimacies.

g. Based on Number of Participants in the Sexual Act

1) Troilism — three person participate in sex orgy such as two women versus on man
or vice versa
2) Pluralism — group of persons in sexual orgies such as couple to couple sexual
relations. It is also called "sexual festival"

h. Other Sexual Abnormalities

a. Exhibitionism — it is called "indecent exposure", intentional exposure of genitals to
members of the opposite sex under inappropriate conditions.
b. Coprolalia — the use of obscene language to achieve sexual satisfaction.
c. Don Juanism — the act of seducing women as a career with out permanency of
sexual partner or companion.

Sigmund Freudstated that perversions are sexual activities which either:

(a) extend, in an anatomical sense, beyond the regions of the body that are
designed for sexual unions or
(b) linger over the immediate relations to the sexual object which should normally
be traversed
(c) rapidly on the path towards the final sexual aim.

UNIT 3
INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
An Overview ofthe Forensic Aspects ofPsychology

Definitions ofForensic Psychology

Executive Council of the American Psychology-Law Society (AP-LS), Division 41 of the

American Psychological Association (APA) defined forensic psychology as "the professional
practice by psychologists within the areas of clinical psychology, counseling psychology,
neuropsycho/ogy, and schoolpsychology, when they are engaged regularly as experts and
represent themselves as such, in an activity primarily intended to provide professiona/
psychological expertise to the judicial system. "

John Jay College said that forensic psychology is "the development and application
of psychological principles to the problems and administration of legal, judicial,
correctional, and law enforcement systems; dearly rooted in the discipline of psychology
and its subfields, but afro interdisciplinary in nature, drawing on diverse disciplines such as
the law, sociology, po/itica/ }cience, anthropology, philosophy, medicine, and linguistics."
[John Jay College, 2005].

Bartol & Bartol (2004) defined forensic psychology as "the research endeavor that
examines aspects of human behavior direct/y related to the /ega/ process and the
professional practice of psychology within, or in consultation with, a /ega/ system that
39 JPMi10 files
embraces both civil and criminal law. It includes investigations, studies, evaluations, advice
to attorneys, advisory opinions, and depositions or testimony which assist in the resolution
of disputes relating to life or property in cases before the courts or other lawful tribunal,
and encompasses situations before they reach the court as we// as those situations
following the court decision. "

In the Philippines, forensic science has not yet attained the recognition in courts for
it is seldom applied.

UNIT 4
SERIAL KILLING AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Serial killer is a person who murders usually two or more people over a period of
more than 30 days with a "cooling off period between each murder, whose motivation for
killing is largely based on psychological gratification. There is often a sexual element to
the murders. The murders may have been attempted or completed in a similar fashion and
the victims may have had something in common, for example occupation, race, appearance,
gender or age group.

Coinage of the English term serial ki//er is commonly attributed to former FBI
Special Agent Robert Ressler in the 1970s. Serial ki//er entered the popular vernacular
largely due to the widely publicized crimes of Ted Bundy and David Berkowitz in the middle
years of that decade.

Characteristics

The predominant psychiatric diagnosis noted in the group tends toward the psychopathic,
meaning they suffer from traits within a specific cluster of dysfunctional personality
characteristics, those most commonly associated with Antisocial Personality Disorder or
Dissocial personality disorder.
Psychopaths lack empathy and guilt, are egocentric and impulsive, and do not conform to
social, moral and legal norms. They may appear to be quite normal and often even charming,
a state of adaptation that psychiatrist Hervey Cleckley named the "mask of sanity".

As to nature of commission:

Organized/nonsocial offenders

Organized/nonsocial offenders are usually of high intelligence, have an above average IQ

(>IIO range), and plan their crimes quite methodically, usually abducting victims, killing
them in one place and disposing of them in another. They will often lure the victims with
ploys appealing to their sense of sympathy. For example, Ted Bundy would put his arm in a
fake plaster cast and ask women to help him carry something to his car, where he would
beat them unconscious with a metal bar (e.g. a crowbar), and carry them away.

Disorganized/asocial offenders

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Disorganized/asocial offenders are often of low intelligence, have a below average IQ
(<90), and commit their crimes impulsively. Whereas the organized killer will specifically
set out to hunt a victim, the disorganized will murder someone when the opportunity arises,
rarely bothering to dispose of the body but instead just leaving it at the same place where
they found the victim, They usually carry out "blitz" attacks, leaping out and attacking
their victims without warning, and will typically perform whatever rituals they feel
compelled to carry out (e.g., necrophilia, mutilation, cannibalism, etc.) once the victim is
dead.

As to Motives:
Visionary

Visionary serial killers suffer from psychotic breaks with reality, sometimes believing they
are another person or are compelled to murder by entities such as the devil or God. The
two most common subgroups are "demon mandated" and "God mandated."

Herbert Mullin believed the American casualties in the Vietnam War were preventing
California from experiencing an earthquake. As the war wound down, Mullin claimed his
father instructed him via telepathy to raise the amount of "human sacrifices to nature" in
order to delay a catastrophic earthquake that would plunge California into the ocean.

Mission-oriented

Mission-oriented killers justify their acts on the basis that they are getting rid of a
certain type of person, such as homosexuals, prostitutes, blacks or Catholics, whom they
find undesirable; however, they are not psychotic.

Ted Kaczynski, the "Unabomber", targeted universities and the airline industn/. He wrote
a manifesto that he distributed to the media, in which he claimed he wanted society to
return to a time when technology was not a threat to its future. asserting that "the
Industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human race."

Hedonistic

This type of serial killer seeks thrills and derives pleasure from killing, seeing people as
objects for their enjoyment. Forensic psychologists have identified three subtypes of the
hedonistic killer: "lust", "thrill" and "comfort".
Lust

Sex is the primary motive of lust killers, whether or not the victims are dead, and fantasy
plays a large role in their killings. Their sexual gratification depends on the amount of
torture and mutilation they perform on their victims. They usually use weapons that
require close contact with the victims, such as knives or hands. As lust killers continue
with their murders, the time between killings decreases or the required level of
stimulation increases, sometimes both.

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Kenneth Bianchi, one of the "Hillside Stranglers", murdered women and girls of different
ages, races and appearance because his sexual urges required different types of
stimulation and increasing intensity.

Thrill

The primary motive of a thrill killer is to induce pain or create terror in their victims,
which provides stimulation and excitement for the killer. They seek the adrenaline rush
provided by hunting and killing victims. Thrill killers murder only for the kill; usually the
attack is not prolonged, and there is no sexual aspect. Usually the victims are strangers,
although the killer may have followed them for a period of time. Thrill killers can abstain
from killing for long periods of time and become more successful at killing as they refine
their murder methods. Many attempt to commit the perfect crime and believe they will not
be caught.

Robert Hansen took his victims to a secluded area, where he would let them loose and then
hunt and kill them. Lee Boyd Malvo and John Allen Muhammad, the DC Snipers, killed
random victims, often at gas stations, shooting them and leaving the scenes unnoticed. In
one of his letters to San Francisco Bay Area newspapers, the Zodiac Killer wrote "[killing]
gives me the most thrilling experience it is even better than getting your rocks off with a
girl".

Comfort

Material gain and comfortable lifestyle are the primary motives of comfort killers. Usually,
the victims are family members and close acquaintances. After a murder, a comfort killer
will usually wait for a period of time before killing again to allow any suspicions by family or
authorities to subside. Poison, most notably arsenic, is often used to kill victims. Female
serial killers are often comfort killers, although not all comfort killers are female.
Dorothea Puente killed her tenants for their Social Security checks and buried them in the
backyard of her home. H. H. Holmes killed for insurance and business profits.

Power/control

Their main objective for killing is to gain and exert power over their victim. Such killers
are sometimes abused as children, leaving them with feelings of powerlessness and
inadequacy as adults. Many power/control-motivated killers sexually abuse their victims,
but they differ from hedonistic killers in that rape is not motivated by lust but as simply
another form of dominating the victim.

Medicalprofessionals

Some people with a pathological interest in the power of life and death tend to be
attracted to medical professions. These kinds of killers are sometimes referred to as
"angels of death" or angels of mercy. One example is Harold Shipman, an English family
doctor, who made it appear that his victims died of natural causes. Between 1975 and
1998, he killed at least 215 patients. Dr John Bodkin Adams, meanwhile, though acquitted
in 1957 of the murder of one patient, is believed to have killed around 163 patients in
Eastbourne, England.
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43 JPMi10 files