Established under Karnataka Act No.

47 of 2013 and approved by UGC, Government of India

Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam School of Engineering

B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering

1.1 BASIC PROBABILITY

Handled by
S. Ramya
Subject: Statistics and Probability
 CONTENTS
• Probability
• Random Experiment
• Sample Space
• Event
• Types of Event
• Problems
1. Tossing a coin
2. Tossing 2 coin, 3 coin
3. Rolling a single die, 2 die
4. Sample Space of getting vowels
5. Sample space of getting prime number
An automobile manufacturer provides vehicles
equipped with selected options. Each vehicle is
ordered
1. With or without an automatic transmission
2. With or without air conditioning
3. With one of three choices of a stereo system
4. With one of four exterior colors
Find the sample space AND also find the probability of
getting third choices of automatic cars.
Consider an extension of the automobile manufacturer in which
another vehicle option is the interior color. There are four choices
of interior color: red, black, blue, or brown. However,
• With a red exterior, only a black or red interior can be chosen.
• With a white exterior, any interior color can be chosen.
• With a blue exterior, only a black, red, or blue interior can be
chosen.
• With a brown exterior, only a brown interior can be chosen.
There are 12 vehicle types with each exterior color, but the
number of interior color choices depends on the exterior color.
Find the sample space for the above.
A boy has a 1 rupee coin, a 2 rupee coin and a 5 rupee
coin in his pocket. He takes out two coins out of his
pocket, one after the other. Specify the appropriate
sample space.
A coin is tossed. If it shows head, we draw a ball from a bag
consisting of 3 blue and 4 white balls; if it shows tail we
throw a die. Describe the sample space of this experiment
THANK YOU
 Established under Karnataka Act No. 47 of 2013 and approved by UGC, Government of India

Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam School of Engineering

B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering

1.2 SET THEORY IN PROBABILITY

Handled by
S. Ramya
Subject: Statistics and Probability
 PROBABILITY
• Random Experiment – Experiments whose outcome is unknown
Assuming, all the possible outcomes are known
• Sample space – A set of all the possible outcomes of a Random
Experiment
Ω = {ω1,ω2,ω3,……}
Eg: 1. Tossing a coin Ω = {H,T}
2. Throwing a die Ω = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
• Event(A): It is a subset of Sample space or desired outcomes
Eg: 1. Getting a head in tossing a coin A={H}
2. Getting values greater than 4 in die, A={5,6}
 FORMULA
Probability of favourable event

𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑚
P(A) = =
𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 Ω 𝑛

0≤𝑃≤1
 PROBLEM 5
What is probability of getting sum of digits as 4 in
throwing a two die together?
Sample space , S
 PROBLEM 5

n=36

Favourable Event A = {(1,3),(3,1),(2,2)}

m=3
 PROBLEM 5
What is probability of getting sum of digits as 4 in
throwing a two die together?

𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑚 3
P(A) = = = =
1
𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 Ω 𝑛 36 12
 PROBLEM 6
What is the chance that a leap year selected at
random will contain 53 Sundays?

No of days in a year = 365

No of days in a leap year = 366
 PROBLEM 6

No of days in a year = 365

No of days in a leap year = 366
No of weeks per year = 52 weeks
(52 SUNDAYS EXIST)
= 52 x 7
= 364 days
 PROBLEM 6

For Leap year, 366 – 364 = 2 days

Possible outcomes = {SM,MT,TW,WTh,ThF,FSa,SaS}

𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑚 2
P(A) = = =
𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 Ω 𝑛 7
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
• Suppose 3 bulbs are selected at random from a lot. Each bulb is
tested and classified as defective (D) or non-defective (N). Write
the sample space and find the probability of getting all 3 non
defective bulbs.
Solution:
Sample Space = {DDD,DDN,DND,DNN,NDD,NDN,NND,NNN}
n=8
Event A = {NNN}
m=1
𝑚 1
Probability of Event A = P(A) = =
𝑛 8
 SET THEORY
• SET – A set is a well defined collection of objects
If x is an element of set A,
𝑥∈𝐴
• A set of natural number,
A = {1,2,3,4,5,………} A={x: x is natural number}
• A set of non negative rational numbers with square less than 2,
B={x: x is rational number, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑥 2 < 2}
 SET THEORY
• Null set: Empty set – it is denoted by ϕ
• Φ={}
If A is a set of natural number and B is the subset of A, then
A = {1,2,3,4,5,………}
B={2,3,4}
𝐴⊇𝐵
If two sets are equal, X={5,6,7} Y={5,6,7}
Then X ⊇ 𝑌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 ⊇ 𝑋
 OPERATION ON SET
• Union: OR operation A∪ 𝐵 = {x:𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 or 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵}
Eg: A={1,2,3,4,5,6} B={4,5,6,7,8}

• Intersection: And operation A∩ 𝐵 = {x:𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵}

Eg: A={1,2,3,4,5,6} B={4,5,6,7,8}

Mutually exclusive sets: A∩ 𝐵 = ϕ

 OPERATION ON SET
• Union: OR operation A∪ 𝐵 = {x:𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 or 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵}
Eg: A={1,2,3,4,5,6} B={4,5,6,7,8}
A∪ 𝐵 = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
• Intersection: And operation A∩ 𝐵 = {x:𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵}
Eg: A={1,2,3,4,5,6} B={4,5,6,7,8}
A ∩ 𝐵 = 4,5,6
Mutually exclusive sets: A∩ 𝐵 = ϕ
 OPERATION ON SET
• Difference: A−𝐵 = {x:𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵}
Eg: A={1,2,3,4,5,6} B={4,5,6,7,8}

• Compliment of a set 𝐴′ = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ U and 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴}

Eg: U={1,2,3,4,5,6} A={2,3}
 OPERATION ON SET
• Difference: A−𝐵 = {x:𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵}
Eg: A={1,2,3,4,5,6} B={4,5,6,7,8}
A−𝐵={1,2,3}
• Compliment of a set 𝐴′ = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ U and 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴}
Eg: U={1,2,3,4,5,6} A={2,3}
𝐴′ = {1,4,5,6}
Venn diagram
 PRACTICE PROBLEM

Find union of two sets

Consider an Random Experiment of tossing 3 coins together.
Assume an event A of getting single Tail only. Find the
probability of compliment of A.

Consider the experiment of rolling a die. Let A be the event

‘getting a prime number’, B be the event ‘getting an odd
number’. Write the sets representing the events (i) A or B (ii) A
and B (iii) A but not B (iv) not A. Also find the probability
Two dice are thrown and the sum of the numbers which come
up on the dice is noted. Let us consider the following events
associated with this experiment A: ‘the sum is even’. B: ‘the
sum is a multiple of 3’. C: ‘the sum is less than 4’. D: ‘the sum
is greater than 11’. Which pairs of these events are mutually
exclusive?
Consider an experiment in which two balls are
drawn one by one from an urn containing 2 white
and 4 blue balls such that when the second ball is
drawn, the first is not replaced.
Find the Probability of the following events
(i) the first ball drawn is white
(ii)the second ball drawn is white
(iii)both the balls drawn are white
(iv)both the bans drawn are black
 Counting Techniques
• Permutation and Combination
• The number of combinations, subsets of size r that can be selected
from a set of n elements, is denoted as
 PROBLEM 12
• A printed circuit board has eight different locations in
which a component can be placed. If five identical
components are to be placed on the board, how many
different designs are possible?
 STATISTICAL PROBABILITY

Limitations of Classical Probability:

1. It fails when outcomes are not exhaustive + equally likely + mutually
exclusive
2. No of outcomes is infinite.
STATISTICAL PROBABILITY:
𝑚
𝑃 𝐸 = lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
 A Bag contains 3 Red, 6 White and 7 Blue balls. What is
the probability that a ball drawn at random should be
blue?

A Bag contains 3 Red, 6 White and 7 Blue balls. What is

the probability that two balls drawn are atmost one
white and one blue?

A Bag contains 3 Red, 6 White and 7 Blue balls. What is

the probability that two balls drawn are atleast one
white and one blue?
A bin of 50 manufactured parts contains three defective
parts and 47 non-defective parts. A sample of six parts is
selected from the 50 parts without replacement. That is, each
part can only be selected once and the sample is a subset of
the 50 parts. How many different samples are there of size
six that contain exactly two defective parts and find its
probability?
 REVIEW
• Random Experiment
• Event
• Probability formula = m/n
• Limitation of classical Probability
• Statistical Probability for repeated number of Trials/Events
• Set Theory
• Combination formula
• Problems
Established under Karnataka Act No. 47 of 2013 and approved by UGC, Government of India

Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam School of Engineering

B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering

1.3 AXIOMS OF PROBABILITY

Handled by
S. Ramya
Subject: Statistics and Probability
 AXIOMS PROBABILITY
• REFER NOTES
 PROBLEM 17

A random experiment can result in one of the

outcomes {a, b, c, d} with probabilities 0.1, 0.3, 0.5,
and 0.1, respectively. Let A denote the event {a, b}, B
the event {b, c, d}, and C the event {d}. Then FIND
P(A), P(B), P(C), P(A’), P(B’), P(C’), P(A∩ 𝐵), 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
 PROBLEM 18
Each of the possible five outcomes of a random experiment
is equally likely. The sample space is {a, b, c, d, e}. Let A
denote the event {a, b}, and let B denote the event {c, d, e}.
Determine the following
(i) P(A)
(ii) P(B)
(iii) P(A’)
(iv) P(A∪ 𝐵)
(v) P(A∩ 𝐵)
 ADDITION RULE

P 𝐴 = 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 + P(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′ ) ′
𝑃 𝐴 =1−𝑃 𝐴
P 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 + P(𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵) P[AUB)’] =1 – P(AUB)
PROBLEM 19
 CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
The probability of an event B under the knowledge that the
outcome will be in event A is denoted as
P(B|A)
and this is called the conditional probability of B given A
INDEPENDENT EVENTS
A day’s production of 850 manufactured parts contains 50 parts
that do not meet customer requirements. Two parts are selected
randomly without replacement from the batch. What is the
probability that the second part is defective given that the first part
is defective?

Continuing the previous example, if three parts are

selected at random without replacement, what is the
probability that the first two are defective and the third is
not defective?
Baye’s Rule
(a)

(b)
Established under Karnataka Act No. 47 of 2013 and approved by UGC, Government of India

Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam School of Engineering

B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering

1.4 RANDOM VARIABLES

Handled by
S. Ramya
Subject: Statistics and Probability
 RANDOM VARIABLE

Eg:1. Tossing 2 coins simultaneously

Sample space ={HH,HT,TH,TT}
Let the random variable be getting number of heads then
X(S)={0,1,2}.
Eg:2.Sum of the two numbers on throwing 2 dice
X(S)={2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}.
 TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLE

1.Discrete Random Variables : A Random Variable X is said

to be discrete if it takes only the values of the set
{0,1,2…..n}.
Eg: Tossing a coin, throwing a dice, number of defective
items in a bag.
2. Continuous Random Variables: A Random Variable X
which takes all possible values in a given interval of
domain.
Eg: Heights, weights of students in a class
DISCRETE - PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION
DISCRETE -CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION
FUNCTION
27. b. Find the Cumulative Distribution Function and plot
Verify the following functions are probability
mass function and determine the probabilities.
Also plot the function. Find the cdf and plot
(a)

(b)

(c)
CONTINUOUS - PROBABILITY DENSITY
FUNCTION
CONTINUOUS - CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION
FUNCTION
(a)

(b)