Unit 6

ICT Applications – Part 2

ICT Applications
1. Communication
2. Modelling applications:
• financial, civil engineering
• flood water management
• traffic management
• weather forecasting
3. Computer-controlled systems
4. School management systems
5. Online booking systems
6. Banking applications
7. Computers in medicine
• information systems
• 3D printing
8. Expert systems
9. Computers in the retail industry
10. Recognition systems – OMR – QR codes – OCR – RFID – NFC – biometric
11. Satellite systems
12. GPS, GIS and media communication
6.6 ICT in Banking applications
• Cheque clearing
• The use of automatic teller machines (ATMs)
• Internet banking.
• Electronic funds transfer (EFT)
• Credit/debit card transactions
6.6 ICT in Banking applications
• Cheques are one of the oldest ways of paying somebody for services
or goods. Because it is a relatively expensive, slow and less secure
way of making payments, cheques are slowly being phased out.
6.6 ICT in Banking applications
6.6 ICT in Banking applications
6.6 ICT in Banking applications
6.6 ICT in Banking applications
Advantages od ATM Disadvantages ATM
• Ability to withdraw cash at any • Threat of theft can take place at
time of day. night.
• many banking services without the • potential for shoulder-surfing and
need to go into the bank – such as card-cloning scams.
statements, account balance and • Some banks charge customers for
bill paying – which helps people to using ATMs.
manage their money more easily.
• Possibility to access an account • Cash withdrawal limits
from anywhere in the world. • If the debit card is faulty then no
• quicker service than waiting in a transaction can take place.
queue in a bank. • loss of the personal touch, which
some customers will not like.
6.6 ICT in Banking applications
6.6 ICT in Banking applications
6.6 ICT in Banking applications
6.6 ICT in Banking applications
6.6 ICT in Banking applications
6.6 ICT in Banking applications
6.6 ICT in Banking applications
6.6 ICT in Banking applications
6.6 ICT in Banking applications
6.7 ICT in Medicine
6.7 ICT in Medicine
Customised medicines (patient-centric medicine)
• 3D printed medicines are sometimes referred to as printlets (printed tablets).
Advantages
• tailor-made medicines to suit the individual
• better control of medicine release into the body
• saves money (many modern medicines are very expensive)
• better targeting of the medicine so its effects can be optimised
• less chance of an overdose of the medicine, thus reducing harmful side-effects
(for example, chemotherapy medicines can have very unwelcome side-effects;
by reducing the release of the medicine to suit the individual, it will not only
work better but also cause fewer harmful side-effects).
6.8 Expert Systems
6.8 Expert Systems
6.8 Expert Systems
6.8 Expert Systems
6.8 Expert Systems
6.8 Expert Systems
6.8 Expert Systems
Advantages Disadvantages
• They offer a high level of expertise. • Users of the expert system need
• They offer high accuracy. considerable training in its use to ensure
the system is being used correctly.
• The results are consistent. • The set-up and maintenance costs are
• They have the ability to store vast very high.
amounts of ideas and facts. • They tend to give very ‘cold’ responses
• They can make traceable logical solutions which may not be appropriate in certain
and diagnostics. medical situations.
• It is possible for an expert system to have • They are only as good as the
multiple types of expertise. information/facts entered into the
system.
• They offer a very fast response time
(much quicker than a human expert). • Users sometimes make the very
dangerous assumption that they are
• They provide unbiased reporting and infallible.
analysis of the facts.
• They indicate the probability of any
suggested solution being correct.
6.9 ICT in Retail Industry
6.9 ICT in Retail Industry
6.9 ICT in Retail Industry
6.9 ICT in Retail Industry
Use of NFC devices Use of tokenization
• The electronic device is held close to the NFC • Tokenisation is used when setting up a mobile
reader (the terminal); only works up to a wallet. The user takes a photograph of their credit
distance of 5 cm, so the devices need to be card using the smartphone’s camera.
very close together. • The details on the card (such as card number and
• When the NFC (contactless) payment is name of bank) are securely sent by the smartphone
initiated, the NFC terminal and electronic manufacturer/mobile wallet company to the bank
device (smartphone) pass encrypted data that issued the card.
back and forth to each other to enable the
payment to be made. • The bank replaces the details on the card with a
series of randomly generated numbers (called
• This is very secure because NFC tokens), which they send back to the mobile phone
communications are encrypted and are manufacturer, who then programs this random
dynamic (which means encrypted data being number into the user’s smartphone.
shared changes every time a transaction • This random number is then the one used for
takes place). transactions.
• Mobile phone manufacturers use • This means that retailers or other third parties
tokenisation to improve security. involved in mobile wallet transactions never have
access to real credit card details
6.10 ICT in Retail Industry
6.10 Recognition Systems
6.10 Recognition Systems
6.10 Recognition Systems
6.10 Recognition Systems
6.10 Recognition Systems
6.10 Recognition Systems
6.10 Recognition Systems
6.10 Recognition Systems
Automated number plate recognition (ANPR) systems - used to read the number
plates on cars in a number of applications
6.10 Recognition Systems
6.10 Recognition Systems
6.10 Recognition Systems
Advantages and Disadvantages of ANPR
Advantages Disadvantages
• automatically monitor average speed of • There is a lack of manned security car park
vehicles over a stretch of road; this can be surveillance which could lead to vandalism
used in smart traffic management systems (and other crimes) because nobody is
checking on a regular basis; CCTV is often
• no need to employ car park security guards, used, but this is often just used ‘after the
which saves money. event’.
• It is a much faster system than having to • There could be invasion of privacy issues due
check a ticket at the exit; car parks can issue to the recording of drivers’ number plates. »
tickets on entry, but this ticket is simply used Damaged or very dirty number plates will not
for payment purposes by the motorist before be recognised by the system.
leaving the car park and is not used at the • Number plate cloning; the ANPR system only
exit since payment will now be linked to the recognises the number plate and not the car,
number plate on the car. so it is possible for a car to be fitted with a
• It can be used to automatically control the cloned number plate thus by-passing car park
entry and exit to a car park or private roads. security, for example.
6.10 Recognition Systems