Test #2 – Genetics

Name: ______Akshat______________________ Start Time: 11:00 pm

Date: 07, December, 2022 ______ End time: 1:09 pm

PART A – Knowledge and Understanding [20 Marks]

1. A test cross is one in which the organism with the:
a. Known genotype is mated with an organism that is heterzygous for the trait
b. Unknown genotype is mated with an organism that is heterzygous for the trait
c. Unknown genotype is mated with an organism that is homozygous dominant for the trait
d. Unknown gennotype is mated with an organisim that is homozygous recessiev for the trait

2. What is the result when a diploid undergoes meoisis?

a. Two diploid cells
b. Two haploid cells
c. Four diploid cells
d. Four haploid cells
e. Two haploid and two diploid cells

3. Karyotypes are useful for:

a. Determining whether or not the chromones are normal in structure
b. Determining whether or not the chromosomes are normal in number
c. Determining the sex of an individual
d. All of the above
e. None of the anove

4. Which of the following is an example of a gamete

a. Skin cell
b. Sperm cell
c. Zygote
d. Germ cell

5. Which of the following occurs in meoisis but not in mitosis?

a. Homologous chromosomes separate
b. The nuclear envelope disappears
c. Sister chromatids undergo disjunction
d. A spindle fibre forms
6. Humans possess:
a. 22 pairs of sex chromosomes and 1 pair of autosomes
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 b. 23 pairs of autosomes
c. 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes
d. 23 pairs of autosomes

7. What causes monosomy and trisomy disorders?

a. Deletion
b. Insertion
c. Translocation
d. Non-disjunction

8. Which of the following is true about the laws of independent assortment?

a. Alleles at different loci segregate independnetly from one another during a dihybrid cross
b. It account for a 9:3:3:1 ratio seen in the F2 generation
c. It applies only to genes present on different chromosomes
d. A and B are correct
e. All of the above are correct

9. What is the probability that a male will inherit an X-linked recessive allele from his father?
a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 100%

10. Which of the following is an example of multiple alleles?

a. Red pea flowers x white pea flowers produces red pea flowers
b. Red pea flowers x white pea flowers produces white pea flowers
c. Red pea flowers x white pea flowers produces a variety of red and white pea flowers
d. Red pea flowers x white pea flowers produces pink pea flowers
e. Red pea flowers x white pea flowers produces a vareity of red, pink and white pea flowers

11. During anaphase I ___________:

a. Homologous chromosomse separate and migrate towards opposite poles
b. Sister chromatids separate and migrate towarsd opposite poles
c. Chromosomes line up in one plane
d. Nuclei reform

Please transfer your answers to the multiple choice questions into the following table.

1. D 2. D 3. D 4. D 5. A 6. C
7. C 8. E 9. C 10. E 11. A

12. Select the best definition for each of the terms provided 

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 Term Definition
1. Genotype ____I____ A. An organism has two different alleles for a certain
gene
2. Phenotype ___D_____ B. The combination of alleles for any given trait
C. The physical and physiological traits of an organism
3. Homozygous ___G_____ D. The form of a trait that always appears when an
individual has an allele for it
4. Heterozygous __A______ E. The form of a trait that never appears when an
individual has an allele for it
5. Dominant ____H____ F. An organism that has recessive alleles for two
different traits
6. Recessive ____F____ G. An organism has two identical alleles for a certain
gene
H. An organism that has dominanent alleles for two
different genes
I. The form of a trait that only appears when an
indivudla has two alleles for it

13. Identify the numbered processes (1, 4, and 6) and structures (2, 3, and 5). 

1 Mitosis
2 Gametophytes
3 Gametes (Sperm and eggs)
4 Mitosis
5 Sporophyte
6 Meiosis

Communication: /5

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Correct use of science Few science symbols, Some science symbols, Most science symbols, Science symbols,
symbols, vocabulary, vocabulary, and vocabulary, and vocabulary, and vocabulary, and
and conventions conventions are used conventions are used conventions are used conventions are used
throughout the test correctly. correctly. correctly. correctly.

PART B – Thinking and Investigation [15 Marks]

1. Two couples had baby girls in the same hospital at the same time. There was a mix-up in the hospital
nursery and now the doctors are not sure which baby belongs to which couple. Using the information
in the table below, identify which baby belongs to which family. Be sure to include Punnett squares in
your answer 

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 Parent 1 Parent 1 Parent 2 Parent 2 Baby A Baby B
Blood Type B AB B A A 0
Genotype BB AB B0 A0 AB 00

Blood type B has two genotypes (which are BB and B0)

Parent 1
Option 1: AB x BB

A B
B AB BB
B AB BB

Option 2: AB x BO

A B
B AB BB
0 A0 B0

In conclusion, blood type A = genotype Ao will show if one of the parents has a genotype of BO

Parent 2
Option 1: AB x BB

A B
B AB BB
B AB BB

Option 2: AO X BB

A 0
B AB B0
B AB B0

Option 3: AB x Bo

A B
B AB BB
0 A0 B0

Option 4: A0 x B0

A 0
B AB B0
0 A0 00

Blood type 0 – genotype 00, is only possible if Parents 2 have A0 and B0

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 Conclusion:
Bbay A is the child of parents 1
Baby B is the child of parents 2

2. In cocker spaniels, black coat is dominant to white coat. Spotted coat pattern is recessive to solid coat
pattern. The gene for pattern is located on a different chromosome than the one for colour, and the
pattern gene segregates independently from the colour gene. A male that is homozygous recessive for
coat colour and pattern mates with a female that is heterozygous for coat colour and pattern.

a. What are the genotypes of the male and female cocker spaniel? 

- a male with a white and speckled coat that is homozygous recessive. - bbss. A female
with the following heterozygous coat traits: white and solid (bbSs).

b. What are the possible phenotypes of their offspring? Show your work. 

Black coat: B White coat: b Solid: S Spotted: s

bs bs bs bs
bS bbSs bbSs bbSs bbSs
bs bbss bbss bbss bbss
bS bbSs bbSs bbSs bbSs
bs bbss bbss bbss bbss

c. What is the probability that the offspring will be white with a solid pattern? 

- It may be inferred from the statistics above that there is an equal likelihood of having a white
solid puppy or a white speckled dog.

3. Hemophilia is a sex-linked trait. A woman with hemophilia marries a man with no family history of the
disorder.
a. What are the genotypes of the woman and the man? 

- The woman would have a homozygous recessive genotype while the man has a XY genotype

b. What is the probability that they will have a normal child? Show your work. 

- Given that one parent has a history of haemophilia and the other does not, there is a 50%
probability that the kid will also have the condition.

4. In cattle, red colour is codominant with white colour. The heterozygous condition produces roan
(pinkish) cows. Determine the phenotypic and genotypic percentages of the offspring between a roan
bull and a red cow. Show all your work. 

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 Roan bull: rw Cow: rr
r w
r rr rw
r rr rw

There is a 50% : 50% chance to have a red or a roan casstle

PART C – Communication [10 Marks]

1. Using examples, explain the differences between co-dominance and incomplete codominance.


Incomplete Dominance Co-Dominance

 Third phenotype is a result of combining  Appearance in offspring from both
both paternal alleles. paternal.
 Examples include heredity of height,  Examples include the characteristics of
weight, and eye colour, as well as pink roan cows and the
snapdragon.  Observable in offspring are both parental
 Unmixed copies of two paternal alleles alleles.
 In children, the impact of alleles is  Third phenotype is created when the two
intermediate. parental phenotypes are combined.
 One parent's allele has a more  The two alleles have the same effect.
pronounced effect.

2. Errors in cell division occur more frequently that we may realize. What stage of meiosis do you feel that
an error can be most likely? Why? 

- Anaphase I, in my opinion, is the stage during which a mistake is most likely to happen. This is
because when there is a thenondisjunction, at least one pair of sister chromatids either separated
or did not separate. As a result, a sex cell has the incorrect amount of chromosomes. In contrast to
Meiosis II, the consequences of nondisjunction in Meiosis I are far more extensive. The results
might include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and other conditions.

3. If an organism has a diploid number of 4, draw a cell in the following phases:

Metaphase I Anaphase II

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 PART D – Application
1. A breeder wants to find out whether or not a certain golden retriever is a carrier for a desirable
rescessive trait. Explain what the breeder can do to find out. Show all your work using Punnett squares
if necessary. 

- Getting the relevant information from the golden retrievers' parents is a good place to start. Going to the
doctor for a DNA test to confirm the possibilities is the next step.

The golden retriever in issue is likely a carrier of the desirable recessive trait in the majority of situations.

BB/Bb B B BB/bb B B
B BB BB b Bb Bb
b Bb Bb b Bb Bb

BB/bb B B bb/bb b b
b Bb Bb b bb bb
b Bb Bb b bb bb

Bb/Bb b b bb/BB b b
B Bb Bb B Bb Bb
b bb bb B Bb Bb

Bb/BB B b
B BB Bb
B BB Bb
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 BB/BB B b
B BB BB
B BB BB

2. Use the following pedigree to answer the questions below:

a. What type of inheritance is shown in the pedigree? 

b. What would be the genotypes of:

i. Individual III – 4 
Unaffected male

ii. Individual III – 5 

Unaffected female

c. What is a real-life example of this type of inheritance? 

- Any genetically transmitted illnesses, including haemophilia and other blood ailments.

3. Huntington’s disease is a degenerative neurological disorder that leads to tremors, loss of motor
control, wasting, and eventual death. The gene is autosomal dominant but it doesn’t show signs until
individuals are in their 30’s or later. If you had an older relative with Huntington’s disease, would you
want to be tested to find out if you were a carrier of the gene? Why or why not? 

- If it were my father, there would be a 2:1 chance that I would get the disease. Therefore, I would
wish to get tested for this disease, probably out of a sense of moral obligation to learn what my
prospects for the future are.

4. A farmer wants to increase the genetic diversity of her herd of cattle.

a. Explain why the farmer would want to increase the genetic diveristy of her herd.

- Due to shifting habitats and diseases, it is crucial to maintain a genetically varied herd.
Furthermore, building a heterogenous herd increases genetic variety, which increases the likelihood
that cattle will be bred with one another with a low risk of inbreeding.

b. Explain how the farmer could go about increasing the genetic diversity of her herd 

- The farmer could go about increasing the genetic diversity of her herd by getting an external bull,
getting new cows from another land, and lastley getting new types of cows and bulls.

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