Lecture 03

Lecture 05

Amplitude Modulation

Dr. Mohammad kaleem

Lecture Outline
 Modulation
 Why Modulation
 AM Modulation
 Types of AM Modulations
 Comparison of AM Modulations
 Frequency Mixer
 Modulator Vs Mixer
 Examples
 Quiz
 Summery
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Lecture 03

Modulation
The process by which some characteristics of a
carrier wave is varied in accordance with an
information-bearing signal.
• Two Types of Communication:
– Baseband Communication
– Passband Communication

Baseband designates the band of

frequencies of the source signal. e.g.
Audio Signal (4 kHz), Video (4.3 MHz)

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Why Modulation?
• To
– use the range of frequencies more suited to the
medium
– allow the number of signals to be transmitted
simultaneously (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
– reduce the size of antennas in wireless links
Modulation causes a shift in the range of
frequencies in a signal

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Continuous-wave Modulation
• Amplitude modulation
• Frequency modulation
• Phase modulation

• AM modulation family
– Double sideband-suppressed carrier (DSB-SC)
– Double sideband-Transmitted carrier (DSB-TC)
– Single sideband (SSB)
– Vestigial sideband (VSB)

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Amplitude Modulation
A carrier wave whose amplitude is varied in
proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of a
modulating voltage

Carrier Signal: cos(2 f c t ) or cos(c t )

Modulating Message Signal: m(t ) : cos(2 f mt ) or cos(mt )

The AM Signal: s AM (t )  m(t ) cos(2 f c t )

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AMPLITUDE MODULATION:
DOUBLE SIDE BAND (DSB)
• Modulating signal, base band signal, information
signal
m(t ) M ( )
• Carrier signal:
c (t )  cos(c t   c )
• with Spectrum
C ( )  0.5 (  c )   (  c )

Fourier Transform of
Cosine.
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DSB (cont)
• Modulation is the product of the base band with
the carrier
1
m(t ) cos( c t )  M (   c )  M (   c )
2

Identity Equation: Multiplication of

Two Input signals produces
cosA*cosB = cos (A+B)+cos (A-B)

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DSB (cont)
• DSB-SC (Suppressed Carrier) modulation
simply shifts the frequency contents of m(t) to
the carrier frequency
Wc >= 2∏B must

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USB & LSB

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Demodulation
• To demodulate we multiply the signal by a cos( wct )

m(t ) cos( wct )cos(wct )  m(t ) cos 2 ( wct )  m(t )  1  1 cos(2wct )
2 2 

• Therefore the FT of this signal is

1 1  1 1
m(t )   cos(2 wc t )  M ( w)  M ( w  2wc )  M (  2 wc )
2 2  2 4
• If we lowpass filter this signal we recover
1
m(t )
2
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Demodulation (cont)
• We need a carrier of exactly the same frequency
and phase as the carrier used for modulation:
Synchronous Detection or Coherent Detection

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Demodulation (cont)

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Comparison of AM Modulations Schemes

Parameters DSB-FC DSB-SC SSB VSB

Carrier Suppression NA Yes Yes NA
Side Band NA NA One side One side band
Suppression band Partially
suppressed Suppressed
BW 2fm 2fm fm (fm+fv)
Transmission less Better than Best Lower than SSB
Efficiency DSB-FC
Applications Broadcasting Broadcasting P-t-P TV Transmission
Power Transmission Pc+Pusb+Pl Pusb+Plsb Plsb OR Plsb+Pv+Pusb
sb Pusb
Complexity Simple Simple Most Less Complex
Complex than SSB

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Lecture 03

Frequency Mixer or converter

• We wanted to change the modulated signal from wc to wI
• The product x(t) is
x(t )  2m(t ) cos  c t cos  mix t
x(t )  m(t )cos c   mix t  cos c   mix t 
• Down conversion if we select
 mix   c   I
x(t )  m(t )cos c  ( c   I ) t  cos c   c   I t 

x(t )  m(t )cos I ) t  cos2 c   I t 

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Frequency Mixer (cont)

• Up conversion if we select
mix  c  I
x(t )  m(t )cosc  (c  I ) t  cosc  c  I t 

x(t )  m(t )cos I ) t  cos2 c   I t 

Note: Most commercial AM radio receivers receives RF = 560 – 1640KHz,

But this is shifted to an intermediate frequency (IF) which is 455KHz band
For the purpose of processing. This is normally done before demodulation.

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Frequency Mixer (cont)

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Modulator Vs Mixer

Modulator acts as a Multiplier. It will produce the Product of two

Inputs (Base band + Carrier). If this device is used at Tx side we
Call it Modulator.

But at receiver side O/P tune circuit selects the required frequency. The
Same modulator at the Rx side is called Mixer.

Both Modulator and Mixer act like a Multiplier (Multiplying two input signals)

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Example: The modulating signal 20 cos(2∏ * 10 3 ∗ t) is used to modulate a carrier

Signal 40 cos(2∏ * 10 4 ∗ t). Find the modulation index, Percentage modulation,
Frequencies of sidebands components and their amplitudes. What is the
Bandwidth of the modulated signal?

Solution:
Given m(t) = Am = 20 cos(2∏ * 10 3 ∗ t)………I
Ac(t) = Ac = 40 cos(2∏ * 10 4 ∗ t)………..II
Required,
m = ? , %m =? , fusb = ? , Flsb = ? , BW = ?

Formula, Am = Am cos Wm t………….III

Ac = Ac cos Wc t ……………IV
m = Am / Ac
BW = 2 fm

If we compare equation I and III, we can find

Am = 20, Wm = 2∏ * 10 3
Therefore, fm = 1000Hz = 1KHz
Similarly, by comparing equations II and IV
Ac = 40, Wm = 2∏ * 10 4
Fc = 10,000Hz, = 10KHz

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Example
Where m = Am / Ac = 20 / 40 = 0.5, So % m = 50%,

Now the frequencies are calculated as

fusb = fc+fm = 10KHz + 1KHz = 11 KHz
flsb = fc-fm = 10KHz – 1KHz = 9 KHz

Amplitude of each side band = (m Ac/ 2) = (0.5 * 40)/2 = 10 Volts

Finally the BW of Modulated signal = 2fm = 2 * 1KHz

= 2 KHz

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Example

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Quiz
Which of the following Amplitude Modulation schemes require minimum
Band width (most efficient)

 Conventional AM
 Single Side band (SSB)
 Double side band suppressed carrier (DSB- SC)
 Vestigial Side band (VSB)

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Lecture 03

Summery
 Modulation
 Why Modulation
 AM Modulation
 Types of AM Modulations
 Comparison of AM Modulations
 Frequency Mixer
 Modulator Vs Mixer
 Examples

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