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The document provides an introduction and overview of database systems and database management. It discusses how early computer systems used file-based data storage that led to problems like data redundancy, lack of data sharing, and program-data dependence. This prompted the development of database systems and database management systems (DBMS) that centralized data storage and management. A DBMS allows for data independence, controlled data sharing and redundancy, improved data integrity, and more efficient development and maintenance of application programs. The document outlines some objectives and uses of databases as well as provides definitions of key database terms.

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Peter Emil
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views30 pages

Lec 1

The document provides an introduction and overview of database systems and database management. It discusses how early computer systems used file-based data storage that led to problems like data redundancy, lack of data sharing, and program-data dependence. This prompted the development of database systems and database management systems (DBMS) that centralized data storage and management. A DBMS allows for data independence, controlled data sharing and redundancy, improved data integrity, and more efficient development and maintenance of application programs. The document outlines some objectives and uses of databases as well as provides definitions of key database terms.

Uploaded by

Peter Emil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

Database Systems

Lecture # 1
Chapter # 1
Databases and Database Users

Chapter
2/12/2024
1 1
Refrence

Fundamentals of DATABASE SYSTEMS


6th Edition
by
Ramez Elmasri,
Shamkant B. Navathe

Chapter 1 2/12/2024 2
Professor Ramez Elmasri

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramez_Elmasri

Chapter
2/12/2024
1 3
Course Objectives
 Introduction to very basics
 Guides through different design stages
 Familiarize with tools
 Emphasis on design stages of database

Chapter
2/12/2024
1 4
Lecture Objectives
 Some common uses of database systems.
 Characteristics of file-based systems.
 Problems with file-based approach.
 Meaning of the term database.
 Meaning of the term Database Management System
(DBMS).

Chapter
2/12/2024
1 5
Lecture Objectives
 Typical functions of a DBMS.
 Major components of the DBMS environment.
 Personnel involved in the DBMS environment.
 History of the development of DBMSs.
 Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.

Chapter
2/12/2024
1 6
Examples of Database Applications
 Purchases from the supermarket
 Purchases using your credit card
 Booking a holiday at the travel agents
 Using the local library
 Taking out insurance
 Renting a video
 Using the Internet
 Studying at university

Chapter
2/12/2024
1 7
Definitions
 Data: stored representations of meaningful objects and
events or
 Referred to facts concerning objects and events that
could be recorded and stored on computer media
 Structured: numbers, text, dates

 Unstructured: images, video, documents

 Information: data processed to increase knowledge in


the person using the data
 Metadata: data that describes the properties and
context of user data
Chapter
2/12/2024
1 8
What is a Database
 Shared collection of logically related data (and a
description of this data), designed to meet the
information needs of an organization.
 System catalog (metadata) provides description of
data to enable program–data independence.
 Logically related data comprises entities,
attributes, and relationships of an organization’s
information.

Chapter
2/12/2024
1 9
Chapter
2/12/2024
1 10
Figure 1-1a Data in Context

Context helps users understand data


Chapter
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1 11
Graphical displays turn data into useful information
that managers can use for decision making and
interpretation
Chapter
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1 12
Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data,
including data types, field sizes, allowable values, and data
context

Chapter
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1 13
A bit of History
 Computer initially used for computational/ engineering
purposes
 Commercial applications introduced File Processing
System

Chapter
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1 14
File Processing System
 A collection of application programs that perform
services for the end-users such as production of
reports
 Each program defines and manages its own data

Chapter
2/12/2024
1 15
File Processing Systems
Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration


Applications Applications Applications

Library Examination Registration


Data Data Data
Files Files Files

Chapter
2/12/2024
1 Program and Data Interdependence 16
File Processing Systems

Library Examination Registration


Reg_Number Reg_Number Reg_Number
Name Name Name
Father Name Address Father Name
Books Issued Class Phone
Fine Semester Address
Grade Class

Chapter
2/12/2024
1 17
Files Based Processing

Chapter
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1 18
Disadvantages of File Processing
 Program-Data Dependence
 File structure is defined in the program code.
 All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
 Duplication of Data (Data Redundancy)
 Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
 Same data is held by different programs.
 Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different formats for
the same item.
 Limited Data Sharing
 No centralized control of data
 Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot easily access
each other’s files.

Chapter
2/12/2024
1 19
Disadvantages of File Processing
 Lengthy Development Times
 Programmers must design their own file formats
 Excessive Program Maintenance
 80% of of information systems budget
 Vulnerable to Inconsistency
 Change in one table need changes in corresponding tables as well
otherwise data will be inconsistent

Chapter 1 2/12/2024
20
Problems with Data Dependency
 Each application programmer must maintain their
own data
 Each application program needs to include code
for the metadata of each file
 Each application program must have its own
processing routines for reading, inserting, updating
and deleting data
 Lack of coordination and central control
 Non-standard file formats

Chapter
2/12/2024
1 21
Problems with Data Redundancy
 Waste of space to have duplicate data
 Causes more maintenance headaches
 The biggest problem:
 When data changes in one file, could cause

inconsistencies (Vulnerable to Inconsistency)


 Compromises data integrity (data reliability)

Chapter 1 2/12/2024 22
SOLUTION:
The DATABASE Approach
 Central repository of shared data
 Data is managed by a controlling agent
 Stored in a standardized, convenient form

This requires a
Database and Database Management System (DBMS)

Chapter
2/12/2024
1 23
Advantages of Database Approach
Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration


Applications Applications Applications

Database
Management
System

- Data Sharing - Data Independence


- Controlled Redundancy University - Better Data Integrity
Students
Database
Chapter
2/12/2024
1 24
Database Management System
 A software system that is used to create, maintain,
and provide controlled access to users of a database
 (Database) application program: A computer program
that interacts with database by issuing an appropriate
request (SQL statement) to the DBMS

Chapter 1 2/12/2024 25
Database Management System

DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources

Chapter 1 2/12/2024 26
Chapter 1 2/12/2024
27
Chapter 1 2/12/2024 28
Any Question?

Chapter 1 2/12/2024 29
See You next week

Chapter 1 2/12/2024 30

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