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Integration of Trigonometric Functions

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Integration of Trigonometric functions involves basic simplification techniques. These techniques use different trigonometric identities which
can be written in an alternative form that are more amenable to integration.

Representation
The integration of a function f(x) is given by F(x) and it is represented by:

∫f(x)dx = F(x) + C

Here,

R.H.S. of the equation means integral f(x) with respect to x.

F(x) is called anti-derivative or primitive.

f(x) is called the integrand.

dx is called the integrating agent.

C is called constant of integration or arbitrary constant.

x is the variable of integration.

Also, check integral formulas (https://byjus.com/integral-formulas/) here.

Integration of Trigonometric Functions Formulas

Below are the list of few formulas for the integration of trigonometric functions:

∫sin x dx = -cos x + C

∫cos x dx = sin x + C

∫tan x dx = ln|sec x| + C

∫sec x dx = ln|tan x + sec x| + C

∫cosec x dx = ln|cosec x – cot x| + C = ln|tan(x/2)| + C

∫cot x dx = ln|sin x| + C

∫sec2x dx = tan x + C

∫cosec2x dx = -cot x + C

∫sec x tan x dx = sec x + C

∫cosec x cot x dx = -cosec x + C

∫sin kx dx = -(cos kx/k) + C

:
 ∫sin kx dx = -(cos kx/k) + C

∫cos kx dx = (sin kx/k) + C

Read more:

Integration using Trigonometric Identities (https://byjus.com/maths/integration-using-trigonometric-identities/)

Reduction Formulas for Integration (https://byjus.com/reduction-formula/)

Integration of Particular Functions (https://byjus.com/maths/integrals-particular-function/)

To understand this concept let us solve some examples.

Integration of Trigonometric Functions Examples

Example 1:

Question- Integrate 2cos2x with respect to x.

Solution- To integrate the given trigonometric functions we will use the trigonometric identity (https://byjus.com/maths/trigonometric-
identities/) –

cos2 x = ( 1+cos
2
2x
)

Form this identity

2 cos2 x = 1 + cos 2x

Substituting the above value in the given integrand, we have

∫ 2 cos2 xdx = ∫ (1 + cos 2x). dx … (1)

According to the properties of integration, the integral of sum of two functions is equal to the sum of integrals of the given functions, i.e.,

∫ [f(x) + g(x)]dx = ∫ f(x). dx + ∫ g(x). dx

Therefore equation 1 can be rewritten as:

∫ (1 + cos2x)dx = ∫ 1dx + ∫ cos2xdx

sin 2x
=x+ 2 +C

This gives us the required integration of the given function.

Example 2:

Question- Integrate sin 4x cos 3x with respect to x.

Solution- To integrate the trigonometric function we will use the trigonometric identity:
1
sin x cos y = 2 [sin(x + y) + sin(x − y)]
1
Form this identity sin 4x cos 3x = 2 (sin 7x + sin x)

Therefore,
1
∫ (sin 4x cos 3x)dx = ∫ 2 (sin 7x + sin x)dx

From the above equation we have:

1 (sin 7x + sin x)dx = 1
∫ 2 2 ∫ (sin 7x + sin x)dx … (ii)

According to the properties of integration, the integral of sum of two functions is equal to the sum of integrals of the given functions, i.e.,

∫ [f(x) + g(x)]dx = ∫ f(x). dx + ∫ g(x). dx

Therefore equation 2 can be rewritten as:

1 1
2 ∫ (sin 7x) + 2 ∫ (sin x)dx

− cos 7x − cos x
= 14 + 2 +C

This gives us the required integration of the given function.

Example 3:
:
 Question- Integrate sin2 x. cos2x.

Solution- Before integration let us use few trigonometric relations in order to simplify the integrand.

We know, 2 sin x cos x = sin 2x

sin 2x
sin x. cos x = 2

Substituting the value in the given integrand, we have

2
∫ sin2 x. cos2 x dx = ∫ (sin x. cos x)2dx = ∫ ( sin22x )
= 1
4 ∫ sin2 2x … (i

Also we know, sin2 x = 1– cos 2x

2

Substituting the above value in equation (i), we have

1
4 ∫ sin2 2x = 1
4 ∫ 1−cos 4x
2
1 cos 4x
=∫ 8 dx– ∫ 8 dx

= 1
8 x + C1– sin324x + C2

= 1
8 x– sin324x + C

Video Lesson on Trigonometry

69,944

Integration of Trigonometric Functions Questions

Try solving the following practical problems on integration of trigonometric functions.

1. Find the integral of (cos x + sin x).

2. Evaluate: ∫(1 – cos x)/sin2x dx

3. Find the integral of sin2x, i.e. ∫sin2x dx.

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