Improving Pronunciation Ability Using Cartoon Films

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 164

pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.

id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

IMPROVING PRONUNCIATION ABILITY USING CARTOON


FILMS
(A COLLABORATIVE ACTION RESEARCH OF THE EIGHTH GRADE
STUDENTS OF SMPN 1 KALIWIRO IN 2009/2010)

Arranged by:
MUSTIKA RATNA PRATIWI
K2206024

THESIS
Submitted to Teacher Training and Education Faculty of Sebelas Maret
University as Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Undergraduate
Degree of Education

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA
2010

i
commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

ABSTRACT

Mustika Ratna Pratiwi. K2206024. “IMPROVING PRONUNCIATION


ABILITY USING CARTOON FILMS (A COLLABORATIVE ACTION
RESEARCH OF THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMPN 1 KALIWIRO
IN 2009/2010)”. A Thesis. Surakarta. Teacher Training and Education Faculty,
Sebelas Maret University, 2010.

This thesis is written 1) to describe whether cartoon films can improve


students’ pronunciation ability and to what extent cartoon films can improve
students’ pronunciation ability and 2) to identify what happens when cartoon
films are used as a teaching learning media in pronunciation practice in the eighth
grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Kaliwiro.
The method used in this research was a collaborative action research. The
research was conducted in two cycles from March 10th until May 3rd 2010 at the
eighth grade of SMP Negeri 1 Kaliwiro. The research data were collected by
using techniques of observation, interview, diary, document, and test (pre-test and
post-test). The data were analyzed through constant comparative method and
descriptive statistics.
The research findings prove that cartoon films could improve the students’
pronunciation ability. The improvement of the students’ pronunciation ability
included: a) the students made fewer mistakes in producing particular sounds b)
They also made fewer mistakes in reading the dialogue using English stress
pattern c) They were able to produce falling intonation e) The mean score is
improved from 44.3 for pre-test, 73.5 for first post test, to 80.6 for second post
test. The research findings also prove that cartoon films could improve classroom
situation of pronunciation practice. The improvement of the classroom situation
included: a) The students were active in the classroom b) They were able to
answer teacher’s questions and were active to give suggestion to the teacher c)
They did not refuse to read dialogue in front of the class d) They were cheerful
and highly motivated in conducting the lesson e) They paid attention to the
teacher, the students did not look bored or make noise. Besides the two findings
above, there were other findings as follows: They practiced pronunciation and
read the dialogue outside the class. The result of the research implies that English
teachers need to choose the appropriate media in teaching pronunciation. The
appropriate media to teach pronunciation is cartoon films.

ii
commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

THE APPROVAL OF THE CONSULTANTS

This thesis has been approved to be examined by the Board of Thesis

Examiners of Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Sebelas Maret University

Surakarta.

Consultant I Consultant II

Drs. M. Asrori, M. Pd Drs. A. Handoko Pudjobroto


NIP. 19601015 198702 1 001 NIP. 19581026 198803 1 001

iii
commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

THE APPROVAL OF THE EXAMINERS

This thesis has been examined by the board of examiners of Teacher


Training and Education Faculty, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, and has
been accepted as a partial fulfillment of requirements for the Undergraduate
Degree of English Education.
Day
Date
Board of Examiners: Signatures:

1. Chairman:

Drs. Martono, M. A
NIP. 19600301 198803 1 004 (…………………………...)
2. Secretary:

Endang Setyaningsih, S.Pd M.Hum


NIP. 19800513 200312 2 002 (…………………………...)
3. Examiner I:

Drs. M Asrori, M. Pd
NIP. 19601015 198702 1 001 (…………………………...)
4. Examiner II:

Drs. A. Handoko Pudjobroto


NIP. 19581026 198803 1 001 (…………………………...)

Teacher Training and Education Faculty


Sebelas Maret University
The Dean,

Prof. Dr. Furqon Hidayatullah, M.Pd


NIP. 19600727 198702 1 001

iv
commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

MOTTO

If you ask me about love and what I know about it

My answer would be: It is everything about Allah–The pure love to our souls

The creator of you and me, the heaven and the whole universe

The one that made us whole and free, The guardian of His true believers

So when the time gets hard, there is no way to turn

As He promises He will always be there to bless us with His love and His mercy

Because, as He promises He will always be there

He is always watching us, guiding us

And He knows what is in our little heart

So when you lose your way to Allah you should turn

As He promises He will always be there

Could bring the sun from the darkness into the light

Subhanallah capable of everything

Should not never feel afraid of anything

As long as we follow His guidance all the way

Through our short time we have in this life

Soon it all will be over

And we will be in His heaven and we will all be fine

(‘Always be there’ by Maher Zain)

v
commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

DEDICATION

With love, this thesis is dedicated to:

 My beloved mother and father, everything

that I did is nothing compare to your love.

I’m so proud to be your daughter.

 My lovely sister Arum, thanks for messing

up my room as always. My life was so boring

until you came along.

 My best friends, thanks for coloring my

beautiful life.

vi
commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin. Praise and thank to God the Almighty for his

blessing to the writer so that she can accomplish the writing of this thesis. In this

occasion she would like to express her deepest gratitude and appreciation to the

following:

1. Prof. Furqon Hidayatullah, M.Pd as the Dean of Teacher Training and

Education Faculty of Sebelas Maret University who approved this thesis.

2. Drs. Suparno, M.Pd as the Head of the Literary and Language, and Drs.

Martono, M.A as the Head of English Department who gave her

permission to write the thesis.

3. Drs. M. Asrori, M. Pd as the first consultant and Drs. A. Handoko

Pudjobroto, who patienly gave her the guidance, advice, encouragement

and time from beginning up to the completion of this thesis writing.

4. Slamet Kadarisman, S.Pd, M.M as the Headmaster of SMP Negeri 1

Kaliwiro, Wonosobo who gave her permission to conduct a research at the

school.

5. Iwan Kurnianto, S.Pd as the collaborative English teacher for his kindness

and his help.

6. The eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Kaliwiro, Wonosobo who

participated well in the research.

7. Her beloved family: her parents, her sister, her grandpa, and her auntie for

the love, support and prayer.

vii
commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

8. Salsabila crew, her sisters who always cheer her up when she is down:

Benty, Cupe, Estik, Estia, Ima, Ita, Nur, Reni, Resti, Rini, and Sita.

9. Her motivators: Rela, Patim, Nofi, Ani, Lucy, Mila, Ire, Laras, Indah,

Alin, Dewi, Nanik, and Shanti.

10. Her beloved friends in English Department of year 2006 who cannot be

mentioned one by one for the wonderful friendship. It’s been fun guys.

11. Her mirror, Hegar Dwi Harumsari for accompanying her in her ‘dreams’.

The writer realizes that this thesis is far from perfection. However, she

hopes that this thesis can provide contribution to the improvement of teaching

English.

Surakarta, October 7th 2010

The writer

The Jewel on Earth

viii
commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE …. ......................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………. ... ii
THE APPROVAL OF THE CONSULTANTS……………………………… iii
THE APPROVAL OF THE BOARD EXAMINERS……………………….. iv
MOTTO ……………………………………………………………………… v
DEDICATION ………………………………………………………………. vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………………… vii
TABLE OF CONTENT……………………………………………………… ix
LISTS OF APPENDICES…………………………………………………… xii
LISTS OF TABLES …………………………………………………………... xiii
LISTS OF PICTURES……………………………………………………… . xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 1
A. Background of the Study ................................................. 1
B. Problems Statements ........................................................ 10
C. The Objectives of the Study ............................................. 10
D. The Benefits of the Study ................................................. 11
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................... 12
A. The Nature of Pronunciation ............................................. 12
1. The Definition of Pronunciation ................................... 12
2. The Definition of Phonetics .......................................... 13
3. Articulary Phonetics: How Sounds are Produced ............ 14
4. English Phonology………………………………………37
5. Teaching Pronunciation…………………………………73
B. The Nature of Cartoon Film ............................................. 82
1. Cartoon Film as Teaching Media ................................ 82
2. The Definition of Film .................................................. 83
3. The Kinds of Films ...................................................... 84
4. The Advantages of Films .............................................. 85
5. The Definition of Cartoon Films .................................. 86

ix
commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

6. The Advantages of Cartoon Film in Language Teaching 87


7. The Role of Cartoon Films in Pronunciation Practice .. ...88
C. Basic Assumption .............................................................. 88
D. Hypothesis ......................................................................... 91
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................... 92
A. The Setting and the Subject of the Research .................... 92
1. Time and Place of The Research………………………..92
2. The Subject of the Research…………………………….93
B. Why Action Research ....................................................... 93
1. The Definition of Action Research ............................... 93
2. The Characteristics of Action Research ........................ 94
4. The Advantages of Action Research………………….. 95
3. The Types of Action Research ...................................... 96
4. The Steps in Action Research ....................................... 99
5. The Procedure of Action Research……………………. 100
C. Method of Research........................................................... 103
1. The Technique of Collecting Data ............................... 103
2. The Technique of Analyzing the Data ......................... 106
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION ........................ 110
A. Research Finding .............................................................. 111
1. Cycle 1 .......................................................................... 111
a. Pre Research ............................................................ 111
b. Planning .................................................................. 117
c. Action ...................................................................... 119
d. Observation .............................................................. 124
e. Reflection ................................................................. 126
2. Cycle 2 ......................................................................... 127
a. Revised Plan ............................................................ 127
b. Action ...................................................................... 128
c. Observation ............................................................. 130
d. Reflection ................................................................. 132

x
commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

3. Findings……………………………………………… 134
a. Test Data………………………………………….. 134
b. Non-Test Data…………………………………….. 135
B. Discussion ........................................................................ 139
C. Hypothesis Testing ............................................................ 142
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION AND SUGGESTION......... 144
A. Conclusion ........................................................................ 144
B. Implication......................................................................... 145
C. Suggestion ......................................................................... 145
BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 147
APPENDICES ................................................................................................. 150

xi
commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

LIST OF APPENDICESS

1. Research Schedule 151


2. Pre Research Observation 152
3. Field Notes 155
4. Transcript of Interview 166
5. The Diary of Action Research 178
6. Lesson Plan 183
7. List of Students’ Names 193
8. List of Students’ Score 194
9. Photograph 195
10. Data Analysis 196
11. Students’ Worksheet 201
12. Legalization 207

xii
commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

LIST OF TABLE

1. Table 2.1 Bilabial Consonants in the IPA 26

2. Table 2.2 Labiodentals Consonants in the IPA 26

3. Table 2.3 Dental Consonants in the IPA 27

4. Table 2.4 The Alveolar Consonants in the IPA 28

5. Table 2.5 The Alveo-Palatal Consonants in the IPA 29

6. Table 2.6 The Velars Consonants in the IPA 30

7. Table 2.7 IPA (Pulmonic Consonants) 36

8. Table 2.8 IPA (non-Pulmonic Consonants) 36

9. Table 2.9 English Phonetic Symbols 41

10. Table 2.10 Classification of English Vowels by Tongue Height 43

11. Table 2.11 Classification of English Vowels by Height and Frontness 44

12. Table 2.12 Classification of English Vowels by Tenseness 45

13. Table 2.13 Classification of English Vowels by Lip Roundness 45

14. Table 2.14 The Stop Consonants of English 52

15. Table 2.15 The Fricatives Consonants of English 54

16. Table 2.16 The Affricatives Consonant 55

17. Table 2.17 The Nasal Consonant 55

18. Table 2.18 Classification of Fricatives in Terms of Voicing 56

19. Table 2.19 Classification of Stops in Terms of Voicing 57

xiii
commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

20. Table 2.20 Classification of Affricates in Terms of Voicing 57

21. Table 2.21 Classification of English Consonant 57

22. Table 3.1 Types of Action Research 97

23. Table 3.2 Table of Collecting Data 104

24. Table 3.3 Table of Data Analysis 108

25. Table 4.1 Pre Research Schedule 110

26. Table 4.2 The Schedule of First Cycle 118

27. Table 4.3 The Observer’s Comments in Cycle 1 124

28. Table 4.4 The Comparison between Pre-test and Post-test 1 Result 125

29. Table 4.5 The Schedule of Second Cycle 127

30. Table 4.6 The Observer’s Comments in Cycle 2 130

31. Table 4. 7 The Comparison between Post-test 1 and Post-test 2 Result 131

32. Table 4. 8 The Students’ Mean Score and the Signification Value 134

33. Table 4. 9 Summary of Research Findings 136

xiv
commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

LIST OF PICTURES

1. Picture 2. 1 Lungs, Bronchi, and Bronchial Tree 19

2. Picture 2. 2 Diaphragm 20

3. Picture 2. 3 Pharynx 20

4. Picture 2. 4 The Larynx 21

5. Picture 2. 5 The Teeth 24

6. Picture 2. 6 Speech Organs 24

7. Picture 2. 7 International Phonetic Alphabet Vowels 24

8. Picture 2. 8 The English Vowels Chart 46

9. Picture 2. 9 Bilabial 48

10. Picture 2. 10 Labiodental 49

11. Picture 2. 11 Dental 50

12. Picture 2. 12 Alveolar 50

13. Picture 2. 13 Alveopalatal 51

14. Picture 2. 14 Velar 51

xv
commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. The Background of the Study

Indonesia is the country where English is positioned as a foreign

language. Considering the importance of English, Indonesian government has

decided to put English as one of the subjects which is taught in the school from

kindergarten until university level. English is considered as important subject to

learn since many fields in human life especially education uses English as the

language to communicate and to share knowledge and information.

The main goal of language teaching is to enable the students to

communicate with others. Furthermore the goal of language teaching and learning

English lesson for Junior High School in KTSP 2007 is as follows:

Membina keterampilan berbahasa dan berkomunikasi secara lisan dan tertulis

untuk menghadapi perkembangan ipteks dalam menyongsong era globalisasi.

(Suparman, 2007)

It can be concluded that Junior High School students must develop their

competence in global communication and must improve their comprehension of

relationship between language and the technology. It means that Junior High

School students need to learn English in order to develop their communicative

competence to learn knowledge and technology. Nowadays, many occupations

require people who are able to master both oral and written English. This

opportunity makes mastering English is a must for the students.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
2

Teaching and learning English in Junior High School is different from

teaching and learning English in kindergarten and elementary school viewed from

the teaching method and the materials. There are more aspects that have to be

considered. Teaching method has a close relationship to students’ psychology.

The teacher has to consider about the psychological aspect of the teenagers like

them when he delivers the materials. They are neither children nor adult. So, it

needs appropriate treatments and appropriate media to teach them.

The complexity of English materials in Junior High School is showed in

the structure, vocabularies and pronunciation that are more complex than those in

kindergarten and primary school. The teacher needs to know the basic competence

of Junior High School in order to make an effective teaching learning process.

English is considered the difficult subjects for most of Junior High

School students in Indonesia since it is simply different from their first and second

language. That is why most of them often make some mistakes in producing oral

and written English although every aspects of this language have been taught

since primary school. To find out the biggest problem faced by the students, the

researcher conducts pre-research in Junior High School that will be as the object

of the research.

The researcher chooses SMPN 1 Kaliwiro as the object of the research.

This school is used to be the researcher school, so she chooses this school in order

to get information from the teacher and the students easily. To add more

information, the researcher has done the pre research that consists of interviewing



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
3

the English teacher, interviewing the students, spreading out the questionnaire to

the students, and observing the teaching learning process in the classroom.

Based on the English teacher’s information the students’ motivation are

considered low. This condition makes the students hard to focus on the lesson

being taught. That is why their English achievement is low. The teacher informs

that the most difficult skills in English faced by the students are speaking and

listening. After observing the class, the researcher found out that the students

often make some mistakes especially when they produce oral English during the

lesson. The common mistake in producing oral English is dealing with

pronunciation. Sometimes in real communication, students often make mistakes

of pronouncing some words. The researcher concludes that students’

pronunciation ability is low. Their unintelligibility pronunciation makes the

researcher thinks that they speak different language. They pronounce go [gə] as

[gu:], five [faɪf] as [fi:f], thing [tɪη] as [taɪη] et cetera.

Based on the class observation result, the researcher finds that the teacher

uses conventional method to teach English. He also emphasizes on the reading

skill instead of listening and speaking. He only asks the students to read the

dialogue in front of the class and fixes some pronunciation mistakes made by the

students. By using this way, the teacher thinks that the students will learn English

better. In fact, the students do not show any progress in pronouncing some words.

Actually, this method is good to informs correct pronunciation, but it is

not enough. Students need to be aware of the pronunciation they produced. In the

first 15 minutes, the situation in the classroom is perfect. The teacher teaches the



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
4

students, and the students are actively involved in the lesson. After 20 minutes,

the situation changed. The students start to do something else like drawing,

chatting with their friends, et cetera. They are easily bored because the teacher

does not give something new in the classroom. The teacher also uses Indonesian

instead of English to deliver the material and to communicate with the students.

This condition becomes even worse when the researcher finds that they only use

one book as the source. The students cannot afford to buy different kinds of books

or other sources since there are limited access to get them. The facilities that

support the teaching learning process in this school are quite modern and

complete. They are television, DVD player, library, LCD and laptop, but some of

the facilities have just being purchased recently, so the teacher has not used them

yet. The teacher tells that he usually uses pictures and books instead of

audiovisual media to teach English pronunciation. Therefore, the English teaching

learning especially pronunciation practice is not effective.

Moreover, based on the result of the pre-test and the result of observation

during teaching learning process in the classroom, the students get some

difficulties in pronunciation. They are as follows:

1. They get difficulties in differentiating English pronunciation from Indonesian

pronunciation. For example they pronounce thing [θɪη] as [ti:η] because they

are accustomed to pronouncing alphabet “i” as [i:]. They are also get some

difficulties in pronouncing some particular sounds such as /æ/, //, //, /ɪ/. For



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
5

example they pronounce bag [bæg] as [bek], continue [kntɪnju:] as

[kntɪnju:], cookies [kki:z] as [ku:kis], this [ðɪz] as [ði:s].

2. They have difficulties in using falling intonation.

3. They have difficulties in following English stress patterns.

4. The students are easily bored during the lesson. Based on the interview and

questionnaire, most of the students have low intrinsic motivation to learn

English. Some others have a high motivation but they do not have enough

facilities to learn English appropriately. They do not have enough

opportunities to surf the internet, watch international TV channel, plays some

educational games, and watch English movies.

Based on the result of pre-research, the researcher concludes that

pronunciation needs to get more attention. Then, the researcher intends to improve

students’ pronunciation ability in SMP N 1 Kaliwiro.

English pronunciation is different from Indonesian pronunciation. This is

because the spaces between words in English are different in written form from

spoken form.

Example: News item = nju:_zaitəm;

He’s a doctor = He’s_ə doktor;

How do you do? = Had_yu: du:?

This difference makes most of students unable to pronounce English

correctly. Bad pronunciation can be a serious problem if it negatively affects

understanding. Pronunciation does not need to aim for native-speaker perfection.

There is nothing wrong with sounding foreign, but it is important to be



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
6

intelligible. It is possible to use films and other audio-visual materials (rather than

the written words) in the pronunciation teaching. However, pronunciation ability

can be improved through continuous practice from very beginning stage.

“The primary objectives of the most language learners are to understand


& to be understood-to hear and speak language clearly. Crucial for
meeting these objectives is the ability to recognize and pronounce the
sounds of target language. Yet, too often pronunciation practice is not
adequately incorporated into the beginning and intermediate levels of
language teaching. As a result, mistakes inevitably made in those early
stages become fossilized-...............the long term answer to this problem
of the fossilized accent is to begin teaching pronunciation from the
beginning stages of language learning ....” (Anna Baker n Sharon
Goldstein. 1990)

Pronunciation is one of important aspects in English. Celce-Murcia

(1996: 8) states that intelligible pronunciation is one of the necessary components

of oral communication. She also mentions some pronunciation objectives:

1) to comprehend and effectively use English sentence prominence and intonation

patterns both in face to face interactions and over the telephone,

2) to gain control over common word stress patterns and apply these to business

and marketing terms, especially those describing electronic products,

3) to gain a command of the stress-timed rhythm of English,

4) to apply rules of connected speech (e.g., linking, vowel reduction) to

spontaneous oral output,

5) to recognize and gain conscious control over specific vowel and consonant

substitution.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
7

“The way we sound when we speak a foreign language has a strong

influence on the assumptions other people make about us and the judgements they

make about the sort of people we are” (Laroy, Clement. 1995: 3). Therefore, it is

very important for students to start learning English pronunciation as early as

possible. The question is how to improve students’ pronunciation in a fun and

enjoyable way. According to holistic approach, pronunciation cannot be separated

from the people who speak the language (Laroy, Clement, 1995: 9). It means that

if a teacher wants to teach English (especially pronunciation), he should pay

attention to students’ psychological needs. He should make his students feel

comfort, secure and relax during the lesson in order to make the course

meaningful and effective.

In his journal, David F. Dalton (iteslj.org/Techniques/Dalton-

Pronunciation.html) states that the most research, however, shows clearly that the

problem is more likely to be reception - what you don't hear, you can't say.

Moreover, if the English sound is not clearly received, the brain of learners

converts it into the closest sound in their own language. Thus, the dental English

fricative /ð/ in "those”, becomes to be converted by Spanish speakers into the

dental Spanish /d/, producing "dose" as this is what the speaker hears. Given this

reality, it would seem to be logical to place a heavy emphasis on listening

(reception) as a way into releasing appropriate pronunciation (production).

There is always a tendency for the students to hear only half of what their

teacher is saying. The same situation happens in SMPN 1 Kaliwiro. The

conventional teaching method makes the students easily get bored. The students’



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
8

low motivation in learning English makes this condition even worse. If this

condition continues, it’s possible that the students’ ability in producing oral

English remains low. Therefore, the teacher must find the way and means to

alleviate this situation by using dynamic teaching tool. It is teacher’s duty to aid

the memory of his charges through meaningful teaching. So, it is needed to find

an appropriate media to teach pronunciation.

Pronunciation is closely linked to ears, and listening is a vital part of

developing this area. Listening to a model on tape, CD or video, or using students’

own voice as a model will be the most effective way of doing this. So, an

audiovisual media has an important role to improve students’ pronunciation

ability. Films are considered as audiovisual media that have a special position in

the people’s heart since watching films differs from viewing paintings, stage

performances, or even slide shows. Films present audience with images in illusory

motion (David and Kristin. 1997: 3). In fact, everyone loves films. Films are

divided into several kinds, and among the films, cartoon films are considered as

the closest one to the children or in this case, young learners. Because of their

strong characters and entertaining story, cartoon films are positioned as one of

entertainment media. Besides, a cartoon films are used as a teaching medium as

well.

Cartoon films are great choice to deliver any material, including

pronunciation as stated by Pahin and Power in Kasihani (2005: 7) that young

learners learn English by listening, imitating, and spelling it. Everybody knows

that cartoon films combine audio and visual materials. They give audio stimuli



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
9

and visual stimuli to the viewers by presenting the motion pictures and the

narration/pronunciation all together. Children, therefore, can see the real object

and can hear right expressions in English. Cartoon films also have a power to

increase student’s motivation since they are very familiar to the young learners.

They won’t make the students bored during the lesson. They can also create a

relaxing atmosphere. When the students listen to the story of the films in relax

condition, they will easily remember some vocabularies including their

pronunciation.

Considering some theories above, the writer chooses cartoon films as

teaching media because students will get some benefits, such as:

1) Watching cartoon films broaden students knowledge about the value of

human life.

2) Watching cartoon films motivate students to hear right expressions in

English, so they will have a motivation to imitate the expression, intonation

and pronunciation of the character. They will also have motivation to produce

correct pronunciation when they speak. Therefore, they must pronounce each

word in the film script correctly and avoid mispronouncing some words.

3) Watching the cartoon films motivate students to learn English pronunciation.

Here are the indicators: 1) Students show their interest in watching cartoon

film; 2) Students are actively involved in the activity, 3) Students are able to

pronounce some words correctly.

Based on the statements, the writer intends to make a research about how

the English pronunciation is increasing under the title:



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
10

“IMPROVING PRONUNCIATION ABILITY USING CARTOON FILMS

(A COLLABORATIVE ACTION RESEARCH OF THE EIGHTH GRADE

STUDENTS OF SMPN 1 KALIWIRO IN 2009/2010)”

B. Problem Statements

Based on the background of the study above, this research is focused on:

1. Can and to what extent cartoon films improve pronunciation ability of 8th

grade students at SMP N 1 Kaliwiro in 2009/2010?

2. What happens when cartoon films are implemented in the pronunciation

practice?

C. The Objective of the Study

Based on the formulation of the problems, the objectives of this research

are:

1. To describe whether or not and to what extent cartoon films can improve

pronunciation ability of the eight grader students of SMPN 1 Kaliwiro in

2009/2010.

2. To identify what happens when cartoon films are used as a teaching learning

media in pronunciation practice.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
11

D. The Benefits of the Study

The writer hopes that the result of this study will give some benefits as

follows:

1. This research will enable the students to pronounce words correctly. By

watching cartoon films, the students are expected to have a better

understanding of their pronunciation.

2. This research is expected to motivate other English teachers to improve

their students’ pronunciation. Through this research, the teachers are

expected to have harder efforts to find various ways to teach English.

3. The result of the study will be useful for the school to provide new ways to

teach English.

4. The result of the study may help other researchers in clarifying the use of

cartoon films as one of media to improve the students’ pronunciation

ability.

5. It enables Teacher Training and Education Faculty especially for English

Department to find out effective methods for teaching pronunciation.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
12

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. The Nature of Pronunciation

1. The Definition of Pronunciation

Pronunciation is one of the important aspects in English, especially in

oral communication. Every sound, stress pattern, and intonation may convey

meaning. The non native speakers of English who speak English have to be very

careful in pronouncing some utterances or he may create misunderstanding. So,

having an intelligible pronunciation is necessary rather than having a native-like

pronunciation. Here is pronunciation definition from some experts:

According to Lado (1964: 70), pronunciation is the use of a sound system

in speaking and listening. Here, pronunciation is merely treated as the act that

happens in speaking and listening, Lado doesn‟t mention how the sounds are

produced.

Pronunciation is the act or manner of pronouncing words; utterance of

speech. In other words, it can also be said that it is a way of speaking a word,

especially a way that is accepted or generally understood. In the senses,

pronunciation entails the production and reception of sounds of speech and the

achievement of the meaning (Kristina, Diah, et al.2006: 1). This second definition

gives a briefer pronunciation‟s definition. It contains some important keys in

pronunciation: act, speaking, production and reception of sound. It means that the

words being pronounced should be understandable (intelligible).



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
13

Meanwhile, another expert says that pronunciation is the particular way a

word or phrase is to be said (www.chmsdrama.com). This definition is clear

enough but it has lack information about pronunciation.

According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s English Dictionary,

pronunciation is a way in which a language or a particular word or sound is

spoken. This definition has clear information as follows:

a. Pronunciation is a way of producing something.

b. The product of this act is language or word or sound.

But it does not have any important information about how a language or

a particular word or a sound should be spoken.

From the definitions above, it can be concluded that pronunciation is the

particular way of speaking a word or phrase which is accepted or generally

understood (intelligible).

2. The Definition of Phonetics

O‟Connor (1973) states that phonetics is the branch of linguistics which

studies the sounds of language. This definition provides clear information about

phonetics. There are two important keys in phonetics based on this definition:

– Phonetics is branch of linguistics

– Phonetics studies sounds of language

According to Peter and Susan, phonetics is the study of how sounds are

produced and how the position of the mouth can be changed to produce different

sounds (1992: 239). In the previous definition, O‟Connor states that phonetics is a



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
14

study of sounds. Peter and Susan give clearer definition. According to them,

phonetics is study of how sounds are produced and the position of mouth when

the sounds are produced. Meanwhile, according to Laver phonetics refers to any

learnable aspect of use of the vocal apparatus (1994).

Based on the definitions, the writer concluded that phonetics is the study

of sound and how they are produced.

3.Articulary Phonetics: How Sounds are Produced

How sounds are produced? Sounds, the sounds production and the speech

organs are closely related to each other. To produce sounds, the speaker has to

follow some processes that employ speech organs. By knowing the process,

hopefully the non-native speakers are able to produce English sounds easily and

correctly. 

a. Speech Sounds Production

People think that most sounds of all language are made with outgoing

breath from the lungs. When people breathe in, air travels through the nose or

mouth, down the trachea, which branches into the two bronchi and down into the

lungs. Rivière in Trujillo‟s journal (2002: 1) states that speech does not start in the

lungs. It starts in the brain. After the creation of the message in the brain, it needs

a representation of the sound sequence and a number of commands which will be

executed by speech organs to produce the utterance. So, it needs a phonetic plan

of and a motor plan.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
15

The next step is the physical production of sounds. Speech is produced

by an air stream from the lungs, which goes through the trachea and the oral and

nasal cavities. It involves four processes: Initiation/airstream mechanism,

phonation, oro-nasal process and articulation.

1) Initiation Process

The initiation process or airstream mechanism is the process when the

air is expelled from the lungs then it goes through the trachea to the oral/nasal

cavity. In English, speech sounds are the result of “a pulmonic egressive air

stream” (Giegerich, 1992).

Ambercrombie in Dr. Photini Coutsougera‟s journal (2004) says that the

airstream provided the action of some organs of speech that makes audible the

movements of other organs. In the same journal, other expert, Catford (1994: 4)

states that the airstream mechanism is the movements of organs during the organic

phase act upon the air contained within the vocal tract. They compress the air, or

dilate it, and they set it moving in various ways – in rapid puffs, in sudden bursts,

in a smooth flow, in a rough, eddying, turbulent stream, and so on.”

There are 3 airstream mechanisms used in world languages: pulmonic

(involving lungs), velaric (involving velum and tongue) and glottalic (involving

glottis and larynx).

a) Pulmonic airstream

(1) Pulmonic Egressive Airstream

“We may think of the lungs as large sponges being alternately filled with

air and emptied of it. They are enclosed in the rib cage and are bounded at the



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
16

bottom by the diaphragm, and it is the action of the ribs and the diaphragm which

causes air to flow into and out of the lungs” (O‟Connor 1973: 23). In his statement

O‟Connor gives a basic concept of how the air from the lungs is forced to flow out

of the lungs. He does not explain how the air is drawn into the lungs and where

the air is escaped.

Dr. Photini Coutsougera in his journal (20004: 2) gives a clearer

explanation about egressive airstream. He says that in order to draw air into the

lungs the diaphragm contracts and the thoracic cavity expands, so the lungs are

full with air. The diaphragm relaxation causes the thoracic cavity to contract. The

lungs are compressed and the air pressure inside them is now greater than that

outside of the body. This pressure difference forces the air to move up through the

vocal tract and escape through the mouth/nose.

It is clearly stated that the air is drawn to the lungs by the contraction of

diaphragm and the expanding thoracic cavity. Then, the lungs are compressed and

it causes the air to move up and escape through the oral cavity.

(2) Pulmonic Ingressive Airstream

When the diaphragm is contracted, the thoracic cavity expands. The air

pressure inside the lungs is now lower than that outside of the body and this

pressure difference forces the air to flow into the lungs. Sound is produced while

breathing in. The result of this process is similar to yawn. Its use is very limited in

languages.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
17

b) Velaric Airstream

(1) Velaric Egressive

It does not used in languages. The result of a velaric egressive airflow

initiation would be a spitting sound.

(2) Velaric Ingressive

Airflow is generated by trapping air inside the oral cavity. This is done

by closing the back of the tongue against the velum and the lips or the front of the

tongue against the upper teeth/alveolar ridge/ palate. By pulling down the body of

the tongue, the volume of the enclosed region is expanded and a vacuum is

created. Finally, the closure at the front is released. Velaric ingressive sounds are

called „clicks‟. In English, some click sounds are used paralinguistically: e.g. the

kissing sound (bilabial click), the „gee up‟ sound (alveolar click) etc.

c) Glottalic Airstream

(1) Glottalic Egressive

An airflow is generated by constricting the vocal folds and also forming a

second closure at the front of the vocal tract. The larynx is then moved upwards

and the air pressure in the vocal tract increases. Release of the second closure will

then allow the trapped air to escape creating an airflow. Glottalic egressive sounds

are called „ejectives‟. They are always voiceless.

(2) Glottalic Ingressive

A closure is formed at the vocal folds and at some other point in the

vocal tract. The larynx is then lowered causing the air pressure above the larynx to

decrease. Release of the second closure causes the air from outside the body to



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
18

flow into the vocal tract in order to equalize the pressure. A vibration of the vocal

folds is involved because, as the larynx is lowered, the vocal folds open slightly

and the difference between sub- and supraglottal pressure causes the air below the

larynx to move through the vocal folds, resulting in voicing. Glottalic ingressive

sounds are called „implosives‟.

2) The Phonation Process

The phonation process occurs at the larynx. The larynx has two

horizontal folds of tissue in the passage of air; they are the vocal folds. The gap

between these folds is called the glottis. When glottis is closed no air can pass. Or

it can have a narrow opening which can make the vocal folds vibrate producing

the “voiced sounds”. The examples of voiced sounds are: [b], [g], and all vowels.

Finally, when the glottis can be wide open, as in normal breathing, thus

the vibration of the vocal folds is reduced, producing the “voiceless sounds”, for

example a plosive such as [p], [t], and [k].

After it has gone through the larynx and the pharynx, the air can go into

the nasal or the oral cavity. This process called oro-nasal process. The velum is

the part responsible for that selection. Through the oro-nasal process, nasal

consonants (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/) can be differentiated to other sounds.

3) The Articulation Process

The articulation process takes place in the mouth and it is the process

which speech sounds are distinguished from one another in terms of the place

where and the manner how they are articulated. In other word, the people can

distinct the oral cavity, which acts as a resonator, and the articulators, which can



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
19

be active or passive: upper and lower lips, upper and lower teeth, tongue (tip,

blade, front, back) and roof of the mouth (alveolar ridge, palate and velum).

b. The Organs of Speech

More than half of human body, from the head to the abdomen, is needed

for the production of spoken language (Abercrombie, 1967: 21). There are three

systems of body organs which are needed for this purpose. They are usually

known as the respiratory system, the phonatory system, and the articulatory

system.

1) Respiratory System

The respiratory system comprises the lungs, the diaphragm, the

bronchial tubes, pharynx, and trachea. The main function of this system is

breathing.

Lungs are the main organ for respiration. Lungs provide the energy

source of airstream to create speech sound and to organize speech sound. Lungs

are the initiator in initiation, so most sounds called pulmonic sound.

Picture 2.1 Lungs, Bronchi, and Bronchial Tree



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
20

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped sheet of muscle immediately below the

lungs, the dome pointing upwards. Diaphragm can be felt by touching the

abdomen three or four inches below the breast bone and breathing in deeply.

Picture 2.2 Diaphragm

Pharynx is vocal organs above the larynx. The pharynx stretches from

the top of the larynx up to the back of the nasal cavity and serves mainly as the

container of a volume of air which can be set into vibration in sympathy with

vibrations coming from the vocal cords.

Picture 2.3 Pharynx



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
21

2) Phonatory System

The phonatory system is formed by the larynx. Larynx is a fairly rigid

box made up of cartilages, situated at the top of the trachea and continuous with it

so that all air passing in and out of the lungs must pass through it. Inside the

larynx are the first of the structures which can interfere with the air stream, named

the vocal cords. The primary function of the larynx is to convert the energy into

audible sound.

Picture 2.4 The Larynx

3) Articulatory System

The articulatory system consists of the nasal and the oral cavity. The

nasal cavity is like violin body; its contribution to speech is a matter of resonance.

If, with the vocal cords vibrating, the soft palate is lowered so that the pharynx

and nasal cavity and oral cavity are connected, the whole mass of air in the

connected cavities vibrates with a characteristic nasal effect.

The oral cavity considered the most important of the three cavities

because it is the most variable in dimensions and shape. The oral cavity consists



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
22

of lips, teeth, tongue, palate and lower jaw. The oral cavity can be divided into

two parts based on the function: articulators and place of articulation. The

function of articulators is to transform the sound into intelligible speech.

(a) The Tongue

The tongue is organ that is synonymous with language. So, there are a lot

of terms about the language using tongue, for example „mother tongue‟, „lose

tongue‟, et cetera. The tongue consists of a complex bunch of muscles, which

make it flexible. It is divided into three major parts according to their relationship

to the parts of the palate:

a. The blade which lies below the alveolar ridge.

b. The front/tip below the hard palate.

c. The back below the soft palate.

The tip and the blade of the tongue are the parts that have great variety of

movement. The tip is elastic enough to trill against the alveolar ridge.

(b) The Palate

Palate is a dome-shaped structure whose front part is bony and

immovable, while the back part is moveable. The palate can be divided into three

main parts: the alveolar ridge (the convex ridge behind the upper incisors teeth),

the hard palate (the highest part), and the soft palate or velum (the most back

part).

Alveolar ridge is located between front teeth and hard palate. This organ

is passive articulator. The sound produced by this articulator called alveolar

sound.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
23

Hard palate is often called as “roof of the mouth”. Just like velar this

articulator is passive articulator. The sound produced by this articulator called

palatal sound.

Velum is located in the upfront of the uvular, it is considered the most

back part of the palate. The position of velum can be up or down, so it will control

the air stream through the oral cavity or nasal cavity. Velum is passive articulator.

The sound produced by this articulator called velar sound.

(c) The Lips

The lips are flexible and have same degrees of movement as the tongue.

The two lips can form various shapes: close-rounded (as in the pronunciation of

„wood‟), open rounded (as in the pronunciation of „hot‟), spread (as in the

pronunciation of „see‟), and neutral (as in the pronunciation of „ah‟). There are

plenty of languages which have front tongue raising both with spread and rounded

lips (French, German, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, et cetera). Others though not

so many have back tongue rising with both spread and rounded lips (Turkish,

Vietnamese). In English any rising of the front of the tongue is always

accompanied by a spread or neutral lip position. However, the English have

similarities with most languages: most languages have spread lips with front

tongue rising and rounded and not the reverse.

(d) The Lower Jaw

The lower jaw, in moving up and down can decrease or increase the size

of the cavity and so influence the quality of sound produced. This movement is



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
24

not crucial, since many people can perform ventriloquist (speaking without

moving lower jaw).

(e) The Teeth

The teeth are divided into two, upper teeth and down teeth. In producing

sound, teeth is often as passive articulator. The sound produced by this articulator

called dental sound.

Picture 2.5 The Teeth

The picture below describes human speech organs (articulatory system

and phonation system):

Picture 2.4 Speech Organs



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
25

c. Vowel

Vowel is sounds produced with a free passage (Malmberg, 1963: 32). A

free passage here means that vowel sounds are produced without obstruction.

O‟Connor (1973: 49) says that vowel sounds are sounds made with opener oral

cavity position.

There are some processes that are responsible for the vowels production:

the shape of the lips, the opening between the jaws, the position of the soft palate,

and the shape of the tongue. Vowels are described in terms of height,

backness/frontness and roundedness. Below is the diagram of the IPA vowels

classification.

Picture 2. 7 International Phonetic Alphabet Vowels



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
26

d. Diphthongs

A diphthong is a speech sound composed of two vowels within the same

syllable (Crannel, 2000: 121). English is rich in diphthongs: [aʊ] as in house, [aɪ]

as in fine, [ɔɪ] as in boy, and generally in British English [əʊ] as in go and [eɪ] as

in day. Other diphthongs are [ɪə] as in dear, [ʊə] as in poor and [eə] as in bear.

German has three diphthongs: [aʊ] as in Haus; [ai] as in mein; and [əɪ]

as in heute. Modern French has no diphthongs, but numerous spelling still bear

witness of old diphthongs which have been reduced to monophthongs for example

fait and chevaux (Malmberg, 1963: 39).

e. Consonant

Consonants are sounds characterized by a constricting or a complete

closing of the air passages (Malmberg, 1963: 32). Every consonant may be

defined according to its place of articulation and manner of articulation.

1) Place of Articulation

The place of articulation of a consonant is determined by the articulator

participating in its production.

a) Bilabials

Bilabial sounds are made with two lips coming together and touching

momentarily. The obstruction of the airstream thus occurs at the lips. English has

three bilabial sounds: [p] as in pie, [m] as in man and [b] as in ball. Other

languages also have particular bilabial sounds. Some of them are belong to the



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
27

non-pulmonic sounds. The bilabial consonants in the International Phonetic

Alphabet are:

Table 2.1 Bilabial Consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet

IPA Description Example


Language Orthography IPA Meaning
bilabial nasal English man [mæn] man
voiceless bilabial English spin [spɪn] spin

voiced bilabial English bed [bɛd] bed

voiceless bilabial Japanese 富士山(fujisan) [ɸuʑisaɴ] Mount


fricative Fuji
bilabial Spanish lobo [loβo] Wolf
approximant
bilabial click Nǀu ʘoe [ʘoe] Meat

b) Labiodentals

The labiodentals sounds are made with the upper teeth touching the lower

lip. The labiodentals consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet are:

Table 2.2 Labiodentals Consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet

IPA Description Example


Language Orthography IPA Meaning
f voiceless English fan [fæn] 'fan'
labiodental
fricative
v voiced English van [væn] 'van'
labiodental
fricative
ʋ labiodental Dutch wang [ʋɑŋ] 'cheek'
approximant
labiodental flap Mono vwa [ѵa] 'send'



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
28

c) Interdentals

Interdental consonants are produced by placing the blade of the tongue

against the upper incisors. In this case, the tip of the tongue is placed between the

upper and lower front teeth, and therefore may articulate with both the upper and

lower incisors. Voiced and voiceless interdental fricatives [ð, θ] appear in

American English as the initial sounds of words like 'then' and 'thin'. An

interdental [l] occurs in some varieties of Italian, and may also occur in some

varieties of English. Denti-alveolar consonants are produced with both the tip and

the blade making contact with the back of the upper teeth and alveolar ridge, as in

French t, d, n, l.

d) Dentals

Dental consonants are articulated with the tongue against the back of the

upper incisors such as /t/, /d/, /n/, and /l/ in some languages.

The dental consonants as transcribed by the International Phonetic

Alphabet are:

Table 2.3 Dental Consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet

IPA Description Example


Language Orthograp IPA Meaning
hy
dental nasal Spanish onda [õnda] wave
voiceless dental Spanish toro [toɾo] bull
plosive
voiced dental Spanish donde [dõnde] where
plosive
s voiceless dental Polish kosa [kɔsa] scythe
sibilant fricative
z voiced dental Polish koza [kɔza] goat
sibilant fricative



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
29

dental flap Spanish pero [peɾo] but

dental trill Marshallese Ebadon [ebˠɑrˠon] Ebadon

dental click Xhosa ukúcola [ukúkǀola] To grind


release fine

e) Alveolar

Alveolar consonants are made with the tip of the tongue touching the

roof of the mouth just behind the upper teeth (alveolar ridge). Alveolar consonants

may be articulated with the tip of the tongue, called apical consonants, as in

English, or with the blade of the tongue; called laminal consonants as in French

and Spanish. The alveolar consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet are:

Table 2.4 The Alveolar Consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet

IPA Description Example


Language Orthography IPA Meaning
 alveolar nasal English now [n aʊ]
 voiceless English tap [tʰæp]
alveolar plosive
voiced alveolar English done
 [dʌn]
plosive
 voiceless English suit [sju:t]
alveolar
fricative
 voiced alveolar English zoo [zu:]
fricative
voiceless German Zeit [tsaɪt] Time

alveolar
affricate
 voiced alveolar Italian zaino [dzaino] Backpack
affricate
voiceless Welsh Llwyd [ɬʊɪd] The name

alveolar lateral Lloyd
fricative
voiced alveolar Zulu dlala [„ɮálà] To play
 lateral fricative
ɬ voiceless Tsez элIни [„ʔɛtɬni] winter



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
30

alveolar lateral
affricate
alveolar lateral English loop [lup]

approximant
 alveolar flap Spanish pero [peɾo] But

alveolar lateral Venda [vuɺa] To open


 flap
 alveolar trill Spanish perro [pero] Dog

 alveolar ejective Georgian ტიტა [t‟it‟a] Tulip

 alveolar ejective Amharic [s‟ɛɡa] Grace


fricative
voiced alveolar Vietnamese đã [ɗɐ:] Past tense

implosive indicator

alveolar lateral Nama ǁî [kǁĩĩ] Discussed
click

f) Alveo-palatal

Alveopalatal consonants are made with the blade of the tongue

approaching of the hard palate just behind the alveolar ridge. The alveo-palatal

consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet are:

Table 2.5 The Alveo-Palatal Consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet

IPA Description Example


Language Orthograph IPA Meaning
y
Voiceless alveolo- Mandarin 小(xiǎo) [ɕiɑu] small
palatal fricative
Voiced alveolo- Polish zioło [ʑɔwɔ] herb
palatal fricative
tɕ Voiceless alveolo- Serbian кућа(kuća) [kutɕa] house
palatal affricate
dʑ Voiced alveolo- Japanese 地震 [dʑiɕĩɴ] earthquake
palatal affricate (jishin)



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
31

g) Velars

Velar consonants occur when the back of the tongue is raised towards the

velum (soft palate). The velars consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet

are:

Table 2.6 The Velars Consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet

IPA Description Example


Language Orthography IPA Meaning
velar nasal English sing \[sɪŋ] sing
voiceless velar English kite [kaɪt] kite
plosive
voiced velar plosive English get [ɡɛt] get
voiceless velar German Bauch [baʊx] abdoment
fricative
voiced velar Greek ɣata [ɣata] cat
fricative
velar approximant Spanish pagar [paɰaɾ] To pay

velar lateral Mid-Wahgi aʟaʟe [aʟaʟe] dizzy


approximant
k‟ velar ejective Archi кIан [k‟an] Bottom
plosive
ɠ voiced velar Sindhi gəro/‫ورڳ‬ [ɠəro] heavy
implosive

h) Glottal

Glottal is consonants articulated with the glottis. The glottal stop occurs

in many languages. Often all vocalic onsets are preceded by a glottal stop, for

example in German. The Hawaiian language writes the glottal stop as an opening

single quote. Indonesian uses glottal in the allophone of /k/ or // in the syllable

coda bakso [baʔ'so] 'meatball' or at end of word as in tidak [tidaʔ] „no‟. Some



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
32

alphabets use diacritics for the glottal stop, such as hamza <‫ >ﺀ‬in the Arabic

alphabet; in many languages, the Latin letter <h> is used for glottal stop.

2) Manner of Articulation

Manner of articulation refers to the way in which the obstruction of the

air-stream, which characterizes all consonants, is achieved (Peter and Susan,

1992: 18). At the different places of articulation in the mouth, there are several

basic ways that the air-stream can be obstructed.

a) Stops

Malmberg (1963: 40) states that momentary consonants or stops are

complete closing followed by an abrupt opening (explosion). With regard to

English, this closing may be achieved with both lips against each other (bilabial

stop), with the tip of the tongue against the teeth or the gums (dental or alveolar

stop), or with the back of the tongue either against the hard palate (palatal stop) or

against the soft palate (velar stop). The examples of stops are:

– Bilabial: p, b, and m

– Alveolar: t, d and n

– Velar: k and g

Stops may be voiced or voiceless. The consonants [b], [d], and [g] are

voiced, while [p], [t], and [k] are voiceless. There are essentially two types of

voiceless stops, aspirated and unaspirated. The articulatory difference between

the two types is as follows: during the closure of a stop of the unaspirated type,

the glottis is closed. While, during the closure of an aspirated stop the glottis is

open. The French consonants [p], [t], [k] are unaspirated stops. This same type



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
33

found in the Romance languages and in most European language except Germanic

group. A stop may also be realized in the pharynx or in the larynx itself, where it

is possible to close the air passage by bringing the vocal cords close together. This

is called glottal stop. In certain languages, German for example, it is normal

consonant sound placed regularly before every stressed initial vowel.

b) Fricatives

Fricatives are sounds made by partial obstruction of the airstream. This

partial obstruction results from the lips or the tongue coming close to some part of

the upper mouth. These consonants are called fricatives because the close

approximation of the articulations causes turbulence or friction in airflow.

Fricative consonants are characterized by a narrowing of the air passage, which

produces a frictional or rubbing noise as the air passes through the tiny opening

formed by the articulating organ. In principle, it is possible to produce fricatives at

any point whatever in the mouth, from the lips to the pharynx, and also in the

larynx itself. English has fricative consonants as follows: [f], [v], [s], [z], [∫], [ʒ],

[θ], and [ð]. French [Ч] in lui is a dorso-palatal labialized fricative. German [ç] in

ich is a voiceless dorso-palatal fricative.

c) Affricatives

Affricatives are the consonant which is the combination of stop and

fricative. The example of affricatives is [ʧ] as in English initial consonant of

child, or the Spanish intervocalic consonant in mucho. A similar sound is heard in



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
34

the Italian cento. Sound [ʧ] is voiceless affricatives. Another affricative sound is

[ʤ] as in the English jam, in the Italian giorno. This sound is voiced affricatives.

d) Nasals

Nasal sounds are sounds made with the air escaping through the nose. All

nasal sounds much alike a kind of humming sound. English has several nasal

consonants: nasal bilabial [m], nasal alveolar [n] and velar nasal [ŋ]. The sound

[ŋ] can also be found in German jung. The sound [n] in France is considered

dental.

Nasal consonants are normally voiced but may lose their voicing in

combination with voiceless consonants. For example in French [m] normally

becomes voiceless after voiceless [s] in words ending in –sme (enthousiasme,

communisme).

e) Laterals

Laterals are sounds that are occur when the tongue makes a firm contact

with the point of articulation in the teeth or the palate. This contact takes place

only at the middle and oral cavity, while air escapes from both sides of the place

of articulation. The English [l] in long is a lateral type. The tip of the tongue

touches the upper gums, and air escapes on both sides of the tongue. English [l]

sound is alveolar lateral. Many languages have palatal lateral [λ], Switzerland in

mouille, Spanish in calle, and Italian in figlio.

f) Trills: r-sound

The consonants called trills or vibrant are articulated in such a way that

the articulating organ (in this case is either the tip of the tongue) forms a series of



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
35

very brief occlusion, separated by small vocalic elements. The trills belong to the

r-family sounds. There are two kinds of r in terms of the articulatory organ: the

front or apical r and the back or uvular r. The first is pronounced in such a way,

that the tip of the tongue touching the alveoli, is pressed by forward by the stream

of air. In many European language, such as Spanish, Italian, Slavic, et cetera, the

apical r is preserved. But in French, in German, and in a few other European

languages, the apical r is now being replaced by a uvular r. This kind of r is no

longer produced by the tip of the tongue, but by the uvula, which vibrates and

forms the repeated contacts with the back part of the tongue.

f. Manners of Interference

1) Closure

There are three different types of closure: stops, rolls, and flaps. As

stated above, stops are complete closing followed by an abrupt opening

(explosion). When there is velic closure the air the air-stream cannot get out

through the nose, nor can get out immediately through the mouth. Since the lungs

are still pushing air upwards the air is compressed within the totally enclosed

cavity, and then when the mouth closure is removed, this is compressed air

explodes out of the mouth as pie, by, die, et cetera. This kind of sound, which has

compression and explosion, is called plosive.

Rolls consist of several rapidly repeated closures and openings of the air

passage, as in the rolled r-sounds of Scottish and Italian for which the tip of the

tongue makes several quick taps against the alveolar ridge. The rolls are

commonly found in Dutch for r and may be heard in French and German too. The



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
36

sound is similar to a gargling noise. The lips can be made to roll in a similar way

(as in B’rrrr noise) but this is not found as a regular sound in language.

2) Narrowing

When two speech organs are very close together the air forcing its way,

then it is resulting narrowing. The air then becomes turbulent, and this turbulence

is heard as friction noise. Sounds having such friction are known as fricatives.

Some fricatives are made with a hissy kind of friction, example /s/ and /∫/, and

these are sometimes referred to as sibilants; while the non-sibilants have a less

hissy, like /f/ and /θ/. In German s is generally even more grooved than in English

and this makes it sounds very characteristic.

3) Opener Positions

If two organs are not so close together that they cause friction they may

be playing a major part in shaping the cavities through which the air flows. This

position causing frictionless sounds named frictionless continuants. This sound

can be produced if the speaker gently lowers the lip away from the teeth when he

says along fricative sound (for example /v/) until the friction disappears. This

friction /v/ sound can quite often be heard as a defective /r/ in English. The word

ever said with a frictionless /v/ will sound like defective version of the word error.

Based on International Phonetic Alphabet, the pulmonic and non-

pulmonic sounds in many languages are listed in the table below:



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
37














Table 2.7 International Phonetic Alphabet (Pulmonic Consonants)




Table 2.8 International Phonetic Alphabet (non-Pulmonic Consonants)



4. English Phonology



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
38

a. English Spelling System

Before discussing English phonology in details, it is necessary to discuss

the English spelling system since there are some discrepancy between spelling and

sounds, for example:

1) Different letters may represent the same sound

All of these words contain the same vowel sound /u:/ but it is represented

by eight different spellings.

For example:

to two too through threw clue shoe Sioux

2) The same letter represents different sound

The pronunciation of the letter „a‟ is pronounced as five different

vowel sounds. For example:

cake mat call any sofa

3) Combinations of letters may represent one sound

It is possible for a combination of letters to represent only one sound. On

the words below, Gh, ph and ea each represent only one sound even though the

spelling represents this single sound as two letters. For example:

Rough physics head

4) Letters may represent no sound

It is possible for no sound to be represented by a particular letter. For

example:

Bomb cake pneumonia knee debt receipt

(Peter and Susan, 1992)



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
39

Those spellings illustrate clearly the way in which a particular sound in

English can be spelled in different ways.

b. English Sound Classes

To be effective in learning English pronunciation, it is essential to have

an understanding of how the speech sounds of English are produced. By knowing

how sounds are produced, the correct English sounds can be correctly produced.

1) English Speech Sounds Production

Speech sounds are made by air moving outward from the lungs through

the mouth or nose. Different speech sounds result when the airstream is changed

in some way by the positioning of various parts of the mouth. Some sounds are

made as a result of the lips changing the airstream while other sounds made as a

result of the tongue changing the airstream.

The parts of the mouth that are involved in production of speech sounds

can be divided into two: articulators and places of articulations. The moveable

parts of the mouth (the lower lip, the bottom teeth, the tongue, and the lower jaw)

are referred to as articulators. The unmovable parts of the mouth involved in the

articulation of speech sounds are referred to as places of articulations. In the

production of speech sounds, the articulators approach the places of articulations,

causing the airstream to be changed in different ways.

2) Organs of Speech



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
40

a) Lungs are the main organ for respiration, the other functions are to provide

main source of airstream to create speech sound and to organize speech

sound. Lungs are the initiator in initiation, so it‟s called pulmonic sound.

b) Larynx is the valve in respiratory which will shut immediately to ensuring

the food or drink will come through pharynx and go into esophagus. Another

speech sound in larynx is vocal fold. Vocal fold is the valve which controls

the air stream among lungs, oral cavity, and nasal cavity.

c) Pharynx is a pipe which located in the larynx. When producing sound pharynx

as the air tube which will vibrate when the vocal fold vibrate.

d) Hard palate, this articulator often called as “roof of the mouth”. Just like

velar this articulator is passive articulator. The sound produced by this

articulator called palatal sound.

e) Alveolar ridge, located between front teeth and hard palate. In producing

sound this articulator is passive, but the tip of the tongue is active. The sound

produced by this articulator called alveolar sound.

f) Tongue divided into three main parts: tip of the tongue, blade of the tongue,

and back of the tongue.

g) Upper teeth ridge is located above and behind the upper front teeth.

h) Hard palate is that portion of the roof of the mouth directly behind the upper

teeth ridge. It arches upward to the highest point in the mouth and then

gradually descends.

i) Soft Palate or Velum is that portion of the palate directly behind the hard

palate. It ends at the back portion of the mouth in a small bulb called the



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
41

uvula. The position of velum can be up or down, so it will control the air

stream through the oral cavity or nasal cavity. Velum is passive articulator.

The sound produced by this articulator called velar sound.

j) Vocal cords are muscles in the larynx which make the sound produced

voiced or voiceless.

3) English Phonetic Symbols

Given the complexity of sound-spelling correspondences in English, it

would be difficult to use the Roman alphabet to symbolize English sounds. Some

problems would arise when English spelling system is used to represent sound.

Consider trying to represent the first sound of „cat‟ using English spelling system.

If letter „c‟ was used to represent this sound, the problem will arise when the same

letter is used to represent word „certain‟. Furthermore, the word „kite‟, which has

the same initial sound as „cat‟ is also impossible to use the letter „c‟.

In order to avoid the problems that a spelling system like English poses

for the representation of sounds, it is helpful to use phonetic alphabet when

discussing sounds in languages. In the phonetic alphabet, each symbol represents

only one sound and each sound is represented by only one symbol. Therefore, the

vowel sounds in the words „to‟, „two‟, „too‟, „through‟, „threw‟, „shoe‟, and „suit‟

would be represented by one phonetic symbol because each of these words has the

same vowel sound. On the other hand, the letter „c‟ in words „certain‟, „car‟, and

„chair‟ would be represented by three distinct phonetic symbols, as this letter

represents three different sounds.

Table 2.9 English Phonetic Symbols



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
42

Vowels Diphthongs Consonants

 hit e cake p pin s see

 book  toy b burn z zoo

e left a high t time  she

æ hat  beer k cut ʒ measure

 about  fewer m maid t chair

 run e where n night ʤ judge

 dog  go l long θ think

u: food a house r run ð the

i: bead h hide v van

з: shirt f fast w wood

: far g go j yes

ɔː call d do η sing

English Pronunciation has distinctive sound classes. It is divided into two

basic groups: segmental and suprasegmental. In the segmental group there are

vowels, diphthongs and consonants. In suprasegmental group there are stress and

intonation.

1) Vowel

Vowels are a speech sound formed from a free and obstructed flow of

vibrating breath. Peter and Susan (1992: 28) state that vowels are differentiated



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
43

from consonants by the relatively wide opening in the mouth as air passes from

the lungs out of the body. This means that there is relatively little obstruction of

the airstream in comparison to consonants.

English has twelve vowel sounds. In general they are divided into seven

short and five long vowels. An alternative way of organizing them is according to

the place they are produced. By using this method, vowels can be described as

front, central and back. They can be qualified further by how high the tongue and

how low the jaw when these vowel sounds are produced, and by whether the lips

are rounded or spread, and finally by whether they are tense or lax. This scheme

shows the following arrangement:

a) The Tongue Height (Is it high, low or mid?)

Someone will „drops‟ his jaw and low his tongue when he pronounces

„bat‟ after pronounces „beat‟. If he pronounces the vowels in „beat‟, „bit‟, „bait‟,

„bet‟, and „bat‟ in sequence, his tongue will be lower and his jaw will drops as he

move from one vowel to the next. The vowels of „bait‟ and „bet‟ are considered to

be mid vowels because the tongue is neither high nor low in the mouth. The vowel

of „bat‟ is considered to be a low vowel because it is made with the tongue below

its rest position.

Table 2.10 Classification of English Vowels by Tongue Height

High Beat Boot

Bit Book



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
44

Mid Bait Boat

Bet Bought

Low Bat Pot

b) The Tongue Advancement (Is it front, back, or central?)

Both the vowel in „beat‟ and in „boot‟ is high vowels because the tongue

is raised above its rest position. However, the vowel of „beat‟ is made with the

front part of the tongue high in the mouth, while the vowel of „boot is made with

the back part of the tongue high in the mouth.

Thus, the vowel of „beat‟ is referred to as a high front vowel and the

vowel of „boot‟ is referred to as high back vowel.

There are also vowels in English made with neither the front nor the back

part of the tongue. These are referred to as central vowels, for example the vowel

in the word „but‟. The tongue is neither high nor low in the mouth when this

vowel is pronounced. In addition, neither the front nor the back part of the tongue

is involved. This is called a mid central vowel. Another vowel sound made with

the tongue in the mid central position is the initial vowel sound // in a word such

as „machine‟. This vowel is called schwa. The schwa is the most frequently

occurring vowel in English and plays a major role in the English stress system.

Table 2.11 Classification of English Vowels by Height and Frontness

Front Central Back



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
45

High Beat /i: / Booth /u: /

Bit // Book //

Mid Bait /e/ Machine // Boat //

Bet /e/ But // Bought /ɔː/

Low Bat /æ/ Pot //

c) The Muscles Tension (Is it tense or lax?)

Another way in which vowels can differ is in terms of muscle tension in

the mouth. Vowels produced with extra muscle tension are tense and the vowels

produced without this tension are lax. Both vowels in „beat‟ and in „bit‟ are made

with the front part of the tongue high in the mouth. They differ in the degree of

muscle tension with which they are produced. The facial muscles are tenser in the

pronunciation of „beat‟ than in „bit‟. This causes a greater spreading of the lips in

„beat‟. An effective way to detect the difference in tenseness is to sing both

vowels at high pitch. The tense vowel (the vowel of „beat‟) will feel as if it is

being produced with much more effort than the lax one (the vowel of „bit‟).

Table 2.12 Classification of English Vowels by Tenseness

Front Central Back



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
46

high tense Beat /i:/ Boot /u:/

lax Bit // Book //

mid tense Bait /e/ Boat //

lax Bet /e/ But // Bought /ɔː/

d) The Shape of Lips (Is it rounded or spread?)

In addition to tongue height, frontness/backness, and muscle tension, lip

rounding is also important in the articulation of vowels. English has four vowels

(back vowels) made with lip rounding such as [ʊ], [u:], [ɒ], [ɔː].

Table 2.13 Classification of English Vowels by Lip Roundness

Front Central Back

(unrounded) (unrounded) (rounded)

High tense Beat /i:/ Boot /u:/

lax Bit // Book //

Mid tense Bait /e/ Machine /ə/ Boat //

lax Bet /e/ But // Bought /ɔː/

Low Bat /æ/ Star /ɑː/

In phonetics it is usual to symbolize the place of vowels in the mouth

schematically by a chart as displayed below:



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
47

Picture 2.8 The English Vowels Chart

2) Diphthongs

Although any vowels can constitute a diphthong, some are acceptable in career

speech and some are not. The diphthong that will be discussed in detail are /a/,

/a/, //, /e/, //, //, /e/, and //.

a) /a/ b) /a/

I /a/ Mouse /mas/

Tribe /trab/ Found /fand/

Fine /fan/ Now /na/



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
48

c) // f) //

Boy /b/ Poor /p/

Voice /vs/ Cure /kj/

Soil /sl/ Furious /frs/

d) /e/ g) /e/

Day /de/ Air /e/

Way /we/ Hair /he/

Say /se/ Dare /de/

e) // h) //

Ear // Home /hm/

Deer /d/ Go /g/

Mere /m/ Boat /bt/



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
49

3) Consonants

Consonant are sound whose articulation involves a significant obstruction to

airflow in the vocal tract. In this discussion about consonant, the researcher will refer

to three basic characteristics:

a) Place of articulation

In English, there are six places in the mouth where the airstream is

obstructed in the formation of consonants.

(1) Bilabial (both lips)

Bilabial sounds are made with two lips coming together and touching

momentarily. The obstruction of the airstream thus occurs at the lips. The phonetic

symbols for these three sounds are the same as the English letters. The sounds /p/, /b/,

and /m/ are referred to as bilabial sounds because the two (bi-) lips (-labial) are

involved in their production.

Picture 2.9 Bilabial



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
50

(2) Labiodentals (lower lip and upper teeth)

The labiodentals sounds are made with the top of the teeth touching the

bottom lip. Therefore in this case of two sounds, the obstruction of the airstream

occurs not because the two lips come together but because the bottom lip and the top

teeth come together. The sounds /f/ and /v/ are referred to as labiodentals sounds

because the lips (labio) and the teeth (dental) are involved in their production.

Picture 2.10 Labiodental

(3) Dental/dental fricative (tip of the tongue and the teeth)

Dental sounds are obstruction of the airstream occurs because the tip of the

tongue is between the teeth or just behind the teeth. The phonetic symbols for these

sounds are not the same as the English letters. The th as in word „think‟ is represented

by the symbol /θ/ and th as in the word „those‟ is represented by the symbol /ð/. The

sounds /θ/ and /ð/ are referred to as interdental sounds because the tongue is placed

between (inter) the teeth (dental).



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
51

Picture 2.11 Dental

(4) Alveolar

Alveolar sounds are made with the tip of the tongue touching the roof of the

mouth just behind the upper teeth. The place of articulation is the alveolar ridge. The

sounds /t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, and /z/ are referred to as alveolar sounds because the tongue

either touches or approaches the alveolar ridge in their production.

Picture 2.12 Alveolar



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
52

(5) Alveopalatal

Alveopalatal sounds are made with the blade of the tongue approaching of

the hard palate just behind the tooth ridge. The phonetic symbols of these sounds are

not the same as the English letters. The final sound of „wish‟ is represented by the

symbol // and the final sound of „beige‟ is represented by the symbol /ʒ/.

Picture 2.13 Alveopalatal

(6) Velar

Velar sounds occur when the back of the tongue is raised towards the velum

(soft palate) , as in „cool‟ and the final consonants in „back‟, „bag‟, and „bang‟.

Voicing and nasality distinguish these further.

Picture 2.14 Velar



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
53

b) Manner of articulation: the way in which the airstream is obstructed

Manner of articulation refers to the way in which the obstruction of the air

stream, which characterizes all consonants, is achieved. At the different places of

articulation in the mouth, there are several basic ways that the air stream can be

obstructed.

(1) Stop (complete obstruction of the airstream)

A stop is a sound that involves complete closure of the oral cavity

(Giegerich, 1992:19). The articulators come so close together that no air can escape

between them. Stops are found in words like „tie‟, „die‟, „pie‟, „buy‟, „my‟, „night‟, et

cetera.

[- continuant]

pea, tea, key, buy, die, guy, my

Table 2.14 The stop consonants of English

bilabial labiodentals interdental alveolar alveopalatal velar

voiceless p t k

voiced b d g

(2) Continuant

Continuants are the opposite of stops where the airstream is not totally

blocked in the oral cavity, so it can escape continuously through the mouth. The

consonants in „sea‟, „zoo‟, „lie‟, „you‟, „thigh‟, et cetera are continuants.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
54

[+ continuant]

Rye, lie, you, woo, thigh, thy, sea, zoo, all vowels.

(3) Sonorants

A sonorant is a sound whose phonetic content is predominantly made up by

the sound waves produced by its voicing.

Sonorants are characterized by „periodic acoustic energy‟. It can be assumed

that there are no voiceless sonorants because the removal of voicing from a sonorant

makes it nondistinct from other members of this set and practically inaudible. The

consonants in „my‟, „nigh‟, „rye‟, „lie‟ and all vowels are sonorants.

[+ sonorant]

My, nigh, lie, rye, you, woo, all vowels

(4) Obstruent

Obstruent articulation involves an obstruction of the air stream that produces

a phonetic effect independent of voicing. In a word such as „tie‟, for example, the

initial stop is audible although it is voiceless, and it is distinct from the equally

voiceless stop in „pie‟. Similarly, the consonants in „sue‟ and „zoo‟ are obstruents. It

follows from this definition that obstruents can typically occur in voiced and

voiceless variants.

[- sonorant]

pea, tea, key, buy, die, guy, thigh, sue, thy, zoo



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
55

(5) Fricatives

Some consonants in English do not involve a complete stoppage of the

airstream but rather a partial obstruction. This partial obstruction results from the lips

or the tongue coming close to some part of the upper mouth. These consonants are

called fricatives because the close approximation of the articulations causes

turbulence or friction in airflow. The initial sounds of „fan‟ and „van’; „think‟ and

„those‟; „sip‟ and „zip‟ and the final sounds of „wish‟ and „beige‟ are all fricatives.

Table 2.15 The Fricatives Consonants of English

Bilabial Labiodentals interdental alveolar alveopalatal Velar

voiceless f θ s 

voiced v ð z ʒ

(6) Affricates

There are two complex consonant sounds in English, /t/ as in „chain‟ and

/dЗ/ as in „judge‟. Each is a combination of a stop followed immediately by a fricative

and they are referred to as affricates.

Table 2.6 The Affricatives Consonant

Bilabial Labiodentals Interdental Alveolar Alveopalatal Velar

t



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
56

(7) Nasals

All of the consonant sounds discussed above are made with air passing

through the mouth. Nasal sounds, on the other hand, are made with air passing

through the nose. Air is blocked in the mouth in the same way as it is for stop

consonants. However, the soft palate is lowered, allowing air to escape through the

nose.

Table 2.17 The Nasal Consonant

Bilabial Labiodentals interdental alveolar alveopalatal Velar

m n η

(8) Liquids

The initial sounds of „rip‟ and „lip‟ are called liquids because in the

pronunciation of the sounds, then air passes through the mouth in a fluid manner.

(9) Glides (semi-vowels)

Other consonant sounds of English produced with little turbulence in the

airstream are the initial sounds of the word „wet‟ and „yet‟. The phonetic symbols for

these sounds are identical to the English letters /w/ and /j/. The two sounds are called

semi-vowels because they are made with a relatively wide opening in the mouth. In

pronunciation of /w/, the lips are rounded and, at the same time, the back of the

tongue approaches the soft palate. In the pronunciation of /j/, the blade of the tongue

approaches the hard palate.

c) Voicing: whether there is vibration of the vocal cords



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
57

The initial sound of word zoo and sue are identical in the term of place of

articulation and manner of articulation (fricatives). However, they differ in terms of

voicing. The /s/ is a voiceless sound and /z/ is voiced sound. The vibration that is

heard with the voiced sounds is caused by the vocal cords. Sounds made with the

vibrating vocal cords are voiced and sounds made with no vibration of the vocal

cords are voiceless. The vocal cords are bands of muscle attached to the walls of the

larynx. When they are close together, the air passing form the lungs into the mouth

cause them vibrate. When they are apart the passing through air causes no vibration.

There are eight fricative sounds in English; four of these are voiced and four

others are voiceless.

Table 2.18 Classification of Fricatives in Terms of Voicing

labiodental Interdental alveolar Alveopalatal

Voiceless f θ s ∫

Voiced v ð z

The stop consonants also come in voiced/voiceless pairs. With stop

consonants, however, it is a little more difficult to feel the vibration of the vocal cords

that accompanies voicing.

Table 2.19 Classification of Stops in Terms of Voicing



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
58

Bilabial Alveolar Velar

Voiceless p (pay) t (tell) k (coat)

voiced b (buy) d (dent) g (gold)

The two affricates of English are made at the same place of articulation but

are distinguished in terms of voicing. The affricate /t∫/ as in ‘chair’ is voiceless and /

ʤ / as in „judge‟ is voiced.

Table 2.20 Classification of Affricates in Terms of Voicing

Alveopalatal

Voiceless t∫

Voiced ʤ

Below is the consonant chart that combines all the three aspects of

articulation in one chart.

Table 2.21 Classification of English Consonant

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Alveopalatal Velar

Stops Voiceless p t k

Voiced b d g

Fricatives Voiceless f θ s ∫

Voiced v ð z ʒ

Affricatives Voiceless ʧ



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
59

Voiced ʤ

Nasals m n

Retroflex r

Lateral l

Semi w j

vowels

4) Stress and Intonation

a) Stress

Stress in communication is very important since different stress may convey

different meanings.

Stress (in this case stressed syllable) is most often defined as those syllables
within an utterance that are longer, louder, and higher in pitch. English
language-teaching texts generally speak of three levels of word stress, or the
pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables within a word. In fact, according
to some phoneticians, there are as many as six levels of word stress……the
three of them are: strongly stressed, lightly stressed, and unstressed syllables
(Celce-Murcia, et al. 1996: 131).

Stress used in common conversation usually occurs within a word and within

a sentence.

(1) Word Stress

(a) Nouns

Most basic nouns are stressed on the first syllable. For example:

Costumer people level



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
60

This tendency is also generally maintained in prefixed nouns or nouns with

prefix-type beginnings, such as „re‟, „de-‟, „con-„, „pre-„, „ex-„, et cetera. For example:

A region a defect a convict a present an expert

Compound nouns (nouns that are created from two words joined together to

form a new one) are generally also stressed on the first syllable. For example:

Boyfriend doorman heartbeat overtime

(b) Verbs, adjectives and adverbs

With compound verbs, adjectives and adverbs, the stress normally shifts off

the first syllable or prefix. For example:

Upset understand overnight inquire

(Fitzpatrick, 1995:35, 36)

(2) Phrasal Stress

English speakers do not stress all words equally because in English some

particular words are considered more important than others. To know which

part/word to stress the speaker needs to know about the content words and function

words. The definitions as follows:

(a) Content words

Content words are any words that carry meaning. When a content word has

more than one syllable, the stressed syllable will be said: louder, longer, and at a

higher pitch. Words that belong to content words are:

– Nouns: Jenifer, bee, beauty

– Adjectives: beautiful, happy



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
61

– Verbs (main verbs): pray, grew, grown from „have grown‟

– Adverbs: slowly, widely

– Number: one, hundreds

– Question words: what, who

– Long preposition: against, over

– This, that, these, those

– Interjection: Ouch!, Ow!

(b) Function Words

Function words are any words that help create grammatical structures.

Words that are belong to function words:

– Most pronouns: I, you, we

– Forms of „to be‟ as main verb: I am a teacher

– Modal verbs: can, should

– Auxiliary verbs (helping verbs): has been wasted

– Short preposition: of, on

– Possessive adjectives: your, his

– Articles: the, a

– Conjunctions: and

The example below shows which part that has to be stressed:

I love to see the shining moon on a cool, autumn night

(Jennifer on www.youtube.com/pronunciation tutorial)



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
62

b) Intonation

Intonation is the way we imply meaning, attitude or intention by raising or

lowering the pitch of our voice in varying degrees....Intonation is, to a large extent, a

hidden part of language; we are rarely consciously aware of it when we speak

(Fitzpatrick, Frank, 1995: 45).

Intonation involves the rising and falling of the voice to various pitch levels

during the articulation of utterances. It performs several unique functions. First,

intonation reflects the grammatical function of an utterance. For example:

She‟s gone.

She‟s gone?

If the utterance is pronounced with a rising-falling intonation, then it signals

speaker certainty, which often corresponds to a declarative statement. However,

pronounced with rising intonation, the same sequence of phonemes signals

uncertainty and corresponds to a special type of yes/no question with statement word

order but rising intonation.

Intonation also performs the function of conveying an attitude or emotion.

For example, the simple utterance „great‟ can be used to express three different

shades of meaning:



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
63

Great (neutral/perfunctory)

Great (enthusiasm)

Great (sarcasm)

Commonly, there are two types of intonation patterns: falling and rising

intonation.

(1) Falling

As a general, a falling tone is associated with informative statements, wh-

questions and question tags that check old information. It implies that the speaker has

finished speaking as long as the tone tails off. (Fitzpatrick, Frank, 1995: 45)

Celce Murcia et al (1996: 131) give some types of utterance using falling

intonation:

Declarative Statements

2-3-1

2 John is SICK.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
64

Wh-Questions

(2-3-1)

2 Who will HELP?

2 What about JONathan?

Commands and command-form request

(2-3-1)

2 Fix me some SOUP.

2 Please add NOODles



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
65

Unfinished statements creating suspense

2 I opened the old SUITcase... (....and found a million dollars)

Unfinished Statements

(2-3-2)

2 John is SICK.... (....but I think he is going to work anyway)

2 He is taken an ASpirin... (....but I don’t know if you helped or not)

Tag question eliciting agreement

(2-3-1) (3-1)

2 We really ought to VIsit him, SHOULDn‟t we?



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
66

(2) Rising

Rise in intonation usually begins at the syllable with discourse prominence

and continues slightly until the end of the phrase:

Are you feeling better?

Has he finished yet?

The following utterance types tend to follow this pattern: yes/no question

word order, open-choice alternative questions, echo questions, repetition questions,

and tag question signalling uncertainty.

Yes/no questions

(2-3)

2 Can you play this flute?

2 Are you nervous?



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
67

In the next pattern, open choice alternative questions, the listener has s free

choice of the alternatives being offered. It is unclear whether other options are

available, but the listener is given the chance to reject all of the alternatives.

Open-choice alternative questions

(2-3)

2 Would you like some coffee or TEA?

Occasionally a speaker will repeat a question before answering it. For

example, in answering speaker A‟s question “What are you doing this weekend?”

speaker B might answer in this following form:

Echo Questions

(2-3)

2What am I DOing? I‟m going SKIing.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
68

Repetition questions usually occurs when the speaker could not hear what

was said or the speaker could not believe what was said. These type of questions can

follow statements, yes/no questions, or wh questions. Suppose that speaker A asks,

“What are you doing this weekend?”, and speaker B replies “I‟m going skiing”. If

speaker A has not understood, a repetition question is asked:

Repetition Questions

(2-3)

2 What are you doing? (I did not hear you. Can you repeat?)

Another type of repetition question might signal disbelief from the speaker.

For example, speaker B answer to the question “What are you doing this weekend?”

is “I‟m going skydiving.” Speaker A might signal disbelief through his repetition

question.

Repetition Questions

(2-4) (3-4)

2 What are you doing? or You are doing WHAT?

(I can’t believe you are going to do that! Are you out of your mind?)



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
69

Sometimes, the speaker expresses his uncertainty in the form of tag

questions. Unlike the category of tag questions eliciting agreement, tag questions

signalling uncertainty are more like true yes/no questions. The speaker may have

some prior assumption but allows for the possibility of either a “yes” or “no”

response:

Tag questions signalling uncertainty

(2-3-2) (2-3)

2 He usually arrives around NOON, DOESn‟t he?

(I think he arrives around noon, but I’m 1not sure.)

c. Adjustment in Connected Speech

1) Linking

Murcia et al (1996: 158) states that the ability to speak English „smoothly‟ to

utter words or syllables that are appropriately connected, entails the use of linking,

which is the connecting of the final sound of one word or syllable to the initial sound

of the next. It can be said that linking is smooth connection of speech. Linking occurs

with regularity in the following five environments:



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
70

a) Linking With a Glide

Linking with a glide commonly occurs when one word or syllable ends in a

tense vowel or diphthong and the next word or syllable begins with a vowel:

/j/ glides /w/ glides

/iə/ + V: be_jable /uw/ + V: blue_wink

/e/ + V: say_jit /ow/ + V: no_waction

/a/ + V: my_jown /aw/ + V: how_ware you

// + V: boy_jish

b) Consonant Belongs to Both Syllables

When word or syllable ending in a single consonant is followed by a word or

syllable beginning with a vowel, the consonant belongs to both syllables:

– Dog_eat dog

– Black_and gray

– McLean_Avenue

– Macintosh_apple

– Dream_on

c) Resyllabification

When a word or syllable has a consonant as final sound then it is followed

by a word or syllable start with a vowel, the final consonant of the cluster is often

pronounced as part of the following syllable. This condition is also called

resyllabification. Example:



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
71

– Left arm :lef/t_arm

– Wept over :wep/t_over

– Find out :fin/d_out

– Pushed up :push/ed_up

d) Identical Consonants

When two identical consonants come together as a result of the juxtaposition of

two words, there is one single, elongated of the consonant:

Stop_pushing rob_Bill

Short_time bad_dog

Quick_cure big_gap

Less_sugar

e) Unreleased Initial Stop Consonant

When a stop consonant is followed by another stop or by an affricate, the first stop

is not released which facilitates the linking:

Pet cat: [pekæt]

Good jury: [gu:ʤɜːr]

2) Assimilation

Assimilation is the process of adjustment in connected speech which one

sound (assimilated sound) takes on the characteristics of a neighbouring sound (the

conditioning sound). There are three types of assimilation in English: 1) progressive,

2) regressive, 3) coalescent.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
72

a) Progressive

In progressive assimilation the conditioning sound affects the following

sound.

Conditioning sound Assimilated sound

-s endings

– Bag+s [bægz]

– Back+s [bæks]

-d endings

– Move+d [mu:vd]

– Fish+ed [fi∫t]

b) Regressive

In regressive assimilation, the assimilated sound precedes and is affected by

the conditioning sound. For example:

Grandpa [græmpa]

Have+ to [hæftə]

In + possible [mpsbl]

Horse + shoe [hor∫u:]

Good + boy [gb]

Let + me [lem]



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
73

c) Coalescent

Coalescent is the condition where two adjacent sounds combine to form new

sound. For example:

/s/+/y/= /∫/ I guess you‟re coming

/z/+/y/= /ʒ/ He is your best friend

/ts/+/y/= /t∫/ What’s your name?

/t/+/y/= /t∫/ Is that your cat?

/dz/+/y/= / ʤ / She needs your help

3) Dissimilation

The process of dissimilation occurs when adjacent sounds become more

different from each other. It is rare in English and not an active process. Some texts

cite the pronunciation of the final cluster of fifths as [fts] as an example of

dissimilation ([fθs] to [fts]).

4) Deletion

Deletion is the process whereby sounds disappear or are not clearly

articulated in certain contexts. In other words, deletion is the disappearance of the

sound. The following are some of the most typical environments for deletion:

a) Loss of /t/ when /nt/ is between two vowels or before a syllabic [l]

Example: winter, enter, Toronto

b) Loss of /t/ or /d/ when they occur second in a sequence or cluster of three

consonants:



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
74

/t/: restless, exactly, listless

/d/: windmill, kindness, hands

c) Deletion of word-final /t/ or /d/ in cluster of two at a word boundary when the

following word begins with a consonant

Example:

– East side

– Blind man

– Wild bear

d) Loss of unstressed medial vowel (syncope)

Example:

– Chocolate [t∫klət]

– Every [evri]

– Suppose [spəz]

(Murcia, et al, 1996: 159-163)

5. Teaching Pronunciation

Teaching pronunciation in a high school is very essential. Teacher should

gives certain attention in teaching pronunciation and decide the area of sounds that

become the basic need for students.

Native-like pronunciation is difficult for most young learners to achieve in a

foreign language. The achievement of it requires not only skilled teaching but also a



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
75

high level of internal motivation of the student. Most young learners are satisfied with

reasonably intelligible speech in the second language and this is an acceptable goal

for the English Foreign Language teacher. The teacher should give assistance during

the regular speaking lesson to students who are having difficulty with particular

sounds. The particular sounds that students will find it difficult will differ for

different language backgrounds.

a. The Objectives of Teaching Pronunciation

Here are some objectives of teaching pronunciation:

1) Ability

The pronunciation should enable learners to surpass the threshold level so

that their pronunciation will not detract from their ability to communicate (Celce-

Murcia, et al. 1996: 8).

2) Consistency

The pronunciation should be smooth and natural.

3) Intelligibility

The pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners. (Kenworthy,

1987: 3)

4) Communicative Efficiency

The pronunciation should help to convey the meaning that is intended by the

speaker.

Based on the goals above, the intelligibility is considered the main goal of

pronunciation since the idea of pronunciation is to enable the listeners to understand



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
76

what the speaker says. Kenworthy (1987) states that the main goal of pronunciation

for the learners is can be comfortably intelligible. It means that the conversation

between the speaker and the listener can be „comfortable‟. It‟s not the condition

where the speaker and the listener speak a native-like pronunciation, but both the

speaker and the listener understand each other.

b. The Problems of Teaching Pronunciation

1) The Learner

The first issue encountered in designing the pronunciation curriculum is

perhaps the one most immediately evident-the learners themselves. As Wong (1987b:

17) aptly points out, the teaching of pronunciation “is not exclusively a linguistic

matter. “ and we need to take into consideration such factors as our learners‟ ages,

exposures to the target language, amount and type of prior pronunciation instruction,

and perhaps most importantly their attitude toward the target language and their

motivation to achieve intelligible speech patterns in the second language (Celce-

Murcia, et al,. 1996: 15).

Many experts have given their ideas related to the problems of teaching

pronunciation of the learner.

a) Age

Research in the field further indicates that children and adults perceive

sounds in a very similar manner (Liberman and Blumstein in Celce-Murcia, 1996:

16). The teachers need to redefine the goal of the pronunciation class as comfortable



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
77

intelligibility rather than accuracy, and ensure that this goal is reflected in the

methods and activities (Celce-Murcia, M,. 1996: 16).

b) Aptitude, Attitude, and Motivation

According to Carroll in Celce-Murcia, M (1996: 17), there are four traits that

constitute language aptitude:

a. Phonemic coding ability: the capacity to discriminate and code foreign sounds

such that they can be recalled.

b. Grammatical sensitivity: the ability to analyze language and figure out rules.

c. Inductive language learning ability: the capacity to pick up language through

exposure.

d. Memory: the amount of rote learning activity needed to internalize something (a

new sound, a lexical item, a grammatical rule, the pronunciation or spelling of a

word, etc.).

Some learners are in fact fairly balanced in these four traits, whereas others

have strengths and weaknesses. Learner weak in phonemic coding ability would have

much more difficulty achieving a readily intelligible pronunciation than those with

high aptitude in this domain. Teachers and pronunciation syllabus need to be

sensitive to such learner differences and not expect all learners to achieve the same

level of success in the same amount of time.

Lukmani (1972) argues that the intensity of motivation is often as important

as the type of motivation at play. In other words, someone with extraordinary high



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
78

motivation may well achieve a better pronunciation than someone with integrative

motivation that is quite positive yet less intense (Celce-Murcia, et al. 1996: 17).

There are two kinds of motivation in general; intrinsic and extrinsic.

According to Ryan and Deci in Oudeyer and Kaplan (2007) intrinsic motivation is

defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than for some

separable consequence. When intrinsically motivated, a person is moved to act for the

fun or challenge entailed rather than because of external products, pressures or

reward. Students are likely to be intrinsically motivated if they are interested in

mastering a topic, rather than just rote-learning to achieve good grades. In other

words, students with high intrinsic motivation are possibly having better achievement

rather than the students who have low intrinsic motivation.

2) The Indonesian Learner

From the 26 Roman alphabet, there are only 5 vowels “a”, “i”, “u”, “e” and

“o”. The difference between English to other languages that using Roman Alphabet is

that English has 20 vowels, while other languages such as German, Spanish, and

Indonesian, has only around 5 vowels. Therefore, speakers of languages with fewer

vowel sounds in American English are likely to speak English using only the same

number of sounds that exist in their native language. Unfortunately Indonesian does

not have all these 20 vowel sounds. Consequently, many Indonesian speakers are

having difficulties to differentiate certain American vowels. Besides, there are certain

English consonants that do not exist in Indonesian speech sounds. Below are some

particular sounds that are considered difficult for Indonesian to be produced:



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
79

a) The /æ/ sound as in “Fat”

Based on researcher experience, this sound is considers hard for Indonesian

speakers to be produced. Indonesian speakers often confused with sound [æ] and

sound [e]. They pronounce action [æk∫n]as [ek∫n].

b) The [θ] sound as in “Think”

This sound does not exist in Indonesian. The Indonesian speakers tend to

pronounce think [θɪnk] as [ti:ng].

3) The Teacher

The problems of the teacher related to pronunciation practice are stated

below:

a) The Lack of Knowledge about Pronunciation

Sometimes, teachers are simply don‟t understand about pronunciation, so

they often make mistake when they pronouncing words or utterances. They don‟t

know how the sounds are produced, so they can‟t explain to their students.

b) The Lack of Motivation to Teach Pronunciation

Many teachers ignore of the importance of pronunciation in language

learning. They think that pronunciation is not as important as writing, reading,

grammar, et cetera.

c. The Techniques of Teaching Pronunciation

There are many techniques of teaching pronunciation. According to Celce-

Murcia, et al (1996: 8), there are ten techniques of teaching pronunciation as follows:



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
80

1) Listen and imitate: A technique used in the Direct Method in which students

listen to a teacher-provided model and repeat or imitate it.

2) Phonetic Training: Use of articulatory descriptions, articulatory diagrams, and a

phonetic alphabet.

3) Minimal pair drills: A technique to help students distinguish between similar and

problematic sounds in the target language through listening discrimination and

spoken practice.

4) Contextualized minimal pairs: In the technique, the teacher establishes the setting

and presents key vocabulary; students are trained to respond to a sentence stem

with the appropriate meaningful response.

5) Visual aids: Enhancement of the teacher‟s description of how sounds are

produced by audiovisual aids such as sound-color charts, Fidel wall charts, rods,

pictures, mirrors, props, realia, etc. these devices are also used to cue production

of the target sounds.

6) Tongue twister: A technique from speech correction strategies for native speakers.

7) Developmental approximation drills: A technique suggested by first-language

acquisition studies in which second language speakers are taught to retrace the

steps that many English-speaking children follows as they acquire certain sounds

in their first language.

8) Practice of vowel shift and stress shift related by affixation: A technique based on

rules of generative phonology used with intermediate or advanced learners.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
81

9) Reading aloud/recitation: Passage or scripts for learners to practice and then read

aloud, focusing on stress, timing, and intonation.

10) Recordings of learners‟ production: Audio and video tape of rehearsed and

spontaneous speeches, free conversations, and role plays.

d. Teaching and Learning Pronunciation

1) The Roles of The Teacher

The roles of the teacher in pronunciation practice are very essential in

improving students‟ pronunciation ability. It can be said that the teacher is the main

key determine the success of teaching learning process. According to Joanne

Kenworthy (1987:1) the roles of the teacher in pronunciation practice are as follows:

a) Helping Learners Hear

Part of the role of the teacher is to help the learners perceive sounds.

Learners will easily perceive English sounds by hearing any English dialogues,

songs, or in this case cartoon films. The learners need to hear to the real sounds of

English native speaker in order to make them understand the concept of English

spelling sound. This process needs teacher assistance to guide the learners to the right

English pronunciation concept and to avoid mistakes and errors that are probably

made by the learners during the process.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
82

b) Helping Learners Make Sounds

Some sounds of English do not occur in other languages. Sometimes learners

will be able to imitate the new sound, but if they cannot then the teacher needs to be

able to give some hints which may help them to make particular sounds.

c) Providing Feedback

The teacher must provide the learners with information about their

performance since the students may have a misunderstanding about the concept of

English pronunciation.

d) Pointing out What is Going on

In order to have better understanding in pronunciation, the teacher needs to

make the learners aware of the utterances/they are produced or they may miss

something important. For example they may not realize that when a particular word is

stressed in different way may affect the message that is sent to the listener.

e) Devising Activities

Learning pronunciation is complex, so the teacher must consider some

factors to succeed the teaching learning activity. The teacher must find appropriate

teaching approach, materials, media, et cetera in designing the activities for learning.

f) Assessing Progress

The teacher must provide the information about the progresses made by the

learners since the learner cannot easily asses themselves.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
83

2) The Role of the Learners

Having listed the various aspects of teacher‟s role, it can be concluded that

all learners need to do is respond. But it is not as simple as that. This kind of attitude

ignores the fact that ultimately success in pronunciation will depend on how much

effort the learner‟s willingness to take responsibility for his or her own learning. The

teacher may be highly skilled at noticing mispronunciation and pointing these out, but

if the learners take no action and do not try to monitor their own efforts, then the

prospects of change or improvement are minimal.

B. The Nature of Cartoon Films

1. Cartoon Films as Teaching Media

Wittich and Schuller give their opinion about the advantages of using media

in teaching and learning process. It can be seen in their statement “When more

information is communicated by learning media, teacher can give more attention to

the uniquely human aspect of education, understanding the need of individual

students, helping them to set and realize goals and stimulating them to use the

information available from educational media (1979: 2). The conclusion from the

opinion is that media plays an important role as teaching aids to achieve the teaching

learning goals.

In selecting the appropriate media as the teaching aids, the teacher should

consider some factors. Morgan and Bowen (1982: 3), give five considerations for

selecting the media, they are:



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
84

a. the purpose of the lesson in relation to the scheme of work and the syllabus,

b. the scientific objective of the lesson,

c. the characteristics of the class members (age, sex, educational background, and

the reason for learning the language),

d. communication problems which may affect the lesson (hesitation and withdrawal

caused by shyness, anxiety, or difficulties in relationship within the group),

e. the design of the lesson (lesson plan), and

f. the available resources (visual and audio).

Generally, the kinds of media in the classroom are divided into three kinds:

visual aids, audio aids, and audio visual aids. The teaching aid used by the writer in

the research is cartoon film that belongs to audiovisual aids.

2. The Definition of Films

Hornby (1995:434) defines film as story, etc. recorded as a set of moving

pictures to be shown on television or the cinema. Here, Hornby gives a clear

definition about film. There are three important keys about film based on his

statement:

– Films are story.

– Films are recorded as moving pictures.

– Films are shown on TV or cinema.

Films are form of entertainment that enacts a story by sequence of images

giving by the illusion of continuous movement (www.thefreedictionary.com/film).



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
85

Here, film is treated as a form of entertainment. Meanwhile, Allen and Gomery

(1985:136) state that film is an art which portrays man‟s interpretation of life. Film as

an art and film as a form of entertainment are both right. The main difference

between them is the goal. The goal of film as entertainment media is to entertain the

viewers. Meanwhile, the goal of film as an art is to give particular messages to the

viewers. Since film gives particular messages to the viewers, the writer have a

tendency to appreciate film as an art.

From the definitions above, it can be stated that films are story which

portrays man‟s interpretation of life recorded as a set of moving images to be shown

on television or cinema in order to gives particular messages to the viewers.

3. The Kinds of Films

Films are made in different kinds and different purposes. According to

David and Kristin (1997: 42-51), kinds of film are broken down into:

a. Animated Films

They generally consist of drawing and paintings by artist called cartoons.

b. Documentary Films

Documentary films present information on many subjects. They show men

life and work throughout the world. They explain events in science and processes in

technology, and illustrate various aspects of life in nature.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
86

c. Experimental and Avant-Garde Films

Experimental films are made for many reasons. The film maker may wish to

express personal experiences or viewpoints in ways that would seem eccentric in

mainstream context. The film maker may also use staging to express distinct feelings

or ideas. Any sort of footage may be used for several avant-garde films.

4. The Advantages of Films

a. The Advantages of Films

Films have many advantages in teaching, especially in language teaching.

According to JE Champoux in his journal (2007), there are some advantages of film

in teaching:

1) Films are a comfortable, familiar medium to contemporary students that can keep

student interest in the theories and concepts under discussion. Students can see

the theories and concepts in action. In more than a figurative sense, theories and

concepts leap from the screen.

2) Films also are an economical substitute for field trips and other real world visits.

While most films are fiction, they can offer powerful experiences that students are

unlikely to have in a classroom. Such experiences take less time than field trips

and do not have the expense of travel.

3) Films offer both cognitive and affective experiences. They can provoke good

discussion, assessment of one's values, and assessment of self if the scenes have

strong emotional content.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
87

5. The Definition of Cartoon Films

Cartoon is always associated with kids. Basically, cartoon is entertainment

for kids, but nowadays the adults are familiar with this term since some cartoon

movies are made for the adults. There are many opinions about cartoon. Poulson says

that basically a cartoon is a form of media where, using animation, characters are

shown with simplified features, but still maintaining an ability to recognize

(www.cwrl.utexas.edu/poulson)

Wittich and Schuller (1962: 135) say that cartoon is pictorial representation

or caricature of a person, idea, situation that is designed to influence public opinion.

While cartoon definition stated in Oxford American Word Power Dictionary (1998) is

a movie or television program that tells a story by using moving drawings instead of

real people and places.

According to some definitions above, it can be concluded that cartoon is a

form of media as the representation of man‟s character, man‟s idea, and certain

situation by using drawings instead of real people and places.

Having stated those two definitions of film and definitions of cartoon, it can

be assumed that cartoon films are form of media which portray man‟s interpretation

of life recorded as a set of moving images by using drawings instead of real people

and places.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
88

6. The Advantages of Cartoon Films in Language Teaching

Cartoon films as audiovisual media have significant advantages in teaching-

learning process especially in language teaching. Since it interesting and has

purposive communication as stated by Kemp (1963: 3), when such audiovisual

materials as slides, filmstrips, overhead transparencies, and motion pictures (film) are

carefully prepared they can:

a. Increase understanding

b. Add interest to a subject

c. Lengthen the memory of information

d. Teach a skill effectively

e. Contribute to a desirable attitude

f. Stimulate people to action

g. Offer experiences not easily obtained in other ways

Cartoon, according to Wittich and Schuller (1953: 138), elicits great interest,

builds confidence. The humour in cartoon has great stimulate benefit, even for

students with limited ability.

Based on the statements above, it can be concluded that cartoon films give

important benefits to the students, in this case building their motivation and interest in

learning English pronunciation.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
89

7. The Role of Cartoon Films in Pronunciation Practice

Pronunciation ability can be achieved in some ways. The use of audio-visual

media will provide some important aspects in stimulating students‟ motivation in

producing the correct pronunciation. In many subjects, cartoons can open up range of

worthwhile learning activities (Wittich and Schuller, 1953: 138). They also state their

opinion that classroom using films has many values, for example, pupil interest is

heightened, more learning is accomplished, the retention of learned material is more

permanent, and interest in reading increase (1953:404).

C. Basic Assumption

In learning a foreign language, in this case English, high school students face

some difficulties in pronouncing English words intelligibly. It happens because of the

differences between their mother tongue sound system and English sound system.

Most of the students have unintelligible pronunciation. Their pauses while reading

English dialogues reflect their low ability in pronouncing the correct and intelligible

pronunciation. Their pauses while reading also reflect their low inner motivation and

their lack confidence. So, it needs an appropriate way to make interesting and

motivating learning process.

Cartoon film is one of entertainment media that can also be used as teaching

media. Unlike other film types, cartoon films have special characteristics that are

close to children‟s imagination. They are fun, colourful, and attractive. Cartoon films‟

characters have a strong influence to children. Some children are inspired by



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
90

particular cartoon films character; some others are even addicted to it. Usually the

character is a hero that always does a good deed. Familiar characters such as Batman,

Detective Conan, Spiderman, et cetera are children‟s idol and children‟s role model

as well. They will easily copy something their idols do, say, and wear. The bad

impact of this phenomenon is that the children will follow bad thing in the certain

cartoon films such as violence and rude utterance. But the good news is that they will

be motivated to do a good deed. They are also excited to tell their experience during

watching their favourite cartoon film because it makes them relax.

Considering the underlying assumptions above, the writer tries to relate the

advantages of cartoon films in language learning to improve students‟ pronunciation

ability. Considering the students‟ characteristics as young learners, the writer assumes

that there are some similarities between children (young learners) and cartoon film.

Children are unique and have their own characteristics which are similar to the nature

of cartoon film. Teachers who teach children have to take these characteristics, so that

the learning process will run successfully and effectively.

Cartoon films are very familiar to children. Beside for entertainment, cartoon

film might also be used in education. The combination of audio stimuli and video

stimuli presented in cartoon film will help the children understand the material about

the correct pronunciation comprehensively. Besides, the writer assumes that by

listening and imitating the target language in the cartoon films–based on the

pronunciation teaching theory, the students‟ pronunciation ability will be increased.



commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
91

Cartoon films are also considered to be appropriate media to create relax and fun

class atmosphere.

Due to the evidences above, and taking the advantages of cartoon film into

account, the writer tries to apply cartoon film as a teaching aid in teaching

pronunciation to children. By looking at the theory, all about cartoon film, and

relating them to students‟ pronunciation ability, the writer assumes that by using

cartoon film, the students‟ pronunciation ability will be improved.

D. Hypothesis

Based on the theory above, the hypothesis can be formulated as follows:

1. The students‟ pronunciation ability can be improved by using cartoon film

2. There are more advantages than disadvantages when cartoon film is applied in the

pronunciation practice.




commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
92

CHAPTER III

REASEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers five parts: the setting of the research, the method of

the research, the techniques of collecting the data, and the techniques of analyzing

data.

A. The Setting and the Subject of the Research

1. Time and Place of The Research

The research is conducted at SMP NEGERI 1 Kaliwiro, one of senior

high schools in Wonosobo, Central Java. It is located on Jl. Selomanik No. 75

Kaliwiro, Wonosobo.

The reason of choosing SMP NEGERI 1 Kaliwiro as the place of the

research is that there is a close relationship between the researcher and the

teachers in this school since she used to be one of the students in this school, so

that the researcher can obtain more information from them. Besides, the

researcher wants to give her contribution related to teaching learning English to

this school.

Based on researcher’s observation, the facilities of this school are

complete enough. There are 22 classrooms consist of 5 classes for 7 th grades, 5

classes for 8 th grades, and 5 classes for 9 th grades. Each class consists of 30

students. Besides, there are a headmaster room, an administrators room, a teachers

room, a science laboratory, a language laboratory (in progress), a computer

laboratory, a library, a counseling room, a health room, a hall, 3 canteens,

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
93

a mosque, an OSIS room, a parking areas, a garden, and 8 toilets. This school has

some courts, such as football court, basketball court, and volleyball court.

The researcher conducted the research in this school for about two

months. It was started on March 10th 2010 and was finished on May 3rd 2010. The

researcher adjusted the research schedule with the lesson schedule of this school.

She conducted her research twice a week.

2. The Subject of the Research

The subject of the research was the students of class VIII A of SMPN 1

Kaliwiro. This class consisted of 28 students. The students were observed by the

researcher in their English lesson.

B. Why Action Research

1. The Definition of Action Research

In this study, the classroom action research was conducted as a way to

solve the problems related to students’ pronunciation. According to Ferrance

(1998) action research is a process in which participants examine their own

educational practice systematically and carefully, using the techniques of research.

Ferrance’s statement is clear enough since it provides complete information about

action research reflected in these key words: process, participants, educational

practice, and techniques of research.

Meanwhile, Carr and Kemmis in Anne Burns (1999: 30) states that

action research is the application of fact finding to practical problem solving in a

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
94

social situation with a view to improving the quality of action within it, involving

the collaboration and co-operation of researchers, practitioners, and laymen.

Wallace (1998: 255) states that action research is a method of

professional development which involves the systematic collection and analysis of

data related to practice.

From the definition above, it can be concluded that action research is the

systematic study of problem solving in a social situation with the involvement of

the researcher to improve the quality of action within it which involves the

systematic collection and analysis of data related to practice.

2. The Characteristics of Action Research

The following common features are the characteristics of action research

suggested by Burns (1999: 30):

a. Action research is contextual, small-scale and localized. It identifies and

investigates problems within a specific situation.

b. It is evaluative and reflective as it aims to bring about change and

improvement in practice.

c. It is participatory as it provides for collaborative investigation by teams of

colleagues, practitioners and researchers.

d. Changes in practice are based on the collection of information or data which

provides the impetus for change.

Based on the characteristics of action research above, this research was

appropriately conducted as classroom action research in order to bring social and

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
95

educational change and improvement in pronunciation ability and students’

learning attitude.

3. The Advantages of Action Research

The followings are the advantages of action research according to the

expert in www.ascd.org/readingroom/books/sagor92book.html#chap1:

a. Action Research will help the teacher improve instruction in his classroom. It

will allow him to look critically at what goes on in his room and the impact

that very small changes can make in student (and teacher) success.

b. Action Research can help the teacher focus on specific issues and address

them with a plan. As a result, he'll know why something has changed-without

having to guess at the causal relationships of his actions on student

achievement.

c. Action Research exposes the teacher/researcher to current research and best

practices that truly address his/her professional goals-not just what someone

else thinks he/she needs to read. It empowers the teacher to make instructional

decisions in his own classroom. When Action Research remains focused on

student achievement, he has the ability to improve his practice and impact the

success of his students.

According to Ferrance (2000: 13-15), action research can be a

worthwhile pursuit for educators for a number of reasons. Foremost among these

is simply the desire to know more.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
96

4. The Types of Action Research

There are different types of action research depending on the participants

involved. According to Ferrance (2000: 3-5), a plan of research can involve a

single teacher investigating an issue in his or her classroom, a group of teachers

working on a common problem, or a team of teachers and others focusing on a

school- or district-wide issue.

a. Individual Teacher Research

It is usually focused on a single issue in the classroom such as classroom

management, use of materials, or student learning. Teacher may have support of

his supervisor or principal, an instructor for a course he is taking. The problem is

the evident in his classroom. In this research, the teacher as the researcher may

collect data or involve looking at student participation. One of the disadvantages

of individual research is that it may not be shared with others unless the teacher

chooses to present findings at a faculty meeting, make a formal presentation at a

conference, or submit written material to a listserv, journal, or newsletter. It is

possible for several teachers to be working together on the same problem with no

knowledge of the work of others.

b. Collaborative Action Research

It may include as few as two teachers or a group of several teachers and

others interested in a classroom or department issue. This issue may involve one

classroom or a common problem in many classrooms. These teachers may be

supported by individuals outside of the school, such as a university or community

partner.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
97

c. School Wide Research

It focuses on common issues to all schools. For example, a school may

have a concern about the lack of parental involvement in activities, and is looking

for a way to reach more parents to involve them in meaningful ways. Teams of

staff from the school work together to narrow the question, gather and analyze the

data, and decide on a plan of action. An example of action research for a school

could be to examine their state test scores to identify areas that need improvement,

and then determine a plan of action to improve student performance. Team work

and individual contributions to the whole are very important, and it may be that

problem points arise as the team strives to develop a process and make

commitments to each other. When these obstacles are overcome, there will be a

sense of ownership and accomplishment in the results that come from this school-

wide effort.

d. District-Wide Research

This research is more complex and utilizes more resources, but the

rewards can be great. The issues can be organizational, community-based,

performance-based, or processes for decision-making. A district may choose to

address a problem common to several schools or one of organizational

management. As the result, school can take control based on a common

understanding through inquiry. The involvement of multiple constituent groups

can lend energy to the process and create an environment of genuine stakeholders.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
98

Table 3.1 Types of Action Research

Individual Collaborative School-wide District-wide


teacher action action action
research research research research
Focus  Single classroom  Single classroom  School issue,  District issue
issue or several problem, or area  Organizational
classrooms with of collective structures
common issue interest

Possible  Coach/mentor  Substitute teachers  School  District


support  Access to  Release time commitment commitment
needed technology  Close link with  Leadership  Facilitator
 Assistance with administrators Communication  Recorder
data  External partners  Communication
organization and  External
analysis partners

Potential  Curriculum  Curriculum  Potential to  Allocation of


Impact  Instruction  Instruction impact school resources
 Assessment  Assessment restructuring and  Professional
 Policy change development
 Policy activities
 Parent  Organizational
involvement structures
 Evaluation of  Policy
programs

Side  Practice  Improved  Improved  Improved


Effects informed by data collegiality collegiality, collegiality,
 Information not  Formation of collaboration, and collaboration,
always shared partnerships communication and
 Team building communication
 Disagreements on  Team building
process  Disagreements
on process
 Shared vision

In this research the researcher conducted collaborative action research.

As what has been explained before, this research used a single classroom. The

English teacher worked as an observer that observes the class situation and

teaching learning process when the action was implemented.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
99

5. The Steps in Action Research

Kemmis and Mc Taggert in Burns (1999:32) explain that action research

occurs through a dynamic and complementary process, which consists of four

essential ‘moments’: planning, action, observation and reflection. These moments

are the fundamental steps in a spiraling process. Each step is explained as follows:

a. Planning

Before implementing the action, the researcher needed to make general

plan. At this stage the researcher prepared equipments needed in doing the action

in order to improve the students’ pronunciation ability.

b. Action

Action is act to implement the plan. The researcher did the planning

which had been made. The researcher carried out the lesson plans the researcher

had made. In this research, the researcher used cartoon films in teaching and

learning process in order to improve students’ pronunciation ability.

c. Observation

Observation is a step where the researcher observes the effects of the

critically informed action in the context in which it occurs. The researcher

observes all activities happening in the classroom and make notes related to the

process of teaching and learning. The researcher does observation during teaching

and learning process.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
100

d. Reflection

Reflection is a step to reflect the effects of the action as the basis for

further planning. Reflecting is needed as the basis for further planning. In this step

the researcher reflects what he has done through a succession of stages.

The spiral model can be illustrated as follows:

Picture 3.1 Action Research Spiral (Kemmis & McTaggart)

6. The Procedure of Action Research

The four steps at the model can be expanded into six steps which

included in the procedure of action research. The procedures are: 1) identifying

the problem; 2) planning the action; 3) implementing the action; 4) observing the

action; 5) reflecting the action; and 6) revising the plan. Each step will be

explained as follows:

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
101

a. Identify A Problem Area

In identifying the problems, the researcher had conducted pre-

observation, pre-test, interview and distributed the questionnaires before

conducting the research.

In the research, the researcher proposed two research questions about: 1)

Can and to what extent cartoon films improves the students’ pronunciation ability;

2) What happens when cartoon films are used in the pronunciation practice.

The problems were identified by using three elements:

1) Test

The pre-test was given in order to know the students’ pronunciation

ability.

2) Interview the Teacher and the Students

The interview was held in order to know the problems faced by the

teacher during teaching learning process.

3) Observation

The observation was held in order to know the students’ pronunciation

ability, teaching method used by the teacher, and the students’ behavior

during teaching-learning process.

b. Planning the Action

General plan will be made before implementing the action. The

researcher will prepare everything related to the action as follows:

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
102

1) Preparing the materials and sheets for classroom observation (to know the

situation of teaching-learning process when the technique is applied).

2) Making lesson plan and designs the steps in doing the action.

3) Preparing teaching aids (slide shows, text-book, etc).

4) Preparing exercises and post-tests (to know whether students’ pronunciation

ability improves or not).

a. Implementing the Action

In implementing the action, the researcher did the planning which had

been made. The researcher applies the lesson plans the researcher had made. The

researcher used cartoon films in teaching and learning process in order to improve

students’ pronunciation ability. The real implementation was presented as follows.

a. The researcher prepared materials containing some exercises and practices

taken and adapted from book and other sources.

b. The researcher gave short explanation and guided the students to understand

and to practice how to produce English sounds.

c. The researcher played the cartoon films that would be imitate by the students in

the class.

d. The researcher asked the students to read the dialogue in front of the class.

e. The researcher records the dialogue.

f. The researcher asked about the students’ feeling and their comment dealing

with cartoon films and the activities done in the classroom.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
103

b. Observing the Action

The observation was done during the teaching and learning process. In

this step, the English teacher of SMP N 1 Kaliwiro was the observer. He observed

all activities happening in the classroom and took notes related to the process of

teaching and learning. There were some aspects which were observed: class

situation, students’ behavior, teacher technique in delivering the materials and

students response when they were given the materials. The result of the

observation was written in field notes as the data while the researcher writes her

observation result in diaries. The English teacher as the observer gave some input

and suggestion to the researcher. The observer also takes some photographs of the

teaching and learning process.

c. Reflecting the Action

The researcher evaluated the teaching activity that had been carried out.

The researcher reflected the field note and diaries in order to find out the strengths

and weaknesses of the teaching activity that had been carried out. The weaknesses

are refined in the next cycle, so that finally the effectiveness of using cartoon

films to improve students’ pronunciation ability is determined.

d. Revising the Plan

Revising plan was needed when the action cycle did not make any

improvement on the students’ pronunciation ability. Based on the weaknesses

which are found in reflecting process, the researcher revises the plan for the next

cycle.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
104

This research is conducted in two cycles. Pre-test is held at the beginning

of cycle to measure students’ pronunciation ability before implementing the

action. In the end of every cycle, there was post-test. Students’ improvement was

seen in the results which were compared from the pre-test and post-test.

C. Method of Research

1. The Technique of Collecting Data

In this research, the writer uses techniques of collecting the qualitative

and quantitative data. The techniques of collecting data used are observation,

interview, record, field note, diaries and tests. In detail, the techniques of

collecting data are as follows:

a. Qualitative Data

The qualitative data in this research was collected by using some

techniques including:

1) Observation

The observer observed and took notes of all that happened before and

during the implementation of cartoon films in the classroom. There were some

aspects which were observed, namely: class situation, students’ behavior, teacher

technique in delivering the materials and students response when they were given

the materials. The observation was aimed to know the situation of the teaching

learning process when the media was used.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
105

2) Interview

This technique was held at the beginning and the end of the research to

know the students’ and the teacher’s view of the teaching-learning process. The

interviews were conducted to teacher and students.

3) Document analysis

The document in this research consists of lesson plans, students’

worksheet, questionnaire, teacher diaries, and field notes.

4) Record

Record was used to record students’ voice when they were conducting

tests.

5) Photos

In this research photographs were taken while the actions are

implemented. Photographs were used to show the activity done by the students in

the class during pronunciation practice.

b. Quantitative Data

The quantitative data is collected by using tests. The tests are given three

times: in the beginning of the research and in the end of each cycle. These tests

are conducted to measure the students’ pronunciation ability improvement. Then

the pos test result is compared to the students’ score before the actions are

implemented.

After the data are taken from the documents (questionnaires, diaries, field

notes, interview notes, and student worksheets) and they are supported by the

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
106

mean score that is found from the tests, the writer can find the improvement of the

students’ pronunciation after they watch cartoon films.

Table 3.2 Table of Collecting Data

Steps of the Participants Techniques of Data Techniques of


research collecting analysis
Pre research  Researcher  Test  Scores Constant
 Students  Observation  Field notes Comparative
 Teacher  Interview Method and
descriptive
statistic
Implementation  Researcher  Observation  Photographs Constant
 Students  Diary  Students’ Comparative
 Teachers  Document Answer sheet Method
 Record  Diaries
Result  Researcher  Teaching and
discussion learning
process
 Students’
achievement in
pronunciation
 Students’
motivation

2. Technique of Analyzing Data

The data collected in this research are qualitative and quantitative data.

The qualitative data is analyzed by using Constant Comparative method, while

quantitative data is analyzed using statistic descriptive technique.

a. Qualitative Data

To analyze qualitative data, the writer uses constant comparative method.

Miles and Huberman (1992: 15-19) say that in general, the data analysis process

includes data reduction, data presentation, data synthesis, and

conclusion/verification.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
107

1. Data Reduction

a) Unit identification. First, the smallest unit that is found in the data is identified.

It must have close relationship with the research problems.

b) Having got the unit, the next step is making codification. It means that the

researcher had to code every unit in order to know where the data come from.

2. Data Presentation

a) Data presentation is the step to combine some information into a compact and

an achievable unit.

b) Data are presented using matrix, graph, web, and draft.

4. Conclusion/Verification

In conclusion, the writer formulates proportional statements that come

from the data.

Writing conclusion is a just part of an activity from the whole

configuration. The conclusions are verified during the research. Verification is a

frequent study of the data to test data validity.

b. Quantitative Data

Moreover, the quantitative data gained from the tests support the

qualitative data. The results of the tests (pre-test and post-test) are analyzed. The

data of the pre-test and post test from audio recording are listened. It is to ensure

the accuracy of the students’ scores. Then, the students’ pre test and post test

scores are presented in the form of mean scores. The mean of the pre-test scores

and post-test scores are used to analyze the teaching learning process. It is done to

compose the students’ pronunciation ability before and after the implementation

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
108

of the research. The objectives and hypotheses of this research are tested using the

non-independent t-test. It is to answer whether there are significant differences

between the students’ achievement before and after the research.

The mean of the students’ score in the post test of cycle 1 and the post

test of cycle 2 can be calculated with the formula as follows:

X 
X X = mean scores
N
X = the sum of all scores

N = the number of students

To prove whether there is significant difference between pre-test and

post-test 1, post-test 1 and post-test 2, and so on, the researcher used t-test

formulation, in which the formulation is:

t=

t = the value for non-independent


means
D = the differences between the paired
scores
= the mean of the differences
= the sum of the squared differences
= the number of the students

Finally, by analyzing the observation result and test result, the writer can

make a conclusion whether cartoon films can improve students’ pronunciation or

not.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
109

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter shows the result of the research conducted in class VIII A of

SMPN 1 Kaliwiro Wonosobo in 2009/2010. The actions of this research were

mostly done in the library, because the facilities are complete and the situation is

perfect to conduct pronunciation practice. During the actions, the researcher was

helped by Mr. IK as the collaborator. The aim of this research is to improve the

pronunciation ability of the eight grade students of SMPN 1 Kaliwiro in

2009/2010 by using cartoon films as the teaching media. This chapter describes

and discusses the data collected from the research.

A. Research Finding

The research was conducted in two cycles. The procedure of the research

consisted pre research, research implementation and research discussion. The

research finding can be described as follows:

1. Cycle 1

a. Pre Research

Before conducting the research, the teacher has identified the problem of

the teacher and the students in teaching learning process. She used four

instruments to find out the problem, they are: questionnaire, interview,

observation and pre test. By knowing the problem, the researcher can gather the

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
110

data that led her to the next step that is planning the action. The following is the

table of pre-research schedule.

Table 4. 1 Pre Research Schedule

No. Activity Date


1. Pre-test Wednesday, March 10th
2. Distributing questionnaire Wednesday, March 10th
3. Interview the English teacher Wednesday, March 10th
4. Pre observation Thursday, March 11th 2010
5. Interview the students Friday, March 12th

1) Pre Observation

Based on the pre-observation result, the researcher found some problems,

those are:

a) Students’ English Comprehension

The students‟ English comprehension especially their pronunciation

ability was very low. When they speak or read an utterance, the researcher did not

have any idea what they were talking about. Their low knowledge about

pronunciation was reflected on the pronunciation of some English words that

sounded like other languages‟ words. Somehow, the other students understand the

meaning of the words although the pronunciation was incorrect. They also have

difficulties in differentiating Indonesian sound system and English sound system.

So, they read English utterances by using Indonesian pronunciation.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
111

b) Students’ Intrinsic Motivation

The students‟ motivation in learning English was very low. Most of them

were too ashamed to ask something to the teacher. They did not like to try

something new and they did not like to perform their ability in the classroom as

well. They were also afraid of making mistakes. That made them so passive

during the lesson. The number of passive students was higher than the number of

active students. Actually they were interested in learning pronunciation because

it is something new for them. But, in fact the teacher found that: they did not want

to speak aloud or read aloud. They also did not want to ask any question to the

teacher. They kept quiet as if they just wanted to be invisible.

c) The Teaching Method and Teaching Media

The teacher had a good control to the classroom. He was also funny and

open minded. But he tended to use same teaching method with limited teaching

media. That was why the students bored in the last 30 minutes. The teacher and

the students only used LKS (a handbook containing materials and student

worksheets). Besides, the teacher used pictures and cassettes to teach English. He

did not use audiovisual media such as video and film to deliver the materials since

the LCD and Laptop had not available yet before the researcher came.

The problems above were caused by some factors. The low students‟

pronunciation ability was mainly caused by the lack of students‟ intrinsic

motivation. The low intrinsic motivation is caused by the surrounding

environment. The people in their environment had very low motivation to study

something and to achieve higher education. That was why the students hesitated to

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
112

make progress in their study. They just kept silent during the lesson. Although

they were curious about something, they did not easily show it to others. They

were afraid they would make mistakes if they did so.

The problems were also caused by the teacher‟s teaching method and the

teaching media. He taught in class by explaining the material and doing the

exercises on the handbook. This made the students bored. Sometimes he asked the

students to read the dialogue in front of the class. By doing this way, the teacher

could easily control students‟ pronunciation and could fix any mistakes

immediately as well, but it is not enough to create meaningful and enjoyable

activity.

The media being used in this school were complete enough, but some of

the audiovisual media had not available yet. The teacher only used conventional

media such as pictures and handbook. The students‟ pronunciation ability was

considered low because they were not accustomed to learning English from the

native speaker. They only had two sources in their study: their teacher and English

handbook. Those sources, of course, only provided limited information about

pronunciation

2) Questionnaire

In the same day of the pre test, the researcher distributed questionnaires

to the students. Questionnaire was used to prove the general assumptions about

the English teaching learning process in SMP N 1 Kaliwiro, especially in

pronunciation practice.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
113

Based on the analyses of the questionnaire result, the researcher

concluded that the students had many problems in learning English pronunciation.

Based on the result of the questionnaire, the researcher listed some problems,

those are:

1) Students had high interest to study English and English pronunciation but they

had lack intrinsic motivation, so they gave up to find other sources to practice

pronunciation.

2) Most students had problem in putting right stress in the right syllable/word.

3) The teacher rarely used various methods and media in teaching.

3) Interview

In this research, the researcher interviewed English teacher and the

students. Based on the interview with the English teacher–Mr. IK, the researcher

concluded that the teacher had some problems in achieving the pronunciation

practice goal. According to him, pronunciation was a hard subject because the

students had a tendency to follow Indonesian pronunciation which is very

different from English Pronunciation. It means that the students do not have

awareness to produce correct pronunciation.

In order to achieve pronunciation practice goal, he asked the students to

read dialogues in front of the class. By doing so, the teacher not only encouraged

the students to read aloud but also could fix any mistakes immediately. He also

asked the students to write down some utterances by dictating. He wanted the

students to understand both oral and written conversation. The teacher applied

drilling/method in the classroom since he often asked the students to repeat some

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
114

words after the teacher. Actually, the teaching method used by the teacher was

good enough to teach pronunciation, but it was not that effective to achieve the

goal. In achieving the goal, the teacher should consider to apply other teaching

methods or simply to use media to deliver the material. Instead of using

interesting media or applying different methods, the teacher only used the same

method.

According to the teacher, it was possible to deliver the lesson by using

different methods but it needed a lot of struggles to make it since English was

something new for some students. Most of them could not read English dialogues

fluently. The teacher said that he knew the general concept of pronunciation but

he did not have enough time to explain it all. Besides, he already forgot some

important information about pronunciation, so the teacher did not master the

material pretty well. The teacher informed that the age of the students was about

thirteen years old. He said that age did not influence students‟ interest in learning

English. According to him, the most influential thing to it was students‟

motivation. High motivated students would give positive response during the

lesson. On the other hand, low motivated students would give negative response.

The situation in the classroom influenced pronunciation practice. The

situation should be well controlled since the students needed to pay more attention

to the lesson. Most of students were not accustomed to learn pronunciation. It was

reflected on their attitude when they read something aloud. They were very

nervous and were not confidence.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
115

Based on the interview with the students, KK, TM and AR, the

researcher concluded that the students loved to study in funny situation. They said

that their teacher was funny and was able to create enjoyable and relax class

atmosphere by his jokes. The teacher taught pronunciation by drilling and

dictating. He simply explained the meaning of words in a dialogue or in a text and

showed how to pronounce each word. The students said that in the classroom they

paid attention to the lesson, but sometimes when they were bored they often

chatted with their friends or do something else. That boredom occurred because

the teacher only used handbook to teach in every meeting.

Related to English comprehension in general, their main problems were

they have no enough experience in speaking English and they had limited learning

sources. Related to pronunciation, their problem was mainly about English

spelling system since there were some discrepancy between spelling and sounds.

They were confused in pronouncing similar words in different pronunciation.

4) Test

In the pre-test, the researcher asked the students to read the dialogues in

pair. There were 2 characters in the dialogue, Mom and Mandy. First, the students

were supposed to choose which character they wanted to be and then they were

supposed to read the dialogue of their choice. Second, the teacher recorded the

dialogue. Third, the students were supposed to read another character dialogue.

For example the students who read Mandy‟s dialogue in the first term should read

Mom‟s dialogue in the second term.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
116

Based on the result of the pre-test, researcher concluded that the students‟

pronunciation ability was low. They had difficulties in understanding English

spelling system. They made so many silly mistakes such as:

1) They pronounced go [gә] as [gu:]

2) The intonation of statement (falling intonation) was similar to the intonation of

yes/no question (rising intonation).

3) The dialogue was „flat‟ because they gave no stress to the dialogue.

It can be concluded that another problem was about stress and intonation.

They followed Indonesian stress patterns and intonation patterns. They have many

difficulties in pronouncing perfect falling intonation. They also had difficulties in

pronouncing particular sounds such as: /æ/, // and //.

b. Planning

Before the action was conducted, everything related to the action that

would be implemented was prepared. A pre test and a post test were prepared to

know students‟ pronunciation ability improvement before and after the action. The

tests were oral test type. The students‟ were supposed to read the dialogue as

clearly as possible. Besides that, lesson plans for the first cycle were completed.

The teaching materials were taken from many sources such as: Oxford Dictionary,

www.youtube.com/pronunciationtutorial, pronunciation handouts, et cetera. The

topic was narrative text. There were three meetings in the first cycle. One lesson

plan was made for each meeting. The first meeting was about English spelling

system and vowels.. The second one was about diphthongs. The last was about

stress and intonation.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
117

There are many techniques of pronunciation practice. In this research, the

researcher used listening and imitating technique, reading aloud technique, and

recordings of learner’ production technique. The researcher used cartoon films as

teaching media since they have a lot of benefits which are effective to teach

pronunciation. The researcher used cartoon films as teaching media and used

audiolingual method to teach pronunciation in order to achieve the goal of

pronunciation practice. Cartoon films used in this research should have certain

criteria such as: having simple dialogues, having clear and intelligible

pronunciation, and having moral value. The cartoon film used in cycle 1 is cartoon

film entitled “The Tale of Despereux Tilling”. This film had all of the criteria

mentioned above.

In the first cycle, the researcher used power point presentation to deliver

the material in the classroom. She also used sound systems to facilitate teaching

learning process. Before the first meeting was conducted, the researcher played a

cartoon film while she conducted pre test for the students. In the first meeting, the

researcher explained about the basic concept of vowels and diphthongs using

lecturing technique combined with listen and imitate technique. She showed many

parts of the film as a „model‟ to pronounce certain words, then the students

pronounced the word altogether. After that, the students tried to pronounce the

words individually. This was aimed to know the students‟ pronunciation ability

improvement after treatment and to correct mistakes and errors made by the

students. In the 2nd and 3rd meeting the researcher uses read aloud technique and

record dialogue technique.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
118

c. Action

As explained in the planning of the action above, the first cycle consisted

of two meetings and one test. Following are the schedule of first cycle

implementation.

Table 4. 2 The Schedule of First Cycle.

Meeting Date Teacher Observer Material

I 12-03-2010 MRP Mr. IK Vowels

II 7-04-2010 MRP Mr. IK Diphthongs

III 9-04-2010 MRP Mr. IK Stress and

Intonation

Post test 1 28-04-2010 MRP Mr. IK Pronunciation

1) The First Meeting (08.00-09.30)

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
119

The meeting was conducted on Wednesday, March 12th 2010. The

material for this meeting was about vowels. In delivering the material, the teacher

used power point and uses media such as: LCD, laptop, speaker and white board.

After greeted the students, the teacher started the lesson by asking students‟

impressions about the film they watched previously. The teacher played certain

part of the film and asked the students to find out at least three words in the film.

Two students tried to mention three words. After mentioning around three words,

the students gave up. They could not mention more than that because they felt that

the words were unfamiliar. Then, the teacher mentioned the rests. The students

were ashamed because the words in the film were so familiar for them. They

wondered why they could not hear those words clearly. Then, the teacher told that

they were accustomed to using incorrect pronunciation, so they could not hear the

words clearly. She also pronounced the words in correct pronunciation. The

students repeated the correct pronunciation together after the teacher. To identify

each student‟s understanding, she asked each student to pronounce some of those

words individually. She fixed mistakes done by the students immediately. After

fixing students‟ answer, she explained about the basic differences between

English pronunciation and Indonesian pronunciation. That was the opening stage.

After the opening stage, the teacher went to the main stage. First, she

tried to make the students‟ interested in learning vowels. It was reflected in the

way she made the presentation slides. She chose bright and playful colors as the

main theme of the slides; she also used informal teenagers‟ language style that

was very close to the students‟ life. She chose some familiar vocabularies as the

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
120

example of each vowel. The interesting part was that she put funny picture to each

vowels as the representatives of certain word. She did so because she simply

wanted to make the students remember the vowels easily. For example she put a

picture of a cat [kæt] when she explained about sound /æ/. She explained how to

produce each vowel and pronounced each vowel. Then the students imitated the

teacher.

The teacher played the film once more and asked the students to find out

at least three words in the film. It showed a better result because they could

mention more than three words and it was done by the whole class. The students

were amazed because they were able to listen to English words better than before.

Then, the teacher mentioned the rest words while showing the parts of the film

containing those words. After that, the students repeated the correct pronunciation

together after the teacher. This activity made the students noticed that the native

speakers‟ pronunciation was very different from their teacher‟s. So, they had to be

very careful in pronouncing English utterance. To identify each student‟s

understanding, the teacher asked each student to pronounce some of those words

individually. She fixed mistakes done by the students.

2) The Second Meeting (08.00-09.30)

The second meeting was conducted on Wednesday, April 7th 2010. The

material was diphthongs. The teacher used the same media as the previous

meeting: power point, LCD, laptop, speaker and white board. After greeting the

students and praying together, she started the lesson by reviewing the previous

material. To remind the students, she asked the students to pronounce some words

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
121

individually. It seems that they already got the idea although some of the students

made mistakes. This „test‟ not only use to remind the students, but also to deepen

students‟ understanding about vowels. Then, she explained the general concept of

diphthongs.

To make the students got the concept of diphthong, she tried to relate

Indonesian „diphthong‟ to English diphthong. Indonesian has no diphthongs, but it

has similar concept to diphthongs. The concept of „diphthongs in Indonesian are

two vowels joined together and create a new sound. For example: amboi, kerbau,

pulau, et cetera. The teacher played certain part of the film and showed the part

that had diphthongs in it, and then she asked the students to mention some

diphthongs from the film. Then she explained each diphthong and gave some

examples. She pronounced certain words, and then the students repeated after her.

The teacher asked each student to pronounce some words individually and fixed

mistakes done by the students.

After she made sure that the students got the idea of diphthongs, she tried

to apply those diphthongs in some dialogues based on the cartoon film. She asked

the students to read two short dialogues in pairs.

To identify how far they understand two materials: vowels and

diphthongs, the teacher divided the class into five groups. Each group was asked

to do the exercise about vowels and diphthongs.

3) The Third Meeting (08.00-09.30)

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
122

The third meeting was conducted on Friday, April 9th 2010. In the third

meeting, the teacher was helped by Mr. IK as the observer. Actually, based on the

schedule the lesson should be over on 09.15 WIB, because the lesson needed time

more than the usual, Mr. IK allowed the researcher to finish the lesson on 09.30

WIB. The teacher began her lesson by greeting the students and by checking their

attendant list. She also checked the students‟ readiness for the lesson.

The situation in the classroom is not as perfect as it should be. The ninth

grade students in the next class made unnecessary noise during the lesson.

Unfortunately, the LCD could not connect with the laptop. Instead of trying to

connect LCD with the laptop, the teacher started to explain the material by using

laptop. To strengthen the idea of stress patterns and intonation importance, she

compared two similar utterances. The utterances that are pronounced using

different stress and different intonation will create different meaning.

In this meeting she used the same method as the previous meeting. She

explained the material first, showed the pronunciation, and asked the students to

repeat after her. In the first thirty minutes, she explained about stress within word.

First, the teacher explained stress in one syllable words. Second, she explained

stress in two syllables words. The last, she explained stress pattern in three

syllables words.

After thirty minutes, she explained about stress within a sentence. To

start material about intonation, the teacher mentioned kinds of intonation in

English: rising intonation and falling intonation. First, she explained about rising

intonation, and then she explained about falling intonation. The students had a

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
123

problem in pronouncing falling intonation because the students weren‟t

accustomed to it. They were familiar with the pattern of rising intonation because

it was similar to Indonesian intonation.

As the exercise, the teacher asked the students to underline the stressed

words in “Desperaux Tilling” film‟s dialogue. Then, they are asked to read the

dialogue as similar as possible to the film characters‟ pronunciation. Instead of

following English stress patterns, the students read the dialogue using Indonesian

stress patterns. Nevertheless it was so much better than the pre test result. In pre

test the students read the dialogue without stressing any word.

d. Observation

Since this research is collaborative research, the observer–Mr. IK always

accompanied her to observe the teaching learning processes. The researcher

prepared a field note form to be filled by the observer in each meeting. Those field

notes are very useful as the researcher‟s reflection to make plan for the next steps.

The observer preferred to give suggestion or give criticism orally rather than in

written form, so he just simply wrote down the essential things in his field notes.

Based on the observer field notes, the researcher realized that she still

had many weaknesses. Although the she made progress in each meeting, there

were still some weaknesses that should be fixed in the next cycle. The observer

notes were listed in the following table.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
124

Table 4.3. The Observer’s Comments in Cycle 1

Meeting Activity Comment


a) Opening The researcher spoke loud, it was good to deliver the
material. All students could hear her voice. Unfortunately,
she forgot to pray, checked the attendant list and asked for
students‟ readiness. The students were so quiet and
passive. They gave limited responses towards the teacher‟s
question. The students were also confused with the
teacher‟s instruction in English because they weren‟t
accustomed to it. The teacher should teach bilingually to
make the students understand the teacher‟s commands and
instructions. She gave motivation to the students and it was
a good point. Some students smiled and laughed. They
were more active compared to the first time they met their
I
teacher.
b) Main Activity The students could understand the material well although
they couldn‟t pronounce some vowels. The students
seemed a bit confused because the „speed‟ of explanation
done by the teacher was too fast. The teacher needed to
give more examples to make students understand the
lesson. She should be more patient and slow down.
c) Closing The condition of the classroom is perfectly controlled. The
students did not make unnecessary noise during the lesson.
The teacher forgot to review the material. It would be
better if she reviewed the material before she closed the
lesson. Overall, the teaching learning process was good.
1) Opening The students were active. The teacher didn‟t forget to pray
and checked the attendant list. She also reviewed the
previous lesson. But it should be longer because reviewing
the lesson was very important.
2) Main activity The students were more active than before. They gave
II some comments or criticisms related to the activity. The
teacher was successful in controlling the classroom and
creating funny and cheerful atmosphere but she did not
write down any notes for the students. When checking the
students‟ answer, it would be better if she wrote the correct

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
125

answers down on the board.


3) Post-reading When checking the groups‟ answer, it would be better if
the researcher compared it with the other groups‟ answer.
It would make them more active.
a) Opening There were some technical problems that affect teaching
learning process. The LCD could not connect with the
laptop. The students seemed little bit disappointed because
they cannot see the materials and the films clearly.
b) Main Activity The situation was very noisy. This condition made the
III students lost their focus and less active than the previous
meeting. The teacher wrote the materials down on the
board instead presented the materials in the laptop. Then,
the students started to show their interest by answering
teacher‟s questions.
c) Closing There was a progress in classroom situation. Two students
were confidently read the dialogue in front of the class.
Unfortunately, the rest of students were too coward to read
the dialogue in front of the class.

In the first post-test result, the researcher found that there were some

improvements. Those improvements can be seen in the following table.

Table 4. 4 The Comparison between Pre-test and Post-test 1 Result

Aspects Specific aspect Pre-test result Post-test 1 result

 Short vowels Bad Very Good

Vowels  Long vowels Good Good, with a bit


improvement

Diphthongs Bad Good


 Stress within a word Bad Better, with a bit
improvement.

Stress  Stress within a


sentence Bad Better

 Rising intonation Good Good, with a bit


Intonation improvement

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
126

 Falling intonation Bad Need improvement


Students‟ mean score 44.3 73.5

e. Reflection

From the observations above, the researcher got the result as follows:

a) The students were interested to learn pronunciation but unfortunately most of

them were still less confident, nervous, and afraid of making mistakes.

b) Some of the students made a very good progress in their attitude. They

enjoyed the lesson. It is reflected on their confidence. They also actively

involved in the activities.

c) Post test shows a better pronunciation achievement but the students had

difficulties in using English stress pattern. They also had difficulties in using

falling intonation.

d) The teaching technique should be revised because technique used in the first

cycle could not make the whole class active.

From the reflection above, it could be stated that 1st cycle did not give a

satisfactory result although the result of the pronunciation test had shown the

improvement. There are many weaknesses in 1st cycle, so the researcher decided

to go to the next cycle.

2. Cycle 2

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
127

a. Revised Plan

Based on the first cycle result, it can be concluded that there are

improvements in the students‟ pronunciation ability. Unfortunately, the teacher

still had many problems in teaching learning process. It dealt with the teaching

method used by the teacher. In the first time, she thought that the method was

effective to teach pronunciation. It was true that some students had made a

progress in the class. In fact, it also made the students less active during teaching

learning process because it tended to be teacher centered, not student centered.

They tended to be hesitated to try something new like read aloud with such

expressions used in the film. Besides, some of the students complained about the

film. They said that the duration of the film was too long and the speed of

conversation was too fast. The teacher planned to change the film with the shorter

duration and the slower conversation speed. She would provide toddler‟s film for

the students since it had all of the criteria. By doing so, the students would have

better understanding in pronunciation.

b. Action

The second cycle consisted of two meetings and one post-test. In the

second cycle, the researcher focused on applied the materials given in the first

cycle. The schedule of the second cycle is listed on the following table.

Table 4. 5 The Schedule of Second Cycle

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
128

Meeting Date Teacher Observer Material


I 28-04-2010 MRP Mr. IK „Fireman Sam‟ dialogues
(voice over activity)
II 30-04-2010 MRP Mr. IK „Fireman Sam‟ dialogues
(voice over activity with
expression)
Post-test 2 01-05-2010 MRP Mr. IK Vowels, diphthongs, stress
and intonation.

1) First Meeting (08.00-09.30)

The first meeting of 2nd cycle was conducted on Thursday, April 29th

2010. In this meeting the teacher prepared toddler cartoon film which was suitable

for their comprehension level. This film entitled „Fireman Sam‟. After reviewing

previous material in the first cycle, she played the film. The teacher asked the

students to give any comment about the film. Some of them said that they could

not hear the sound clearly. Another student said that the story was too simple.

They were surprised when they knew that the film is for three years old children.

Then, the teacher asked the students to mention any vocabularies from the film.

Some of the students mentioned some of the vocabularies confidently while the

others kept quiet.

The teacher distributed the dialogue script and the list of unfamiliar

words such as: finders keepers, maggots, and crumbs, et cetera. She showed how

to pronounce those words and also explained the meaning of each word.

In this meeting, the teacher said that she had a plan to have an activity

called voice over. First, the teacher divided the class into several groups. After

divided the class into several groups, the teacher played the film while the

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
129

students learn the dialogue. The teacher asked the students to listen to the film

dialogue pronounced by English native speaker while they read the dialogue

script, so that they could learn to read the dialogue as similar as possible to the

film. Each member of the groups might choose his desired character. After the

groups were ready, the teacher asked each group to read “Fireman Sam” dialogue

in front of the class. Before the group started to show their performance, the

teacher reminded the group to use correct pronunciation. She also allowed the

students to use expressions when they perform their performance. The other

groups were supposed to note down any mistakes done by the group. After the

group had finished, the teacher and the other groups evaluated them.

2) Second meeting (08.00-09.00)

The second meeting was conducted on Friday, April 30th 2010. After

greeting and praying, the teacher checked the attendant list. Then, she reviewed

the material by discussing common pronunciation mistakes done in the previous

meeting. She reminded the students to be very careful in pronouncing those

words. Each student tried to pronounce those words individually without teacher‟s

help.

The activity was continued by having a discussion about intonation and

expression. The teacher explained the basic concept of expression and its

correlation to intonation. Then, the teacher showed some expression and its

intonation. First, she showed the expression of anger and showed how the

intonation should be. Then, she analyzed the dialogue together with the students.

She gave more attention to certain parts because the students usually had

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
130

difficulties to give right expressions in these parts. The teacher also compared 2

expressions; such as anger expression and sad expression to deepen the concept.

The teacher explained that expression and intonation have an important

role in communication, especially when they conduct a voice over activity. To

succeed the activity, each students need to understand the character they were

going to play. The following activity was recording. The teacher asked two groups

which were considered the best group to read the dialogue, and then the teacher

would record it. Each group tried to show their best performance by studying the

character being played. They also practiced a lot. The more they practice the more

natural their dialogue would be. Before closing the lesson, the teacher asked the

students to give their comment about this activity.

c. Observation

In the second cycle, the researcher action was observed by Mr. IK. He

couldn‟t write field note because he was so busy. So he just gave some important

points related to the classroom situation orally. Following is the table of the notes

from the observers in cycle two.

Table 4.6 The Observer’s Comments in Cycle 2

Meeting Activity Comment


1) Opening The review was too short. The teacher should
consider adding five minutes more to review
the materials.

I 2) Main activity The students could not understand the film


perfectly. The teacher should consider finding
another film that has the same level as students‟
understanding. The film was short and funny,
but the pronunciation was unclear, it could be

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
131

seen from the students‟ complaint. Although


some students refused to read dialogue in front
of the class but the teacher successfully made
the whole class active. There were some
progresses in this meeting:
 The students could follow English stress
 The whole class actively involved in the
activity (reading dialogue)
The teacher should repeat every word she
pronounced more than 2 times.

3) Closing Good. The whole class was actively involved in


the activity. The students were impressed by the
activity. They practiced the dialogue even after
the class over.

1) Opening Good

2) Main activity The whole class was active but there are two
students who needed to be encouraged. The
II
teacher should be more patient in encouraging
3) Closing the students to read the dialogue.

Good

In the second post-test result, the researcher found that the

students‟ pronunciation especially stress were improved. The detail

improvements can be seen in the following table:

Table 4. 7 The Comparison between Post-test 1 and Post-test 2 Result

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
132

General aspect Specific aspect Post-test 1 result Post-test 2 result


-short vowels Good Better

Vowels
-long vowels Good, with a bit Very good.
improvement
Most students could Better. Most students
differentiate diphthongs and produced clear
Diphthongs
vowels. diphthongs.

-Stress within a Good, with a bit Better. They followed


word improvement. English stress pattern
very well.

The students‟ ability


-Stress within a The students‟ ability in in using correct stress
sentence using correct stress pattern pattern improved.
improved just a bit. They could produce
English stress patterns
correctly.

-Rising intonation Good with a bit Very Good.


improvement. Some of
-Falling intonation them confused in
Intonation
differentiating falling and
rising intonation

Students‟ mean score 73.5 80.6

Based on the table above, it can be seen that the result of post-test 2 was

better than the result of post-test 1. So, the researcher concluded that the students‟

pronunciation ability was improved.

d. Reflection

After implementing the second cycle, the researcher compared the result

of first cycle and the result of second cycle. There were some differences between

the first cycle and the second cycle. The differences are including class situation,

students‟ intrinsic motivation, and the students‟ comprehension.

The class situation was more alive. The whole class was actively answer

teacher‟s questions and was actively involved in the activities. The teacher always

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
133

said that making mistakes was the part of learning process, so the students were

motivated to answer teacher‟s question although they didn‟t sure that their answer

was correct. The teacher tried to be as relax as possible in facing some problems

occurred in the classroom. It happened when some members of the third group

refused to perform their dialogue in front of the class because they were

unconfident, the teacher allowed them to read the dialogue using their own way.

She asked the other students not to laugh at the group performing their dialogue.

It made the students felt secure and relaxed in doing the exercises. It also made

the students closer with the teacher, so they were not doubt in expressing their

opinion. However, sometimes they still made errors and mistakes.

Based on the second post-test result, the researcher concluded that there

were some improvements, especially in stress. In the first post-test, the students‟

pronunciation was poor and flat. After implementing the second cycle and

conducting the second post-test, the students‟ stress was improved. It was proved

by the second post-test result, in which it showed that more than fifty percent

students read the dialogue in natural tone which means they were using correct

stress pattern. The other aspects, such falling intonation and diphthongs were also

improved. It can be seen from the mean scores of all students. In the pre-test the

mean score was 44.3; in the first post-test the mean score was 73.5; and in the

second post-test the mean score was 80.6. It proved that there was an

improvement after the actions.

3. Findings

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
134

This section presents the discussion of the research result concerning

with the students‟ responses toward the pronunciation practice uses cartoon films

as the media and problems faced by the researcher during the research.

a. Test Data

Based on the test result, after the actions of this research the students‟

pronunciation ability was improved. The analysis of the students‟ score shows that

there is an improvement of the students‟ pronunciation ability.

In the pre-test, the mean of the students‟ score is 44.3 while in the first

post-test the mean of the students‟ score is 73.5. After comparing these score, it is

found that at the level of significance 5%, the t table ( of 28 students is 2.052

and the t obtained is 15.2. Since is greater than , it can be concluded

that there is a significant difference between the score in pre-test and post-test 1.

Then, mean score of second post-test was 80, 6. After comparing the

score of first post-test and the second post-test, it is found that at the level of

significance 5%, the is 5.3. Because the is higher than , it means

that there is a significant improvement between the score of first post-test and

second post-test.

The last, if the pre-test scores and the second post-test scores are

compared, it is found that is 20.5. Since is lower than , it can be concluded

that the improvement between the score of pre-test and second post-test is

significant.

Based on the computation above, it can be concluded that teaching

pronunciation using cartoon films as the media improves the students‟

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
135

pronunciation ability. The summary of the students‟ mean score, the t-

test , and can be seen in the following table.

Table 4. 8. The Students’ Mean Score and the Signification Value

The Signification Value


Test Mean Score Pre-test & Post-test 1 & Pre-test &
Post-test 1 post-test 2 Post-test 1

Pre-test 44.3
Post-test 1 73.5 15.2 5.3 20.5
Post-test 2 80.6

b. Non-test Data

Besides analyzing the test data, the researcher also analyzed the non-test

data. It includes the teaching pre observation report, field notes, the interview

notes, lesson plans, students‟ answer sheet and the questionnaire result.

1) Teaching Field Notes

As explained in the observation of the action above, there were many

notes from the observer in the first cycle. Actually, her way of teaching was good

but it needed some more improvements. This showed that the researcher‟ teaching

process still had many weaknesses. The weaknesses included the teaching steps

order, the teaching technique, the time allotment of review, and the control of

students‟ interaction.

In the second cycle, the teaching learning process ran better. The teacher

made a progress by using new style teaching technique. She was successfully

activated the students. It was a good progress. Although still there were some

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
136

weaknesses, such as time distributions and some technical things. Overall, the

teaching learning process was good.

2) Interview Notes

Based on the interviews which had been conducted before the researcher

implemented the action, the researcher concluded that the students‟ pronunciation

ability, students‟ intrinsic motivation and students‟ confidence were very low. The

teacher had difficulty in teaching pronunciation in interesting way and made the

students to be more active.

While, based on the interviews conducted after the implementation of the

action, the researcher concluded that the use of cartoon film in teaching

pronunciation was effective. This technique used by the teacher was able to make

the students motivated in learning English, especially pronunciation. They felt

happy during the lesson. The students were also able to express some expressions

they never done before.

3) Questionnaire Result

Based on the first questionnaires that distributed before the action result,

the students admitted that their confidence and their intrinsic motivation were low.

They loved English but they felt that their ability were very low. They had

difficulties in understanding the concept of English spelling system.

After implementing the action, the researcher distributed the second

questionnaires and she got good responses from the students. The students

admitted that they have a better understanding in English pronunciation. They are

also more motivated in learning English, especially pronunciation. They enjoyed

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
137

the lesson because they could watch cartoon film and also could learn something

from it.

In summary, the research findings are listed in the following table:

Table 4.9 Summary of Research Findings

Research Findings Before Action Research After Action Research

1. The Improvement of students‟ The students‟ pronunciation The students‟ pronunciation ability
pronunciation ability ability was low with the pre-test got better. It is proven by the cycle 1
mean score is 44, 3. post test mean score is 73, 5 and the
cycle 2 post test mean score is 80, 6
A. The students‟ pronunciation Pronouncing English words by Pronouncing English words by
ability using Indonesian spelling using English spelling system.
system. .
 They pronounced „work‟  They were carefully pronounced
/w з:k/ as /wrk/ „purse‟ in the correct form
/p з:s/. They used to pronounced
„purse‟ as /p u:rs/.

Making mistakes in pronouncing Making fewer mistakes in


diphthongs. pronouncing diphthongs.
 They pronounced „mouse‟  they were successfully
B. The achievement of the students‟ as /ms/ instead of pronounced „pure‟ /pj/
test score /m as/
Having difficulties in Having fewer difficulties in
differentiating similar words differentiating similar words
pronunciation. pronunciation.
 They could not differentiate  “kemarin saya main tebak-
„fool‟ and „full‟. They even tebakan beda I’m full dan I’m
did not know that those two fool lho bu d kelas…”
words have different
pronunciation.
Using wrong English stress Using right English stress patterns
patterns when they pronounced when they pronounced
words/utterances. words/utterances.
 They stressed the words
equally

Having difficulties in using Having fewer difficulties in using


falling intonation. falling intonation.
 They always used rising  “Bu, falling intonation itu begini
intonation in every part kan?” (mengucapkan falling
even in the part where intonation)
falling intonation should
be used.
The students‟ pre-test The achievement of pronunciation
achievement was low. test (post test 2) increases..

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
138

4. The improvement of classroom Keeping quite during the lesson. Having a tendency to become more
situation during teaching and cheerful and talkative
learning process by using cartoon
films

Not active Quite active


 The students did not answer  Almost the whole class actively
teacher‟s questions. answered teacher‟s questions.
 The students did not ask any  They asked something to the
question to the teacher. teacher although it was not
 The students refused to do closely related to the material.
what teacher asked.  The students were pleased to do
what the teacher asked to them .
Refusing to read aloud in front of Reading aloud in front of the class
the class. confidently.
Pointing others when teacher Raising their hands when the teacher
asked to do something. asked to do something
5. The students intrinsic motivation Did not have initiative to gain They practiced pronouncing
more knowledge. dialogues with their friends.
Having lack confidence when They explored some expressions so
they were reading the dialogues the dialogue would be much more
alive.
6. Students‟ learning experiences Using traditional method Using a new teaching method.

Using limited teaching media Using various teaching media.


7. the students‟ behavior outside the The students did not greet when They greeted the teacher when they
class they met the researcher met each other
They did not discuss the material They discussed the material even
after the class was over. outside the classroom after the class
was over.

B. Discussion

The goal of this research is to improve students‟ pronunciation ability.

The research findings show the improvements in many aspects by comparing the

condition before and after cartoon films were used. In this section, those findings

are discussed by justifying them with the theories in Chapter II.

As mentioned before, cartoon films are appropriate media to improve

students‟ pronunciation ability. The improvement of students‟ pronunciation

ability in this research involves certain focuses which are closely related to the

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
139

theories in Chapter I about the goals of teaching pronunciation using cartoon

films. Each of the finding is discussed as follows:

1. Cartoon Films is able to Improve Students’ Pronunciation Ability.

Kenworthy (1987) states that the main goal of pronunciation for the

learners is that pronunciation can be comfortably intelligible. It means that the

conversation between the speaker and the listener can be „comfortable‟. It is not

the condition where the speaker and the listener speak a native-like pronunciation,

but both the speaker and the listener understand each other. Cartoon films are

considered the appropriate media to achieve that intelligible pronunciation. When

they were implemented in the teaching learning process, it helped the teacher to

give modeling of correct pronunciation. It was easier for the teacher to show how

to pronounce some words by using cartoon films. It was also very useful to make

students familiar with English pronunciation. When certain parts of cartoon films

were continuously repeated, the students had enough chance to recognize certain

words.

Cartoon films also encourage the students to be active. As stated by

Kemp (1963: 3) when such audiovisual materials as slides, filmstrips, overhead

transparencies, and film are carefully prepared they give some important benefits;

one of them is add interest to subject. He adds that cartoon films are effective

media to encourage students to action. It means that students take turns as active

speakers and active listeners as well so that their pronunciation ability is

improved. In this research, the students were actively participated in many

activities in the classroom; one of them was voice over. In this activity, the

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
140

students were challenged to read the dialogue as close as possible to the real film

characters‟ pronunciation. They were so motivated to imitate the pronunciation of

native English speaker in the films.

The group had an opportunity to record their dialogue. Then, they were

supposed to compare their record and the original film so that the students could

correct their mistakes in pronouncing the dialogues. Cartoon films really affected

students understanding about pronunciation. Before cartoon films were used, the

students had some difficulties in following English stress patterns. After they

watched cartoon films they were so good in following English stress patterns.

Besides, they had better understanding in producing unfamiliar sounds like / æ /

after watching cartoon films. Thus, the students‟ pronunciation difficulties in

mastering vowels, diphthongs, stress and intonation was decreased.

Automatically, the students‟ pronunciation score was improved. The improvement

can be seen in table 4.10 below:

Table 4.10 The Mean Scores Table

Mean of students‟ pre Mean of students‟ post- Mean of students‟ post-

test scores test 1 scores test 2 scores

44.3 73.5 80.6

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
141

2. Cartoon Films is able to Improve Classroom Situation in Pronunciation

Practice

There are more advantages that disadvantages when cartoon films are

used in the teaching learning process. The advantages and disadvantages are

explained below:

a. After students watched cartoon films they often imitated particular dialogue

even after the class was over. Since they were accustomed to listening to

dialogues spoken by natives, they could easily remember the dialogues. That

was the proof that cartoon films could motivate students to produce correct

pronunciation.

b. Cartoon films also add students‟ interest to pronunciation. It is proved by

students‟ answers in questionnaires. They were stated that they were

interested to learn pronunciation after watching cartoon films.

c. Cartoon films that are able to create fun and enjoyable atmosphere gave a

huge contribution to the change of class situation from dull and passive to

cheerful and active. The students could easily express their feelings during

the lesson. They were able to give criticism to the teacher or simply reminded

the teacher to pray and fix little mistakes done by the teacher. Besides, they

were able to give right expression to the dialogue.

d. Cartoon films are able to stimulate students to action. In this case, the

students were stimulated to listen to the dialogue of the film and to produce

English sounds as much as possible. They could make it although it was

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
142

something new for the students since they were accustomed to produce

Indonesian sounds.

e. Cartoon films are audiovisual media that have a lot of benefits to

pronunciation practice. Compared to other media, cartoon films provide

something that not easily provide by other media. They provide enjoyment

and a good learning model at once. That is why the students look happy and

relax during the lesson.

C. Hypothesis Testing

Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that the hypothesis

of this research is accepted. Cartoon films are effective media to improve the

students‟ pronunciation ability. The use of cartoon films in teaching pronunciation

encourages the students‟ to learn pronunciation in an easy and enjoyable way.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
144

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION, AND SUGGESTION

This chapter presents the conclusion, implication, and suggestion of the

study about improving students’ pronunciation ability using cartoon films.

A. Conclusion

Based on the discussion in the previous chapter, the researcher makes a

conclusion that teaching pronunciation using cartoon films is effective because it

can improve the pronunciation ability and intrinsic motivation of the students as

well. The students’ improvement on pronunciation ability is shown from the

difference of the students’ mean score between before and after the actions. The

mean score got improved from the pre-test to the cycle 2 test. In the pre-test the

students got 44, 3 in the cycle 1 test they got 73, 5 and in the cycle 2 test they got

80, 6. From the analysis of the mean scores using t-test, it is found that at the level

of significant 5% the t obtained is 15, 2 and the t table is 2, 052. After comparing

the score of first post-test and the second post-test, it is found that at the level of

significance 5%, the is 5, 3. Because the is higher than , it means

that there is a significance improvement between the score of first post-test and

second post-test. The last, if the pre-test scores and the second post-test scores are

compared, it is found that is 20, 5. Because the t obtained is higher than the t

table, it means that there is a significant improvement in the students’

pronunciation ability. The students’ intrinsic motivation also improved.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
145

The improvement was shown from the students’ attitude during the

actions. During the researcher was implementing the actions, the students were

more active and relax. It was totally different from their attitude in the first

meeting. In the first meeting in cycle 1, they were too afraid to show their

‘existence’ by keeping quiet during the lesson. In the cycle two, they were easily

did some activities asked by the teacher. They interested and enjoyed joining

pronunciation class.

B. Implication

Based on the conclusion above, it can be implied that cartoon films can be

used in pronunciation teaching learning process. Cartoon films are an effective

way to improve students’ pronunciation ability.

Cartoon films are also able to increase the students’ confidence

significantly.

C. Suggestion

The researcher would like to give some suggestions related to this

research for those who are closely related to English teaching and learning. The

researcher hopes that these suggestions will be useful, especially for teachers,

institutions, students, and other researchers.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
146

1. For the Teachers

Pronunciation is considered important subject that should be taught as

early as possible. So, it is better for the teacher to teach this subject first before the

others. Pronunciation is very important for the students as a basic ability to help

them listening to English utterances. Because of limited time, the teacher should

teach pronunciation effectively or the goal of pronunciation teaching will not be

achieved. One of several ways to teach pronunciation effectively is by using

cartoon films. Cartoon films are familiar things for the students. They provide a

good pronunciation model to the students. Moreover, cartoon films can attract

students’ attention so the teacher will easily deliver the materials.

Teachers should adjust the cartoon films presented with the material

given and the level of the students. It will be better if the teacher provides the

transcript of the cartoon films. Transcript is needed when the class is going to

have a voice over activity. It can also be used for other purposes such as

practicing particular dialogue in the class. Before conducting voice over activity,

the teacher should explain each character in the film, so that the students.

2. For the Institutions

The institutions that deal with English teaching-learning in their

programs should provide the appropriate facilities that support the teaching

learning process in order to improve the educational quality, such as an

appropriate language laboratory, audio visual room, internet, library et cetera. The

institution should encourage English teachers to use different techniques to teach

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
147

English especially pronunciation in order to improve quality of teaching learning

process.

3. For Other Researchers

This research studies the improvement of pronunciation ability using

cartoon films as the media. The result of the research is expected to be able to

encourage other researchers to conduct research dealing with the cartoon films in

the other subjects, such as speaking, writing, reading, or listening. Otherwise, they

can also study the improvement of pronunciation ability using other media.

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abercrombie, David. 1967. Element of General Phonetics. Chicago: Aldine


Publishing Company

Allen, Robert C and Gomery, Doughlas. 1985. Film History and Practice. Ney
York City: Mc. Graw-Hill Inc

Avery, Peter and Ehrlich, Susan. 1992. Teaching American English


Pronunciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Baker, Ann and Goldstein, Sharon. 1990. Pronunciation Pairs. Cambridge:


Cambridge University Press

Bordwell, David and Thompson, Kristin.1997.Film Art. New York: The McGraw-
Hill Companies, Inc

Bowen, Betty Morgan. 1994. Look Here! Visual Aids in Language Teaching.
London and Basingstoke. McMillan Publisher Ltd

Brinton, Donna M. 2009. Introduction to Connected Speech. Pdf format available


at www.dlf.ac.th/uploads/train/125507132015214.pdf accessed in June 2010

Burns, Anne.1999.Collaborative Action Research for English Language Teachers.


Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Cameron, Lynne. 2002. Teaching Language to Young Learners. Cambridge:


Cambridge University

Coutsougera, Dr. Photini. 2004. Journal of MA 701 Principles of Linguistic


Analysis. Pdf format available at www.punksinscience.org; accessed in July
2010.

Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D., & Goodwin, J. 1996. Teaching Pronunciation: A


Reference for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other languages.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Champoux, JE.1999. Journal of Management Inquiry. Pdf format available at


http://jmi.sagepub.com/content/8/2/206.full.pdf+html; accessed in January 16
2010 at 12.00 pm

Crannel, Kenneth C. 2000. Voice and Articulation. Wadsworth: Emerson College

Dalton, Christiane & Seidlhofer, Barbara. 1994. Pronunciation. Oxford: Oxford


University Press

147

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

Dalton, David F. 1997. Some Techniques for Teaching Pronunciation: The


Internet TESL Journal, Vol. III, No. 1 available at www.aitech.ac.jp

Fitzpatrick, Frank. 1995. A Teacher’s Guide to Practical Pronunciation. London:


Phoenix ELT

Ferrance, Eileen.2000. Action Research. New York: Brown University Press

Giegerich, Heinz J.1992. English Phonology: An Introduction. Cambridge:


Cambridge University Press

Glaser B. G. and A. L. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory:


Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter

Harmer, Jeremy. 1991. The Practice of English Language Teaching. London:


Longman

Hopkins, David. 1993. A Teacher’s Guide to Classroom Research. Great Britain:


St Edmundsbury Press Ltd

Hornby, A.S.1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.


Oxford: Oxford University Press

Jennifer. 2010. Pronunciation Tutorial; available at www.youtube.com Accessed


in February 2010

Kemp, Jarrold E. 1963. Planning and Producing Audiovisual Materials.


California: Chandler Publishing Company

Kenworthy, Joanne. 1987. Teaching English Pronunciation. Essex: Addison


Wesley Longman Ltd

Kristina, Diah and Rarasteja, Zita. 2006. Pronunciation 1. Surakarta: Sebelas


Maret University Press

Lado, Robert. 1964. Language Teaching: A Scientific Approach. New York:


McGraw-Hill, Inc

Laroy, Clement. 1995. Pronunciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Malmberg, Bertil. 1963. Phonetics. New York: Dover Publications, Inc

Martono and Mahanani. S. 2002. Pronunciation Practice. Surakarta: Fakultas


Keguruan Dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Sebelas Maret

148

commit to users
pustaka.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
library.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

Meyers, Colleen., Holt , Sheryl Holt. Pronunciation for Success Student Course.
Available at www.pronunciationforsuccess.com

Miles, Matthew B and Huberman, A Michael.1992. Analisis Data Kualitatif.
Jakarta: UI-Press

Oxford-American Word Power Dictionary. 1998. Oxford: Oxford University


Press

O’Connor, J.D. 1973. Phonetics. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books

Oudeyer, Pierre-Yves and Kaplan, Frederic. 2007. How can We Define Intrinsic
Motivation? Available at www.pyoudeyer.com/epirob08OudeyerKaplan.pdf

Poulson. 2009. Cartoon Film. Available at


www.cwrl.utexas.edu/poulsonaccessed in January 2010

Suparman.2007.Model Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP) SMP dan


MTs. Surakarta: PT Tiga Serangkai Pustaka Mandiri.

Suyanto, Kasihani K. E. 2005. Mengapa Belajar Bahasa Inggris Lebih Dini?.


UNS: Sebelas Maret University.

Trujillo, Fernando. 2002. English Phonetics and Phonology. Available at


www.ugr.es/~ftsaez/fonetica/production_speech.pdf downloaded in July, 16th
2010.

Ur, Penny. 1998. A Course in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge


University Press

Wallace, Michael J. 1998.Action Research for Language Teacher. Cambridge:


Cambridge University Press.

Wittich, Walter Arno and Schuller, Charles Francis. 1953. Audiovisual Materials:
Their Nature and Use. New York: Harper and Brothers Company

http://ascd.org/readingroom/books/sagor92book.html#chap1

_______. 2009. Pronunciation definition; available at www.chmsdrama.com


Accessed in December 2009

_______. 2009. Film definition; available at www.thefreedictionary.com/film:.


Accessed in January 10 2010 at 07.00 pm

149

commit to users

You might also like