Learning Objectives

1. Define the difference between data and information

2. Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets
for decision making

3. Explain the importance of database design

4. Outline how modern databases evolved from file systems

5. Identify flaws in file system data management

6. Outline the main components of the database system

7. Describe the main functions of a database management system (DBMS)

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 1

National Economics University

 Faculty of Mathematical Economics

Database System Design, Implementation And

Management Course – Database System

❑ Instructor: Duc Minh Vu (MFE)

❑ Email: minhvd [at] neu.edu.vn

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 2

 Learning Objectives
1. Define the difference between data and information

2. Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets
for decision making

3. Explain the importance of database design

4. Outline how modern databases evolved from file systems

5. Identify flaws in file system data management

6. Outline the main components of the database system

7. Describe the main functions of a database management system (DBMS)

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 3

 Introduction

❑Good decisions require good information derived from raw facts

❑Data is managed most efficiently when stored in a database

❑Databases evolved from computer file systems

❑Understanding file system characteristics is important

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 4

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 5

1-1 Why Databases?

 ❑Data is ubiquitous (abundant, global, everywhere) and pervasive (unescapable, prevalent,
persistent).

➢From birth to death, we generate and consume data.

❑Data is also essential for organizations to survive and prosper.

❑Business information systems is to help businesses use information as an organizational

resource.

➢At the heart of all of these systems are the collection, storage, aggregation, manipulation,
dissemination, and management of data.

❑Databases are specialized structures that allow computer-based systems to store,

manage, and retrieve data very quickly.

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 6

 1-2 Data versus Information

❑Data are raw facts

❑Information is the result of processing raw data to reveal meaning

❑Information requires context to reveal meaning

❑Raw data must be formatted for storage, processing, and presentation

❑Data are the foundation of information, which is the bedrock of knowledge

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 7

1-2 Data versus Information

(cont’d.)

❑Data: building blocks of information

❑Information produced by processing data

❑Information used to reveal meaning in data

❑Accurate, relevant, timely information is the key to good

decision
making

❑Good decision making is the key to organizational survival

 ❑Data management: focuses on proper generation, storage, and

retrieval of data

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 8

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 9

 1-3 Introducing the Database

❑Database: shared, integrated computer structure that

stores a collection of:
➢End-user data: raw facts of interest to end user
➢Metadata: data about data
✓Provides description of data characteristics and relationships in data
✓Complements and expands value of data

❑Database management system (DBMS): collection of

programs that manages the database structure and

controls access to the data stored in the database 12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And
Management 10
 1-3a Role and Advantages of the DBMS

❑DBMS is the intermediary between the user and the database

➢Database structure stored as file collection

➢Can only access files through the DBMS

❑DBMS enables data to be shared

❑DBMS integrates many users’ views of the data

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 11

12/19/2023 Database System Design,

Implementation And Management 12

Role and Advantages of the DBMS (cont’d.)

 ❑Advantages of a DBMS:

➢Improved data sharing

➢Improved data security

➢Better data integration

➢Minimized data
inconsistency

➢Improved data access

➢Improved decision making

➢Increased end-user productivity

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 13

 Types of Databases
❑Databases can be classified according to:

➢Number of users

➢Database location(s)

➢Expected type and extent of use

❑Single-user database supports only one user at a time

➢Desktop database: single-user; runs on PC

❑Multiuser database supports multiple users at the same

time

➢Workgroup and enterprise databases

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 14

Types of Databases
(cont’d.)

❑Centralized database: data located at a single

site

❑Distributed database: data distributed across

several different sites

❑Cloud database: is a database that is created

and maintained using cloud data services, such

as Microsoft Azure or Amazon AWS
12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 15

Types of Databases (cont'd.)

❑General-purpose database: contain a wide

variety of data used in multiple disciplines—
for example, a census database that
contains general demographic data and the
LexisNexis and ProQuest databases that
contain newspaper, magazine, and journal
articles for a variety of topics.

❑Discipline-specific databases: contain data

focused on specific subject areas
12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 16

Types of Databases
(cont'd.)

❑Operational database - online transaction

processing (OLTP) database –
transactional database - or production
database: a database that is designed
primarily to support a company’s day-to
day operations.

❑Analytical database focuses primarily on

storing historical data and business
metrics used exclusively for tactical or
strategic decision making.
12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 17

Types of Databases (cont'd.)

❑Unstructured data exist in their original state

❑Structured data result from formatting

➢Structure applied based on type of processing to

be
performed

❑Semi-structured data have been processed to

some
extent

❑Extensible Markup Language (XML) represents data

elements in textual format

 ➢XML database supports semi-structured XML data

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 18

1
2/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 19

1-4 Why Database Design Is Important

❑Database design focuses on design of database structure used for end-user

data ➢Designer must identify database’s

expected use

❑Well-designed database:

➢Facilitates data management

➢Generates accurate and valuable information

❑Poorly designed database:

➢Causes difficult-to-trace errors

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 20

2/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 21

 12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation

And Management 22

1-5 Evolution of File System Data

Processing
 ❑Reasons for studying file systems:

➢Complexity of database design is easier to understand

➢Understanding file system problems helps to avoid problems with

DBMS systems

➢Knowledge of file system is useful for converting file system to

database system

❑File systems typically composed of collection of file folders, each

tagged and kept in cabinet

➢Organized by expected use

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 23

1-5 Evolution of File System Data Processing

(cont'd.)

❑Contents of each file folder are logically related

❑Manual file systems

➢Served as a data repository for small data collections

➢Cumbersome for large collections

❑Computerized file systems

➢Data processing (DP) specialist converted computer file structure from manual system

✓Wrote software that managed the data

✓Designed the application programs

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 24

1-5 Evolution of File System Data Processing

(cont'd.)

❑Initially, computer file systems resembled manual systems

❑As number of files increased, file systems evolved

➢Each file used its own application program to store, retrieve, and modify data

➢Each file was owned by individual or department that commissioned its creation
12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 25

12/19/2023 Database System Design,

Implementation And Management 26

 12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation
And Management 27
12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 28
 File System Redux: Modern End-User Productivity
Tools

❑Ubiquitous use of personal productivity tools can introduce the same problems as the

old file systems

❑Microsoft Excel

➢Widely used by business users

➢Users have become so adept at working with spreadsheets, they tend to use them to complete

tasks for which spreadsheets are not appropriate – database substitute

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 29

1-6 Problems with File System Data Processing

❑File systems were an improvement over manual system

➢File systems used for more than two decades

➢Understanding the shortcomings of file systems aids in development of modern

databases ➢Many problems not unique to file systems

❑Even simple file system retrieval task required extensive programming

➢Ad hoc queries impossible

➢Changing existing structure difficult

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 30

1-6 Problems with File System Data Processing

(cont'd.)

❑Security features difficult to program

➢Often omitted in file system environments

❑Summary of file system limitations:

➢Requires extensive programming

➢Cannot perform ad hoc queries

➢System administration is complex and difficult

➢Difficult to make changes to existing structures

 ➢Security features are likely to be inadequate

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 31

1-6a Structural and

Data Dependence

❑Structural dependence: access to a file is

dependent on its own structure

➢All file system programs must be modified to conform

to a new file structure

❑Structural independence: change file structure

without affecting data access
 ❑Data dependence: data access changes when
data storage characteristics change

❑Data independence: data storage characteristics

do not affect data access

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 32

1-6a Structural and Data Dependence (cont'd.)

❑Practical significance of data dependence is difference between logical and physical

format

❑Logical data format: how human views the data

❑Physical data format: how computer must work with data

 ❑Each program must contain:

➢Lines specifying opening of specific file type

➢Record specification

➢Field definitions

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 33

1-6b Data
Redundancy
❑File system structure makes it difficult to combine

data from multiple sources

➢Vulnerable to security breaches

 ❑Organizational structure promotes storage of same

data in different locations

➢Islands of information

❑Data stored in different locations is unlikely to be

updated consistently

❑Data redundancy: same data stored unnecessarily in

different places

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 34

1-6b Data Redundancy (cont'd.)

❑Data inconsistency: different and conflicting versions of same data occur at different
 places

❑Poor data security

❑Data inconsistency

❑Data-entry errors

❑Data integrity problems

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 35

1-6c Data Anomalies

 ❑Data anomalies: abnormalities when all

changes in redundant data are not made

correctly

➢Update anomalies

➢Insertion anomalies

➢Deletion anomalies

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 36

1-7 Database Systems

 ❑Database system consists of logically related data stored in a

single logical data repository

➢May be physically distributed among multiple storage facilities

➢DBMS eliminates most of file system’s problems

➢Current generation stores data structures, relationships between structures,

and access paths

✓Also defines, stores, and manages all access paths and components

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 37

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 38

1-7a The Database System Environment

❑Database system: defines and regulates the collection, storage, management, use of

data
 ❑Five major parts of a database system:

➢Hardware

➢Software

➢People

➢Procedures

➢Data

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 39

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 40

1-7a The Database System Environment (cont'd.)

 ❑Hardware: all the system’s physical devices

❑Software: three types of software required

➢Operating system software

➢DBMS software

➢Application programs and utility software

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 41

1-7a The Database System Environment (cont'd.)

 ❑People: all users of the database system

➢System and database administrators

➢Database designers

➢Systems analysts and programmers

➢End users

❑Procedures: instructions and rules that govern the design and use of the database

system

❑Data: the collection of facts stored in the database

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 42

 1-7a The Database System Environment (cont'd.)

❑Database systems are created and managed at different levels of complexity

❑Database solutions must be cost-effective as well as tactically and strategically effective

❑Database technology already in use affects selection of a database system 12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation

And Management 43

1-7b DBMS Functions

 ❑Most functions are transparent to end users

➢Can only be achieved through the DBMS

❑Data dictionary management

➢DBMS stores definitions of data elements and relationships (metadata)

in a data dictionary

➢DBMS looks up required data component structures and relationships

➢Changes automatically recorded in the dictionary

➢DBMS provides data abstraction and removes structural and data

dependency

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 44

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 45
12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 46

1-7b DBMS Functions (cont’d)

❑Data storage management

 ➢DBMS creates and manages complex structures required for data storage

➢Also stores related data entry forms, screen definitions, report definitions, etc.

➢Performance tuning: activities that make the database perform more efficiently

➢DBMS stores the database in multiple physical data files

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 47

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 48

DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

❑Data transformation and presentation

 ➢DBMS transforms data entered to conform to required data structures

➢DBMS transforms physically retrieved data to conform to user’s logical expectations

❑Security management

➢DBMS creates a security system that enforces user security and data privacy

➢Security rules determine which users can access the database, which items can be accessed,

etc.

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 49

DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

 ❑Multiuser access control

➢DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms to ensure concurrent access does not affect

integrity ❑Backup and recovery management

➢DBMS provides backup and data recovery to ensure data safety and integrity

➢Recovery management deals with recovery of database after a failure

✓Critical to preserving database’s integrity

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 50

 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

❑Data integrity management

➢DBMS promotes and enforces integrity rules

✓Minimizes redundancy

✓Maximizes consistency

➢Data relationships stored in data dictionary used to enforce data integrity

➢Integrity is especially important in transaction-oriented database systems

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 51

DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

❑Database access languages and application programming interfaces

➢DBMS provides access through a query language

➢Query language is a nonprocedural language

➢Structured Query Language (SQL) is the de facto query language

✓Standard supported by majority of DBMS vendors

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 52

DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

❑Database communication interfaces

➢Current DBMSs accept end-user requests via multiple different network environments

➢Communications accomplished in several ways:

✓End users generate answers to queries by filling in screen forms through Web browser

✓DBMS automatically publishes predefined reports on a Web site

✓DBMS connects to third-party systems to distribute information via e-mail

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 53

1-7c Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus

❑Database system provides a framework in which strict

procedures and standards enforced

➢Role of human changes from programming to managing organization’s

resources

❑Database system enables more sophisticated use of the data

❑Data structures created within the database and their

 relationships determine effectiveness

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 54

1-7c Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus

(cont'd.)

❑Disadvantages of database systems:

➢Increased costs

➢Management complexity

➢Maintaining currency

➢Vendor dependence

➢Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 55

Preparing for Your Database Professional Career

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 56

Summary
 ❑Data are raw facts

❑Information is the result of processing data to reveal its meaning

❑Accurate, relevant, and timely information is the key to good decision

making

❑Data are usually stored in a database

❑DBMS implements a database and manages its contents

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 57

 Summary (cont'd.)

❑Metadata is data about data

❑Database design defines the database structure

➢Well-designed database facilitates data management and generates valuable

information ➢Poorly designed database leads to bad decision making and organizational

failure

❑Databases evolved from manual and computerized file systems

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 58

Summary (cont'd.)
❑In a file system, data stored in independent files

➢Each requires its own management program

❑Some limitations of file system data management:

➢Requires extensive programming

➢System administration is complex and difficult

➢Changing existing structures is difficult

➢Security features are likely inadequate

➢Independent files tend to contain redundant data

 ✓Structural and data dependency problems

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 59

Summary (cont'd.)

❑Database management systems were developed to address file system’s inherent weaknesses

❑DBMS present database to end user as single repository

➢Promotes data sharing

➢Eliminates islands of information

❑DBMS enforces data integrity, eliminates redundancy, and promotes security 12/19/2023 Database System Design,
Implementation And Management 60

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 61

12/19/2023 Database System Design, Implementation And Management 62

12/19/2023 Database System

Design, Implementation And Management 63