Health Care Ethics

(Bioethics)

Module #2 Student Activity Sheet

Name: ASAS,JEMIMAH Class number:

Section: B7 Schedule: Date:

Lesson Title: Human Value Development and the System of Materials:

Public Law
Pen, paper, index card, book, and class List
Learning Targets:
At the end of the module, students will be able to:
1. Understand the interaction of needs and behavior with References:
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs;
2. List the three value development stages and value Ethics of Health Care: A Guide for Clinical
orientations of Kohlberg model; Practice Fourth Edition, Raymond S. Edge, J.
3. Outline the theoretical position of carol Gilligan and Randall Groves
Kohlberg found in her research; and,
4. Identify the 5 current generational value cohorts in term of
their major value shaping events.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

Brain Teaser: Answer the questions below.

1. What are the steps in civil lawsuit?

 COMPLAINT
 ANSWER
 DISCOVERY
 TRIAL AND ERROR
 APPEAL

2. What are the 3 basic sources for modern law and where did it originate or arises?
 COMMON LAW- This law originates from judicial decisions and precedents, developed in England over centuries.
 STATUTORY LAW- This law is enacted by legislatures in the United States or Parliament in the United Kingdom.
 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW-This law arises from actions and decisions of administrative agencies and bodies created by the
government.

B. MAIN LESSON

Value Development
 As humans we are born with a series of undifferentiated potentials. As an example, we have the capacity to learn a language,
but the language is not prescribed by our genetic heritage. In the same sense, humans have an innate ability to acquire ethical
beliefs. But the value system we develop is dependent on the cultural framework in which we live in.

World view or value system

 An inner subjective set of feelings, attitudes, beliefs, and opinions

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

1. Survival or Physiological (foods, shelter, water)
2. Safety (security like purchasing a weapon)
3. Belonging and Love (love, affection, intimacy, family, joining a club)
4. Prestige and Esteem (becoming president of the club)
5. Self-actualization (fulfillment of personal potential)

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 Health Care Ethics
(Bioethics)

Module #2 Student Activity Sheet

Name: Class number:

Section: Schedule: Date:

According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, feelings of isolation result in needs satisfying activities like joining a bowling team.
Under most situations, our actions are explainable using this model as we seem to satisfy a given set of needs. As each need level is
satisfied the needs of the next level become the dominant motivators of our actions. If hierarchy of needs is correct, an observer who
could determine what level of need you were operating on could predict the nature of your next actions.

Hume’s Law
 Unbridgeable gap between fact and value; between “is” and “ought”
o
Facts of physical universe can tell us what is
o
Our values guide us to understanding what ought to be as it relates to our behavior
 Individuals’ experiences will shape the way these values will be considered in personal decision making.
 Difference between needs and values: Our needs tell us what “is” in a particular situation, for example we are broke and find a
wallet. Our needs may tell us to take the money in the wallet, whereas our values provide guidance regarding what “ought” to
be done as it relates to human behavior.

Value Development Models

Lawrence Kohlberg created a value development model with three stages and associated value orientation. Development was
intimately tied to the individual’s cognitive and psychomotor development. For Kohlberg, the highest personal value for humans was
equality, where the individual issues based on an internal set of personal principles or rules.

Kohlberg’s Stage of Moral Reasoning

Preconventional (Age 3-7)


Punishment/Obedience

Egotism (satisfy one’s desires)-self-importance, self-centered, thinking that you are superior to others

Conventional (Age 7-12)


Please others

Respect rules

Postconventional (12 and above)


Social contract- they believe that some laws are unjust and need to be change

Personal conscience

Kohlberg concluded in his original research model that females were often found not to progress to the final autonomous
stage of value development (Post conventional level) but seemed arrested in the conventional level. Females seem to reach plateau in
value orientation based on pleasing others rather than being true to their own moral compass.

Carol Gilligan argued that Kohlberg’s research methods flawed, and gender biased that’s why she made a separate value
development pathway for females results in different highest values for each sex. Personality responsibility for female and
legalistic equality for males.

And this was confirmed by profile developed by Isabel Myers and Katherine Briggs. According to Myers Briggs instrument
men and women score equally on the major dimensions. Except on decision making where men are predominantly on “thinking”
category more comfortable following rules, laws and “feeling” category for women decisions are based on personal relationship and
outcomes.

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 Health Care Ethics
(Bioethics)

Module #2 Student Activity Sheet

Name: Class number:

Section: Schedule: Date:

Value Development Models

GENERATIONAL THEORY

This theory popularized in the 1970s and 1980s by sociologist Morris Massey

Historical time in which individual is born shapes development of their world view

Value systems formed in first decade by families, friends, communities, significant events

“Who You Are Is Where You Were When" this phrase used to explain value differences between the cohorts

Generational Cohorts and Core Values

Silent Generation (born 1929-1945)

 Great Depression and World War II
 Conformity, stability, security etc.

Baby Boomers (born 1946-1960s)

 Civil rights, moon landings, freedom riders, calls for change
 Thought as the “ME Generation”
 Personal and social expression, idealism, health, and wellness

Generation X (born 1968-1989)

 Programmed in an era of social change
 Free agency, independence, cynicism, strive for balance in their lives

Millennials (born mid 1980s-2000)

 Defined by events immediately following Cold War
 Collaboration, social activism, tolerance for diversity, globally aware

Generation Z (late 1990s-2025)

 Foreign wars, September 11th and other terrorist attacks, both overseas and on homeland
 Unsettled time; personal and fiscal insecurity
 Masters at multitasking, techno-savvy, personally tolerant regarding social and ethnic diversity, thrive on instant
gratification, fiscally pragmatic
 Unbridgeable gap between fact and value; between “is” and “ought”
o
Facts of physical universe can tell us what is
o
Our values guide us to understanding what ought to be as it relates to our behavior
 Individuals’ experiences will shape the way these values will be considered in personal decision making.
 Difference between needs and values: Our needs tell us what “is” in a particular situation, for example we are broke and find a
wallet. Our needs may tell us to take the money in the wallet, whereas our values provide guidance

THIS DOCUMENT IS THE PROPERTY OF PHINMA EDUCATION 3

 Health Care Ethics
(Bioethics)

Module #2 Student Activity Sheet

Name: Class number:

Section: Schedule: Date:

regarding what “ought” to be done as it relates to human behavior.

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to correct answer and
another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in you answer/ratio is not allowed.

1. According to Kohlberg’s stage theory of moral reasoning, a child between the ages of 3 and characteristic of satisfying his or her
desires is operating at the stage?
A. Pre conventional
B. Conventional
C. Post conventional
D. Nonconventional
Answer: A
Rationale: A pre-conventional fall under ages 3-7 under kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning and one of their characteristics is egotism
which means they are self-centered, and they just want to satisfy their own desire , they also think they are superior to others.

2. Carol Gilligan believes that for females, the highest value consideration is based on _.
A. Pleasing others
B. Personal responsibility C.
D. Respect for rules
E. Legalistic equality
Answer: B
Rationale: The answer is B because Carol Giligan believes that kohlberg’s research for value development is gender based.

3. He is a humanist psychologist who is known for his work regarding the interaction of needs and behavior which the Hierarchy
of needs?
A. Aristotle
B. Abraham Maslow
C. Abraham Lincoln
D. Isabel Myers
Answer: B
Rationale: Abraham Maslow is an American psychologist who is best known for creating Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

4. Who is the foremost theorist of value development?

A. Katherine Briggs and Isabel Myers
B. Maslow and Barrie
C. Kohlberg and Piaget
D. Aristotle and Maslow
Answer: C
Rationale: The foremost theorists of value development are Kohlberg and Piaget. According to their models individuals can be seen to
grow through several stages of ever-increasing complex, value orientation from infant to adult.

5. In Kohlberg’s theory what stage does these following characteristics; social contract and personal conscience fall under?
A. Nonconventional
B. Preconventional

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 Health Care Ethics
(Bioethics)

Module #2 Student Activity Sheet

Name: Class number:

Section: Schedule: Date:

C. Conventional
D. Postconventional
Answer: D
Rationale: Postconventional ranges from 12 yrs old and above where the following characteristics above fall under.

6. What do you call a term between each generational group?

A. Space
B. Generational gap
C. Cusp
D. Overlap
Answer: C
Rationale: The term generational gap is used to described the gap in each generational group.

7. These are constructs from generational theory, which holds that generation occupy a 20-year span of time?
A. Value cohorts
B. Need
C. Behavior
D. Attitude
Answer: A
Rationale:

8. The Generation Z is best described by which of the following characteristics?

A. Law and order
B. Techno savvy multitaskers
C. Social Activist
D. Street smart
Answer: B
Rationale: Gen Z grew up with the technology hence they have mastered and adopted it .

9. He is a sociologist who popularized the phrase “Who You Are Is Where You Were When”?
A. Morris Johnson
B. Morris Massey
C. Carol Gilligan
D. Lawrence Kohlberg
Answer: B
Rationale: Morris Massey is known for his phrase “ who you are is where you were when” is his popular generational theory theory
1970-1980, in this theory it holds that the historical time period in which an individual is born shapes the development of their world view.

10. Which generation received its value programming by the events surrounding the Great Depression and World War 2?
A. Silent Generation
B. Baby Boomer Generation
C. Millennial Generation

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 Health Care Ethics
(Bioethics)

Module #2 Student Activity Sheet

Name: Class number:

Section: Schedule: Date:

D. Generation X
Answer: A
Rationale: A great depression and World War 2 were trying times, when fiscal and personal survival required that all participate, all work
together , and all do their duty, as a result , they are conservative and serious with an ethnic of hardwork and are comfortable with
rules, order, and social structures.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP

AL Activity: Minute Paper

1) What was the most useful or the most meaningful thing you have learned this session?
The most useful thing that I have learned today was the hierarchy of needs.

2) What question(s) do you have as we end this session?

None.

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