Basics of Small Scale

Fading: Towards choice

of PHY
 Basic Questions
Tx What will happen if the transmitter Transmit power, data rate,
- changes transmit power ?
- changes frequency ? signal bandwidth, frequency
- operates at higher speed ? tradeoff

What will happen if we conduct

this experiment in different types
of environments?

Desert Metro Street Indoor Channel effects

What will happen if Rx

Effect of mobility
the receiver moves?
Review of basic concepts
 Channel Impulse response
 Power delay profile
 Coherence bandwidth
 Coherence time
Channel Impulse Response

x (t ) y (t )

Channel
Time Dispersion Parameters
 In order to compare different multipath channels and to develop
some general design guidelines for wireless systems,
parameters which grossly quantify the multipath channel are
used.
 mean excess delay
 rms delay spread
 excess delay spread (X dB)
 are multipath channel parameters that can be determined from a
power delay profile
rms delay spread excess delay spread
mean excess delay
The maximum delay
at which a multipath
component is within
X dB of the strongest
arriving multipath
signal
 Power delay Profile
-90
The noise
RMS Delay Spread () = 46.4 ns
threshold is
used to
-90 differentiate
Received Signal Level (dBm)

between
received
Mean Excess delay () = 45 ns
multipath
-95 components
and thermal
noise.
Maximum Excess delay < 10 dB = 110 ns

-100
Noise threshold

-105

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Excess Delay (ns)

 Example (Power delay profile)
Pr() 4.38 µs
1.37 µs
0 dB

-10 dB

-20 dB

-30 dB 

0 1 2 5 (µs)

_
(1)(5)  (0.1)(1)  (0.1)(2)  (0.01)(0)
   4.38s
[0.01 0.1 0.11]
(1)(5) 2  (0.1)(1) 2  (0.1)(2) 2  (0.01)(0) 2
_
  2
 21.07  s 2 
[0.01 0.1 0.11]

   21 .07  (4 .38) 2  1 .37  s

 RMS Delay Spread: Typical values

Delay spread is a good measure of Multipath

Manhattan

San Francisco

Suburban

Office building 2 SFO

Office building 1

10ns 50ns 150ns 500ns 1µs 2µs 5µs 10µs 25µs

3m 15m 45m 150m 300m 600m 3Km 7.5Km

Coherence Bandwidth
Time domain view Freq. domain view

x (t ) X(f)

Range of freq over

which response is flat
 delay spread Bc

High correlation of amplitude

between two different freq.
components
RMS delay spread and coherence b/w
1
 Coherence bandwidth is the
Bc
range of frequencies over 
which two frequency
components have a strong
potential for amplitude
correlation
 RMS delay spread and
coherence b/w (Bc) are
inversely proportional
1
Bc  For 0.9 correlation
50. 

1
Bc  For 0.5 correlation
5. 
 Revisit Example (Power delay profile)
Calculate the mean excess delay, rms delay spread, and the maximum excess delay (10 dB) for the
multipath profile given in the figure below. Estimate the 50% coherence bandwidth of the channel.
Pr() 4.38 µs
_
0 dB
1.37 µs
  4.38s
-10 dB
_
  21.07 s 2 
2
-20 dB

-30 dB
   1 .37  s


0 1 2 5 (µs)

1
(50 %  coherence ) Bc   146 kHz
5 . 
Doppler Effect

 Doppler effect occurs when transmitter and

receiver have relative velocity

away towards

12
Resting sound source

f s  fo

Frequency fs V=340m/s Frequency fo

source observer
at rest at rest

13
Sound source moving toward observer

fo  f s
Observer hears
increased pitch
(shorter wave length)

Frequency fo
Frequency fs

source observer
at rest

14
 Sound source moving away from
observer

fo  f s
Observer hears
decreased pitch
(longer wave length)

Frequency fo Frequency fs

observer
source
at rest

15
 Doppler Effect: When a wave source and a receiver are moving towards
each other, the frequency of the received signal will not be the same as
the source.
 When they are moving toward each other, the frequency of the
received signal is higher than the source.
f R  fC  f D
 When they are opposing each other, the frequency decreases.

f R  fC  f D
MS Moving
Doppler Shift in frequency: speed v
v
fD  cos 

where v is the moving speed, Signal
 is the wavelength of carrier.
16
 Doppler Shift

 v cos 
v Doppler shift fD 

Example
- Carrier frequency fc = 1850 MHz (i.e.  = 16.2 cm)
- Vehicle speed v = 60 mph = 26.82 m/s

- If the vehicle is moving directly towards the transmitter

26.82
fD   165 Hz
0.162
- If the vehicle is moving perpendicular to the angle of arrival of the
transmitted signal
f  0
 Example 4

 Consider a transmitter which Solution:

radiates a sinusoidal carrier
fc = 1850 MHz
frequency of 1850 MHz. For
a vehicle moving 96 km/h, λ= c / f
compute the received carrier λ = 0.162 m
frequency if the mobile is v = 96 km/h= 26.67 m/s
moving (a) f = fc+ fd = 1850.00016 MHz
(a) directly towards transmitter (b) f = fc – fd = 1849.999834 MHz
(b) Directly away from the (c) In this case, θ =90o, cos θ = 0,
transmitter
And there is no Doppler shift.
(c) In a direction perpendicular
f = fc (No Doppler frequency)
to the direction of arrival of
the transmitted signal

18
Coherence Time
Time domain view Frequency domain view

symbol time signal bandwidth

fc-fd fc+fd

Coherence Time: Time interval

Tc over which channel impulse
responses are highly
correlated
Doppler spread and coherence time
 Doppler spread and 1
coherence time (Tc) are Tc fm is the max doppler shift
inversely proportional fm

9
Tc  For 0.5 correlation
16f m

0.423
Tc  Rule of thumb
fm
 Small scale fading

BS
Flat fading BC
Multi path time delay
BS
Frequency selective fading
BC
fading
TS
Fast fading TC
Doppler spread

Slow fading TS
TC