Sustainable Geoscience and Geotourism Submitted: 2019-05-03

ISSN: 2624-8220, Vol. 3, pp 1-11 Revised: 2019-09-26

doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/SGG.3.1 Accepted: 2019-12-03
2020 SciPress Ltd, Switzerland Online: 2020-05-27

Perceived Tourism Impacts of Tourists on the Environment of the

Philippine Military Academy in Baguio City, Philippines
Richard Dein D Altarez1,a*, Gabriel Mariko L Lopez2,b,
Shalimar Elvin M Sawate2,c, Jujefell P Bautista2,d, Mark C Gayagay2,e,
Mark Delph Q Lamberte2,f, Alberto Lester G Julaquit2,g,
Ryan Joeferson B De Jesus2,h
1
Department of Natural Sciences, Headquarters Academic Group, Philippine Military Academy,
Baguio City, Philippines
2
Cadet Corps, Armed Forces of the Philippines, Philippine Military Academy, Baguio City,
Philippines
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
a
d
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
g
[email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: perception, tourism impacts, tourists, Philippine Military Academy

Abstract. There has been an incredible increase in tourism activities in the Summer Capital of the
Philippines, Baguio City, specifically at the Philippine Military Academy over the years.
Unfortunately, these tourism activities led to the growth of a variety of environmental pressures.
An environment-friendly or a sustainable form of tourism is seen as a solution to this growing
problem. A perception analysis of tourists on the impacts of tourism on the environment of the
Philippine Military Academy (PMA) was undertaken. This is a practical approach to gain
information about the extent of environmental effects of tourism activity which will also identify
areas that can be improved. The study adopted a survey research design with 109 PMA visitors,
mainly women (63.3%), that are randomly selected. Respondents were surveyed through an online
questionnaire from February to April 2019. Results of this study revealed that tourism has a
moderate impact on the environment of PMA as perceived by the tourists on the different aspects of
tourism including: general management, commercial areas, tourist routes and facilities. It also
shows that respondents, regardless of gender, have a considerable level of awareness and concern
about the effects of tourism on the PMA environment. Although considered as an environmental
disturbance it is also offered that when managed properly, tourism is a positive activity benefiting
the host community, environment and all stakeholders alike.

Introduction
The Philippines has many natural and human-made attractions that make tourism one of its
major sources of revenue [1-3]. Industry leaders and development experts observed that there had
been an apparent growth in tourism in most countries [4]. This has also been factual with the case of
Baguio City, the summer capital of the Philippines. Baguio City has long been a place that pulls-in
large number of tourists [5]. It is a popular northern Philippine destination for many local and
foreign visitors particularly on weekends and holidays, and especially during the Lenten season and
the Panagebenga festival [6] Aside from natural attractions such as mountain ranges and bodies of
water, Baguio City is also famous as it hosts several historic landmarks and institutions such as The
Cathedral, The Mansion, Lourdes Grotto, Bell Church, and the Philippines’ premier military school,
the Philippine Military Academy (PMA). This military institution boasts a long and illustrious
history of preparing the best military officers of the country [7]. It is located at a verdurous pine
forest in Fort General Gregorio del Pilar on Loakan road with manicured grounds composed of
installed vintage tanks, other historical military weapons [8] and museum, aside from the cadets
marching off and performing drills, that entices tourists to see. However, as tourism grows, the

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2 SGG Volume 3

PMA ground is often overcrowded by individuals and environmental issues, such as garbage
problems, wherein plastic bags and containers around are prevalent.
A study by Cassidy et al. [9] shows that the peak of the tourist influx makes the city
congested and polluted. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), Baguio City has a
345,366 population with a growth rate of 1.54 percent [10]. While tourism is often one of the most
efficient and important financial component in developing nations compared to other traditional
industries [11-14], it is considered a source of negative reactions including economic such as
uneven development, income inequality, geopolitical risks, and social in nature including cultural
and heritage problem [12 & 15].
It is always believed that the growth of tourism industry is tightly linked with environmental
degradation such as a decline in the quality of air, water and soil and disturbance or loss of
biodiversity affecting negatively tourism itself. A study by Jackson [16], shows the rising
indications that the increase of tourism in a natural area is accompanied by a significant increase in
environmental effects such as excessive emission of greenhouse gases, scarcity of water and other
resources and excess consumption of energy. Although, tourism can be a significant tool for
economic development, it also poses destructive impacts on biodiversity and pristine environments
if not adequately planned. It can result in misuse of natural resources such as freshwater, forests and
marine life if improperly managed [17-20]. To avoid these negative consequences, tourism should
be managed and planned in a way that it must not compromise the environment and the socio-
economic viability [21].
Planning and management of a tourism destination can significantly decrease the general
impact of facets of tourism [22]. This can be achieved through the participation and support of the
tourists [23]. Determining the views of tourists on the impacts of tourism can provide valuable
information not only about the existence but also on the extent of environmental effects of tourism
activities [24]. When problems and gaps in management process is carefully determined and taken
into account seriously, it will lead to creating a more sound policy intervention for the proper
management of tourism site [18, 19] which will benefit the host institution, the environment and the
tourists as well [25, 26]. In the Philippine Military Academy, it is unclear whether tourists also
recognize their impacts on its environment. No such studies have been conducted focusing on the
PMA grounds or in other military installations in the Philippines [27]. This needs to be measured in
order to come up with appropriate management policies and plan for the sustainability of the
academy’s tourism and environment. Hence, a study which aims to determine the perception of
visitors regarding the impacts of tourism on the environment of the PMA is conducted.

Materials and Methods

The primary research method that was used in this study is quantitative design in the form of
a survey. The survey conducted in this research is descriptive. The descriptive purpose of this study
is to look at the perception of the visitors on the impacts of tourism on the environment of PMA.
The instrument used to collect data in this survey is by using an internet-based questionnaire. The
questionnaire consists of questions that are adopted from the study of du Plesis [25] on the general
management, commercial area, tourist routes, and tourist facilities. A four (4) point Likert scale
was developed to investigate the perception of the respondents, and the mean was used to analyze
and interpret the data using the table below (Table 1).
 Sustainable Geoscience and Geotourism 3

Table 1. Likert scale for the perceived tourism impacts of tourists on the environment of PMA
Scale
Scale Level Interpretation
Limits
This tourism aspect has a major impact on the environment of
4 3.25-4.00 Major
PMA
This tourism aspect has a moderate impact on the environment
3 2.41-3.24 Moderate
of PMA
This tourism aspect has a minor impact on the environment of
2 1.75-2.40 Minor
PMA
This tourism aspect has a negligible impact on the environment
1 1.00-1.74 Negligible
of PMA

The data collection was carried out from February to April 2019. The researchers distributed
the questionnaire link through email and social media and gave some time for the respondents
between the ages of 15 and 70 years old to fill in their answers and to avoid incomplete entries. The
questionnaire was pre-tested to ten (10) respondents for clarity and reliability of questions. Each
questionnaire items were also tested for reliability through Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient
measurement. The population of tourists in PMA per month is roughly around 5,000. The computed
sample size for the said population with ±10% margin of error and a 95% confidence level or a z
score of 1.96, with an assumed population proportion of 0.5, is 94. Sample population for the
respondents was calculated using the following Chochran’s formula [28 & 29] where, z is the z
score, ɛ is the margin of error, n is population size, and p̂ is the population proportion:

z2 x p̂ (1- p̂) z2 x p̂ (1- p̂)

n = --------------- ÷ 1+ ------------------
ɛ2 ɛ2 N

The questionnaires were randomly sent to 110 respondents that are at least a graduate of
secondary school and able to visit PMA. 109 respondents were able to accomplish the
questionnaire.
Study site
The research was carried out in the Philippine Military Academy , Loakan Road, Baguio
City, Philippines at Fort Gregorio del Pilar (Figure 1). It is approximately 250 km north of Manila
and roughly 1,400 m above sea level nestled within the Cordillera Central mountain range with an
average temperature of 20 °C. The main motivators for tourists to visit an area are attractions, these
play an important part in a destination’s success [30]. In PMA, tourists visit ancient historical
landmarks such as the old Melchor Hall Building. Other attractions include the relics point where
military tanks and weapons are located, amphitheater, museum, sundial area where old air crafts are
also located (Figure 2). Business establishments, parking spaces and comfort rooms are also present
to serve the tourist [31].

Results and Discussion

The reliability of each item in the survey questionnaire was measured using the Cronbach’s
Alpha Coefficient. Table 2 shows the result of the reliability test for the four variables. It is
recommended that Chronbach’s alpha values above 0.7 as a sufficient measure of reliability or
internal consistency of an instrument [32]. The table below shows that the variables addressed in
the questionnaire achieved a reliability of 0.8 and above, reflecting the items in the questionnaire
reliable and deletion is not required.
4 SGG Volume 3

Table 2. Reliability coefficients for the variables

Variable No. of item Cronbach’s Alpha
General management tourism aspect 10 0.917
Commercial area tourism aspect 5 0.851
Tourism Routes tourism aspect 12 0.962
Tourist facilities tourism aspect 9 0.948

Study Area

Figure 1. Location map of the study area

 Sustainable Geoscience and Geotourism 5

A. B.

C. D.

E. F.
Figure 2. Some of the tourist destinations inside the Philippine Military Academy: A. The shako
monument; B. Relics point; C. Military aircrafts; D. Sundial area; E. The PMAyer monument;
F. Prayer room
The study set out to investigate the perceived tourism impact of tourists on the environment
of PMA. The respondents of this study were predominantly females (63.3%). Most of the
respondents were between 18 to 27 years old. 86.2% are single, and 13.8% were married.
Respondents are well educated since 33.9% of them were college graduate, 56% were in the tertiary
level, and the rest were in the secondary level of education.
The respondents believed that general management in the PMA has a moderate impact on its
environment (Table 3). This shows that pollution (solid waste, noise and aesthetic), lack of energy
and water saving measures, inappropriate solid waste management and sewage discharge, excessive
tourists in the area, no environment-friendly products, and limited Information Education Campaign
(IEC) materials are all present in the PMA. This gives the impression that these aspects contribute
to the negative consequence of tourism on the place. Inappropriate water pollution discharge, for
instance, can carry potential diseases which can be spread out by vermin such as flies, mouse, and
cockroach affecting human health. Noise pollution, such as those coming from the vehicles, causing
annoyance and distress not only to humans but to wildlife as well. Improper disposal of solid wastes
adds on the poor aesthetic condition of the area, and it also attracts unwanted pests. The presence of
too many visitors also entails problems on the environment. Tourist activities can alter the integrity
of cultural resources. This damage includes vandalism and looting of sites of cultural significance
[18]. Likewise, the vehicles of the tourists that pile up in one parking area congest that zone and
emit a large amount of carbon dioxide. Also, the absence of environment-friendly products such as
6 SGG Volume 3

paper bags adds on the long-time garbage problem is observed. Finally, the lack of IEC reduces
the awareness of people on the possible impacts they might bring in the environment of PMA. IEC
materials such as brochures and information booklets provide information on the potential harm a
human can do whenever they go closer with nature and the environment. It also includes
information about how people can mitigate their impacts on nature.
Table 4 shows that respondents perceived commercial area tourism aspect has moderate
impact on the environment of PMA. The respondents see that inappropriate waste disposal and not
making use of locally produced products of restaurants, utilization of single use plastics, visible
pollution at restaurants and non-organic food products exist in PMA, and all these attributes have a
negative impact contribution in the environment of PMA. The plastic bags for instance, has seen to
create environmental challenges because of its physical and chemical composition [33-35]. Plastics
are made of fossil fuels that are infamous for its contribution on the worsening effects of the global
climate change.
Table 3. Perception of tourists on the impacts of the general management tourism aspects on the
environment of PMA
General Management Tourism Aspect Mean Level
1. Solid waste/Litter/Garbage 3.11 Moderate
2. Lack of energy saving measures (for ex. Energy saving lights, solar
2.83 Moderate
panels, etc.)
3. Inadequate water saving measures 2.98 Moderate
4. Visual Pollution (For ex: signs/advertising, building structures) 2.94 Moderate
5. Noise Pollution (For ex: Music/people) 2.75 Moderate
6. Sewerage Systems (Inappropriate discharge) 2.99 Moderate
7. Inappropriate waste management – the absence of recycling waste
3.01 Moderate
bins
8. Too many tourists in the park at a given time 3.02 Moderate
9. Lack in the use of environmentally friendly products (For ex:
2.66 Moderate
Paper bags)
10. Lack of brochures and information booklets about the tourism
2.78 Moderate
site.
Mean 2.90 Moderate
Table 4. Perception of tourists on the impacts of commercial area tourism aspects on the
environment of PMA
Commercial Areas Tourism Aspect Mean Level
1. Inappropriate waste disposal at restaurants (For ex: not using
2.96 Moderate
organic gardens)
2. Restaurants not making use of locally produced products 2.63 Moderate
3. Impacts of using non-renewable resources (For ex: plastics) 3.09 Moderate
4. Pollution at restaurants 2.91 Moderate
5. Use of food products that aren’t organic 2.58 Moderate
Mean 2.89 Moderate

The tourist routes tourism aspects have moderate impact on the environment of PMA
according to the respondents (Table 5). Attributes under these aspects include the physical damage
on the natural vegetation and soil, impacts on wildlife and plants, and speeding vehicles that may
kill animals. The aforesaid activity disturbs wildlife in many ways. Many species will perceive the
consequent disturbance in various ways and for different reasons. Some will be affected in terms of
their breeding season, feeding patterns, behaviors, and many more [20]. Visitors may damage the
ecosystem due to their activities such as walking. along restricted areas or places where trails are
not apparent resulting to trampled vegetation. One or two tourists may not cause visible harm, but
 Sustainable Geoscience and Geotourism 7

hundreds over time can do substantial damage [20] One notable attribute under this aspect is the
possible introduction of alien species. Many visitors do not know the effects of introducing
alien/exotic species in an environment. This species threatens the local environment and interferes
with the essential species balance, and generally destabilizes the ecosystem.
The respondents perceived tourist facilities tourism aspects have a moderate impact on the
environment of PMA (Table 6). Under these are waste spillage in the garbage bins, interference of
animals, wildlife attracted to rubbish bins, lack of energy saving measures, lack of waste
management and use of non-renewable resources by tourist. Each of these aspects have detrimental
effects on the environment. The solid waste management has been a long-time problem all
throughout the Philippines. Despite the passing of the RA9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2001, many organizations and institutions fail to comply properly on the
provision of the said law.
Table 5. Perception of tourists on the impacts of tourist routes tourism aspects on the
environment of PMA
Tourist Routes Tourism Aspect Mean Level
1. Damage to natural vegetation due to uncontrolled tourist behavior 3.15 Moderate
2. Erosion in the roadway due to tourists 2.96 Moderate
3. Overcrowding of tourist at wildlife sightings 2.91 Moderate
4. Impacts of wildlife attracted to rubbish bins along tourist routes 2.87 Moderate
5. Impacts of plant collecting along tourist routes 2.84 Moderate
6. Introduction of alien plants and species due to tourism 2.63 Moderate
7. Interference of breeding of wildlife due to tourism 2.70 Moderate
8. Specimen collection (for ex: butterflies) by tourists 2.75 Moderate
9. The killing of animals for comfort and safety (for ex: spiders,
2.78 Moderate
snakes, mosquitos)
10. Road killings as a result of reckless tourist driving and speeding
in the tourism site. 2.91 Moderate
11. Speeding of staff and delivery vehicles in the site 2.81 Moderate
12. Lack of environmental-friendly support 2.88 Moderate
Mean 2.84 Moderate
Table 6. Perception of tourists on the impacts of tourist facilities tourism aspects on the
environment of PMA
Tourist Facilities Toursim Aspect Mean Level
1. Waste spillage around waste bins by tourists 3.09 Moderate
2. Interference of wildlife due to noise, cars, and people 2.93 Moderate
3. Overcrowding of people 3.17 Moderate
4. Visual pollution (e.g. signs and direction) 2.99 Moderate
5. Wildlife attracted to rubbish bins 2.91 Moderate
6. Supplementary feeding of wildlife by tourists 2.72 Moderate
7. Lack of energy-saving measures (e.g. solar panels) 2.72 Moderate
8. Insufficient management of waste (e.g. lack of recycling measures) 3.08 Moderate
9. Use of non-renewable resources (e.g. plastic) by tourist 3.09 Moderate
Mean 2.96 Moderate

The respondents believed that the impact of tourism aspects in the environment of PMA was
all moderate. It means that the management of the PMA has still a lot to improve in order to lower
the tourists’ perceived tourism impacts in the environment of the academy. More so, each aspect
presented above can be used as indicator on which areas to improve. Study shows that the PMA can
improve further on the aspects of general management, commercial areas, tourist routes and tourist
facilities. A sustainable tourism management approach can be carried out as an improvement for the
8 SGG Volume 3

tourism in PMA. Moreover, an independent sample t-Test was performed to determine the
significant difference of perception between female and male respondents (Table 7). The analysis
revealed that there is no significant difference in the perception of female and male respondents
(t stat=5.49 > t Critical two-tail; and P value = 5.84x10-7 < a=0.05).
Table 7. Independent sample t-Test for female and male respondents mean responses
Variable Mean StDev t stat T Critical two-tail P value
Female 2.97 0.03
5.49 1.99 5.84x10-7
Male 2.76 0.03

Conclusions and Recommendations

The study revealed the impacts of tourism on the environment of PMA, pointing out
different problems, challenges, and negative consequences to the environment of the various aspects
of tourism in the Academy. The tourists believe that the general management, commercial areas,
tourist routes and facilities at PMA have moderate impact on its environment. This agrees to other
studies that tourists perceive tourism negatively affects the overall make-up of an environment [36,
37]. Moreover, tourists, irrespective of gender, have considerable level of awareness and concern
on the impacts of tourism in an environment of a destination site [38-40]. Findings of this study
gives out valuable insights on how the academy can improve its tourism management to make it
more environmentally friendly and sustainable. A policy that details the management plan on
tourism in the PMA considering the results of this study is suggested. This will offer the Academy
officials and managers a clear perspective of what needs to be taken into account when designing a
sustainable tourism in PMA. For a more complete understanding on the impacts of tourism on the
PMA, a similar study targeting other stakeholders such as personnel, students and residents is
greatly recommended wherein the results shall be compared and integrated with the results of this
study.

Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the Philippine Military Academy, 1CL JOSEFINA C BACALSO
CCAFP for making the online questionnaire, and Ms Ma. Glovedi Joy L. Bigornia and Angelo R.
Agduma for improving the content of this article.

Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or
entity having any financial or non-financial interest in the topic or materials discussed in this
manuscript.

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