A

Micro Project Report

on
Guided Transmission media
Under the Guidance of
Prof. V.B. Ohol

In the Partial Fulfilment of Fourth Semester of Diploma in

Computer Engineering

Department of Computer Engineering

Sandip Polytechnic
Mahiravani, Nashik - 422213

Affiliated to

Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education

Academic Year 2022-23

 Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education

Certificate

This is to certify that Ms. Patil Saloni Nivrutti with Roll No-5 has successfully completed Micro-project in course
Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) for the academic year 2022-23 as prescribed in the
'Assessment Manual' during his/her tenure of completing Fourth Semester of Diploma Programme in Computer
Engineering from institute, Sandip Polytechnic with institute code 1167.

Place: Nashik Enrollment No: 2111670129

Date: / / Exam Seat No:

Course Teacher Head of the Department Head of the Institute

 Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education

Certificate

This is to certify that Ms. Chopadkar Tanishka Kiran with Roll No-14 has successfully completed Micro-project in
course Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) for the academic year 2022-23 as prescribed in
the 'Assessment Manual' during his/her tenure of completing Fourth Semester of Diploma Programme in
Computer Engineering from institute, Sandip Polytechnic with institute code 1167.

Place: Nashik Enrollment No: 2111670139

Date: / / Exam Seat No:

Course Teacher Head of the Department Head of the Institute

 Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education

Certificate

This is to certify that Ms. Rahane Divya Dattatray with Roll No-62 has successfully completed Micro-project in
course Data Communication and Computer Network (22414) for the academic year 2022-23 as prescribed in
the 'Assessment Manual' during his/her tenure of completing Fourth Semester of Diploma Programme in
Computer Engineering from institute, Sandip Polytechnic with institute code 1167.

Place: Nashik Enrollment No: 2111670191

Date: / / Exam Seat No:

Course Teacher Head of the Department Head of the Institute

 Annexure – I

Micro Project Proposal

Guided Transmission Media

1.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project:

This project aims on explaining different concepts related to transmission media. The project further
explains the major types of guided transmission media which includes the twisted pair cable, coaxial
cable and fiber optic cable.

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed:

a) Analyze the functioning of data communication and computer network.
b) Select relevant transmission media and switching techniques as per need.
c) Analyze the transmission error with respect to IEEE standards.
d) Configure various networking devices.
e) Configure different TCP/IP services.

3.0 Proposed Methodology:

After deciding the project topic, we had a wise discussion related to our project. We gathered the required
information on our project topic. We created a project plan which explained how, when and what has to be
done and accordingly we carried out all the tasks and thus obtained the final report of our project.

4.0 Action Plan:

Sr Planned Planned Name of Responsible Team

Details of Activity
No Start Date Finish Date Members
1 Topic Discussion & Selection

2 Review of Literature

3 Aim/Benefits & Importance

4 Resources Required

5 Analysis of Collected Data

1.Patil Saloni Nivrutti
6 Design of System 2.Chopadkar Tanishka Kiran
3.Rahane Divya Dattatray
7 Coding & Testing of Modules

8 Coding & Testing of Modules

9 Coding & Testing of Modules

10 Integration of System Modules

11 Testing of System
12 Compilation of Report

13 Compilation of Presentation

14 Presentation of Seminar

15 Final Submission

5.0 Resources Required:

Sr
Name of Resource/Material Specification Qty. Remarks
No
Desktop with Intel
Core 2 Duo 2.93
1 Hardware Resource 1
GHz, RAM 2GB,
HDD 160 GB
2 Software Resource Microsoft word 1
3 Any Other Resource - -

Name of Team Members with Roll Nos:

Roll No Name of Team Members

5 Patil Saloni Nivrutti

14 Chopadkar Tanishka Kiran

62 Rahane Divya Dattatray

Name & Signature of Course Teacher

(Prof. V.B.Ohol)
 Annexure – II

Micro Project Report

1.0 Rationale:
The project explains the concept guided transmission media. The guided transmission media consists of
twisted pair cable, coaxial cable and fiber optic cable. This project explains the basic theory about them
including their advantages, disadvantages and applications.

2.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project:

This project aims on explaining different concepts related to transmission media. The project further
explains the major types of guided transmission media which includes the twisted pair cable, coaxial cable
and fiber optic cable.

3.0 Course Outcomes Achieved:

a) Analyze the functioning of data communication and computer network.
b) Select relevant transmission media and switching techniques as per need.
c) Analyze the transmission error with respect to IEEE standards.
d) Configure various networking devices.
e) Configure different TCP/IP services.

4.0 Literature Review:

A transmission medium is a physical path between the transmitter and the receiver. Guided Transmission
Media, also known as Wired or Bounded transmission media, is the physical medium through which the
signals are transmitted. There are 3 types of guided transmission media, Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable
and fiber optic cable.

5.0 Actual Methodology Followed:

The methodology followed for obtaining the desired project at the end started with first deciding the topic
of the project. This was followed with collecting essential information on our topic. We distributed the
work in such a way that each member of the group contributed for the project. All the information collected
was properly assembled in the form of report along with it we even prepared a chart on our topic.

6.0 Actual Resources Used:

Sr
Name of Resource/Material Specification Qty. Remarks
No
Desktop with Intel
Core 2 Duo 2.93
1 Hardware Resource 1
GHz, RAM 2GB,
HDD 160 GB
2 Software Resource Microsoft word 1
3 Any Other Resource - -
7.0 Skilled Developed/Learning Outcome of this Micro-Project:
a) Practical Outcomes:
1. Configure Peer-To-Peer Network with at least three hosts
2. Create desired standard network cable including cross cable and test by using cable tester
3. Configure Static and Dynamic IP addresses
4. Run basic TCP/IP utilities and network commands: ipconfig, ping, tracert, netstat, pathing, route

b) Unit Outcomes in Cognitive Domain:

1. Process of data communication and its components
2. Transmitter, Receiver, Medium, Message, Protocol
3. Modes of Communication: Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex
4. Network Architecture: Peer to Peer, Client server Network

c) Outcomes in Affective Domain:

1. The project helped to build the quality of good leadership in one.
2. It increased the quality of effective communication between the team members.
3. Showcased the value called team work
8.0 Application of this Micro-Project:
1. Explains the concept called Guided Transmission Media.
2. Points outs to the main sub types of guided transmission media.
3. Explains each type with great detail including its advantages, disadvantages and applications.
4. Denotes the differences between these 3 main guided transmission media types.

Name & Signature of Course Teacher

(Prof. V. B. Ohol)
Transmission Media
In data communication terminology, a transmission medium is a physical path between the
transmitter and the receiver i.e., it is the channel through which data is sent from one place to
another. Transmission Media is broadly classified into the following types:

• Transmission media is of two types are wired media and wireless media. In wired media,
medium characteristics are more important whereas, in wireless media, signal
characteristics are more important.
• Different transmission media have different properties such as bandwidth, delay, cost and
ease of installation and maintenance.
• The transmission media is available in the lowest layer of the OSI reference model, i.e.,
Physical Transmission media is a communication channel that carries the information from
the sender to the receiver. Data is transmitted through the electromagnetic signals.
• The main functionality of the transmission media is to carry the information in the form of
bits through LAN (Local Area Network).
• It is a physical path between transmitter and receiver in data communication.
• In a copper-based network, the bits in the form of electrical signals. In a fiber-based
network, the bits in the form of light pulses.
• In OSI (Open System Interconnection) phase, transmission media supports the Layer 1.
Therefore, it is considered to be as a Layer 1 component.
• The electrical signals can be sent through the copper wire, fiber optics, atmosphere, water,
and vacuum.
• The characteristics and quality of data transmission are determined by the characteristics of
medium and signal.
• Transmission media is of two types are wired media and wireless media. In wired media,
medium characteristics are more important whereas, in wireless media, signal
characteristics are more important.
 • Different transmission media have different properties such as bandwidth, delay, cost and
ease of installation and maintenance.
• The transmission media is available in the lowest layer of the OSI reference model, i.e.,
Physical layer.

Some factors need to be considered for designing the transmission media:

➢ Bandwidth: All the factors are remaining constant, the greater the bandwidth of a medium,
the higher the data transmission rate of a signal.
➢ Transmission impairment: When the received signal is not identical to the transmitted one
due to the transmission impairment. The quality of the signals will get destroyed due to
transmission impairment.
➢ Interference: An interference is defined as the process of disrupting a signal when it travels
over a communication medium on the addition of some unwanted signal.
Guided Media
Guided Transmission Media, also known as Wired or Bounded transmission media, is the
physical medium through which the signals are transmitted. The transmitted signals are directed
and confined in a narrow pathway using physical links.
It provides us with features like higher speeds, and better security and is used preferably for
comparatively shorter distances. A signal traveling along any such media is directed and contained
by the physical limits of the medium.
Types of Guided Transmission Media
There are three types of Guided Transmission Media:
1. Twisted Pair cable
2. Coaxial cable
3. Fiber Optic Cable

TWISTED PAIR CABLES -

▪ Twisted-Pair Cables are cables consisting of two insulated conductor wires (typically
copper) wound and twisted together arranged in a regular spiral pattern. One wire carries the
signal to the receiver, and the other is used as a ground reference. The receivers use the
difference between the two to interpret signals. Generally, several such pairs are bundled
together in a protective sheath. Twisting is done to make sure the noise will equally affect
the wire from the external environment. They are the most popularly used Transmission
Media and are also the least expensive, and they are lightweight and simple to install while
supporting a wide range of network types. The frequency range for twisted pair cable ranges
from 0 to 3. 5KHz.The number of turns per foot determines the degree of reduction in noise
interference. Increasing the number of turns per foot decreases the noise interference.

Twisted pair cable is also classified into two types:

1. Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable
2. Shielded Twisted Pair Cable
Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable

▪ UTP stands for Unshielded Twisted Pair cable. UTP cable is a 100-ohm copper cable that
consists of 2 to 1800 unshielded twisted pairs surrounded by an outer jacket. They do not
have any metallic shield. This makes the cable smaller in diameter but unprotected against
electrical interference. The twist helps to improve its immunity to electrical noise and EMI.
They are made up of two or four pairs of twisted cables.

They are of 5 types:

Category 1: They are used for telephone lines with low-speed data.
Category 2: Supports up to 4Mbps.
Category 3: Supports up to 16Mbps.
Category 4: Supports up to 20Mbps and can be used for long-distance communication.
Category 5: Supports up to 200Mbps.

Advantages of Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable

• Easy to set up and install.
• Flexible and low-cost
• It has a high-speed capacity
• It has a 100-meter limit.
• Short-distance transmission due to attenuation.
• Sensitive to external interference
Disadvantages of Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable
• Limited bandwidth than Coaxial Cable
• Lesser protection from interference.
• Susceptible to noise and cross-talk.
• They can only be used for shorter distances because of attenuation.

Shielded Twisted Pair Cable

• STP stands for Shielded Twisted Pair cable. STP Cabling is twisted-pair cabling with
additional shielding to reduce crosstalk’s and other forms of electromagnetic interference
(EMI). This cable has a metal foil covering which encases each pair of insulated conductors.
A metal casing prevents electromagnetic noise penetration.
Advantages of Shielded Twisted Pair Cable
• It has better performance at a higher data rate than UTP.
• It eliminates crosstalk.
• Its performance is adequate.
• It can be used for Analog and Digital transmission both.
• It increases the signaling rate.
• It increases the pace of signaling.
• It has a higher capacity than protected twisted pair.
Disadvantages of Shielded Twisted Pair Cable
• It is more expensive and bulkier than UTP and coaxial cable.
• It has a higher attenuation rate.
• It is comparatively difficult to manufacture and install.
Applications of Twisted pair cables:
• Twisted Pair cables are used in telephone lines to provide data and voice channels.
• The DSL lines make use of these cables.
• Local Area Networks (LAN) also make use of twisted pair cables.
• They can be used for both analog and digital transmission.
• RJ-45 is a very common application of twisted pair cables.

COAXIAL CABLE –

• Coaxial cable, also known as coax, consists of an inner conductor surrounded by a

concentric conducting shield. Coaxial Cables have an outer plastic covering containing an
insulation layer made of PVC or Teflon and two parallel conductors, each having a separate
insulated protection cover. The coaxial cable transmits information in baseband mode
(dedicated cable bandwidth) and Broadband mode (cable bandwidth is split into distinct
ranges). Cable TVs and analog television networks widely use Coaxial cables.
• The most common coaxial standards are:

50-Ohm RG- Used with thick

7 or RG-11 Ethernet

50-Ohm RG- Used with thin

58 Ethernet

75-Ohm RG- Used with cable

59 television

93-Ohm RG- Used with

62 ARCNET
 Coaxial cables is also classified into two types:
1. Baseband Coaxial Cable
2. Broadband Coaxial Cable

Baseband Coaxial cable

This is a 50 ohm (Ω) coaxial cable used for digital transmission. It is mainly used for Local Area
Net. Baseband transmits one signal at a time at a very high speed. The major drawback with this is
that it needs amplification after every 1000 feet.
Advantages of Baseband Coaxial cable
• Baseband coaxial cable has a high bandwidth, which means it can transmit data at high
speeds.
• Baseband coaxial cable is less susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) than
other types of cables.
• Baseband coaxial cable can transmit data over longer distances than twisted-pair cables.
• Baseband coaxial cable is highly durable and resistant to damage from physical stress or
harsh environments.
• Baseband coaxial cable is relatively easy to install, as it requires fewer connectors and
is less complex than other types of cables.
Disadvantages of Baseband Coaxial cable
• While baseband coaxial cable can transmit data over longer distances than twisted-pair
cables, it still has a limited distance capability.
• Baseband coaxial cable is thicker and less flexible than other types of cables, which can
make it difficult to install, particularly in tight spaces or around corners.
• Baseband coaxial cable is more expensive than other types of cables, such as twisted-
pair cables.
• Baseband coaxial cable is vulnerable to moisture and other environmental factors,
which can cause signal degradation and other issues.

Broadband Coaxial Cable

This is accomplished by using analog transmission over conventional cable television wiring. It
sends several signals at the same time at various frequencies. When compared to Baseband
Coaxial Cable, it covers a larger region.
Advantages of Broadband Coaxial cable
• Broadband coaxial cable has a high bandwidth, transmitting data at high speeds.
• Broadband coaxial cable is thinner and more flexible than baseband coaxial cable,
which makes it easier to install, particularly in tight spaces or around corners.
 • Broadband coaxial cable is less susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) than
other types of cables.
• Broadband coaxial cables can transmit data over longer distances than twisted-pair
cables.
Disadvantages of Broadband Coaxial cable
• While broadband coaxial cable can transmit data over longer distances than twisted-pair
cables, it still has a limited distance capability.
• Broadband coaxial cable is not compatible with all types of devices or systems, which
can limit its usefulness in certain applications.
• Broadband coaxial cable can experience signal loss or attenuation, particularly over
longer distances or when multiple devices are connected to the same cable.
• Broadband coaxial cable is vulnerable to moisture and other environmental factors,
which can cause signal degradation and other issues.
Applications of Coaxial Cables:
• The coaxial cables are used in Ethernet LANs and also used in MANs
1. Television: Coaxial cable used for television would be 75 Ohm and RG-6 coaxial cable.
2. Internet: Coaxial cables are also used for carrying internet signals, RG-6 cables are used
for this.
3. CCTV: The coaxial cables are also used in CCTV systems and both RG-59 AND RG-6
cables can be used.
4. Video: The coaxial cables are also used in video Transmission the RG-6 is used for better
digital signals and RG-59 for lossless transmission of video signals.
5. HDTV: The HDTV uses RG-11 as it provides more space for signals to transfer.

FIBER OPTIC CABLE

A fiber optic cable is a cable that uses electrical signals for communication. A fiber optic is cable
holds the optical fibers coated in plastic used to send the data by light pulses. The plastic coating
protects the optical fibers from heat, cold, and electromagnetic interference from other types of
wiring.
Fiber optic cables provide faster data transmission than copper wires.

Advantages of Fiber Optic Cable

• Fiber optic cable offers high-speed transmission.
• They are not affected by any electromagnetic interference.
• Fiber optic cables are immune to attenuation and do not require regenerating signals
even after 50+ km.
• They are lighter in weight and cannot be tapped easily.
• They are resistant to corrosive materials

Disadvantages of Fiber Optic Cable

• Fiber optic cables are costly and difficult to install and maintain.
• They are unidirectional and provide one-way communication. To have bidirectional
communication, you have to install two cables.
• They are fragile compared to standard cables.

Applications of Fiber Optic Cable

• Telecommunications companies use optical fiber to transmit telephone signals, Internet
communication, and cable television signals.
• They are also used in other industries, including medical, defense, government,
industrial and commercial.
• In addition to serving the purposes of telecommunications, it is used as light guides, for
imaging tools, lasers, hydrophones for seismic waves, SONAR, and as sensors to
measure pressure and temperature.
• Difference between different guided transmission mediums:
 Annexure – IV

Micro Project Evaluation Sheet

Name of Student: Patil Saloni Nivrutti Enrollment No: 2111670129
Name of Programme: Computer Engineering Semester: IV
Course Title: Data Communication and Computer Network Course Code: 22414
Title of Micro Project: Transmission media

Learning Outcomes Achieved:

a) Analyze the functioning of data communication and computer network.
b) Select relevant transmission media and switching techniques as per need.
c) Analyze the transmission error with respect to IEEE standards.
d) Configure various networking devices.
e) Configure different TCP/IP services.
Poor Average Good Excellent
Sr Sub
Characteristic to be Assessed Marks Marks Marks Marks
No Total
(1-3) (4-5) (6-8) (9-10)
(A) Process and Product Assessment (6 Marks)
1 Relevance to the Course
2 Literature Review/Information Collection
3 Completion of the Target as per Project Proposal
4 Analysis of Data & Representation
5 Quality of Prototype/Model
6 Report Preparation
(B) Individual Presentation/Viva (4 Marks)
7 Presentation
8 Viva

(A) (B)
Total Marks
Process and Product Assessment Individual Presentation/Viva
(10 Marks)
(6 Marks) (4 Marks)

Comments/Suggestions about Teamwork/Leadership/Inter-personal Communication (if any)

…………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………
Name & Designation of Course Teacher: Prof. V.B.Ohol, Lecturer

Dated Signature:
 Annexure – IV

Micro Project Evaluation Sheet

Name of Student: Chopadkar Tanishka Kiran Enrollment No: 2111670139
Name of Programme: Computer Engineering Semester: IV
Course Title: Data Communication and Computer Network Course Code: 22414
Title of Micro Project: Transmission media

Learning Outcomes Achieved:

a) Analyze the functioning of data communication and computer network.
b) Select relevant transmission media and switching techniques as per need.
c) Analyze the transmission error with respect to IEEE standards.
d) Configure various networking devices.
e) Configure different TCP/IP services.

Poor Average Good Excellent

Sr Sub
Characteristic to be Assessed Marks Marks Marks Marks
No Total
(1-3) (4-5) (6-8) (9-10)
(A) Process and Product Assessment (6 Marks)
1 Relevance to the Course
2 Literature Review/Information Collection
3 Completion of the Target as per Project Proposal
4 Analysis of Data & Representation
5 Quality of Prototype/Model
6 Report Preparation
(B) Individual Presentation/Viva (4 Marks)
7 Presentation
8 Viva

(A) (B)
Total Marks
Process and Product Assessment Individual Presentation/Viva
(10 Marks)
(6 Marks) (4 Marks)

Comments/Suggestions about Teamwork/Leadership/Inter-personal Communication (if any)

…………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………
Name & Designation of Course Teacher: Prof. V.B.Ohol, Lecturer

Dated Signature:
 Annexure – IV

Micro Project Evaluation Sheet

Name of Student: Rahane Divya Dattatray Enrollment No: 2111670191
Name of Programme: Computer Engineering Semester: IV
Course Title: Data Communication and Computer Network Course Code: 22414
Title of Micro Project: Transmission media

Learning Outcomes Achieved:

a) Analyze the functioning of data communication and computer network.
b) Select relevant transmission media and switching techniques as per need.
c) Analyze the transmission error with respect to IEEE standards.
d) Configure various networking devices.
e) Configure different TCP/IP services.

Poor Average Good Excellent

Sr Sub
Characteristic to be Assessed Marks Marks Marks Marks
No Total
(1-3) (4-5) (6-8) (9-10)
(A) Process and Product Assessment (6 Marks)
1 Relevance to the Course
2 Literature Review/Information Collection
3 Completion of the Target as per Project Proposal
4 Analysis of Data & Representation
5 Quality of Prototype/Model
6 Report Preparation
(B) Individual Presentation/Viva (4 Marks)
7 Presentation
8 Viva

(A) (B)
Total Marks
Process and Product Assessment Individual Presentation/Viva
(10 Marks)
(6 Marks) (4 Marks)

Comments/Suggestions about Teamwork/Leadership/Inter-personal Communication (if any)

…………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………
Name & Designation of Course Teacher: Prof. V.B.Ohol, Lecturer

Dated Signature: