MODULE NO.

2 MODULE TITLE Seamanship 4 Cargo Handling and Stowage

(Dangerous Goods and Inspection )

A-II/2 F2.C1: Plan and ensure safe loading, stowage, securing, care during the
COMPETENCE/S
voyage and unloading cargoes
CO1 Interpret a cargo plan for loading and unloading dangerous cargo in
COURSE
accordance with established safety rules / regulations, equipment operating
OUTCOME
instructions and shipboard stowage limitations

KNOWLEDGE A-II/2 F2.C1.KUP 6: General knowledge of tankers and tanker operations

UNDERSTANDING
PROFICIENCY

LO1.2: Determine the tanker design, systems and equipment including

- Pumping arrangement
- Pipeline systems
LEARNING
- Gauging control systems and alarms
OUTCOME 1
- Cargo tank environmental ,temperature and pressure control systems
- Cargo heating and cooling systems
- Detecting systems
- Fire-fighting systems
TOPIC 1 Cargo operation (Tanker design, equipment and system)
LESSON PRESENTATION & ACTIVITIES
This Chapter describes the principle tanker systems that are used during cargo and ballast
operations in port It also covers gas carrier cargo handling equipment and related
instrumentation. It reviews pipeline and valve design issues and considers cargo pumps and
ancillary equipment. The plant associated with cargo reliquefaction is also described along
with some of the special operational and maintenance issues. The design of inert gas generation
equipment is also covered

click to view slide no.1 who had net access; For others, see printed module or USB/OTG
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2T4VtvEzh6w

click you tube video no. 5 who has net access :For others, see printed module or USB/OTG

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C47whpkmm2U

click you tube video no. 6 who has net access For others, see printed module or USB/OTG

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9HnzDY-11t4

click you tube video no. 7 who has net access For others, see printed module or USB/OTG

https://www.isgintt.org/files/documents/Chapter_31en_isgintt_062010.pdf

1|Page
 .

You tube detailed loading procedure

https://www.google.com/search?
rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH913PH913&sxsrf=ALeKk03cpPaRjAyTvp2yAoOsPHYpqaK6oA
%3A1597315274292&ei=yhg1X4q0EdC6mAWt-
7aYDQ&q=loading+unloading+oil+tankers&oq=loading+
%26+unloading+of+oil&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQARgAMgYIABAWEB46BAgAEEc6BwgjELACECc
6BwgjELECECc6BAgAEEM6BAgAEAo6CgguEMcBEK8BEAo6BwguEEMQkwI6BAguEEM6BAgu
EAo6CAguEMcBEK8BOgIIADoHCAAQsQMQQzoGCAAQChBDOgoIABCxAxCDARBDOgUIABC
RAjoKCAAQsQMQFBCHAjoICC4QsQMQgwE6BQguELEDOgUIABCxAzoECCMQJzoHCCMQ6g
IQJzoOCC4QsQMQgwEQxwEQowI6CgguELEDEBQQhwI6AgguOggIABCxAxCRAjoHCAAQFBC
HAjoICAAQsQMQgwE6CAgAEBYQChAeUIcZWLC5AWCi6QFoAXABeACAAacBiAHeJ5IBBTQw
LjEzmAEAoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdperABCsABAQ&sclient=psy-ab#kpvalbx=_bhw1X5fVCb3fmAXY-
amwCg23

2|Page
 I. Terms and Definitions
General Arrangement
The most important design drawing that is to be studied in order to identify the design of
a ship, is its General Arrangement Drawing. Figure 3 illustrates the profile view of an oil
tanker’s general arrangement. It basically shows the arrangement of all the spaces
within the ship, and gives a frame-by-frame location of every space, bulkheads, and other primary
structures.

https://www.marineinsight.com/naval-architecture/oil-tanker-ships/

Systems On-board:

Oil tankers have a number of systems that are unique to its operation. We will discuss the most
important ones in brief.
• Cargo Oil Heating System: Ships carrying crude oil are equipped with this system, as crude oil is
heavy and becomes very sluggish and thick in cold environments, which can block the pumps and
pipelines during discharge. So, cargo oil heating system is used to maintain the suitable
temperatures and viscosity of cargo oil in holds.
• Cargo Tank Venting System: Did you know that cargo oil tanks are never pressed full so as to
allow space for oil vapour? But, at the same time, these vapours, being highly inflammable, are not
allowed to accumulate in the cargo tanks. Proper venting systems allow the vapours to escape from
enclosed spaces.
• Overflow Control System: This system uses a level and pressure cascade control to ensure that
the level of oil in the tank does not exceed the design head. High level alarms and spill valves are
connected to the system in order to take correct action in case of anomaly.
• Inert Gas System: The space between the free surface of the cargo oil and the top plating of the
tank is to be kept inert, in order to prevent access of oxygen, so that even in case of any

3|Page
 accumulation of oil vapour, a situation of fire is avoided. This is done by continuous supply and
regulation of inert gas in cargo oil tanks. The space above the oil surface is ensured to be
completely occupied by inert gas. The most common gases used for this purpose are Argon and
Carbon-dioxide
• Fire Fighting System: The fire-fighting systems on board an oil tanker is the most vital for the
ship’s safety, and is designed as per the MARPOL rules. Fire hoses, extinguishers and sprinklers
are distributed along the ship’s length and breadth for access to all points. CO2 bottle room just
above the engine room to allow CO2 flooding in the engine room during engine room fire.
https://www.marineinsight.com/naval-architecture/oil-tanker-ships/
Pumping Arrangement

The arrangement of loading and discharge lines is collectively known as the Ship’s Cargo
System. The first oil tankers to carry petroleum products in bulk were equipped with very simple
pumping systems. For the most part, they had a single line which ran forward and aft from a
midship pump-room, in which were housed two steam reciprocating pumps. One pump served the
tanks forward of the pump-room, while the other dealt with the oil from the tanks aft of this pump-
room. Some of the more simple types with their engines amidships provided pumps in the engine
room to handle the cargo, or alternatively the mainline was extended the length of the machinery
spaces to feed the pumps housed in a small pump-room just forward of the engine room. In both
cases, these vessels were unsuitable for the carriage of low flash products.

Piping Arrangement

The pipes leading from the cargo tanks to the pumps are termed as bottom lines, from the
pump-room up to deck are called risers. The lines on deck are termed as deck lines. The lines
which lead from the deck to the tanks are called drop lines. Besides these, there are Crude Oil
washing lines on deck (COW lines). The COW main line usually branches off from the main
discharge line in the pump-room. It further branches out to the various tanks on deck. There is
also a small diameter line (Marpol line) which is used to discharge the last part of the cargo
from the ship.

In the cargo tanks, the pipes terminate in a bellmouth. A tank may have two bellmouths – one
main and one smaller stripper bellmouth. Alternatively, one bellmouth may serve the purpose of
main as well as stripping discharge.

The piping system has evolved over the years to cater to varying cargo requirements. In a
product tanker which is designed to carry many grades, we see that there are many more pipes
so that many grades can be catered to. In a crude oil tanker, the piping is straightforward and
simple.

There are three basic types of pipeline systems:

1. Direct Line system

2. Ring main system
3. Free flow system.

4|Page
Each system has their uses and is designed to fulfill a need in a particular type of vessel.

Direct Line system

It consists of lines running longitudinally in the centre tanks and branching out to bellmouths in
the centre and wing tanks. The system is uncomplicated and found on some crude carriers.

The advantages are that:

1. it is easy to operate and less training of personnel is required

2. as there are fewer valves, it takes less time to set up the valve system before
commencing a cargo operation
3. contamination is unlikely, as it is easy to isolate each section.
The disadvantages are that:

1. the layout is not as versatile

2. a very rigid system which makes it difficult to plan

Ring-main systems

It is also called the circular system. This type of piping system provides for the handling of
several different types of oil. A particular tank can be pumped out either by a direct suction line
or through another line by use of a cross-over. The system is very versatile.

5|Page
 https://cultofsea.com/tanker/piping-arrangement-conventional-oil-tanker-basics/

Free-flow system

In this system, the oil flows freely into the aft most tanks when the interconnecting gate valves
are opened. Main suction bellmouths in a full free flow tanker will only be provided in the aft
tanks. However, each tank is generally provided with a small stripping line. This system has the
distinct advantage of having lesser and less complicated piping system in the tanks and is
suitable for large tankers which usually do not carry many grades of oil. Obviously, the flexibility
of operations is comparatively less as compared to other piping systems. Some ships are also
designed as part free flow i.e. free flow system only between certain tanks, which is a hybrid or
cross between a full free flow system and a ring main system.

Pumping arrangement

6|Page
The arrangement of loading and discharge lines is collectively known as the Ship’s Cargo System. The
first oil tankers to carry petroleum products in bulk were equipped with very simple pumping systems.
For the most part, they had a single line which ran forward and aft from a midship pump-room, in which
were housed two steam reciprocating pumps. One pump served the tanks forward of the pump-room,
while the other dealt with the oil from the tanks aft of this pump-room. Some of the more simple types
with their engines amidships provided pumps in the engine room to handle the cargo, or alternatively the
mainline was extended the length of the machinery spaces to feed the pumps housed in a small pump-
room just forward of the engine room. In both cases, these vessels were unsuitable for the carriage of
low flash products.

7|Page
8|Page
During loading of cargo on oil tankers, when the cargo enters a cargo tank, it replaces the air
(Or inert gas) inside the tank.

Simple physics right ?

This air (or inert gas) must be allowed to come out of the tank so that the pressure inside the
cargo tank is within limits.

Same goes during the unloading of the cargo on tankers. As the cargo is removed from the
cargo tank, the void created must be replaced by air or inert gas.

The arrangements and system provided on tankers for allowing this air to come out of the cargo

9|Page
tank is called venting system.

Tank gauging, level gauging – the process of measuring tank contents. Every
modern chemical tanker must have an accurate and reliable tank gauging system.
The system must be capable of measuring the tank contents at any level of filling and must be
independent of the high level and overflow control system alarms.

10 | P a g e
http://www.chemicaltankerguide.com/control-instruments-liquid-level-gauges.html

A fire detection system uses a smoke detector to detect a fire before it actually starts. An
effective fire detection system eliminates damage by ensuring that a fire can be prevented
before it even starts. A fire detector may also have a direct connection to an alarm monitoring
centre.

https://www.indiamart.com/noblefiretech-engineers/fire-alarms-and-system-for-trunkey-project-work.html

Fire Fighting Appliances and Preventive Measures Onboard Ships & oil tankers.

Without any kind of doubt, one of the main causes of accidents onboard ships is fire. This is
because of the presence of high temperature, excess quantity of flammable oil and other
combustible materials. A ship is approved to sail in international waters only if it is constructed as
per Fire Safety System code and carries required Fire Fighting Appliances approved by the
concerned authority.

A ship is fitted with various types of fire retardant and fire fighting equipments so as to fight any
kind of fire and extinguish it as soon as possible before it turns into a major catastrophic situation.
In this article we bring to you a list of important fire fighting equipments and measures present on
board.

11 | P a g e
Following are the Fire fighting equipments which are used onboard ships & oil tankers :

 Fire Retardant Bulkhead: Different Class of bulkhead such Class-A, Class-B and Class-C
are used on board ship for construction of bulkhead in areas like accommodation,
machinery space, pump room etc. The main applications of such bulkhead are to contain
or restrict the spread of fire in sensitive areas.

 Fire doors: Fire doors are fitted in fire retardant bulkhead to provide access from the
same. They are self closing type doors with no hold back arrangement.

 Fire Dampers: Dampers are provided in the ventilation system of cargo holds, engine
room, accommodation etc. in order to block out excessive oxygen supply to the fire. For
this, it is necessary that open and shut position clearly marked for fire dampers.

 Fire Pumps: As per regulation, a ship must have main fire pump and an emergency power
pump of approved type and capacity. The location of the emergency fire pump must be
outside the space where main fire pump is located.

 Fire Main Piping and Valves: The Fire Main piping which is connected to the main and
emergency fire pump must be of approve type and capacity. Isolation and relief valves
must be provided in the line to avoid over pressure of the same.

 Fire Hose and Nozzles: Fire hoses with length of at least 10 meters are used in ships.
Number and diameter of the hoses are determined by the classification society. Nozzle of
diameters 12 m, 16 m and 19 m used on ship are of dual purpose types- Jet and spray
mode.

 Fire Hydrants: Fire hoses are connected to fire hydrants from which the water supply is
controlled. They are made up of heat retardant material to get least affected from the sub
zero temperatures and also to ensure that hoses can be easily coupled with them.

 Portable Fire Extinguishers: Portable fire extinguishers of CO2, Foam and Dry Chemical
Powder are provided in accommodation, deck and machinery spaces carried along with
number of spares as given by the regulation.

 Fixed Fire extinguishing system: CO2, Foam and water are used in this type of system,
which is installed at different locations on the ship and is remotely controlled from outside
the space to be protected.

 Inert Gas System: The inert gas system is provided in the oil tankers of 20000 dwt and
above and those which are fitted with Crude oil washing. The IG system is to protect Cargo
space from any fire hazards.

 Fire Detectors and Alarms: Fire detection and alarm systems are installed in Cargo area,
12 | P a g e
 accommodation, deck areas, and machinery spaces along with alarm system to notify any
outbreak of fire or smoke at the earliest.

 Remote Shut and Stop System: The remote station shutdown is provided to all fuel lines
from fuel oil and diesel oil tanks in the machinery space and which is done by quick
closing valves. Remote stop system is also provided to stop the machineries like fuel
pumps, purifier, ventilation fans, boiler etc. in the event of fire in the engine room or
before discharging fixed fire fighting system in the E/R.

 EEBD: EEBD (Emergency Escape Breathing Device) is used to escape from a room on fire
or filled with smoke. The location and spares of the same must be as per the requirements
given in FSS code.

 Fire Fighter’s Outfit: Fire fighter’s outfit is used to fight a fire on the ship made up of fire
retardant material of approved type. For a cargo ship at least 2 outfits and for passenger
ship at least 4 outfits must be present onboard.

 International Shore Connection (ISC): ISC is used to connect shore water to the ship
system to fight fire when the ship fire pump system is not operational and is on port, lay
off or dry dock. The size and dimensions are standard for all the ship and at least one
coupling with gasket must be present onboard.

 Means of Escape: Escape routes and passages must be provided at different location of
the ship along with ladders and supports leading to a safe location. The size and location
are designed as per the regulation.

13 | P a g e
 See review next week topic - LOADING AND UN LOADING OF OIL CARGO
INCLUDING CARGO CARE DURING TRANSIT

References (APA)
https://cultofsea.com/tanker/piping-arrangement-conventional-oil-tanker-basics/#:~:text=The%20pipes
%20leading%20from%20the,to%20deck%20are%20called%20risers.&text=Besides%20these%2C
%20there%20are%20Crude,line%20in%20the%20pump%2Droom.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApWIgxWV5so

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2T4VtvEzh6w

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C47whpkmm2U

https://www.marineinsight.com/naval-architecture/oil-tanker-ships/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TVZxZRvQjI

https://www.slideshare.net/CaptAjeetSingh1/tank-atmosphere-tanker-vessels

http://wwgtotaline.ca/images/uploads/msds/Fast_Penetrating_Oil.pdf

http://www.chemicaltankerguide.com/cargo-care.html

14 | P a g e
 Instructors Information

Name: Capt. Danilo B. Salasalan

Rank: Instructor

Designation:

Email Address: [email protected]

Contact Number: 09770997710 / 8846846

THANK YOU

15 | P a g e