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10.ratio - Root Tests

The document summarizes key concepts about ratio tests, root tests, and power series: 1) The ratio and root tests provide ways to determine if a series converges or diverges based on the ratios of consecutive terms or the nth root of terms. 2) Power series represent functions as a series with terms in increasing powers of a variable x. The radius and interval of convergence determine where a power series converges. 3) Functions can be represented by their power series within the interval of convergence. Operations like differentiation and integration can be performed term-by-term on power series representations of functions.

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41 views39 pages

10.ratio - Root Tests

The document summarizes key concepts about ratio tests, root tests, and power series: 1) The ratio and root tests provide ways to determine if a series converges or diverges based on the ratios of consecutive terms or the nth root of terms. 2) Power series represent functions as a series with terms in increasing powers of a variable x. The radius and interval of convergence determine where a power series converges. 3) Functions can be represented by their power series within the interval of convergence. Operations like differentiation and integration can be performed term-by-term on power series representations of functions.

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trandinhquang011
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Part 3: Sequences, Series, and Power Series

Lesson 10: The Ratio and Root Tests

Nguyen Thi Ngoc Giao

FAST

November 30, 2023


Outline

The Ratio and Root Tests

Strategy for Testing Series

Power Series

Representations of Functions as Power Series


The Ratio and Root Tests
Motivation

I One way to determine how quickly the terms of a series are


decreasing (or increasing) is to calculate the P ratios of
consecutive terms. For a geometric series ar n−1 we have
|an+1 /an | = |r | for all n, and the series converges if |r | < 1.
I The Ratio Test tells us that for any series, if the ratios
|an+1 /an | approach a number less than 1 as n → ∞, then the
series converges.
The Ratio Test
The Root Test
Strategy for Testing Series
Motivation

I We now have several ways of testing a series for convergence


or divergence.
I The main strategy is to classify the series according to its
form.
Power Series
Motivation

P
So far we have studied series of numbers: an . Here we consider
series, called power series, in which each term includes a power of
n
P
the variable x: cn x .
Power Series
Definition
A power series is a series of the form
∞
X
cn x n = c0 + c1 x + c2 x 2 + c3 x 3 + · · · (1)
n=0

where x is a variable and the cn ’s are constants called the


coefficients of the series.
Note:
1. For each number that we substitute for x, the series (1) is a
series of constants that we can test for convergence or
divergence. So that, a power series may converge for some
values of x and diverge for other values of x.
Example: If we take cn = 1, ∀n, one has the geometric series
X∞
xn = 1 + x + x2 + · · · + xn + · · · (2)
n=0
which converges when −1 < x < 1 and diverges when |x| ≥ 1.
Note:
2. A series of the form
∞
X
cn (x − a)n = c0 + c1 (x − a) + c2 (x − a)2 + · · · (3)
n=0

is called a power series in (x − a) or a power series centered at


a or a power series about a.
Notice also that when x = a, all of the terms are 0 for n ≥ 1
and so the power series (3) always converges when x = a.
3. To determine the values of x for which a power series
converges, we normally use the Ratio (or Root) Test.
Interval of Convergence

The number R in case (iii) is called the radius of convergence of


the power series. By convention, the radius of convergence is
R = 0 in case (i) and R = ∞ in case (ii). The interval of
convergence of a power series is the interval that consists of all
values of x for which the series converges.
We summarize here the radius and interval of convergence for each
of the examples already considered in this section.
Representations of Functions as Power Series
Representations of Functions using Geometric Series

We say that ∞ n
P
n=0 x , |x| < 1, is a power series representation of
1/(1 − x) on the interval (−1, 1).
Because the sum of a series is the limit of the sequence of partial
sums, we have
1
= lim sn (x)
1−x n→∞

where
sn (x) = 1 + x + x 2 + · · · + x n
is the nth partial sum.
Differentiation and Integration of Power Series
”term-by-term differentiation and integration”
Homework

[1]. Stewart J., Calculus Early Transcendentals, Brooks/Cole


Publishing Company , (9th Edition, 2021) (Chapter 11)
11.6 1,3-20 al.7, 21-26 al.4, 27-34 al.5, 35,36, 39-41 al.2;
11.7 1-8, 9-48 al.10;
11.8 3-36 al.15, 38,39;
11.9 3-12 al.5, 13-14 al.1, 15, 16, 17-22 al.3.
Thanks for Listening!

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