Iar 2013-2014

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2013-14
– A REVIEW
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2013-14
– A REVIEW
CHIEF EDITOR
Dr. Rakesh Tewari

DIRECTOR GENERAL
EDITOR
Dr. D.N. Dimri

DIRECTOR (PUBLICATIONS)
PUBLISHED BY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA
JANPATH, NEW DELHI
2016
Front Back
Picture-1
Picture-3
Picture-2
Picture-4
Front Cover: 1: Trial Excavation, Talagunda: Mahamandapa with lion balustrades

2: Trial Excavation, Talagunda: Inscription on the south side
` Back Cover: 3 & 4: Viramgam: before and after conservation of Mansar Talav and Shrines
©
2016
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
Price: ` ………. /-
Printed at ……………………………………………………..
CONTENTS
I. Explorations and Excavations …. …. …. …. …. …. 1
Bihar, 1; Chhattisgarh, 24; Delhi, 32; Gujarat, 44; Haryana, 47; Himachal Pradesh, 52;
Karnataka, 64; Madhya Pradesh, 68; Maharashtra, 76; Tamil Nadu, 1136; Tripura, 170;
Uttar Pradesh, 172; Uttarakhand, 196; West Bengal, 198
II. Epigraphy …. …. …. …. …. …. .... …. .... 209
Sanskrit and Dravidic Inscriptions, 209

Andhra Pradesh, 209; Bihar, 210; Karnataka, 211; Kerala, 211;
Madhya Pradesh, 214; Maharashtra, 214; Tamil Nadu, 216
III. Other Important Discoveries …. …. …. …. …. …. …. 219
Tamil Nadu, 219
IV. Palaeobotanical and Pollen Analytical Investigations …. …. …. 222
Gujarat, 222; Uttar Pradesh, 222
V. Museums …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. 224
Bhopal, 224; Lucknow, 224
VI. Architectural Survey …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. 225
Northern Region, 225
VII. Preservation of Monuments …. …. …. …. …. …. …. 240
Bangalore Circle, 240; Bhopal Circle, 245; Bhubaneswar Circle, 256;

Chandigarh Circle, 260; Chennai Circle, 263; Dehradun Circle, 266;
Dharwad Circle, 271; Goa Circle, 287; Guwahati Circle, 296;
Jaipur Circle, 307; Lucknow Circle, 317; Mumbai Circle, 320;
Raipur Circle, 330; Vadodara Circle, 343
VIII. Archaeological Chemistry …. …. …. …. …. …. …. 363
Andhra Pradesh, 363; Bihar, 364; Chhattisgarh, 365; Delhi, 366; Goa, 367;
Gujarat, 368; Himachal Pradesh, 369; Jammu and Kashmir, 372; Karnataka, 372;
Kerala, 375; Madhya Pradesh, 375; Maharashtra, 378; Odisha, 381;
Punjab, 383; Rajasthan, 384; Tamil Nadu, 386; Thrissur, 390; Tripura, 391;
Uttarakhand, 392; Uttar Pradesh, 392, West Bengal, 396
Monitoring of Air Pollution, 397

Project Abroad, 405
Treatment of Monuments and Paintings, 406
Conservation Laboratory, Dehradun & Agra, 407
Photomicrographs of Painted Layer, 410
IX. Archaeological Gardens …. …. …. …. …. …. …. 412
Assam, 412; Chhattisgarh, 412; Gujarat, 412; Jharkhand, 412;

Karnataka, 412; Kerala, 414; Odisha, 414; Uttar Pradesh, 3414; West Bengal; 416
X. Antiquities …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. 417
XI. Publications …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. 418

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2013-14 – A REVIEW
I. EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS
BIHAR its centre. The opening of the cells is

towards courtyard. North-south width of the
1. EXCAVATION AT LAURIYA ARERAJ,
monastery has been measured 17.8m;
DISTRICT EAST CHAMPARAN, BIHAR
whereas east-west orientation being the
The Excavation Branch, Patna of the length could be traced upto 16.8m only. Rest
Survey carried out excavation at Lauriya- part is still buried under modern habitation
Areraj under the direction of K.C. Srivastava extending beyond the boundary wall of the
assisted by J.K. Tiwari, Ashish Kumar, Niraj site. It has been exposed up to 09 courses of
Kumar Mishra, S.P. Gupta, Raman Kumar, bricks above the working floor. Width of the
R.N. Yadav, Dhananjay Kumar and O.P. wall is 90cm. Inner measurement of north-
Panday. The site (26°33’0” N; 84°38’51”E) western cell is 4.8 x 3.2m, north-central cell
is situated about 138kms north of Patna, the is 4.75 x 3.20m, south-western cell is 4.8 x
state capital and 26km west of Motihari, the 3.65m, and south-central cell is 4.65 x
district head quarter of East Champaran. The 3.65m. Entrance to this monastery is on
village Lauriya is famous for Asokan Pillar western side. The central chamber on the
containing I to VI Edicts of Asoka. The eastern wing is a small shrine with 1.2m
pillar is situated close to the east of the wide passage all around. Inner dimension of
village and is locally called as Laur or this shrine is 2.90 x 2.00m having a pedestal
Phallus of Siva and is worshipped as such. with moldings on its eastern arm probably
No antiquarian findings other than the pillar meant for an image. The courtyard measures
were reported earlier from this site. Hence, 8.6m in east-west alignment and 7.5m in
with a view to examine the cultural north-south alignment. In the centre of the
sequence and to unearth the structural or courtyard, remains of rectangular platform
other remains, if any, the excavation was measuring 4.3 x 2.5m are also found. The
carried out in a very limited protected area. brick paved floor of monastery is covered
with a rammed floor of brick jelly and
All together twenty four trenches surkhi.
have been opened. A monastery has been
exposed on eastern side of Asokan pillar. It Water from the courtyard was
consists of a central courtyard, surrounded discharged through an under ground drain
by cells on all four sides and a platform in covered with bricks which passes through
the north- central cell. Approximately, seven pattern. As far as the shapes are concerned,
meter long drain passes through trench K3 vases, handi, bowls, storage jars, handled
Qdt. IV and K4 Qdt.II. Width of the drain is pots, lids and sprinklers are noteworthy.
16cm, whereas the depth be 10cms. Black slipped ware and grey ware are too
Foundation of the monastery has been traced tiny to ascertain the shape.
up to 18 courses at trench J3 Qdt.-III.
The antiquities revealed from the
On western side of the Asokan pillar excavation are quite meagre in number
remains of a clumsy group of small including terracotta snake hood, beads,
structures in the form of cells, walls, brick wheels and sling balls etc. The ceramic
paved floors, etc. have been noticed. industry as well as other associated cultural
Various sizes of bricks have been used in remains, suggest its date ranging from 1st
these structures viz. 47 x 29x 6cm, 45 x 29 x century BCE to 3rd century CE.
6cm, 46 x 29 x 6cm and 34 x 29 x 5cm.
These are left with three four courses only Literary and archaeological
and even one course at few places. A evidences indicate that the site was on the
circular brick structure with diameter of trade route connecting Vaishali to Lumbini
5.5m and 13 courses has also been, revealed via. Kesariya, Areraj, Lauriya Nandangarh
in trench A5 Qdt. I and II. A well (outer dia and Rampurva. The construction of Areraj
1.83m and inner dia 1.43m) has also been monastic complex at Areraj during Sunga-
found in trench XA5 Qdt.-III about 1.0m Kushana period was probably due to
below the present ground level traced upto 5 proximity to the trade route, which was an
courses. Interestingly, it is made of curved important route during the time of Mauryan
baked bricks having outer length 38cm inner emperor Ashoka too as evident from the
length 31cm, breadth 18cm and thickness pillar installed by him at this spot (Pls. 1-6
12.5cm. These hazy structures are having & Fig. 1).
hardly two to three courses below the paved 2. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT NALANDA,
floor and some times raised above the floor BIHAR
without foundation. It indicates that these
The Department of Ancient Indian
were not meant for supporting heavy super
History, Culture and Archaeology, Banaras
structure and hence may be remnants of
Hindu University, Varanasi under the
votive stupas or small platforms etc.
direction of Gautam Kumar Lama on behalf
Potteries retrieved are predominantly of the Centre of Advanced Study, with the
red ware and red slipped ware while limited assistance of Arun Kumar Pandey, B.K.
quantity of tiny sherds of black slipped ware Sinha and Pankaj Kumar carried out
and grey ware have also been found. Red exploration at Nalanda and its vicinity.
ware potteries are both in plain and
Keeping the ruins of Nalanda as
decorated variety. Decorations are executed
reference point more than 100 villages in the
on the outer surface of the potteries by
district and its vicinity were surveyed (Fig.
punching or incising floral and geometrical
2-5). A brief report of the explored sites
2
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS
having archaeological potential is given below:
Site Name Airial Distance in Mean Sea Level in

Meters Meters
Ashathan (Ghosrawan) 14215.38 59.727
Begampur 1368.01 59.657

Chandi Mau 10462.88 73.947
Dhurgaon 20413.22 59.234
Dhurgaon 1 20688.34 53.483
Ghora Katora (Giriyak) 14844.24 80.871
Ghosrawan 14622.55 70.727
Giddhi Pokhar 2467.95 59.351
Juafer Deeh 1509.35 70.405
Kul 3064.8 64.986
Lodipur 2485.52 56.689
Nalanda Ruins 0 60.455
Nanan Gate 7751.3 65.411
Nanan 1 7936.85 69.757
Nanan 3 7959.23 58.88
Nanan 4 7328.36 55.629
Nava Nalanda 771.57 55.967
Mahavihara
Rukhamani Sthan 1924.05 61.983
Xuan-Zang Memorial 1557.35 60.238
Hall
Table-1: Measurements of different sites at Nalanda with reference to the Nalanda Ruins.
Site Name Airial Distance in Mean Sea Level in

Meters Meters
Bimbisar Jail 15662.55 114.926
Bimbisar Palace 15753.9 117.784
Jivakamravana 15534.89 115.573
Maniyar Math 14979.22 96.489
Sonabhandar Caves 14808.36 88.416
Venuvan 13700.24 73.17
Table-2: Measurements of different sites at Rajgir with reference to the Nalanda ruins.
3
Plate 1
Lauriya-Areraj: a; General view of the site and b; General view of the site (western side).
4
Plate 2
Lauriya-Areraj: a; General view of the site (Eastern side) and b; Rammed floor on brick
pavement.
5
Plate 3
Lauriya-Areraj: a; Pedestal in shrine chamber of monastery and b; Brick paved central platform
in courtyard of monastery.
6
Plate 4
Lauriya-Areraj: Drain of monastery.
7
Plate 5
Lauriya-Areraj: a; Terracotta objects (Snake hood, beeds, sling ball and wheels) and b; Grey
Ware and Black Slipped Ware.
8
Plate 6
Lauriya-Areraj: a; Red Slipped War and b; Red Ware.
9
Fig. 1
Lauriya Areraj: Site Plan.
10
Figs. 2-3
Nalanda: Satelite map and its vicinity.
Nalanda: Archaeological sites in and around.
11
Fig. 4-5
Nalanda: Map of ruins and its vicinity.
Nalanda: Map of Rajgir and its vicinity.
12
1. Afsadha (District-Nawadah): The site 4. Ayer (District-Garya): *This site is

is located on the border of Nalanda and located on the border of Nalanda and Gaya
Nawadah districts. It is 40km south-east to districts. It is 37km south-west to the ruins
the ruins of Nalanda and 42km south-east of Nalanda and 49km south-west from the
from the district headquarters of Bihar district headquarter of Bihar Sharif. To the
Sharif. The river Sakri flows 4km west to south-west of the village there is a hill
the village. The mound situated to the south having two natural caverns. To the west of
of the village is extended into 60 x 50m with the village a few Buddhist sculptures made
an extant height of 8m. Brick walls are of black and sand stone are kept at Devi
noticed in the section of the mound. Several Sthan. Mention may be made of a stone
Brahmanic and Buddhist images are kept in panel of Buddha on which the famous
Varaha Sthan, Shiva temple and Devi Sthan. Buddhist creed- “Ye Dhamma
Special mention may be made of an image Hetuppabhava….” is inscribed both on
of Varaha, an incarnation of Vishnu (Pl. 7a). upper and lower portion (Pl. 7b). According
to Xuan-zang’s description during the
2. Atma (25°8’ N; 85°19’ E): The village journey from Bodh Gaya to Rajgriha
Atma is 22km west from the ruins of Buddha stayed at Buddhavana which was
Nalanda and 20km south-west from the about 10 km west to the Jyeshthivana
district headquarter of Bihar Sharif. The (present Jethian) of Rajgriha, so Ayer may
river Paimar flows 1km east to the village. be identified with Buddhavana.
To the south of the village there is a mound
extended into 50 x 60m with an extant 5. Begampur (25°8’25”N; 85°26’55”E):
height of 15m yielding Red, Black, Black There is a huge mound towards south of the
Slipped and NBP Ware. To the east of the village Begampur located 1km north to the
village a few Brahmanic sculptures made of ruins. It is extended in 300 x 300m with an
black basalt are kept in a temple and at extant height of 5m from the surrounding
Radhe Shyam Thakurbari. plain yielding Red Ware pottery. Remains of
brick walls are also noticed. The site was
3. Aungari (25°12’N; 85°15’ E): The site is also excavated in 2007-08 by ASI, Patna
located 34km north-west to the ruins of Branch-III of the Survey.
Nalanda and 33km west from the district
headquarters of Bihar Sharif. The river 6. Beswak (25°10’N; 85°14’ E): The site is
Nonai flows about 1km south to the site. situated at a distance of 37km north-west to
There is a Sun temple to the south-west of the ruins. There are two mounds in the
the village having a large number of village yielding Red, Red slipped, Black and
Brahmanic sculptures made of black basalt Black slipped ware along with terracotta
such as Surya, Vishnu, Uma-Maheshwara, sling balls (Pl. 8a). A large number of
etc. Some of them are inscribed. A few Brahmanic and Buddhist sculptures have
Buddhist sculptures are also kept in the been kept at Thakurb, Goraiya Sthan and
temple. Mahadeva Sthan. Buddha in Bhumisparsha
mudra with depiction of life events made of
13
Plate 7
Nawadah: Varah image of sand stone, Afsad.
Gaya: Inscribed pedestal.
14
black basalt is a unique image lies in open excavated and declared a single culture site
space (Pl. 8b). of Pala period. Remains of brick-built
Buddhist temple and votive stūpa complex
7. Bhadari (25°6’39”N; 85°28’43”E): This were found along with stone sculptures of
is a small mound measuring 10 x 7m with an Brahmanical and Buddhist deities and
extant height of 4m, this village is about terracotta plaques, sealings and votive stūpa.
1.5km east of Kool and 4.5km south-east of
the ruins and 12km south from Bihar Sharif. 10. Dhurgaon (25°14’N; 85°16’ E): The
It seems that it is a corrupt form of the word site is situated at a distance of 30km north-
Bhadraarya which means auspicious. As west to the ruins and 28km west from Bihar
referred in the Pali text Mahavagga, the first Sharif. To the south of the village there is a
meeting of Buddha with Sariputra and mound extended in 40 bighas (Pl. 9a). A
Moggallana held here. tank named Giddhi Pokhar is extended in 12
bighas towards south of the mound. A large
8. Bhui (25°10’97”N; 85°21’33”E): This number of fragments of black basalt are kept
village is situated about 12km south-west in an open space at Devi Stha. A few intact
from the ruins of Nalanda and 21km south earthen pots of Red ware (spouted vase, lid,
from the district headquarter of Bihar Sharif. etc.) and some sculptures recovered by the
The mound extended into 30 x 30m with an villagers during digging the tank are
extant height of 5m is located to the south- presently kept in the High School (Pl. 9b).
east corner of the village. A Mosque is built
by the present settlers on the mound. A few 11. Dumari (25°13’N; 85°19’ E): This
sculptures of black stone are kept in the village is about 15km north-west from the
Brahma Sthan, located to the north of the ruins of Nalanda and 21km north-west from
village. The river Paimar flows 1km south the district headquarter. The mound
to the village. extended into 40 x 30m with extant height of
5m is located to the west of the village
9. Chandi Mau (25°5’44”N; 85°30’15”E): yielding Red Ware.
This village is located about 10km south-
east from the ruins of Nalanda and about 12. Ghorakatora (25° 2’ N; 85°32’E): This
14km south-west from Bihar Sharif. The village is located 18km south-east to the
mound is extended into 5 acres with an ruins of Nalanda and 23km south from the
extant height of 6m and located south-east to district headquarters of Bihar Sharif. There
the village. The river Panchane flows ½km is a huge mound covering an area of 250 x
east to the village. Ceramics of Red Ware, 200m with an extant height of 15m situated
Black-and-Red Ware associated with NBPW on the eastern bank of the river Panchane.
were collected during exploration. To the About 1km east to the mound the famous
south of the village there is a temple Indra Shila cave is located on the southern
containing Brahmanical and Buddhist face of the Giriyak hill which was
sculptures of Gupta and Pala period. In mentioned by Fahien and Xuan-Zang and
2000-01 an area of 70 x 60sq.m was
15
Plate 8
Beswak: a; General view of ancient mound (north-west) and b; Buddha in Bhumisparsha mudra.
16
identified by Broadly, Cunningham and questions before the Buddha.

Kittoe. It is said that here Indra had put 42
Year Archaeological Investigations

1811-12 Francis. Buchanan
1847 Kittoe
1861-62 A. Cunningham
1872 A. M. Broadley
1940 Declared protected as Site of National Importance by
the Survey Government of India in 1940
1987 K.K.Sharma
2007 P.K.Mishra
Table-3: Previous investigations at Ghorakatora
During exploration Pot-sherds of The Buddha image of Versiyawan is

Red, Red Slipped, Black, Black Slipped, called Gachchfar Baba. The word gachch is
NBPW and Grey Ware along with terracotta used for a tree. Infact, the image was hidden
balls and pottery discs were collected. Ring between two trees. During a strong storm
wells and remains of brick-walls are also both trees were fell down and the image was
noticed on the mound. A few Brahmanical exposed, so it is named Gachchfar Baba.
sculptures made of black basalt are kept on
the northern side of the mound. On the basis 14. Kewaidih (25°13’N; 85°28’E): The
of the pottery and antiquities recovered from village Kewaidih is 9km north from the
the site its antiquity may be dated earlier ruins of Nalanda and 8km north- west from
than 10th century BCE. the district headquarter of Bihar Sharif. The
tiver Paimar flows 2.5km west to the
13. Ghosrawan-Ghosrawan (25°6’N; village. To the south of the village there is a
85°34’E): The site is situated at a distance mound presently used for agricultural
of 16km south-east to the Nalanda ruins. purposes and locally known as Dihas.
There is a mound measuring 350 x 200 x During exploration Red, Red Slipped, Black
17ft. to the west of the village yielding Red and Black Slipped Ware were collected from
and Black ware. Brahmanic and Buddhist the mound.
images are kept in the temple of Asha Sthan
located to the west of the village. Two
inscribed Buddhist images needs special
mention.
17
Plate 9
Dhurgaon: a; View of the mound (North-west) and b; Red Ware.
18
15. Khirauti (25°14’N; 85°22’E): The mound. The river Panchane flows 1km east
village Khirauti is located about 15km to the village.
north-west from the ruins of Nalanda and
04km north from Nishchalganj Bazar on 18. Machhaldiha (25°10’N; 85°27’E): This
Bihar Sharif-Ekangar Sarai Road. The Nonai village may be identified with
river flows 3km west to the village. To the Machhalgama referred in Jatakas,
south of the village there is a mound commentary of Dhammapada and
extended into 100 x 70m with an extant Sumangalavilasini. It is situated on a small
height of 10m yielding Red Ware, Red mound about 3km north of the ruins and
Slipped Ware, NBPW, Black Ware and 11km south-west to Bihar Sharif. There are
Black Slipped Ware. There is evidence of some fragments made of black stone kept at
moat around the mound. Sculptures made of Devi Sthan. One of them is a broken image
black basalt are kept at Vishnu Sthan and of Buddha in Abhayamudra having an
Mahadeva Sthan of the village. inscription of one line which is under
decipherment.
16. Kool (25°6’76”N; 85°27’54”E): The
village Kool is located about 3km south-east 19. Maniyawan (25°8’N; 85°29’E): The
of the ruins of Nalanda and about 12km village Maniyawan is situated about 9km
south-west from Bihar Sharif. The mound east from the ruins of Nalanda and 12km
located in the village measuring 115 x 65m south-west from the district headquarter of
with an extant height of 3m is still vacant Bihar Sharif. The Paimar river flows 2.5km
and used by villagers during harvesting. west to the village, while the river Panchane
Several sculptural fragments are kept at flows 1/2km east to the village. The
different locations and are under worship. southern part of the village is situated on the
Red Ware was recovered during exploration. mound yielding Red, Red Slipped, and
Scholars of Buddhism claim that Black Ware. A few fragments made of black
Moggallana, one of the chief disciples of basalt are kept in Mahadeva Sthan. Mention
Buddha belong the village named Kolita and may be made of an image of Surya
perhaps Kool is its corrupt form. The site measuring 31’ x 16.05’.
needs to be excavated vertically to know the 20. Mustafapur (25°8’N; 85°26’E): It is
cultural sequence. situated about 2km north from the ruins of
17. Korai (25°8’N; 85°29’E): This village Nalanda and 14km south-west from the
is situated about 6km east from the ruins of district headquarter of Bihar Sharif. The
Nalanda and 9km south from the district mound having brick structures is extended
headquarter of Bihar Sharif. The mound into 30 x 25m with an extant height of 2.5m.
locally known as Garh par extended into 100 There is an image of Buddha with
x 70m with an extant height of 5m is located Muchalinda Naga having an inscription of
to the west of the village. Red, Red Slipped two lines on the pedestal which is under
and Black Ware were collected from the decipherment. The river Paimar flows
about 7km west to the village.
19
21. Nanan (25°5’44”N; 85°30’15”E): It is located in the south-west of the village near
situated about 3km south-east of Kul- Kudwa Pokhar. The Paimar river flows 5m
Bhadari, 7km south-east from the ruins and west to the village.
11km south from Bihar Sharif. The mound
located in the middle of the village is 25. Parvati: This site is also located on the
extended into 5 acres with an extant height border of Nalanda and Nawadah districts. It
of 1.5m. Scattered potsherds of Red Ware is 34km south-east to the ruins of Nalanda
and Black Ware indicates its archaeological and 38km south-east from the district
importance. Fragments of sculptures are headquarters of Bihar Sharif. The site was
kept at Goraiya Sthan (east of the village) orignaly situated on the ancient bed of Sakri
and at Shiva temple (north of the village). A river but at present its course is shifted about
few medieval remains are also noticed. The 10km west to the village. To the south-west
name Nanan may be identified with ancient of the village an intact image of Buddha in
Nalakagama, where Sariputra was born and dharmachakra pravartana mudra made of
eventually passed away. The river Panchane black stone is kept at Baba Sthan (Pl. 10). A
flows 1km east of the village. hill known as Parvati having a natural grotto
named Indra-Shila is located to south-west
22. Nona (25°7’N; 85°27’E): Located on a of the village. Pot-sherds of Red Ware and
small mound it is 2km south from the ruins Kushana brick-bats are noticed on the hill. A
and 12km south-west from Bihar Sharif. newly built Ram-Sita temple is located on
Fragment of sculptures are kept in various the hill.
places of the village.
26. Raitar (25°3’N; 85°32’ E): The village
23. Opa (25°13’N; 85°18’ E): The village Raitar is located about 15km south-east from
Opa is situated ahout 21km north-west from the ruins of Nalanda and 17km south from
the ruins of Nalanda and 22km west from the district headquarter of Bihar Sharif. The
Bihar Sharif. The Nonai river flows 2km Panchane river flows 2km west to the
west to the village. To the south of the village. To the west of the village there is a
village there is a mound extended into 150 x mound extended into 200 x 100m with an
120m with an extant height of 10m. extant height of 4m yielding Red and Red
Potsherds of Red Ware, Black Slipped Ware Slipped Ware.
and Black-and-Red Ware are found on the
surface. 27. Rukministhan (25°6’N; 85°25’ E): The
mound of Rukministhan is located about
24. Paparnausa (25°8’86”N; 85°26’77”E): 2km south-west of the ruins of Nalanda and
Settled on a small mound the village is 500m east from Jagdishpur mound covering
located about 4.5km north of the ruins and an area of 90 x 50m with an extant height of
about 10km south-west from Bihar Sharif. 6m from the surrounding area. The eastern
The mound is extended into 40 x 25m with portion of the mound is comparatively
an extant height of 4m yielding Red Ware higher than that of the other portion. Here, a
and brick-bats. A few fragments made of modern temple had been constructed to
black stone are kept at Jagdamba Sthan enshrine a life-size image of Buddha
20
Plate 10
Nawadah: Buddha image, worshipped as Parvati.
Shekhapura: Image of Vishnu.
21
measuring 2.92 x 1.98 x 0.85m in Devi Sthan, Mahavir Goraiya Sthan and
bhumisparsha mudra made of black stone of Mahadeva Sthan of the village.
Pala period. There is a depiction of the life-
history of Buddha by intricate engraving on 31. Shankar Garh (25°14’N; 85°21’E):
the outer surface of the image. One another The village Shankar Garh is situated about
image of Buddha is also found in the same 25km north-west from the ruins of Nalanda
posture but the head is broken. and 22km west from Bihar Sharif. The
Paimar river flows 8km east to the village.
28. Sahri (25°11’29”N; 85°22’21”E): This To the south of the village there are two
village is located about 15km north-west mounds yielding Red, Red Slipped and
from the ruins of Nalanda and 15km south- Black Ware.
west from the district headquarter on Bihar
Sharif-Ekangarsarai Road. A few 32. Silao (25°5’21”N; 85°25’71”E): Village
Brahmanical sculptures of black stone are Silao is situated about 8km south-east from
kept in the Goraiya Sthan located to the east the ruins of Nalanda and 16km south from
of the village. The river Mohane flows 1km the district headquarter of Bihar Sharif. The
west to the village. Paimar river flows 300m east to the village.
To the south of the village there is a mound
29. Samas: This village is located on the extended into 50 x 30m with an extant
border of Nalanda and Shekhapura districts. height of 7m yielding Red and Red Slipped
It is about 40km east to the ruins of Nalanda Ware. To the north of the village, a few
and about 31km north-east from Bihar Buddhist and Brahmanical sculptures made
Sharif. The river Sakri flows 15km south to of black basalt, among which some are
the village. There is a mound to the south of inscribed, are kept in a temple known a
the village near an ancient tank spread over Mahadeva Sthan. Special mention may be
on 26 acres. A large image of Vishnu in made of a standing image of Buddha and an
Sthanakmudra is kept in a temple nearby the inscribed broken sculpture of Buddha’s
tank. On the pedestal of the image an chief disciple-Mahakashyap.
inscription of one line is inscribed which is
under decipherment. 33. Tetrawan-Tetrawan (25°6’N;
85°36’E): The site is located at a distance
30. Saure (25°08’N; 85°24’ E): The village about 16km east from the ruins of ancient
Saure is situated about 7km west from the Mahavihara. To the south of the village a
ruins of Nalanda and 16km south-west from large number of Brahmanical and Buddhist
Bihar Sharif. The Paimar river flows 1.5km sculptures lie at Bhagvati temple. Mention
east to the village. To the south of the may be made of a huge image of Buddha in
village there is a mound extended into 70 x Bhumisparsha mudra made of black basalt
50m which is presently used for agricultural misinterpreted as Bhairava Baba (Pl. 11).
purposes. Potsherds of Red Ware and Red There is a inscriptions on the lotus-petals
Slipped Ware are found on the surface. and on broken halo of the image which are
Sculptures made of black basalt are kept at yet to be decipher.
22
Plate 11
Tetrawan: Buddha in bhumisparsha mudra.
23
34. Tulsigarh: The village is situated about away from the right bank of river Seonath
30km north to the Nalanda ruins and 27km (Fig. 6). The site is surrounded by a rampart
north-west from Bihar Sharif. To the south circular in nature, popularly known as garh
of the village there is a mound extended into measures roughly 430m north-south and 460
70 x 50 x 16m yielding Red Ware only (Pl. east-west with a maximum height of about
12a). The river Mohane flows ½km east to 09m from the present surface (Fig. 7). The
the village. A large number of stone western part of the site is vandalized by the
fragments are kept at Goraiya Sthan (Pl. local inhabitants by excavating a pond. The
12b). main aim and objective of the excavation
were; to trace the antiquity and nature of the
These findings compelled us to mud fort site; to testify the cultural sequence
reconsider about the antiquity and settlement of mud fort site other than Malhar; to
history of Nalanda. It can be argued that the conduct horizontal excavation to trace out
historicity of Nalanda can be pushed back at the structural remains; and to ascertain the
least 600 years due to presence of ceramics settlement pattern of this site.
and other antiquities recovered from the
recently explored and excavated sites in the The site was in continuous
vicinity of Nalanda but concrete valediction occupation from Kushan level to Gupta and
can only be confirmed through extensive late Gupta period (Pl. 13). The four fold
excavations in the surrounding area of the cultural sequence is as given below: -
ancient Nalanda Mahavihara.
Period-I: Kushan Period
CHHATTISGARH Period-II: Satavahna period
Period-III: Gupta period
3. EXCAVATION AT DAMRU, DISTRICT
BALODA BAZAR-BHATAPARA Period-IV: Later Gupta /Sarabhpuriya-
Somvanshiya or Panduvanshiya and
The ancient site Damru was Kalchuris.
excavated by the Directorate of Culture and
Archaeology Government of Chhattisgarh Period-I: This cultural sequence is attested
under the direction of Shivakant Bajpai, and to by the findings of incurved bowls, stray
co direction of Rahul Singh, assisted by findings of Kushan copper coin and other
Vrasshottam Sahu, Yogesh Sahu, Shri associated Material. The wares include black
Suresh Sahu, Chetan Manhare, Lalle Singh and red ware, red ware black-slipped ware
Netam and Pradeep Sahu. with luster finish and some sherds of red
ware. Among the important shapes mention
The early historical mud fort site may be made of incurved rim of dish, jar,
Damroo or Damru (21o43’10.60’’N, bowl, miniature pot, spouted vessels,
82015’24.37’’E) located in the Baloda handles and lid (Pls. 14-15) besides the
Bazar-Bhatapara District, Chattisgarh. beads of Terracotta and semiprecious stone.
Damru is located at a distance of 12km from
its Tehsil and is about 84 km. from state Period-II: This cultural phase is assigned to
capital Raipur. It is situated about 4.5km the Satavahan period. Earlier the evidences
24
Plate 12
Tulsigarh: a; Ancient mound and b; Brahminical & Buddhist sculptures.
25
Figs. 6-7
Damru: Map showing the location.
Damru: Site plan.
26
Plate 13
Damru: General view of the site.
27
Plates 14-15
Damru: a; Black and Red ware full pot and b; Black and Red ware luster finish.
28
are traced out from the Mallhar and noteworthy. Semi-precious stone beads and
Tarighat. The findings of square copper terracotta beads of various sizes and shapes
coins which were very contemporary to like areca nut, cylindrical, ghat and circular
Satavahan are also found. Some scholars shape have been retrieved. Terracotta
defined these coins as Mallhar local series or hopscotch, sling ball are found in almost
elephant on deity type of coins and ascribed every trenches. Beautifully carved ivory
to 1st C.A.D. (Pl. 16). The associated comb is another interesting finding of the
findings comprised potsherds of black and excavation. Finding of wheels with spokes
red ware, black slipped ware, red ware and and six handed tiny reposes metal image of
moulded terracotta’s are unearthed. Besides goddess is also important. It is also noted
number of seals and sealings of this period that copper finger rings and Bengal
are traced out. fragments also recovered during the
excavation. An important discovery of iron
Period-III: This cultural phase roughly slag in huge quantity approximate 100 kg
comprised to the Sarabhapuria dynasty of found in the excavation, is very surprising
this region. Ceramic assemblage of this because it is not reported so far from any
period identified with the typical Gupta excavation in the region in the mentioned
stamped pottery (Pl. 17) of red ware and red quantity.
slipped ware and lipped pots. Some
interesting findings of this period are a The important discovery of this
juicer (Pl. 18) and terracotta rotary quern season is the number of terracotta inscribed
(jata) in red ware, its indicating the technical sealings from stratified layers which is
development of the Damru during the proving the pre Satvahana and Satvahana
period. Besides that red ware mostly found period. An important circular terracotta
in shapes of jar, lota, handi, deep bowl, sealing bearing legend “JAMDAS” (Pl. 19)
spouted pot and variety of spouts etc. along with auspicious swastika symbol in
Period-IV The excavation traced out some early Brahmi character, it may be assigned
later Gupta evidences along with some other to Mauryan/Sunga period. The evidences of
archaeological materials. The straight bowl Satvahana and Magha rulers has come in
with red ware and buff red ware and finding form of sealing bearing the legend
of Alauddin Khilji’s coin suggest that the “RAYON ACHANTDASAS YOUGE” (Pl. 20)
occupation became active from c. 3rd-2nd in Satvahana Brahmi. This Brahmi
cent. BC. and remained till 13th cent. A.D. inscription inscribed around the central
monogram of Malhar symbol which is
A good number of antiquities have denoted by Brahmi character Ma or
been recovered during course of excavation developed Nandipada or some scholars refer
from the different cultural periods including it as synonyms for Malhar or Mallaripattan.
ivory, bone, metal, stone objects and few The excavation at Damru focuses on fresh
coins. Besides that terracotta figurine light of the Satvahana and Magha
included animal & human figurine are also settlements in the south Kosala. It is also
29
Plates 16-18
Damru: a; Coins of 1st cent. AD, b; stamped pottery and c; Juicer period IV.
30
Plates 19-20
Damru: a; Sealings from pre kushana character with legend Jamdas alogwith Swastik symbol
and b; Terracotta sealing with legend Rayon Achantdasas yuge.
31
noteworthy here good number of typical box structures may be votive stupa because they
headed Brahmi character terracotta sealing are always retrieved in groups and properly
are traced from excavation which pertained mounted over the platform. One more thing
to Gupta- Vakataka period, even epigraphs which supports this assumption is the fact
of box headed Brahmi is commonly that during the course of excavation no
available in the region. image of any Hindu god or goddess was
found from these levels.
Number of terracotta sealing has
been revealed in Damru excavation along Besides these structures potters kiln
with Brahmi inscription from 2nd cent. B.C and hearth made of brick and rooms made of
to 5th cent, A.D. with typical box headed stone are also traced in pd-II. It is very
Brahmi. On the basis of above it seems that interesting over here regarding brick
Damroo was another important but less structures there is no separate bricks
known ancient seat of South Kosala other structures only few number bricks are used
than Malhar. for making structures. All the structures of
this period were made of calcareous stone
The excavation yielded a unique type which are plentifully available in the area.
of structural activities which was very rarely The digging could not reach the natural soil
known in archaeological site in the country. and further operations may reveal more
These structures are popularly known as details.
circular stone structure. The above
mentioned circular stone structures found in DELHI
the set of four numbers or three numbers
measuring from 2ft-6ft. The structures are 4. EXCAVATIONS AT PURANA QILA
made of slate stone which is locally
Delhi Circle of the survey conducted
available (Pl. 21). These circular structures
excavation at Purana Qila under the
are purposely made on a stone platform
direction of Vasant Kumar Swarnkar
facing each other with passage.
assisted by Vishnukant, V. Muthu Kumar,
Mohd Azhar Sabir, Sandhya Dwivedi and
A total of 14 circular stone structures
Vijimol P.K. Sudhir Kumar, G. Nageshwar
were retrieved. Their basal portions are in
Roa, and K.K. Verma, of Delhi Circle,
good state of preservation but are dislodged
Rakesh Kumar Sardhana, Baldev Singh,
at the top. Another big circular structure was
and Puran Chand Mukhya, from the office
found below the circular stone structures.
of Headquarter, and R.K. Jangir and K.L.
Saini, from Jaipur Circle. The excavation
These circular structures are made of
was conducted with the objectives of (a) to
rammed brick bats and mud and its radius
expose the regular deposit of the Painted
9.5ft, surrounded by stone pavement (Pl. 22)
Grey Ware culture (b) to expose the
.The purpose of its construction is yet to be
structures of various cultural levels (c) to
ascertained firmly. These may pertain to
collect the fresh samples and (d) to impart
period I -III. It seems that the circular stone
32
Plates 21-22
Damru: a; Votive stupa period I-III and b; Circular stone Structures, period I-III.
33
training to the students of the Institute of south-eastern slope were laid following the
Archaeology in excavations. old layout system. The excavation further
confirms the sequence of the earlier
Purana Qila or Old Fort (77 12 N; excavation except some material of British
2 3 E) also known as Pandavon-ka-Qila Period from surface. The details of each
or Indraprastha is located on Western Bank period are as under:
of the river Yamuna, which now flows about
1km to its east. The ancient mound Period I: Mauryan Period
measures 710m (north-east) 350m (east-
Period II: Sunga Period
west) with a height of 11m from
surroundings. The ramparts and other Period III: Kushan Period
buildings were, however built over the
Period IV: Gupta Period
ancient mound by Sher Shah Suri (1538-45
CE) after demolishing and re-modeling Period V: Post Gupta Period
Dinpanah, a city founded by Humayun, also
Period VI: Rajput Period
known as the sixth city of Delhi in about
1533 CE after his return from Persia in 1555 Period VII: Sultanate Period
CE. Humayun also resided here till his
Period VIII: Mughal Period
death in 1556 CE.
Period I: Mauryan Period is represented by
PREVIOUS WORK: A trial digging in 1954- a terracotta ring well of 70cm diameter with
55 and further regular excavation of the site a height of about 2.20m (Pl. 23). Total 18
was conducted by the Survey from 1969-73 rings are exposed. A drain running from
CE. Excavations revealed the evidence of west to east direction encased with terracotta
various cultures from Mauryan to Mughal tiles on either sides has also been unearthed.
Period without any break. The significant
antiquities from various periods included Pottery of this period comprises of
terracotta beads and toys of Mauryan Period, tiny shreds of NPBW (Pl. 24a), fragments of
terracotta Yakshi figurine of Sunga Period, bowl/dish of Black-Slipped Ware, convex
terracotta votive tank and copper coins of sided bowl, dish of Grey Ware and un-
Kushan Period, seals and coins of Gupta stratified pieces of Painted Grey Ware (Pl.
Period, different types of beads of coral, 24b).
crystal, carnelian and a sandstone image of
Vishnu from Rajput Period, Glazed plates, Red ware includes Ahhichhatra 10
coins of Sultanate period and Chinese A, collared rim vase, carinated handi, bowl
with incurved rim, convex sided bowl, and
porcelain with Chinese inscription, glass
wine bottles and a gold earring of Mughal chord impressed pottery, etc.
Period. Among the antiquities terracotta
sealing with symbols like hills, moon, etc.,
PRESENT EXCAVATIONS: With a view to
obtain objectives stated above total 22 ghat shaped beads, ram with prominent
quadrants of 8 squares (10 x 10m) at the curved horn (Pl. 25), disc, tiles, wheel, sling
34
balls, gamesmen, ear-studs and bone points nut-shaped terracotta beads, ghat shaped
are important. bead; terracotta plaques with male or female
figurines, terracotta disc, wheel, sling ball,
Period II: The structures during this period gamesmen (Pl. 26), stone weight, bone
were made of mud-bricks as well as rubble points, animal figures, iron and copper
stones. Besides, few burnt patches has also objects, semi-precious stone beads and shell
been noticed. beads.
Among the pottery, red ware consists Period III: In this level a house consists of
of fragments of collared rim basins, bowls three rooms was exposed (Pl. 27). The walls
with incurved rim, storage jar with are constructed with burnt bricks. Mud
externally thick rim, variant of Ahhichhatra bricks have also been used for partition of
10 A, grooved shoulder vase, vase with rooms and for laying out the floor. The brick
externally grooved rim, lid, ink pot typed sizes varies from 39 x 27 x 6cm to 37 x 22 x
lid, etc. Few pieces of grey ware and Black 5.5cm and 33 x 22 x 5cm. Bricks are placed
slipped ware also continue in this period. A either header or stretcher wise. In one case,
few shreds of Painted Grey Ware have also one row of header and other row of stretcher
been found but not from regular deposit. is found. A lane running east west laid with
Important antiquities of this period tiny piece of pottery mixed with earth was
are copper coins; terracotta sealing, areca- found.
Plate 23
Purana Qila: Ring well, Mauryan Period.
35
Plate 24
Purana Qila: a; Northern Black Polished Ware and b; Painted Grey Ware.
36
Plate 25
Purana Qila: Terracotta animals 1,2&8, Mauryan, Ram, Elephant and Horse, 3 Gupta Bird, , 4
Sunga Horse, 5 Sultanat Horse, 6 Post Gupta Bird, 7 Rajput Bull, 9 Kushan Bull.
37
Plate 26
Purana Qila: Miscellaneous terracotta objects, Sultanate; 1&6 skin rubber and weight; Kushan,
2&5 wheel and tablet; Sunga, 3 slling ball; Gupta 4,7&8 gameman, dice and stamp; Rajput, 9
spoon.
38
Period 27
Purana Qila: House, Kushana Period.
39
is found. A lane running east west laid with made of soap stone were also found from
tiny piece of pottery mixed with earth was this period.
found.
Among the antiquities inscribed
Potteries from this period are red terracotta sealings bearing “Brahma varta”
ware represented by fragments of sprinklers, in Brahami character and Sanskrit language
ink pot typed lid, large to small sized bowls are important finding of this period.
incurved rim with carinated exterior, small Terracotta stamp), disc, wheel, sling balls,
to medium sized vases decorated with gamesmen, a dice, human and animal
impressed triratna symbol, vase with figurines, bird figurine, terracotta medallion
externally grooved rim. of Gaja Laxmi (Pl. 29a), bone points, beads
of semi-precious stones, glass beads, lion
Fragment of a lid, small carinated shaped faience pendant/ bead, shell beads,
pot and small lid made of soap stone are also terracotta ear-stud, terracotta container with
found from this period. These pots, probably religious symbols (Pl. 29b) and carved
may used for keeping the valuable. brick-bat are important.
The antiquities comprises of copper Period V: A wall running north-south
coins, terracotta sealings, areca-nut-shaped direction measuring 2.04 x 0.40 x 0.10m
beads, stone weights, terracotta made of robbed brick-bats is found from this
squaretablets, scrubber (skin rubber), disc, period. The available evidence suggest that
bone points, wheel, sling balls, animal the wall may have belonged to potter’s
figures, gamesmen, iron and copper objects, house. Another wall made of brick bats of
beads of semi-precious stones, glass beads, size 3.50 x 0.40m running east-west belongs
shell beads and ear-stud. to phase II of this period has been exposed.
Period IV: During this period, Kushan The important pottery are fragment
bricks were re-used for construction of of a sprinklers, rim with prominently
structures. In addition, brick-jelly floors flanged below with long conical opening
have been exposed at two places, both and a spout, sharp edged rim bowls, vases
belong to late phase of Gupta Period. Below with horizontally splayed out rim, checker
the brick-jelly floor a wall made of brick- pattern impressed pottery, mica dust slip
bats of earlier Phase is found (Pl. 28). decoration with bonbon design, etc. are
Pottery from this period includes found.
bowls with sharp edged rim, bowls with The antiquities comprise of terracotta
footed base, moulded bowl, tortoise shell dabbers, one of them has inscription in
impressed potteries, red slipped ware vases, Brahmi, terracotta long barrel bead with a
storage jars, Kushan potteries like sprinklers grooved line along the length, terracotta
and incurved bowls also continue with some wheel, sling ball, terracotta female figurine,
changes in shapes. Two miniature pots gamesmen, copper object and semi-precious
stone beads have been recovered.
40
Plate 28
Purana Qila: Kushan, Stone ware, 1,2&4 lid, Carrinated pots and lid; Gupta, 3&5 bowls.
41
Plate 29
Purana Qila: a; Terracotta figuirines of gods and godess, Rajput,1 Vishnu; Gupta, 2
Gajalakshnai; Mughal, 3 Ganesh and b; Gupta, Terracotta tablets with religious symbols.
42
Period VI: This period is represented by a Pottery of this period is characterized

stone wall of semi-dressed stone exposed in by Glazed Ware. Both brownish to white
square Q12. The unusual width of the wall sandy friable and terracotta cores glazed
suggests that this may be a fortification wall. ware were the main industry. These are of
A skeleton of goat has also been recovered medium to fine fabrics with both plain and
from a pit near to the wall. Three random decorated with geometrical and floral
rubble masonry walls of different phases designs. Bowls and dishes have been found
have been revealed in square P13 at slope. in majority. The ring base of the pot is one
To the east of these walls a huge dump of the significant features of this period. Few
consisting of large quantity of Pottery pieces of vase of elongated body are also
including various sizes of knife edged noticed. In addition, chillums in various
bowls, dishes handis, vases, etc. are found. sizes, decorated cup with perforation at the
base and a smoke pipe in red ware are
Knife edged bowls of various sizes reported.
and string cut disc base in red ware are the
main representative pottery of this period. In The antiquities comprise of stone
addition, dishs with horizontally splayed out weights, architectural members of stone,
rim, vases without turned rim, straight stone pestle, wheel, sling ball, terracotta
necked lota, spouted vessels nail headed human and animal figurines, beads, semi-
basins in red ware and Black-slipped ware precious stone beads, glass beads, shell
are also found. beads, copper coins, iron and copper objects.
Among the antiquities, stone Period VIII: No structure of this period was
weights, terracotta spoon, sling ball, traced during excavation under review,
gamesmen, animal figurine, iron objects, however, some material includes tiny pieces
stone image of standing Vishnu (Vaikuntha of blue and white porcelain, pieces with
Vishnu), beads of semi-precious stone beads bluish-white and white surface potsherds
and shell beads are noteworthy. and a few inscribed shreds using dotted are
found. Fragments of green glass bottles,
Period VII: Three walls made of random chillums, huqqa of red ware, spouted
rubble stone have been found from this vessels, decorated red ware vase, black-
period. Another wall running east west and slipped pots, etc. are also found from this
turns towards south at a right angle measure deposit.
3.75 x 75m and 1.80 x 75m respectively
makes a corner of the room. Parallel to the The noteworthy antiquities of this
latter, another wall with 5 courses have also period are architectural members of stone,
been exposed. Traces of lime floors have terracotta animal figurine, terracotta human
been unearthed. Below this a stone rubble figurine, small stone image of Ganesa semi-
wall built with mud mortar in north-south precious stone beads, glass bead and copper
directions of earlier level was exposed. coins.
An important finding of this year is a
43
terracotta human head of British period deposits from the mound area nearby and is
collected from surface. in close proximity to the river. The
excavation has unearthed ceramics
GUJARAT constituted of red ware, red slipped ware,
black ware, black slipped ware, black and
5. TRIAL EXCAVATIONS AT BHARUCH,
DISTRICT BHARUCH
red ware, glazed ware, porcelain and tiles,
while the artifacts include terracotta beads
The Excavation Branch–V, and stoppers, semi-precious stone beads,
Vadodara of the Survey under the direction glass bangles, iron and copper objects and
of Madhulika Samanta, assisted by R.N. lead ingots (Pl. 31). The excavators
Kumaran, Bipin Chandra, N.B. Soni, V.S. encountered with the ground water at a
Rana, A.K. Rana, J.B. Makwana, B.M. depth of 2.40m below the surface forcing the
Rohit, D.P. Modi, H.R.Tadvi, K.P. Parmar, closure of excavations here.
N.M. Rawal, G.B.Varia and A.R. Mehta
carried out trial excavations with the main Preliminary classifications of the
aim to understand the nature of urbanity in sherds of every lot (10cm each) were done
India, basics of city formation and the on the basis of the ware. While the sediment
impact of trade and commerce on urban samples were collected from every lot were
formations during Early Historic times with subjected to various test including Colour,
special reference to Bharuch, Gujarat. In this Finger texturing and Grain Size Analysis
process, the whole area of the Bharuch city through sieve, pH test, presence of
up to the confluence of river Narmada into Phosphate, Water and Organic matter
the sea was taken which comprises of nearly content. The ceramic and fluvial study has
1256sq.km was surveyed. The area was first revealed that the site is not in secondary
divided in to 1km² grid which were further context and the archaeological materials
divided into 100m² and 10m² grids to were not reworked by the floods of the
document all the archaeological vestiges Narmada.
using the GPS. Trial excavations were The excavations at Soneri Mahal
conducted within the fortifications of the revealed an oval shaped water structure
Old Bharuch city at Batuknath Vyamshala measuring 1.56m in length (EW) and 1.18m
(the lowest point) (Pl. 30a) along the (NS). The height of the tank is 1.87m while
western bank of river Narmada and in the its base is 1.65m wide (Pl. 32a) with an
premises of Soneri Mahal Police Station (the outlet along with a flight of 2 steps
highest point of elevation within the fortified measuring 70 x 26cm and 70 x 24cm
settlement), Bharuch (Pl. 30b). towards north while 6 steps measuring 70 x
Devoid of structures, the trench at 22cm, 70 x 24cm, 70 x 22cm, 70 x 22cm, 70
Batuknath Vyamshala is located at a x 22cm and 68 x 24cm descending towards
strategic corner of the fortification wall the west. This tank was built of burnt bricks
which is under regular fluvial onslaughts. It with lime mortar and was plastered with
has the possibility to acquire colluvial lime at the interior. Nearly 6 storage jars
44
Plate 30
Bharuch: a; View of excavated trench, Batuknath and b; Excavated remains, western bank of
river Narmada and in the premises of Soneri Mahal.
45
Plate 31
Bharuch: a; Terracotta beads and b; Iron implements.
46
plastered with lime in the interior was Total three trenches namely A1,
noticed on the eastern surface adjacent to the XA1 and XA2 in defferent location of
tank (Pl. 32b). Apart from the above, a lime mound was taken up for excavation.
plastered floor, a floor provided with
covered drain, brickbat platforms, walls Excavation in quadrant 4 of Trench
running in east-west and north-south A1 revealed evidence of a hearth at the
orientations were also exposed. As far as depth of 55cm from the ground level in the
the ceramics are concerned, Red Ware south-western part of the quadrant covered
predominates the whole assemblage with a large inverted pot. An ashy layer was
followed by Red Slipped Ware, Black Ware, found in association with the hearth in the
Black Slipped Ware, Black and Red Ware, south-western part of the quadrant, while of
Glazed Ware, porcelain, tiles and painted rammed floor were noticed in the south-
sherds. The artifacts mainly constitutes eastern part at the depth of 60cm. Remains
terracotta beads, animal and bird figurines of a brick wall (Str 1), running east-west
(Pl. 33), Iron objects, glass beads and bangle direction comprising of 6 courses of bricks
pieces (Pl. 34), copper coins (Late Medieval were found towards the north of the hearth.
local coins and one Portuguese coin) (Pl. Evidence of wall was found at a depth of 60
35), ivory objects, semi precious stone which continued upto a depth of 91cm. Total
beads, etc. length of wall was 1.70m.
The carbon samples retrieved from A single coursed, semi circular brick
the excavations from the Soneri Mahal has on edge structure was found in the north-
been dated by conventional radiocarbon eastern part of the same Quadrant at a depth
dating having an age of 230 ± 30 BP‫٭‬. of 55cm from the ground level. Remains of
floor were also visible in the southern
HARYANA section at the same level. At a depth of
2.12m remains of a floor in brick jelly was
6. EXCAVATION AT BOHR MAJRA,
found and continued upto a depth of 2.45m
DISTRICT ROHTAK
from the ground level. Natural soil was
Site of Bohr Majra (BMR) located encountered at the depth of 2.75m.
5km east to Rohtak was excavated under
salvage operation as the same was being Ashy deposit noticed in the A1Q4
and A1Q3 was continuing in quadrant Q2 of
destroyed due to development work. A team
the Trench XAI. Remains of a wall, running
comprising Jitendra Sharma, Akshat
east-west direction was found in the
Kaushik, R.K. Dalal, Vinod Kumar, Kapil
Kaushik, Shiwang Gautam, of Chandigarh northern section of this quadrant (XA1Q2).
Total 37 courses of this wall were exposed.
Circle of the Survey in overall direction of
Southern part of the XA1Q3 was further
V.C.Sharma, conducted excavation at the
taken for digging. An evidence of brick
site.
jelly floor which was in A1Q4, at the depth
of 2.12m, was also encountered in this
quadrant.
47
Plate 32
Bharuch: a-b; Oval shaped water structure, Soneri Mahal.
48
Plate 33
Bharuch: a-b; Terracotta head of animal and bird figuirine.
49
Plate 34
Bharuch: a-b; Glass beads and bangle pieces.
50
Plate 35
Bharuch: Copper coins.
Trench XA2 was laid in a low lying moulds, moulds of beads, etc. On the basis
area at a depth of 1.26m from the top of the of the structural remains, antiquities, the site
mound. Remains of a wall, comprising of 11 is datable to the Gurjara-Pratihara period.
brick courses on east-west section was found Occurrence of crucibles and moulds in
in the Quadrant 4 turning north, in the profusion suggest that the site was used as
western section and further entering into Mint.
Quadrant 1 which further turned at right
7. EXCAVATIONS AT THEH POLAR,
angle towards the east. A gate (No.1) was DISTRICT KAITHAL
pierced in the centre of this wall in the
Quadrant 4. Another arm of this wall was In pursuance and compliance of the
entering into Quadrant 3 of this trench directions of the Hon’ble High Court,
where one more entrance gate (No. 2) was Punjab and Haryana, Chandigarh, a team
exposed. This wall was running continue in comprising of Sameer Diwan, Jitendra
eastern section, where it was taking north Sharma, Akshat Kaushik, R.K. Dalal, Vinod
turn and subsequently turning towards the Kumar, Ajaib Singh, R.K. Sapru and Kapil
west (in the walk), thus forming a complex. Kaushik, of Chandigarh Circle of the Survey
under the overall direction of V.C. Sharma
Important finding of the excavation of Chandigarh Circle of the Survey,
is comprises of hundreds of crucibles, coin conducted excavation at the ancient site of
51
Theh Polar to ascertain the archaeological levels of burnt bricks were exposed. This
potential of the site. structure/floor rests on layer 4 and is sealed
by layer 3. The structure is made of
Three trenches namely PLR-1, PLR- primarily reused bricks and brickbats
II & PLR-III were selected for excavation. including a few Kushana bricks.
PLR-I is located in the northern part of the
village. Digging was undertaken in a HIMACHAL PRADESH
controlled area of 2 x 2m and continued upto
the depth of 4.70m till natural soil was 8. EXCAVATION AT LIPPA, DISTRICT
encountered. Total nine habitational layers KINNAUR
could be seen in the sections. During earliar exploration, various
Among antiquities recovered from burials sites were identified for excavation
this trench including a terracotta stamp/seal in the heart of village of Lippa and also on
with a vertical shaft, two terracotta dabbers, the steep slopes of the hills surrounding it.
ahopscotch with prominent thread marks of These burial sites are spread in an area of
the potter’s wheel at the base and a more than 5sq.km around the village (Pls.
terracotta figure of bull with a prominent 36-37).
conical hump and short tapering limbs was The archaeological sites of Lippa
recovered. (31 39’34”N; 7 022’5 ”E) is situated on the
0
In PLR-II-a controlled area of the 4 x confluence of Kerangkhadd and Taiti

4m was dug upto a depth of 1.90m. Natural stream at an altitude of 2745m in Pooh
soil was encountered at a depth of 1.60m. Mandal in Morang division of Kinnaur
Seven habitational layers were marked in the district, about 42km from district
sections. A few antiquities were recovered headquarter of Recong Peo. The Kerang
from this trench. These include a frontal Khadd meets Satluj river near Jangi. The
torso of a terracotta horse/deer (?) a torso of village is snow bound for about three
an unidentified animal and two terracotta months in a year and is prone to heavy and
animal figurines from a depth of 1.05m and recurrent landslides and earthquakes. It was
1.25m respectively. observed that the burial sites were found
heavily disturbed due to the cumulative
Trench PLR-III was excavated to a effects of landslides, avalanches and
depth of 0.67m. Six layers were observed in earthquakes in the region.
the sections. No antiquities were reported
from this trench. However, at a depth of The site of Lippa is situated on the
0.49m below surface some structural activity junction of Trans and higher Himalaya and
was observed in the northern section. This therefore, reflects the climate of the cold
structure/floor comprises of successive desert. As a result of it the vegetation is
courses of burnt bricks and brickbats. The sparse with sporadic cover of bushes on the
exposed remains do not exhibit perfect slope of the hills with trees lines of Chilgoza
orientation and alignment. Successive floor
52
(Pinus gerardiana) and Deodar (Cedrus granite and gneisses which has also
deodara). resulted into the formation of china clay or
kaolinite due to the rapid weathering of
The geological formation around granite in the area. Besides this,
Lippa almost follows the same characteristic metamorphic talc mineral or soapstone has
feature as seen elsewhere in the Satluj also been reported near Asrang, 10km south
valley. Recent studies have found that the of Lippa, but its quality and utility for
deposits between Lippa and Asrang, north making steatite beads is also being
of Kerangkhadd consist of the strata of questioned.
Plate 36
Kinnaur: A general view of Lippa village showing burial sites.
53
Plate 37
Kinnaur: View of site for exacavation.
54
The excavation at Lippa was The Cist burial was found laid in the
conducted by the Department of History east-west direction with 4 capstones at
including Ancient Indian History, Culture different levels. The capstones were found
and Archaeology, HNB Garhwal University, at the depth of 1.60m and 2.10m on the
Srinagar, Garhwal jointly with the Himachal eastern and western side respectively
State Museum, Shimla. The excavation was owing to the steep slope of the site. The
undertaken under the supervision of Vinod Cist chamber measures 1.74m long and 30
Nautiyal, R.C. Bhatt, Pradeep M. Saklani, cm wide on the eastern end, 52cm wide on
Bhagat Panwar, Sudhir Nautiyal, Rom the western side and 42cm deep. The two
Bahudur, Nagendra S. Rawat, Kavita Bist, capstones were placed on both the ends but
Satish Choudhary, Amita Gupta, Rakhi the central part of the Cist was uncovered.
Burfal, and Ekta Singh. S.P. Sati, The capstones are irregular in shape and
Department of Geology HNB Garhwal size. On the eastern side, the capstones
University and Hari Chauhan, Co- measured 83cm long and 27cm wide while
Director of the excavation, Rajesh Sehgal, on the western side it was 66cm long and
Narendra Kumar, Surendra Kumar, Nisha 25cm wide. The interesting aspect of the
and Hemlata from Himachal State Museum, architecture of the Cist was that instead of
Shimla. The human remains were examined using the orthostats to make the Cist
at the site by Veena Tripathy Mushrif, chambers it was made up of dressed stone
Department of Archaeology, Deccan wall measuring 42cm thick which was raised
College, Pune. over a foundation of large sized stones laid
horizontally. The southern wall of the Cist
During the first session the had four courses of finely dressed stones,
excavation was taken up at different while the northern wall had only three
locations at Lippa, i.e. on the very steep irregular sized stone at foundation level with
slope of the hill (Lippa-I), towards west of three courses of dressed stone on the upper
village settlement and the second one level. The construction of the Cists showed
(Lippa-II) located in the centre of the village a fine masonry work.
as shown in the contour map of the area
(Fig. 8). After removing the capstones, the
Cist was found filled with debris.
The site is located on the west of the Unfortunately no burial remains/funerary
Lippa village on the steep slope of the hill material are found inside the Cist. Only a
facing east. The site was identified as the few pieces of wood fragments identified
most potential for excavation as the owner as Himalayan deodar (Cedrus deodara)
of the land had found few skeletal remains were found in a very fragile condition. It
and pottery which were thrown away by the seems that Cist was constructed for some
labourers. Based on this information two symbolic purpose and hence not used for
trenches measuring 2 x 2m were laid on the burying the dead.
steep slope of the hill.
55
Fig. 8
Kinnaur: Contour map of the area, Lippa.
56
Cist-2 is located close to Cist burial- the skeletal remain also. No other funerary
1 towards north at a distance of 5m. A material including pottery, metal objects,
trench measuring 2 x 2m was also laid out at etc. were found with this skeleton at this
the site. At a depth of 2.10m four large site.
capstones oriented towards north-south
were found overlapping each other A thick deposits measuring 2.44m
measuring (i) 72cm long x18cm wide, (ii) 69 overlyin the Cist was a distinct stratigraphy
x 21cm, (iii) 35 x 9cm and (iv) 72 x 15cm which was divided into five different layers
respectively. It is not certain whether these of deposition based upon their texture and
capstones were arranged deliberately or got colour. The most interesting feature of the
overlapped due to some natural process. deposition is a 46cm thick, hard dark
After removing the capstones, the Cist greyish band of slate deposit (layer 3)
chamber measuring 155cm long and separating the compact yellowish clay and
41cm wide towards north-west and 64cm silt deposit (layer 2) and cobble rich silt
towards southeast was found which was and mud deposit (layer 4and 5). This is the
constructed by using four large rectangular only burial site on the steep slopes at Lippa
stones of different dimensions placed which has been found at such a depth.
vertically as orthostats and capped by Efforts are underway to study the erosional
a fine masonry work of five and six pattern of the slope and their effect on the
courses of dressed stones measuring archaeological sites, particularly the burial
between 25-30cm over the orthostats (Pl. sites in Kinnaur which are prone to
38a). However, it was most interesting to landslides and glacial actions.
find that only the lower extremities of the Another very small site was located
human skeleton (a part of the pelvic girdle, in the centre of the village where the
Femur, Tibia and Fibula) were buried in the excavation was undertaken. Because of the
Cist chamber at a depth of 72cm (Pl. 38b). limited area for excavation, a small trench
The lower extremity is 80cm long from one measuring 2 x 2m was laid in east-west
end of the pelvic girdle to other end the leg direction. A double Cist burial was
bone. While the left femur measuring excavated at the depth of 1.5m (Fig. 9).
(33cm) and Tibia (30cm) was almost Though the upper Cist burial was partially
straight, the right Femur and Tibia was damaged due to the construction of road but
slightly bent at the knee joint. The bones of it looked like also rectangular in shape
both the foot (phalanges, metatarsals and measuring 41cm long and 52cm wide
tarsals) were completely missing. It is oriented towards south-east direction. But
difficult to understand why only the lower the interesting part of the architecture of
extremity of the skeleton was buried in the the Cist was a small chamber towards the
Cist? At this stage of our excavation it is north-west direction which in all probability
difficult to say whether it was done might have been made for placing the head
deliberately or it was a part of the ritualistic of the dead (Pl. 39a). It yielded some highly
practice. The cut marks were not visible on damaged disarticulated bones on the south-
57
Plate 38
Kinnaur: a-b; Lower extremities of the human skeleton.
58
Fig. 9
Kinnaur: Exposed section of burial site, Lippa.
59
eastern flank of the Cist. Interestingly, has developed extra bone development and
another rectangular Cist burial oriented there is evidence of squatting facet.
towards the same direction was found intact
just below the upper Cist, however, the The length of fibula is estimated
bones found inside the lower Cist were also (32cm). The stature is calculated. If the
highly degenerated because of the water individual is male he will be around 157.54
seepage from surrounding area and road ± 3.29cm (5.2ft) and if its female then 153 ±
construction (Pl. 39b). Also this is perhaps 3.57cm (5.1ft).
the only double Cist burial site found in The skeleton II in the lower Cist is
Trans-Himalayan region. preserved in fragments. The Cist burial was
The funerary material includes a water logged and it was difficult to excavate
copper bowl and two perforated beads on bones. The outer tables of all the bones are
turquoise and highly polished dark chocolate damaged considerably. This individual is
coloured carnelian. These turquoise and adult and sex identification is tentatively
carnelian beads are very important finds done and using only one criterion from
from Lippa (Pl. 40a). At the present stage of crania. The nuchal crest is of grade 1 which
knowledge it may be said that the beads are belongs to female individual. Though it is
also not of local origin and, therefore might suggesting female sex of the skeleton, it
have reached at Lippa as a result of some should be read with caution. No other sex
widespread trade activity in this region. diagnostic bone preserved in the collection.
There are no pathological lesions observed
Unfortunately the burial was on present skeletal remains.
damaged and there was no contextual
evidence of skull. Two individuals were Another site is also located north east
identified. Standard methodology was used of the Cist-burial-1 in the heart of the village
for doing basic anthropological analysis. which was undertaken for excavation during
Skeleton is partially represented and in second session in September, 2014. A
disturbed context. Most of bones are trench measuring 2 x 2m was laid out in
fragmented other than L(?) fibula. There is north -west direction. Towards the north of
no orientation seen in body deposition. the trench a partially broken high necked
Outer table of all bones are damaged vase with a handle decorated with designs
considerably because of constant dampness on its rim and body was found (Pl. 41a).
of the soil. However, the most interesting finds were a
large number disarticulated human bones
This is an adult individual. The sex at the depth of 50cm and 1m respectively
identification is not possible as bones are which seemed to have been jumbled up and
very fragmentary and no sexually diagnostic confined only towards the north and south
bone present in the collection. Some direction of the trench (Pl. 41b). However,
osteoarthritic conditions are found in talus some of the bones of rodent were also found
(Pl. 40b). The talus-tibia articular surface along with the human bones at the upper
level. It was intriguing to find that the
60
Plate 39
Kinnaur: a-b; Exposed burials, Lippa.
61
Plate 40
Kinnaur: a; Beads and b; Osteoarthritic talus (bone), Lippa.
62
Plate 41
Kinnaur: a; Decorated high necked vase and b; Skeleton remain, Lippa.
63
inhumation was not carried in the regular certain Halami of Pulindage. The second
Cist chambers. The skeletal remains are inscription found in the south side balustrade
under investigation to study their age, is perhaps a fair copy of the north balustrade
gender and other paleopathological features. inscription and refers to one “Chandraditya”
and the temple Pranaveswara as
KARNATAKA “Mahadeva” (Pl. 44). The inscription is
9. TRIAL EXCAVATION, TALAGUNDA, definitely dated to Early Kadamba period
DISTRICT SHIMOGA and is earlier to the Talagunda Pillar
inscription of Shantivarman (c.450 CE).
Bangalore Circle of the Survey under
the direction of M. Nambirajan carried out These structural activities are
trial digging at Pranaveswara temple buttressed with the finding of coins of the
complex, Talagunda. The excavation Kadamba, Satavahana and Ganga periods.
brought to light an interesting and hitherto The structural activities of the Kalyana
unknown fact of Early History of Karnataka. Chalukyas were found in the form of floors
This trial excavation was continued as a and walls constructed by using reused
sequel to the finding of two sets of copper bricks. Along with the structural evidences
plates of Kakathiyas and thirteen gold coins other cultural materials like pottery
of Ganga period and also to cross verify the including Black and Red Ware, Grey Ware,
Talagunda pillar inscriptional reference Black Polished Ware and Red Ware, glass
towards the antiquity of the place to the and terracotta beads, hopscotch, etc were
times of Satakarni’s. The excavations recovered. Many fragmentary lithic records
yielded cultural sequence from Satavahana of circa 5th to 12th century CE were also
to Hoysala period (Pl. 42a). The found during the excavation.
Pranaveswara temple of Talagunda was an
10. GOSASA STONES, VILLAGE KATAGERI,
apsidal brick structure (Pl. 42b) constructed TALUK BADAMI, DISTRICT BAGALKOT
during the time of Satavahanas (circa 3rd
century CE), which was further restored and S. Devroy of Dharwad Circle of the
expanded by the Kadambas by adding a Survey discovered three Gosasa stones in
square mahamandapa with lion balustrade the village pond at Katageri in Badami taluk
steps in greenish grey schist stone at east of Karnataka. There Gosasa stones appear in
and two lateral entrances at north and south. a specific period of Karnataka history, i.e. it
The first inscription found in the north side starts during the end of Badami Chalukya
balustrade in all probability datable to 370 - rule, reaches its zenith in the Rastrakuta
450 CE (Pl. 43). It is a seven lines Brahmi period and slowly disappears in the Kalyani
script written left to right in a slightly Chalukya period. The period of the Gosasa
slanting nature. The use of Kannada words stones discovery in Katageri is roughly
along with Sanskrit makes it a dual language being identified with the period of
inscription. The inscription records gifts of Rashtrakutas. These stones do not have any
land to a boat man namely Vaji Naga [yya] inscription or any pictorial depiction on
who belonged to the Boygara family by a it. The shape, size, breadth and width help
64
Plate 42
Talagunda: a-b; Excavated remains of mahamandapa.
65
Plate 43
Talagunda: Close view of the exposed balustrades with inscriptions.
66
Plate 44
Talagunda: a; Brahmi inscription on the north side and b; Inscription on the south side.
67
us to identify them as Gosasa stones (Pl. 45). the Gawilgarh Hills of the Satpura mountain
ranges under the revenue jurisdiction of
11. HERO STONE AND MAHASATI STONE,
VILLAGE MANGALURU, TALUK BADAMI,
Betul district.
DISTRICT BAGALKOT
During the period under review
S. Devroy of Dharwad Circle of the seventy one decorated rock shelters were
Survey discovered the Hero Stone and Maha explored, thereby taking the total to two
Sati Stone datable to 14-15th century situated hundred and twenty six (226) rock shelters
in the agriculture land of Shri Veerabhakta in the Gawilgarh Hills, inside the Satkund
Alappa Honnali in Mangaluru village on the and Dabka Reserve Forest areas of the
bank of river Malaprabha. In Karnataka, Satpura range in the Atner and Multai tehsils
large numbers of Sati stones were of Betul district in Madhya Pradesh
discovered and broadly classify into two bordering the Amravati district of
categories with or without inscription. Hero Maharashtra. The work was undertaken as
stone in Mangaluru has two parts but part of the village to village archaeological
without inscription on it. The Mahasati investigations in the Tapti Purna Valley.
stone, which is also called as Anugamana
The decorated rock shelters spread
stone has no sahagamana sculpture also
across the Gawilgarh hills have been divided
devoted of inscription. Anugamana is the
into twenty one groups, one group added
kind of sati who died listening to the news
during this year to existing twenty groups
of her husband’s death in the war (Pl. 46).
and their nomenclature derived from either
MADHYA PRADESH the village nearby or any shrine or locally
known landscape of the area. The groups so
12. EXPLORATION IN THE GAWILGARH, named are Ambadevi (ABD) group named
DISTRICT BETUL after the present shrine - nineteen shelters;
In continuation with the previous Agya Doh (AGD) - five shelter, Borkap
year’s work, the Excavation Branch-I of the (BKP) - three shelters, Ghodamma (GDM) -
Survey under the direction of Nandini two shelter; Gaimukh (GMK) - twenty one
Bhattacharya Sahu assisted by Rajesh shelters; Ghorpend (GPD) - twelve shelters,
Kumar Mehar, Prashant Sonone and Prajnya Jhunkari (JNK) - two shelters, Kosumb
Pratim Pradhan, Vijay Gedam, H.J. Gupha (KMG) - six shelters, Kund (KND) -
Barapatre, D.K. Kasbi and Snehmala Suple, seven shelters, Kukadsadev (KSD) - thirteen
B.V. Bhoyar and Pavitra Barik, R.G. shelters, Lamgondhi (LGD) - one shelter,
Nagulwar, S.M. Khairkar, Shri Shahid Mendhagarh (MDG) - seventeen shelters,
Akhtar, D.A. Kamble, M.R. Kambe, R.G. Mungsadev (MSD) - one shelter, Pat (PAT)
Patil, Kartik Mudaliar, Balbhadur Ghale, - twenty eight shelters, Pachmuh (PCM) -
Mehtab Alam, A.M. Tayade, K.M. Desai, seven shelters, Pachumri (PMR) - twelve
K.P. Bhagat, S.R. Korde, P.R. Masram and shelters, Ramgarh (RMG) - six shelters,
Jarrar Hussain carried out exploration and Salbuldi (SBD) - twenty six shelters, Telkan
documentation of decorated rock shelters in (TKN) - sixteen shelters, Takira (TKR) -
68
Plate 45
a b
Village Katageri, Bagalkot: a-c; Gosasa Stones.
69
Plate 46
Village Mangaluru, Bagalkot: a; Hero Stones and b; Mahasati Stones.
70
fifteen shelters and Ugum (UGM) - seven. cupules. The themes of decorations revolve
around diverse forms of Nature, flora and
The decorations in the rock shelters fauna, hunting scenes, war scenes and
of Gawilgarh Hills fall under two broad abstract geometric patterns.
divisions, viz. Pictographs executed in
different colours like green, white, black and A summary of the decorated rock
different shades of red and Petroglyphs shelters, discovered in this field season
comprising bruising, pecking, engraving and (2013-14) is enumerated below:
Name of Geo-coordinates Facing Significant Decorations

Shelter Petroglyphs Pictographs
ABD 15 21° 24′ 22.3″ N Northeast ------ Horse riders,
077° 56′ 45.9″ E Human figures
ABD 16 21° 24′ 15.9″ N South and ------ Green Paintings:

077° 56′ 4 .5″ E southeast Rabbit, Boar,
Porcupine
ABD 17 21° 24′ 25.7″ N South-west Shallow and Deep -------
077° 56′ 59.6″ E cupules, Engraved
deer’s
ABD 18 21° 24′ 20.2″ N South-west Engraved Antelope Indistinct painting

077° 57′ 05.6″ E
ABD 19 21° 24′ 25.1″ N West ------- Dots arranged as
077° 56′59.3″ E motif
AGD 2 21° 23′ 5 .3″ N South-east Shallow cupules in Indistinct

077° 54′ 15.2″ E two rows and a cupule
AGD 3 21° 24′ 01.4″ N North-west Shallow cupules in

077° 54′ 09. ″ E rows at two places
AGD 4 21° 24′ 06.7″ N South Shallow cupules in
077° 54′ 16.3″ E south-east ‘P’shape arrangement
AGD 5 21° 24′ 07.1″ N South ------ A flower vase
077° 54′ 1 .7″ E south-east
GDM 2 21° 26′ 12.9″ N South-west Shallow cupules, deep -----
078° 02′ 52.4″ E cupules and an animal
figures
GMK 19 21° 24′ 20.9″ N North-west Shallow cupules in -------
077° 54′ 34.7″ E rows
71
GMK 20 21° 24′ 31.4″ N North Vulva and Palm Indistinct

077° 54′ 29.6″ E
GMK 21 21° 24′ 31.3″ N East Cupules
077° 54′ 21.6″ E south-east
GPD 6 21° 25′ 29.3″ N West Deep cupules three -------
077° 59′ 49.6″ E south-west nos. Geometrical
design.
GPD 7 21° 25′ 27.7″ N East Vulva
077° 59′ 44.0″ E
GPD 8 21° 25′ 25.3″ N North Deep cupule ------
07 ° 00′ 15. ″ E
GPD 9 21° 25′ 21.7″ N South Shallow cupule in Dancing Human
077° 59′ 53.4″ E south-west rows figures.
GPD 10 21° 25′ 20.2″ N North Cupules -------

077° 59′ 44.0″ E
GPD 11 21° 25′ 21.0″ N North-east ------- Palms in pairs and
077° 59′ 42.6″ E singles.
GPD 12 21° 25′ 21.5″ N North-west Shallow cupules in -------
77° 59′ 40.4″ E rows
KMG 6 21° 24′ 1 .2″ N South-east Trees, Vulvas Geometric motifs
077° 55′32. ″ E
KSD 10 21° 24′ 05. ″ N South ------- Reptile?
077° 56′ 19.2″ E
KSD 11 21° 24′ 07.3″ N South-east ------- Godhani and
077° 56′ 41.2″ E human figures.
MDG 11 21° 24′ 51.6″ N West -------- Herd of animals
077° 57′ 45.9″ E and palm prints.
MDG 12 21° 24′ 50.7″ N South-west ------- Frog
077° 57′ 46.2″ E
MDG 13 21° 24′ 52.0″ N South Animal figure, and
077° 57′ 44.3″ E deep cupule
MDG 14 21° 24′ 55.0″ N Northwest Deep and shallow
077° 57′ 46.0″ E cupules
MDG15 21° 25′ 00.7″ N North-west ------ Indistinct
077° 57′ 32.6″ E
MDG16 21° 25′ 00.3″ N North ------ Indistinct
077° 57′ 31.2″ E north-west
MDG17 21° 24′ 53.9″ N South Shallow cupules --------
72
077° 57′ 2 .7″ E south-west

PAT 23 21° 24′ 56.3″ N North Tools sharpening Deer, tree and
077° 57′ 25.6″ E north-west marks animal figures
PAT 24 21° 24′ 56.0″ N North ------ Indistinct
077° 57′ 23.9″ E
PAT 25 21° 24′ 37. ″ N North-west Shallow cupules, Indistinct motif
077° 5 ′ 09.6″ E sharpening marks
PAT 26 21° 24′ 22.5″ N South-west Vulva
077° 5 ′ 17.2″ E
PAT 27 21° 24′ 22. ″ N South ------- Horse riders,
077° 57′ 15.9″ E south-east human figures
PCM 4 21° 26′ 12.5″ N South-west Trident and some Hut, (not clear),
077° 5 ′ 57.3″ E other indistinct line faint Godhni.
drawings. Deep
cupule.
PCM 5 21° 26′ 10.7″ N North Deep and shallow Deer
077° 5 ′ 54.5″ E cupules
PCM 6 21° 26′ 10.2″ N West Single cupule ------
077° 5 ′ 53.2″ E north-west
PCM 7 21° 26′ 06.5″ N South Phallus?
077° 5 ′ 4 .7″ E
PMR 6 21° 25′ 1 .1″ N West Shallow cupules Ornamental design
077° 59′ 34.5″ E
PMR 7 21° 25′ 15.2″ N East Deep cupules ---------
077° 59′ 31.3″ E
PMR 8 21° 25′ 15.1″ N North-east Deep and shallow ------
077° 59′ 31.6″ E cupules
PMR 9 21° 25′ 13.2″ N South-East Cupule -------
077° 59′ 10.9″ E
PMR 10 21° 25′ 11. ″ N South-east Vulvas and shallow
077° 59′ 10.3″ E cupules
PMR 11 21° 25′ 19.0″ N West Engravings -------
077° 59′ 3 .5″ E
RMG 4 21° 26′ 10.7″ N West ------- Paintings in Black,
078° 02′ 13.5″ E North-west human figures
RMG 5 21° 26′ 09. ″ N South-east Cupules in rows ------
078° 02′ 05.9″ E and north-
west
73
RMG 6 21° 26′ 21.4″ N North-west Cupules in rows

078° 02′ 03.7″ E
SBD 13 21° 25′ 42. ″ N North Chisel marks
07 ° 00′ 55.5″ E
SBD 14 21° 25′ 42.7″ N North-west Chisel marks ----
07 ° 00′ 55.9″ E
SBD 15 21° 25′ 46.5″ N North-west Chisel marks -----
07 ° 00′ 57.4″ E
SBD 16 21° 25′ 3 .6″ N North Humped bulls -----
07 ° 01′ 01. ″ E North-west
SBD 17 21° 25′ 3 .5″ N North-west Vulva, deep & shallow Animal and human
07 ° 01′ 02.4″ E cupules figures and
hunting scene
SBD 18 21° 25′ 41.2″ N North-west Animal figures and ---
07 ° 01′ 03″ E cupules
SBD 19 21° 25′ 41.4″ N North-west ------ Animals
07 ° 01′ 03.7″ E
SBD 20 21° 25′ 40.4″ N West- Sharpening mark -----
07 ° 01′ 03.6″ E North-west deep cupule
SBD 21 21° 25′ 39. ″ N West- ------ Geometric motifs
07 ° 01′ 03.6″ E north-west
SBD 22 21° 25′ 3 .0″ N North- ---- Animal figures
07 ° 01′ 06.9″ E north-west
SBD 23 21° 25′ 43.6″ N East – ---- Toran type motif
07 ° 01′ 1 .6″ E north-east
SBD 24 21° 25′ 3 .3″ N South- Cupules ------
07 ° 00′ 59.5″ E south-east
SBD 25 21° 25′ 17.1″ N South-east Animals Indistinct
07 ° 00′ 31.9″ E
TKN 12 21° 24′ 14.0″ N North-east Deep and shallow -----
077° 55′ 55.4″ E cupules
TKN 13 21° 24′ 2 .7″ N South-east Engravings of animal ----
077° 55′ 51.4″ E figure, human figure
and vulvas
TKN 14 21° 24′ 01.7″ N South Human figures,
077° 56′ 00.7″ E turtle, deer
TKN 15 21° 24′ 5 . ″ N West Shallow cupules
077° 56′ 05.7″ E
TKN 16 21° 24′ 20.0″ N South ----- Human figure and
74
077° 55′ 59. ″ E south-east Indistinct painting.

TKR 14 21° 25′ 1 .4″ N South Cupules Indistinct
077° 54′ 32.2″ E
TKR 15 21° 25′ 1 ″ N South-east Vulva -
077° 54′ 32″ E
LGD 1 21° 25′ 15.3″ N North-east --- Geometric motifs
077° 57′ 06.6″ E
UGM 7 21° 24′ 55. ″ N South-east ---- Honeycomb and
077° 57′ 22.0″ E Indistinct
paintings.
UGM 8 21° 25′ 02.6″ N South- ----- Indistinct painting
077° 57′ 20.6″ E south-west
Various types of tools fashioned on excavation was undertaken in only one of

cryptocrystalline materials like chert, the shelters, from the Gaimukh group,
chalcedony and agate have been collected shelter no. 1 (GMK 1), which was identified
from within the rock shelters and in the as having only Chalcolithic paintings on the
vicinity of some shelters also. The wall. Excavation was conducted mainly with
prominent tool types include blades, an aim to corroborate the authors of the
bladelets, borers, burin, geometric and non- paintings on the shelter wall and also to
geometric tools assignable to Upper ascertain the antique type of occupancy at
Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Chalcolithic the shelter. The very small scale and limited
periods. Two miniature pots of dull red ware trial excavation yielded promising results,
were also reported from Ghodpend 5. also proving that the shelter was used solely
by the Chalcolithic folks and that the walls
On the basis of the preliminary depicted only Chalcolithic paintings.
investigations of the styles of execution,
superimpositions, colour scheme of the GMK 1 is located on the left bank of
decorative elements coupled with the a river, locally known as Gaimukh river. The
discovery of stone tools from and within the site can be approached either from Narha
vicinity of the shelters, in the absence of village or from Dharul village (a Gond
chronometric dates, point to the fact that village). It is located at a distance requiring
different decorated rock shelters were about 45 minutes walk, in the N-E direction
occupied right from the Upper Palaeolithic of Narha village.
to the Historical period passing through the
Mesolithic and chalcolithic stages. The area for excavation in the shelter
was selected very carefully and it was
To ascertain the surface findings, the decided to take two trenches of 3 x 3m in
petroglyphs and pictographs in the shelters, north-south direction. They were named as
and owing to the paucity of time, trial GMK-I and GMK-II. Whereas GMK-I was
75
exactly below the overhanging ceiling of the on the surface of which microliths and
shelter, GMK-II was outside the roof area of debitages were found in good quantity.
the shelter. GMK-I which was initially 3 x
3m later became 3 x 3.08m, as the cutting Pieces of hematite yielding burnt-
line in southern section was pushed by 8cm. sienna colour used for painting were found
In between the trenches there was a baulk of in good quantity.
50cm. GMK-I was almost 76edieva whereas Bone pieces with cut-marks and also
GMK-II had sharp slope towards north. without cut-mark, reflecting upon the dietary
GMK-I was excavated to a depth of habits of the shelter inhabitants, were also
195cm and GMK-II to a depth of 114cm. At found. A few charred bone pieces were also
the natural level in both trenches only found. One shell pendant with two holes
boulders were found one blade factory was was also reported.
exposed from where finished, unfinished Available evidances suggest that the
blades and debitages were collected. inhabitants of the shelter started
Besides this, pottery, bones, pieces, riverine manufacturing tools in the later period.
shell and one broken shell pendant were However, uses microliths with pottery,
found. Total 5 layers were exposed out of continued from the beginning till the end.
these the first 4 layers yielded artefacts The finding of raw sienna pigment proved
while the last one was devoid of any its use for the paintings. From the findings
76edieval. and corroborated evidences it can be
Red ware, black ware and micaceous deduced that this shelter was inhabited by
red ware were found during excavation. The people who used both lithic tools and
pottery repertoire is ill to well fired having pottery and belonged to the chalcolithic
thin to medium fabric with evidence of period. Though they were not manufacturer
tampering materials. Indistinct potsherds of pottery but they seem to obtain this from
were more in comparison to the distinct their coeval habitation, probably in the
ones. Very few rim parts were found. The plains. No metal object has been found from
shapes are Lotā, deep bowl and vase. the excavation.
Artefacts comprise mainly MAHARASHTRA

microliths, especially blades and bladelets
13. EXPLORATION, DISTRICT NAGPUR,
both geometrical and non-geometrical, BHANDARA AND CHANDRAPUR
borers and points etc. made of agate,
chalcedony, chert, and quartz. In many cases The Prehistory Branch, Nagpur of
retouching of the tools was also noticed. the Survey under the direction of N. G.
Nikoshey, assisted by Gajanan L. Katade, K.
One stone block size 102 M. Girhe and N.K. Nimje conducted
x 64cm with an engraving of four concentric exploration in various districts of
circles of 19 to 20cm dia. Carved by pecking Maharashtra and brought to light the
method was exposed at the depth of 70cm following sites of archaeological interest.
76
Site/Village Tehsil Nature of remains

Aregaon Hingna Temple ruins and fragmentary
(21o 1’ 16”N; 78o 44’ 19” E) sculptures, late medieval period.
Akhewada Katol Late medieval mound
(21o 7’ 15”N; 78o 42’ 47” E)
Asalwada Kamthee Siva temple of late nineteenth
(21o 6’ N; 79o 20’ E) century CE and Late Medieval
Mound.
Ashti (Nimji) Kalmeshwar Middle Palaeolithic
(21o 10’ 56”N; 78o 52’ 8” E)
Bokara Nagpur Middle Palaeolithic
(21o 14’ 10”N; 79o 2’ 35” E)
Bhugaon Kamthee Siva Temple of late nineteenth
(21o 6’ N ; 79o 31’ E) century CE
Bharatwada Katol Microlithic
(21o 13’ 36”N; 78o 36’ 53” E)
Bamgiri Kalmeshwar Middle Palaeolithic
(21o 17’ N; 78o 45’ E)
Chargaon Kalmeshwar Middle Palaeolithic
(21o 15’ 12”N; 78o 44’ 53” E)
Chakdoh Kalmeshwar Middle Palaeolithic

(21o 16”N; 78o 46’ E)
Dhanoli Kuhi Middle Palaeolithic
(21o 2’ 22”N; 79o 15’ 52” E)
Dorli Kalmeshwar Late Medieval Mound
(21o 14’ 27”N; 78o 5’ 24” E)
Gaurwada Kalmeshwar Microlithic
(20o 3’ 23”N; 78o 43’ 50” E)
Gumthala Kalmeshwar Siva temple of late medieval period
(20o 11’ 55”N; 78o 52’ 10” E)
Khapri Nagpur Mesolithic artefacts
(21o 1’ 16”N; 78o 44’ 19” E)
Kaladongri Nagpur Middle Palaeolithic
(20o 3’ N; 79o 6’ E)
77
Kalmeshwar Kalmeshwar Middle Palaeolithic

(21o 14’ 6”N; 78o 55’ 34” E)
Kohli Kalmeshwar Middle Palaeolithic
(21o 15’ 29”N; 78o 47’ 48” E)
Khursapar Kalmeshwar Middle Palaeolithic
(21o 46’ N; 78o 11’ E)
Lakhori Kalmeshwar Middle Palaeolithic
(21o 16”N; 78o 41’ E)
Lonhara Kalmeshwar Middle Palaeolithic
(21o 11’ 35”N; 78o 50’ 96” E)
Minai Kamthee Late medieval, red ware

(21o 5’ N; 79o 19” E)
Nimji (Ashti) Kalmeshwar Middle Palaeolithic

(21o 47’ 57”N; 78o 3’ 14” E)
Panchgaon Umred Middle Palaeolithic and megalithic
(21o 1’ 4”N; 79o 9’ 41” E) burial
Pardi Kamthee Middle Palaeolithic
(21o 10’ 59”N; 79o 57’ 47” E)
Surgaon Umred Middle Palaeolithic and Late
(21o 2’ 13”N; 79o 4’ 36” E) medieval mound
Selu Kalmeshwar Middle Palaeolithic
(21o 48’ 21”N; 78o 4’ 12” E)
Sonkhamb Katol Middle Palaeolithic
(21o 16’ 5”N; 78o 43’ 40” E)
Susandri Kalmeshwar Middle Palaeolithic and Mesolithic
(21o 17’ N; 78o 48’ E)
Sabkund Katol Middle Palaeolithic
(21o 12’ 12.5”N; 78o 35’ 40” E)
Tarabadi Katol Middle Palaeolithic
(21o 15’ 27”N; 78o 42’ 43” E)
Titur Kuhi Middle Palaeolithic and late
(21o 3’ 48”N; 79o 15’ 5” E) medieval mound
Ubali Kalmeshwar Middle Palaeolithic, megalithic
(21o 16’ 36”N; 78o 55’ E) burial and late medieval mound
78
Ukharwahi Umred Middle Palaeolithic

(20o 56’ N; 79o 14’ E)
Waroda Kalmeshwar Middle Palaeolithic

(21o 17’ 3”N; 78o 54’ 42” E)
Walni Katol Middle Palaeolithic
(21o 14’ 55”N; 78o 35’ 23” E)
Sawarla Pauni Middle Palaeolithic
(20o 43’ N; 79o 43’ E)
Bikali Nagbhir Microlithic
(20o 39’ N; 79o 36’ E)
Erwajhari Chimur Microlithic and Middle Palaeolithic
(20o 40’ N; 79o 34’E)
14. EXPLORATION FROM AIZWAL TO Nikoshey, assisted by K. M. Girhe and R. K.

MYANMAR BORDER AND AROUND AIZWAL Dwivedi has carried out exploration from
MIJORAM
Aizwal to Myanmar border and around the
Prehistory Branch, Nagpur of the Aizwal in Mizoram brought to light the
Survey under the direction of N. G. following sites of archaeological
importance.
District Site Nature of remains

Aizwal Falkawn Memorial Stone and Hero
(23°39’N; 92° 5 ’E) Stone
Champai Khawzawl Memorial Stone
(23°32’N; 93°12’E)
Aizwal Lunglong Two natural caves and British
(23°41’N; 92°3 ’E) style bungalow
Aizwal Rulchawn Neolithic Celt
(23°40’N; 92° 5 ’E)
Aizwal Tachip Memorial Stone
(23°3 ’N; 92°59’E)
15. EXPLORATION IN GOSIKHURD- Survey carried out exploration in Amravati,

NALGANGA PROJECT, DISTRICT Akola and Washim districts in the Gosihurd-
AMRAVATI, AKOLA AND WASHIM
Nalganga project under village-to-village
Gajanan L. Katade, Ravikumara J., Survey scheme.
Shilpa Rangari and Ku. Ekta Dharkar under
the guidance of N.G. Nikoshey of the
79
Village Geocoordinates Taluka District Findings

Bori 20 40’2 .6”N; Chandur Rly Amravati Late medieval Garhi
77 56’31.6”E remains
Dhanaj 20 43’05.6”N; Karanja Washim Late medieval Garhi
khurd 77 35’04.6”E remains
Hadpa 20 45’27.3”N; Chandur Rly Amravati Late medieval Garhi
.
77 54’35 7”E remains
Jawala 21 40’2 .5”N; Chandur Rly Amravati Late medieval Garhi
77 57’59.1”E remains
Kurum 20 45’3 .0 ”N; Murtizapur Akola Late medieval Garhi
77 34’16.66”E remains
Mogra 20 39’49.9”N; Chandur Rly Amravati Late medieval Garhi
77 5 ’36.4”E remains
Nandgaon 20 40’49.4”N; Nandgaon Amravati Hemadpanthi temple
Khandesh 77 49’55.7”E Khandeshwar
war
Nawasal 20 45’04.53”N; Murtizapur Akola Late 80edieval temple,
77 32’41.4”E sculptures
Phubgaon 20 3 ’55.8”N; Nandgaon Amravati Historical sculptures,
77 52’14.7”E Khandeshwar medieval temple and
garhi ruins
Pipri 20 36’2 . ”N; Ner Yeotmal Late medieval Garhi
kalga 77 53’40.9”E remains, Hemadpanthi
temple
Rahati 20 41’21.2”N; Karanja Washim Late medieval Garhi
77 36’2 .5”E remains
Rajnapur 20 42’19.66”N; Murtizapur Amravati Historical temple, hero

Khinkhini 77 33’22.11”E stone
Rajura 20 42’0 ”N; Chandur Rly Amravati Late medieval Garhi
77 55’41”E remains
Ramtek 20 42’04.93”N; Karanja Washim Late medieval Garhi
77 37’20.04”E remains
Siddhanat 20 42’42.9”N; Nandgaon Amravati Late medieval temple
hpur 77 39’13.4”E Khandeshwar
Sivni 20 37’56.9”N; Nandgaon Amravati Late medieval Garhi
Rasnapur 77 51’03.1”E Khandeshwar remains
Sultanpur 20 3 ’02.3”N; Chandur Rly Amravati Late medieval Garhi
77 57’04.6”E remains, Hemadpanthi
temple
80
16. EXPLORATION IN UPPER AND MIDDLE The main objective of the Survey
WARDHA VALLEY was to explore the upstream and
Prehistory Branch, Nagpur of the downstream of Wardha river to indentify
Survey under the direction of N.G. ancient settlements of the region. The
Nikoshey, assisted by Gajanan L. Katade following sites of archaeological importance
K.M. Girhe, P.S. Pashine and N. Nimje were explored.
conducted a village to village survey on the
banks of Wardha river.
Site/Village Tehsil District Nature of remains
Arvi chhoti Ashti Wardha Mesolithic

(21o13’N; 78o5’E)
Ajnadevi Karanja Wardha Mesolithic, Middle Palaeolithic
(21o10’27”N; 78o22’35”E) and Late Medieval Mound
Bichhua Multai Betul Middle Palaeolithic and
(21o44’N; 78o18’E) Mesolithic
Bangaon Pandhurna Chhindwada Middle Palaeolithic and
(21o 34’N; 78o28’13”E) Mesolithic
Biroli Pandhurna Chhindwada Middle Palaeolithic and
(21o33’51”N; 78o26’13”E) Mesolithic
Banberda Karanja Wardha Mesolithic
(21010’47”N; 78016’00”E)
Botona Karanja Wardha Mesolithic
(21012’20”N; 78017’16”E)
Belora Ashti Wardha Mesolithic
(21015’49”N; 78003’42”E)
Borkhedi Ashti Wardha Middle Palaeolithic and
(21012’50”N; 78015’5”E) Mesolithic
Dahua Multai Betul Mesolithic
(21047’N; 78019’E)
Dehargaon Multai Betul Mesolithic
(21042’N; 78015’E)
Deoli Narkher Nagpur Mesolithic, Middle Palaeolithic
(21026’10”N; 78026’31”E) and Late Medieval Mound
Dongargaon Ashti Wardha Mesolithic
(21021’55”N; 7809’49”E)
81
Dalpatpur Ashti Wardha Mesolithic and Middle

(21011’39”N; 7805’54”E) Palaeolithic
Ganeshpur Warud Nagpur Mesolithic
(21027’40”N; 78020’01”E)
Hardui Multai Betul Middle Palaeolithic and
(21044’N; 78018’E) Mesolithic
Hardoli Pandhurna Chhindwada Middle Palaeolithic
(21044’N; 78020’E)
Hiwara Pandhurna Chhindwada Mesolithic
(21030’44”N; 78027’25”E)
Itawa Pandhurna Chhindwada Middle Palaeolithic and
Jatlapur Pandhurna Chhindwada Middle Palaeolithic and
(21033’11”N; 78027’25”E) Mesolithic
Jamgaon Warud Amravati Middle Palaeolithic
(21025’26”N; 78024’44”E)
Jamthi Warud Amravati Mesolithic and Late Medieval

(21028’31”N; 78023’44”E) Mound
Jalalkheda Narkher Nagpur Middle Palaeolithic, Mesolithic
(21022’59”N; 78024’48”E) and Late Medieval Mound
Jolwari Ashti Wardha Mesolithic
(21015’28”N; 7805’21”E)
Kolhya Multai Betul Middle Palaeolithic
(21044’N; 78020’E)
Kondar Multai Betul Lower Palaeolithic
(21043’N; 78033’E)
Khambara Multai Betul Middle Palaeolithic and
(21042’N; 78025’E) Mesilithic
Karwar Warud Amravati Middle Palaeolithic and
(21033’34”N; 78025’23”E) Mesolithic
Khanbit Ashti Wardha Middle Palaeolthic and
Lohana Pandhurna Chhindwada Middle Palaeolithic
(21033’12”N ; 78027’27”E)
82
Linga Warud Amravati Middle Palaeolithic and

(21032’37”N; 78025’15”E) Mesolithic
Malegaon Multai Betul Mesolithic
(21045’N; 78018’E)
Morshi Warud Amravati Middle Palaeolithic and
(21024’4”N; 78026’3”E) Mesolithic
Mendla Narkher Nagpur Middle Palaeolithic and

(21030’42”N; 78021’53”E) Mesolithic
Nimbhoti Multai Betul Middle Palaeolithic
(21043’N; 78022’E)
Patan Patan Betul Middle Palaeolithic
(21039’N; 78016’E)
Pipalghat Warud Amravati Middle Palaeolithic and
(21023’11”N; 78025’5”E) Mesolithic
Parghan Warud Amravati Mesolithic, Middle Palaeolithic
(21025’45“N; 78025’46”E) and Late Medieval Mound.
Pardi Karanja Wardha Mesolithic and Middle
(21010’38”N; 78018’30”E) Palaeolithic
Ranjni Karanja Wardha Mesolithic
(21010’03”N; 78021’25”E)
Sattudhana Multai Betul Mesolithic
(21039’N; 78017’E)
Thari Pauni Warud Amravati Mesolithic
(21024’40”N; 78021’03”E)
Thugaon-deo Warud Amravati Mesolithic
(21024’40”N; 78027’03”E)
Umtha Narkher Nagpur Middle Palaeolithic and
(21028’34”N; 78024’36”E) Mesolithic
Umarikala Pandhurna Chhindwada Middle Palaeolithic and
(21031’11”N; 78020’31”E) Mesolithic
Vaghod Karanja Wardha Mesolithic

(21027’6”N; 78024’26”E)
Waregaon Pandhurna Chhindwada Middle Palaeolithic
(21032’12”N; 78027’22”E)
83
17. EXPLORATION OF BORI RIVER IN which spread in around the Dug-wells at

AKKALKOT TEHSIL, DISTRICT SOLAPUR Umbrge and Halalli village. The Dug-wells
Shivaji Dadaso Kshirsagar of Deccan are found in the Paleochannel of Bori river.
College, Pune carried out exploration in For the study of Paleochannel of Bori river
Bhim river basin of Bori river in Akkalkot Google Earth (Remote sensing), Old
Tehsil of Solapur District. Exploration Topographic maps of Survey of India, Year
revealed Lower Palaeolithic and Mesolithic 1916, scale 1 inch to 1 mile and new
stone tools, microlithic and animal teeth Topographic maps of Survey of India, Year
fossils (Fig. 10). The raw material such as 1974, scale 1cm to 50000cm (1cm to 0.5km)
chalcedony, gate and chart for Microlithic were used. Fresh Lower Paleolithic tools
tools and basalt for Lower Paleolithic stone were found in the Bori river bed with the
tools were found. Animal fossil teeth and lose, unsorted, Sandy, Pebbly, Boulders
Paleolithic tools were found in the Dug- gravel and alternative uneven layer of silt,
wells sandy Pebbly gravel in secondary silt-sand with calcium carbonate noodles
context with the river conglomerate of found in the Dug-wells at Umarge and
Pebbly-Bolder of brownish colored gravel Halalli Village.
Fig. 10
Solapur: Location map of Archaeological in Bori river basin.
84
ODISHA Khamari assisted by S.Panda, A.R.Sahoo,

U.K.Bhoi, S.K.Khuntia and R.N. Sahoo
18. EXPLORATION AT KHURDA, DISTRICT
carried out exploration on the right of river
KHURDA
Daya in district Khurda. Details of the site
The Excavation Branch-IV of the explored by the team are as under: -
Survey under the direction of Dilip Kumar
Location/Village Monument/Site Antiquarian Remains

Lingipur Harabhavani Temple Fragment of a Ganesa image and a
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20012’33”N; 85051’29”E) male figure with folded hands.
District Khurda
Lingipur Radhakanta Temple Image of Trivikrama, Narasimha
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20012’34”N; 85051’20”E) and Varaha being worshipped as
District Khurda parsvadevatas.
Nathapur Laterite wall on the river Remnants of an ancient laterite
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar bed blocks built wall measuring about
0 0
District Khurda (20 12’40”N; 5 50’4 ”E) 10m length, 3m width and 4m
height.
Nuagaon Gopinatha Temple Images of Balkrishna, a four armed
0 0
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20 12’50”N; 85 50’1 ”E) Vishnu and a Nandi.
Distt- Khurda
Nuagaon Balunkeswar Temple Four armed Ganesa, Kartikeya,
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20012’56”N; 85050’06”E) Parvati, votive stones depicting
District Khurda linga.
Bikipur Maa Kalyanimayee Temple Image of Ganesa, head portion of a
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20012’30”N; 85049’55”E) Naga image and a hero stone.
District Khurda
Jaipur Patana Maa Nistaruni Temple Image of Kartikeya being
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20012’13”N; 85050’0 ”E) worshipped as Maa Nistaruni.
District Khurda
Itipur Budhi Mangala Temple Image of deulacharini generally
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20011’56”N; 85050’17”E) found at the beki portion of a typical
District Khurda rekha temple of Kalingan style.
Itipur Ranagouri Three miniature votive temples
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20011’4 ”N; 85050’0 ”E) carved with scenes of linga worship.
District Khurda
Itipur Madan Mohana Temple Three pairs of Radha and Krishna
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20011’55”N; 85050’12”E) images. The images of Krishna are
District Khurda made up of black chlorite stone
while the Radhas are of astadhatu.
85
Itipur Jageswari Shrine- A female standing in tribhanga

Tehsil- Bhubaneswar Svapneswara Siva Temple posture and a male figure holding a
0 0
District Khurda (20 11’56”N; 85 50’10”E) skull cup in the left hand and sword
in the uplifted right hand.
Palashpur Sasana Gopinatha Temple Four armed Varaha, fragments of a
0 0
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20 11’22”N; 85 49’45”E) two armed Ganesa, eight armed
District Khurda Mahisasura Mardini and a dopicha
simha.
Palashpur Sasana Dulla Dei (Temple Architectural fragments.
0 0
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar 20 11’2 ”N; 85 49’51”E)
District Khurda
Palashpur Sasana Charchika Temple Four armed dancing Chamunda, four
0 0
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20 11’20”N; 85 49’55”E) armed seated Chamunda, four armed
District Khurda varaha image and a broken Vishnu
image.
Basantapur Sasana Narayanadeva Temple Images of Varaha, Trivikrama,
0 0
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20 10’47”N; 85 49’34”E) amorous couple, a royal figure with
District Khurda folded hands, architectural
fragments and Garuda. The
presiding deity of the temple is a
four armed Vishnu image. As per an
inscribed stone piece found attached
at the frontal portion of Jagamohana
the temple was established on 1348
sala 10 dina.
Basantapur Sasana Brahmheswara Siva Temple Images of four armed Ganesa, two
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20010’50”N; 85049’32”E) armed Kartikeya, four armed
District Khurda Parvati, fragment of a navagraha
slab, a dopicha simhas besides other
architectural fragments.
Basantapur Sasana Jageswari Temple Two armed nagi figure with nectar
0 0
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20 10’39”N; 85 49’45”E) pot in hands, two armed Bhairava
District Khurda image and fragments of a Simha
bidala.
Gangeswarpur Terracotta ring well and Remains of a terracotta ring well and
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar pottery a amlaka stone.
0 0
District Khurda (20 10’01”N; 85 49’22”E)
Kalyanapur Sasana Nrusinghanatha Temple Image of four armed yogapata
0 0
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20 09’52”N; 85 49’15”E) Lakshmi-Narasimha, four armed
District Khurda Trivikrama, Garuda over a pillar
86
base.
Kalyanapur Sasana. Jageswari Shrine Eight armed Mahisasura Maridini,
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20009’46”N; 85049’30”E) two armed Bhairava, four armed
District Khurda Vishnu and Narasimha, simha
bidala, asva bidala and architectural
fragments.
Kalyanapur Sasana Sahada Mundali Dhipa Chalcolithic mound.
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20009’4 ”N; 8504 ’32”E)
District Khurda
Kalyanpur Sasana Pottery from agriculture Potsherds of mostly red ware.
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar land of shri Dujei Pradhan
District Khurda (20009’40”N; 85049’2 ”E)
Sua Barei Banadurga Shrine Man riding over a caparisoned horse
0 0
Tehsil- Pipili (20 09’32”N; 85 49’30”E) holding sword in the right hand and
District Puri a bowl in the left hand, a mutilated
figure of eight armed Chamunda.
Tikarapada Gramadevati Shrine Image of Garuda and a male figure
Tehsil- Pipili Mangala and Ramachandi riding over an elephant.
0 0
District Puri (20 10’12”N; 85 49’36”E)
Sua Barei Sua Barei Mound Chalcolithic mound yielding celts,
0 0
Tehsil- Pipili (20 09’14”N; 85 4 ’33”E) antler bone pieces, charred bones,
District Puri potsherds of red ware varity, Black
and red ware, etc.
Bindha Khadeswara Mahadeva Ten armed Chamunda, two armed
0 0
Tehsil- Pipili (20 0 ’24”N; 5 4 ’50”E) Bhairava, a kneeling devotee with
District Puri nectar pot in hand, Nandi over a
pillar fragment, rampart lion.
Arjunagada Durga Shrine Defaced figure of Mahisasura

Tehsil- Pipili (Balunkeswara Mahadeva) Mardini , architectural fragments.
District Puri
Balikuda Baidyeswara Siva Temple Nava graha panel, amlaka stone.
Tehsil- Pipili (20007’50”N; 8504 ’3 ”E)
District Puri
Balikuda Satamana Chalcolithic mound totally under
Tehsil- Pipili Huda/Bechhaparia Diha cultivation.
Distt- Puri (2000 ’13”N; 8504 ’1 ”E)
Dakhina Nuagaon Brahmheswar Temple four armed Parvati, four armed
Tehsil- Pipili (20007’50”N; 85047’5 ”E) Kartikeya, four armed Ganesa, four
District Puri armed image of Vishnu, three
87
dopicha simhas, half buried votive

temple, pillar fragments, panel
depicting royal procession etc.
Dakhina Nuagaon Jageswari Temple Images of Ganesa, Gajalakshmi,
Tehsil- Pipili (20010’39”N; 85049’45”E) Bhairava, female figure, bhara
District Puri bahaka and terracotta animal
figurines.
Samantarapur Baruniswara Four armed Ganesa being worshiped
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20013’41”N; 85050’20”E) as parsvadevata.
District Khurda
Samantarapur Sukleswara Nabagraha panel and a Nandi image.
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20013’41”N; 85050’20”E)
District Khurda
Samantarapur Surya Temple Pillar fragments, amlaka stones.
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20013’41”N; 85050’20”E)
District Khurda
Sriramnagar Banadurga Shrine image of Maheswara, Ganesa,
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20013’45”N; 85050’0 ”E) Nandi, Makara, Surya and Vishnu.
District Khurda
Kapileswara Jageswara Gramadevati Image of Garuda, broken image of a
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar Shrine four armed Parvati, fragments of two
0 0
District Khurda (20 13’4 ”N; 85 49’53”E) Bishnu images, rampart lions, a four
armed female deity and Naga-Nagi
image.
Kapileswara Dulladei Temple Four armed Mahisasura Mardini,
0 0
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20 13’50”N; 85 49’46”E) four armed Ganesa, Surya, a female
District Khurda playing with drums, dopichha
simhas and a lower part of Parvati
image.
Kapileswara Kapileswara Temple This temple said to have been built

Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20013’45”N; 85049’3 ”E) by Suryavamsi King Kapilendradeva
District Khurda (1435-1467 CE) in 15th century CE.
The main temple stands in an axial
alignment over a high plinth.
Kapileswara Surya Temple Surya riding on his chariot driven by
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20013’45”N; 85049’3 ”E) seven horses and Aruna as the
District Khurda charioteer.
Kapileswara Yamaraja Temple A siva lingam within a yonipitha.
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20013’45”N; 85049’3 ”E)
88
District Khurda
Kapileswara Chitragupta Temple A siva lingam within a yonipitha.
District Khurda
Kapileswara Sanischareswara Temple Navagraha panel.
District Khurda
Kapileswara Roshaghara Dancing male and female figure,
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20013’45”N; 85049’3 ”E) Gajalakshmi.
District Khurda
Kapileswara Hajira Mandapa Two armed standing Karetikeya
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20013’45”N; 85049’3 ”E) image, architectural fragment
District Khurda depicting seated image of Lakulisha
besides a deface figure of Naga with
nectar pots.
Kapileswara Somabara Mandapa Four armed Vishnu, Varaha, upper
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20013’45”N; 85049’3 ”E) portion of a Vishnu image.
District Khurda
Kapileswara Jaleswara Temple A single pidha structure.
District Khurda
Kapileswara DakshinaKali Image of Trivikrama, Parvati and
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20013’45”N; 85049’3 ”E) four armed Ganesa.
District Khurda
Kapileswara Bahakhia Open pillared Mandapa.
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar Mandapa/Beharana
District Khurda Mandapa
(20013’45”N; 5049’3 ”E)
Kapileswara Bhandara Ghara A single pidha structure.
District Khurda
Kapileswara Ditiya Kapileswara Siva lingam with its circular
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20013’45”N; 85049’3 ”E) yonipitha.
District Khurda
Kapileswara Bhairava Temple Image of Parvati, four armed Ganesa
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20013’45”N; 85049’3 ”E) and four armed Bhairava dancing
District Khurda over a corpse.
Kapileswara Someswara Temple. A small pidha structure.
0 0
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20 13’45”N; 85 49’3 ”E)
89
District Khurda
Kapileswara Siddheswara Temple A single pidha structure.
District Khurda
Kapileswara Stepped well-1 A rectangular stepped well
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20013’45”N; 85049’3 ”E) represented with the images of
District Khurda Nataraj, Parvati, Vishnu, Ganesa,
Matriaka and Royal figures.
Kapileswara Stepped Well-2 Rectangular stepped represented
0 0
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20 13’45”N; 85 49’3 ”E) with the images of linga worship by
District Khurda a royal figure and a four armed
female figure.
Kapileswara Gateway of the Kapileswara Two ancient gateways leading to the
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar Temple. (20013’45”N; temple.
District Khurda 85049’3 ”E)
Sundrapada Kalia Sani Gramadevati Naga-Nagi images architectural
0 0
Tehsil- Bhubaneswar (20 13’42”N; 85 4 ’52”E) fragments.
District Khurda
Arokola-Botanda Mahabhoi Pokhari Ancient water body.
Tehsil- Jatani (20012’15”N; 8504 ’35”E)
District Khurda
Kuha Rani Huda A high earthen bond measuring
Tehsil- Jatani (20011’31”N; 8504 ’11”E) about 6km length with a width of
District Khurda 30m and height of 3m.
Pradhan Sahi Baghei Thakurani Images of Mahisasuramardini, Surya
Tehsil- Jatani (20010’50”N; 85047’29”E) and fragments of a lion head.
District Khurda
RAJASTHAN site of Jawasiya-Arni, located on a fossilized

sand dune where the villages of Jawasiya
19. EXCAVATIONAT AT JAWASIYA AND
(Rajsamand District), Arni (Arni District)
SURROUNDING, DISTRICT RAJSAMAND
and Gurjaniya (Chittorgarh District) meet.
The Jawasiya Research Project The site was previously identified as
(JARP) team conducted excavations at the “Jawasiya” by Dasgupta in 2006. However,
site of Jawasiya and surrounding area led by as the site spans the villages of Jawasiya and
Lalit Pandey (Rajasthan Vidyapeeth Arni, the JARP project team now refers to
University, Udaipur) Prabodh Shirvalkar the site as Jawasiya-Arni.
(Deccan College) and Teresa Raczek
(Kennesaw State University, USA). The The site is situated near the 22
hectare site of Gilund, the largest third
project investigates the occupations at the
90
millennium permanent settlement on the in that it is designed to document an

Mewar Plain. Recent excavations at Gilund important archaeological site before it is
(3000 BCE-200 CE), demonstrated the destroyed.
presence of a stratified, robust artisan and
farming community that built monumental The project addressed questions
architecture and engaged in local and long about chronology, foundations of
distance trade and exchange (Shinde 2010b; Chalcolithic culture in Rajasthan and
Shinde and Possehl 2005; Shinde et, al cultural continuity in Rajasthan. In addition,
2005). the project was interested in understanding
how temporary occupations were utilized
On the surface, Jawasiya most and how small sites were connected to wider
closely resembles the site of Bagor, which is networks of exchange and interaction that
located approximately 40km to the existed across the Indian subcontinent
northwest. Bagor was originally excavated throughout time. As many important
by V.N. Misra (IAR 1967-68b, 1968-69, questions remain about this region and the
1969-70; Misra 1970, 1971, 1973, 1982), numerous changes it has gone through over
and later by V. Shinde (Shinde 2010a; time, three major lines of inquiry were
Shinde et, al 2004), and has been interpreted developed. The relationship between
as a temporary camp site with occupation smaller sites such as Jawasiya and larger
dates as early as 5500 BCE. The presence of sites like Gilund?, the subsistence, economy,
pottery, beads, and copper arrowheads at and mobility pattern of the Site’s microlithic
Bagor suggest that the occupants engaged in using occupants? and the site continuously
an exchange relationship with nearby occupied through multiple time periods or
permanent settlements (Misra 1971, 1982). was there a break in occupation?
However, researchers differ on
interpretations of other practices such as The site is located on two large sand
mobility levels, subsistence regime, and the dunes north of the Banas River. The
relationship to farming communities (cf. excavations reported here took place on the
Kashyap 2006, Lukacs 2002, Meadow and Western most dune, which is comprised of a
Patel 2002, Misra 1973, Possehl 2002, north and south deposit. The excavations
Possehl and Kennedy 1979, Raczek 2007, took place on the north deposit. A
Khanna 1993, Shinde et al 2004, and Shinde permanent stone marker placed by the
2010a, b). Government of India at the top of the
northern part of the western dune marks the
The site is in grave danger from point where the three villages and two
encroachment by the expanding agricultural districts meet. That marker was used as the
activities. The residents have cut main site datum during excavations.
substantially into the dune with a bulldozer
in order to make additional fields. This Total 8 trenches were excavated in
project is considered to be a salvage project three locations along the upper portion of
the western dune. Trench 1 was located
91
south of the main datum. Trenches 2-7 were towards the eastern side of the mound,
aligned in step formation, proceeding down which continues in a northwest to east-
the North side of the dune. Trench 8 was northeast direction.
located to the West of the step trench.
Trench 1 was 5 x 5m and all other trenches The local traditions also attribute a
were 2 x 2m in size and aligned along a vast sheet of water body accumulating if
North-South axis. Trench 1 was excavated there is a continuous rainfall for 10-15 days
by quads, but as the other trenches were and even after the rain ceases, pools of water
small, they were not further subdivided into accumulate in certain pockets generally
quads. We excavated to a depth of 18cm to corresponding to the river course. The local
91cm in various trenches. traditions also attribute the availability of
sweet water all along the palaeo-channel and
10. EXCAVATION AT KARANPURA, the water turn salty if one moves away from
DISTRICT HANUMANGARH the river course. The local villagers of
In continuation of previous season’s Karanpura also inform that at a depth of
excavation at Karanpura, the Excavation around 20-30 feet, black coloured silt
Branch II of the Survey resumed excavation deposit is encountered while digging
at Karanpura under the direction of V.N. operations were carried out. These factors
Prabhakar assisted by Bhupendra Fonia, clearly indicate the possibility of existence
Nidhi Gupta, C.S. Ambily, Vinay Kumar of river during the third millennium BCE.
Rai, Subhash Chand, Preeti Shandilya. The This is further strengthened by the presence
students of the Institute of Archaeology are of settlements all along the dried river
participated in excavation to received course of river Drishadvati.
training in field archaeology. The other settlements that are located
The habitational remains at on river Drishadvati and close to Karanpura
Karanpura (29º6’29”N; 75º5’50”E) is are Siswal (upstream, 42km), Sherpura
located adjacent to a brick kiln and in the (upstream 16km), Sothi (downstream,
midst of a heavily altered landscape on the 27km), Nohar (downstream, 33km) all
Bhadra-Goga Medi road in district reported to have yielded evidence of Sothi-
Hanumangarh, Rajasthan and a distance of Siswal ceramic assemblage of the early
7km from Bhadra. The site is located on the Harappan phase. Karoti (downstream,
right bank of now dried up channel of river 23km) from Karanpura is reported to have
Chautang (Chatrang or Chitrang Nadi as Harappan remains, but during the course of
known locally), which is identified with excavation the site was explored and it
river Drishadvati (Fig. 11). The river course yielded only ceramics and other artefacts
is not clearly delineated in the present ascribable to Rangmahal culture. Another
scenario of large scale leveling up of tracts site with early Historic remains was noticed
of land, thereby altering the entire south of Bhadra near the village of Hathi
landscape. However, the surface contours Pura. It is to further noted that Bhadra is
clearly indicate a gradually depression also located on the river Drishadvati and
92
Fig. 11
Karanpura: Map showing the location.
93
early Historic remains could be noticed near at least 70% of the fortified settlement was
the Bhadra bus stand. destroyed due to the above mentioned
operation. The entire habitation area at
Thus, it can be observed that the area Karanpura is also topped by a deposit of
around Karanpura is studded with a host of wind blown sand with thickness varying
settlements ranging from third millennium between 0.2m to 2.5m. The western portion
BCE to early Historic period. The of the site is topped with a thick deposit of
possibility of more sites cannot be ruled out wind blown sand and at places, small-
and as the engulfing sand dune deposits elevated sand dunes are noticed. The
largely affect the entire area, it is difficult to villagers, in order to carry out cultivation of
discover the presence of these sites that too rabi crops like wheat, mustard and horse-
in an environment of large-scale surface gram, have felt the necessity to remove this
modifications aided by irrigation and top soil of wind blown sand to reach a
mechanised devises for agriculture. More favourable ground. This leveling operation
and more sites are put into leveling due to is also necessary for the waters from canal
the increased pressure of agricultural reach large area of cultivable land. Thus,
produce. the destruction started for the archaeological
Reverting back to the environs of deposits in a large way and Karanpura
Karanpura, it also underwent large-scale suffered to a large extent.
modifications with large chunks of land to The excavation at Karanpura was
the east, south and west was removed for carried out with the objectives (i) to
coping up with the levels of nearby investigate on the cultural sequence,
irrigation canal. On an average settlement pattern, house plans in order to
.
approximately 1-1 5m of habitational understand the ancient settlement at
remains have been removed, the area to the Karanpura in the right perspective, (ii) to
south of the main operation area is the most further understand the early harappan
affected wherein nearly 2m of deposit was tradition of Karanpura systematically in
ruthlessly removed and cultural deposits lost order to establish any transformation from
for eternity. The local villagers still early Harappan to mature Harappan
remember the removal of cultural deposits tradition, (iii) to collect floral, faunal,
some 6 years back, when the irrigation canal charcoal and soil samples to carry out
was newly laid out and in order to reach its various scientific investigations, and (iv) to
level for proper irrigation, the land owner collect various other stone and metal
started removing the deposits. The villagers samples to carry out scientific
point out findings such as complete pottery investigations. In order to have a workable
vessels, stone objects, a large stone slab, layout plan and to extend the trenches in any
etc., from the removal of deposits. Looking direction, coordinate system of trench layout
back after two seasons of excavation and the was adopted at Karanpura. A central 0,0
emergence of a fortified settlement at coordinate datum point was fixed at a
Karanpura, it can now clearly assessed that permanent location along the irrigation
94
canal. Keeping this datum as the central plotting of surface remains for evidence of
coordinate the trenches were laid out in 10 x habitation and further strengthened by
10m squares, further sub-divided into four exploratory digs helped in understanding the
quadrants of 4.25 x 4.25m each. The approximate extent of the ancient habitation.
northwestern peg was taken as reference peg On a preliminary evaluation, it has been
of each trench and numbered depending understood now that the habitation remains
upon the location and distance in relation to extend 400 m (N-S) and 420m (E-W)
the datum point. Thus a trench 100m south thereby indicating its moderate size
and 120 east of central datum point is accounting to nearly 16.8 hectares. A site of
numbered as S100E120. This numbering 10 hectares and above up to 50 hectares can
system was very helpful in identification of be placed under the category of a small town
their locations with mere mention of trench or small city (Kenoyer 1998: 49). Thus,
reference number in relation to the datum Karanpura emerges as an important
point. settlement in the lower Chautang valley
under the category of a small city or town,
During the first season’s excavation while the upper Chautang valley already
28 trenches were excavated and during have settlements of this category like
second season’s excavation 1 trenches Farmana and Mitathal, while Rakhigarhi on
were excavated out of which 8 trenches the extreme north was a major city of
were re-opened for investigations. The Harappan times. The location of Karanpura
operation areas at different locations of the on a route crucial for facilitating a network
habitation site were designated as A, B, C, of acquisition and distribution of raw
D, E and F for clarity in reporting the materials and other finished products might
findings (Fig. 12). The excavation in the have helped in the prosperity of this site
above operation areas gave an idea of the during the Harappan times.
nature of deposits of different cultural
periods. While areas B and D exclusively The excavation brought to light
yielded early harappan remains, area A has occupational remains of early and mature
booth early and harappan period remains, Harappan periods of which the maximum
areas C and E have exclusively Harappan deposit was found in area A from the trench
remains and area F indicate a deposit of S170E40 III. The natural soil was reached
transitional phase from early to Harappan at a depth of 3.93m from the reference peg,
phase. This also gives a clear indication of of which early Harappan occupational
the extent of early Harappan remains deposit accounts to 2.53m while mature
towards the southern portion of habitation Harappan deposit accounts to 1.50m. A thin
site and extending in an east-west direction deposit of transitional phase between the
while the remains of Harappan phases early and mature Harappan periods was also
extends towards the north and northeast of encountered in this trench. Natural soil was
the early Harappan remains with the also reached in S30E130 at a depth of 3.7m,
habitation of Harappan phase continued in which corresponds to both transitional phase
area A. The extensive contour survey and and mature Harappan period.
95
Fig. 12
Karanpura: Contour plan and layout of trenches.
96
The early Harappan occupational viz., S160E70 II and S160E80 I. Two

deposit was found in the operation areas A, adjacent rooms of this complex were
B and D. These remains indicate the spread excavated in the above-mentioned trenches,
of early Harappan occupation in an east- which brought to light the remains of a “U”
west orientation. shaped hearth facing north as well as the
extensive presence of burnt remains of
Remains in Area: The early Harappan probably reeds that could have formed part
remains from the area B is at a lower of roof. A large-scale conflagration had
contour in comparison to area A and is taken place towards the end of the early
located to its east. The area B is at a lower Harappan occupation, which is indicated by
level due to the removal of over 1m of the presence of burnt layers in at least five
occupation deposit of later period by the trenches. The charred remains of what
land over in order to facilitate irritation. In could be a wooden pole was also unearthed,
this area, a total of 25 trenches of 4.25 x completely burnt and fallen over the mud
4.25m were excavated. The important brick wall. This evidence indicates the
feature of this area is that the remains of extensive damage caused to the structure,
early harappan habitation were found just which had burnt and collapsed along with
below a deposit of top soil of 10cm, as the the poles. The two rooms mentioned above
land owner as mentioned above removed the are also important as it revealed the presence
entire mature Harappan deposit. The natural of at least five terracotta spindle whorls,
soil was reached in one trench, viz., with the same graffiti marks (Fig. 14). The
S160E70 IV at a depth of 2.82m from the area also had the presence of large number
reference peg (RL 197.42m). The of micro steatite beads. The room
excavation in Area B brought to light the mentioned in S160E80 I also brought to
exclusive remains of early Harappan period, light a plenty of copper artefacts in the form
which corresponds to the Sothi-Siswal of a broken spearhead, rings, bangles, etc.
cultural complex. The habitation remains The deep trench excavated in S160E70 II
are characterised by the presence of at least brought to light the remains of a copper bar
four structural phases of mud brick celt from the early Harappan levels.
structures, both rectangular and circular on
plan. The topsoil pertaining to nearly 10cm Remains in Area D: This area is located to
consist of a mixture of different deposits due the southwest nearly 100m from the trenches
to extensive ploughing and hence less laid out in area A. The area D was
reliable. Immediately below this deposit conducted to extensive levelling and digging
were unearthed the structural remains. The operation by the landowner in order to
mud-bricks used in the construction are remove the topsoil composed of windblown
larger in size and having dimensions of 14 x sand deposit. In this area, a deep trench for
28 x 42cm (Fig. 13). parking the tractor to load the excavated
earth from either side was also located. In
The floor levels of a large house total, five quadrants were excavated in area
complex were excavated in two trenches, D along with trimming of a long section
97
Figs. 13-14
Karanpura: Structural remains of early Harappan period from Area B.
Karanpura: Graffiti from early Harappan phase.
98
along the trench excavated by the land structure could not be exposed. The exact
owner. The structural remains of Early purpose of this structure could not be
Harappan period were encountered right determined and its shape is interesting. The
from the surface as all the topsoil and mud-bricks used for the construction also
accompanied cultural deposits were belong to 1:2:3 ratio and belong to the early-
removed by levelling operation. The Harappan period.
structural remains consist of portion of two
house complexes and an enigmatic Excavation was renewed in area D
structured probably enclosed by a boundary during 2013-14 in order to understand the
wall (Fig. 15). These structures were stratigraphy of upper levels, which were
constructed using mud-bricks of the ratio missing in the operation area of 2012-13 due
1:2:3. The remains of the first house to massive leveling. In order to ascertain the
complex, which was brought to light in exact nature of the upper levels from this
S90W70 III and IV and S90W80 III consists area, two quadrants I and II of S70W70
of two rooms, one larger and located were excavated. The excavation brought to
towards the east and the smaller to its west. light highly mixed deposit of 0 3m at the
The larger room has remains of a hearth at upper levels corresponding to dump deposit
its centre. The northeastern portion of the by the local clearances. However, these
larger room is disturbed by pit activity of upper levels brought to light a significant
later period. The top surface of the walls is numbers of micro steatite beads. After the
poorly preserved due to levelling activities removal of these upper levels, regular
and subsequent erosion. stratified deposits came into existence and
the deposits consisted of largely isolated
Only one course of the structure is pots of various sizes, some complete in
preserved. The mud-bricks used in these nature, without any association of structural
structures are distinct in colour and remains. The excavation was stopped at a
composition from the mud bricks noticed in depth of nearly 1m and no structural remains
upper levels of area B. The upper levels of could be found here. The artifact remains
area B are also assignable to early Harappan consisted of micro steatite beads, grey
period. The colour of the mud-bricks is coloured TC bangles with multiple grooves
yellowish brown and very much distinct on the surface and rectangular in cross-
from other mud-bricks used in constructions section, spindle whorls, beads of lapis lazuli,
from the site, which is often light grey, and etc. The pottery remains consist of early
merges with the surrounding deposits and Harappan types of Sothi-Siswal ceramic
very difficult to distinguish. An interesting tradition.
find from this area is a structure, crescent-
shaped and located to the north-northwest of Remains in area A: The early Harappan
above-mentioned structural remains. The remains in area A is best represented in
structure is also constructed of yellowish S170E40III. This trench was excavated up
brown mud-bricks and three courses of this to a depth of 1.13m during perious year.
The trench was reopened
99
Fig. 15
Karanpura: Structural remains of early Harappan period from Area D.
100
to probe further and collect soil and charcoal lines and circular section, Red one with
samples. The total thickness of early lenticular section, Red one with black
Harappan occupational deposit is 2.43m and painted lines and lenticular section, Red one
could be classified into five stages of with roughly triangular in section and Grey
occupation, with a considerable thickness of one with lenticular section
water borne deposit between Stages I & II
and Stages II & III. Another interesting artefact remains
is that of a faceted pestle. The evidence
Stage I: The earliest occupation in this indicates that the faceted shape could have
area started in Stage I of which the occurred due its constant use. The length of
occupational deposit has a thickness of the pestle is 6.5cm. It is broken partially and
0.66m. The lowermost deposit consisting of evidence indicates that it was in use even
loci 074 to 076 belong to Stage I, which is after the breakage. The pestle is of quartzite
very compact and mixed with a large and it clearly indicates the scarcity of the
number of calcium carbonate nodules. The material in this area and hence it was in use
evidence indicates that the area might have even after its breakage instead of discarding.
been compacted and leveled by the Another interesting find from this stage is a
inhabitants before occupation. A large terracotta toy wheel, which measures 5cm in
number of white coloured snails were also diameter. A weight made of stone also
found along with the calcium carbonate recovered from here, which is roughly
nodules. circular in shape. Terracotta beads, steatite
micro beads and pottery disc are the other
The pottery assemblage from this artefact finds from this level.
stage comprises of the Sothi-Siswal ceramic
complex consisting of chocolate slipped The raw materials like quartzite,
ware, red coloured pottery with white black sandstone and mica were also
painted motifs, grey coloured pottery. Some unearthed from this level. The presence of
of the grey coloured potsherds preserve black sandstone indicates that the early
evidence of burnishing. The red coloured settlers had interaction with the upper
pottery also has shallow incisions on the reaches of river Ghaggar, where such type of
exterior surface. Among the artefact sandstones occurs.
remains, terracotta bangle fragments are
quite interesting. Keeping in view of Water borne deposit between Stages I and
thousands of TC bangles found from II: This is followed by a 0.14m thick deposit
Karanpura during the Harappan period, they of sand layer comprising of loci 72 and 73
are few in number during the early that separates Stages I and II in this area.
Harappan period. Further, the shape and The water borne deposit is composed of
decorations are distinct during the early sand and silt deposit that could be a fluvial
Harappan period. The varieties of TC deposit caused by river Drishadvati. A very
bangles were found i.e., Red one with few pottery fragments, that too in a rolled
circular section, Red one with black painted and broken condition clearly indicates a
breakage in the habitation for a brief period
101
due to fluvial activity. The artefact finds shoulder portion of small pots, are noticed
from this water borne deposit consist of a unlike the ‘Fabric D’ which are basically
steatite bead, a terracotta bead and a TC basins and troughs with deep incisions on
bangle fragment. The bangle has finger the interior portion. A complete pot with
impression and very crude in appearance similar decoration and with a handle was
with roughly rectangle section. discovered from a chance digging near area
D wherein excavation was conducted during
Stage II: The water borne deposit if 2012-13.
followed by a slightly compact layer mixed
with charcoal indicative of occupational Bangle fragments are the dominating
deposit. The thickness of this deposit if artefact finds from this stage. The new
0.16m and comprises of loci 070 and 071. variety yielded from here is red coloured
In the operation area restricted to only the bangle with triangular section. The varieties
southeastern portion of the trench, a high of bangles noticed are Red one with black
concentration of charcoal and a burnt patch painted design and triangular section, Red
was noticed. The pottery remains from this one with circular section, Red one with
stage also belongs to the Sothi-Siswal lenticular section and Grey one with circular
ceramic complex and includes chocolate section
Slipped Ware, Incised Ware, Red and Grey
Coloured Pottery. Bichrome Ware (red A grinding stone fragment, steatite
coloured pottery with white and black bead, two pieces of stone with traces of red
coloured painted motifs of Sothi-Siswal ochre, etc., are the other prominent finds
ceramic complex) was also found from this from this stage. The grinding stone is of
level. The painted designs include wavy quartzite generally found from the Kaliana
lines, horizontal bands and intersecting hills in Haryana. The preference to Kaliana
lines. variety of quartzite from early Harappan
levels indicates its suitability and popularity
Among the bases of bowls, three even during the early centuries of third
types were noticed, viz., contiguous, non- millennium BCE.
contiguous discoid and non-contiguous ring.
The pottery shapes with contiguous bases Water borne deposit between Stages II
dominate among the collection. Pottery with and III: Stage II is again followed by thick
incised decorations in zig-zag patterns water borne deposit composed of sand and
executed on the shoulder portion of small silt and is again a fluvial deposit. The water
pots is found from this level. This type of borne deposit is 0.29m in thickness
pottery cannot be placed in the category of comprising of loci 067 to 069. The
‘incised ware’ of the ‘Fabric D’ of thickness of this water borne deposit when
Kalibangan as they are very much distinct in compared to the earlier one is also an
terms of pottery forms and designs. This indication of large-scale inundation of the
type of pottery with incised patterns, mostly area followed by Stage II. The pottery finds
executed with a sharp thin tool on the from this deposit is fragmentary and consist
of chocolate slipped ware, bichrome ware,
102
grey and red coloured pottery. Another levels, while the typical incised ware
pottery variety, which is basically a variety appears in the mature Harappan levels.
of chocolate slipped ware with chocolate
slip executed both on the neck and shoulders Among the pottery finds, an
and executed with combed decorations on interesting find is a potsherd with pipal leaf
the shoulders when the slip was still wet, motif (Fig. 16), which is painted in black on
resembling the decorative patterns noticed in red coloured pottery, unearthed from this
reserved slip ware, makes its appearance level. Some potsherds have cream coloured
here. The number of such pottery increases coating on the exterior surface.
considerable during later stages with The plain base is the dominant
elaborate decorative patterns executed in the variety but the contiguous discoid and ring
style of reserved slip ware. The artefact varieties are also present. Among the
finds include that of bangle fragments, artefact finds, terracotta bangles are the
steatite bead and TC bead. Fragments of dominant one which can be categorised into
animal bones were also retrieved from this eleven types according to the colour, shape
water borne deposit. and design. Interestingly, the grey conjoined
Stage III: Immediately after the water borne bangles appear for the first time in this level.
deposit, the site was again re-occupied, as There are red one with black painted lines
the fluvial deposit was a temporary phase in and lenticular section, red one with black
the occupational activity at this site. This painted lines and circular section, red one
deposit is slightly compact and it has the with black painted lines and triangular
thickness of 0.44m comprising of loci 063 to section, red one with triangular section, red
066. The pottery from this level includes one with lenticular section, red one with
chocolate slipped ware, incised ware, red circular section, grey conjoined with 4
coloured and grey coloured pottery. Among grooves, grey conjoined with 2 grooves,
the grey colured pottery, few are burnished. grey with circular section, grey with
rectangular section and crude bangles with
This stage is noticeable for the rectangle section (finger impression visible
appearance of very shallow incised design on it).
on the outer surface of the pottery. This may
be a precursor to the dominant incised ware The other artefact finds include a
noticed here particularly from the Harappan micro chert blade, ring and rod of copper,
levels, even though incised ware is noticed pottery disc, steatite beads and terracotta
from early Harappan levels at Kalibangan beads.
and reported from other sites like Sothi and Structural Phase I: A structural phase was
Siswal. At Karanpura, pottery with incised excavated above the Stage III and the
decorations, chiefly consisting of wavy occupational deposit corresponding to this
patterns executed only on the exterior phase is 0.1m comprising of loci 060 to 062.
surface, are noticed from the early Harappan The structure was constructed using mud-
bricks and the upper portion of the one
103
Fig. 16
Karanpura: Potsherd with pipal leaf motif.
Karanpura: Pipal leaf motif (left) and reconstruction (right) on a potsherd.
104
course structure is heavy eroded and exact grey coloured pottery and bichrome ware of
thickness of the bricks could not be Sothi-Siswal ceramic complex. In terms of
measured. The bricks otherwise measure 45 graffiti, this stage is very important as they
x 27cm (l x b), while the thickness is not starts to appear from here onwards. Some of
fully available due to erosion. The evidence the potsherds are also found decorated with
indicates compacting of the surface using simple cord impression on the shoulder
calcium carbonate nodules before the level.
structure was constructed. The structure
consists of part of a room, but is excavated The artefact finds include bangle
partly only and is oriented in north-south fragments, steatite micro-beads and pottery
direction, and turns towards the east, the discs. The bangle fragments are the
other portions entering the section and hence dominant artefact finds from this level. This
the exact plan could not be ascertained. The level also witnessed the appearance of new
length of the wall is 2.44m while its width is styles in bangles. One type has twisted
0.27m. surface and the other type is red coloured
one with conjoined and two grooves. The
The occupational deposit types of bangles noticed are red one with
corresponding to the structural phase yielded circular section, red one with black painted
very little pottery, which includes chocolate design and lenticular section, red one with
slipped ware, grey and red coloured pottery. coiled shape and oblate section, red one with
A few of the red coloured pottery is triangular section, red one conjoined with
painted/incised. The artefacts include bangle two grooves and grey one conjoined with
fragments and one TC bead. The different three grooves
varieties of bangle are grey one conjoined
with 4 grooves, grey one conjoined with 3 Stage V: The total thickness of the deposit
grooves, red one with lenticular section and is 32cm and comprises of loci 043 to 049.
red one with black painted design and This stage witnessed a considerable increase
lendicular section in the quantity of pottery types like
chocolate slipped ware, red coloured
Stage IV: The occupational deposit of Stage pottery, pottery with combed decorative
IV of the early Harappan phase is about patterns and pottery with mud applique.
0.24cm and comprises of loci 050 to 059. However, a considerable decrease in the
The prominent finds from this stage is in the quantity of grey wares from this level
form a floor level of an occupation along onwards. The bichrome ware is also
with a north-south oriented hearth, with its missing from this level.
opening towards the south for adding fuel.
The floor was compacted with clay and One of the most interesting find from
calcium carbonate nodules and with a this level is a broken potsherd with partially
thickness of 0.03m. preserved horned motif (Fig. 17). An
increase in the number of potsherds with
The pottery unearthed from here graffitti decorations is also noticed and the
includes chocolate slipped ware, red and total number is 31 sherds. Most of the
105
Fig. 17
Karanpura: Potsherd with horned motif.
Karanpura: Reconstruction of horned motif on a potsherd.
106
graffitti signs are post-firing ones but a few painted design and triangular section, red
pre-firing graffitti signs were also noticed. one has coiled shape with oblate section,
The graffiti signs are noticed on both the grey conjoined with four groove, grey
choclate slipped pottery and red coloured conjoined with three grooves and grey
pottery. conjoined with two grooves
This stage also witnessed a Transitional Phase: The transitional phase

considerable increase in the quantity of from early to mature Harappan phase in this
animal bones. Among the bones, a complete trench is a very thin deposit, in which there
antler was noticed. Along with the increase is a considerable decrease in the ceramic
in animal bones, gastropod and bivalve forms while continuation of certain pottery
shells are also noticed and there is a types of Sothi-Siswal ceramic complex. The
considerable percentage of soft shell clams structural phase is already an outcome of the
from this level. These are edible and could considerable increase in occupational
have formed an integral role in the deitery activity noticed during Stage V of the early
system of the inhabitants. Harappan phase, which clearly indicate a
sudden spurt in activities. During the
The artefact finds from this stage transitional phase certain Harappan type
includes micro steatite beads, grinding stone items like TC nodules, steatite disc beads,
fragments, bone points, and a copper dagger, start to appear.
a bicone carnelian bead, fragment of a TC
rattle, the latter decorated with concentric Structural Phase I of Transitional Phase: The
circles, TC bangles of various types. This total thickness of the deposit corresponding
level also yielded 125 pottery discs were to this structural phase is 0.05m and
recovered out of which 27 were retrieved comprises of loci 042, 044 and 045. The
from the same space. The size of the discs total length of this mud-brick structure is
varies from 3.5cm to 0.9cm, which was 1.8m and is oriented in north-south
finished out of broken vessels. Most of them direction, found towards the eastern portion
have decoration in the form of either painted of the excavated operation area. The upper
or incised designs. portion of this structure is badly eroded and
only one course is preserved. Hence, the
These kinds of discs have parallels thickness of the mud bricks could not be
even in the present Karanpura village, ascertained. However, it was observed that
wherein the children play a game with a set the bricks do not follow any standardized
of pottery discs known as pittu stacked one ratio or proportions and measures 39 x
upon another in the form of a small tower. 33cm. The pottery finds from this level
The aim of the game is to break the tower includes Chocolate Slipped Ware, Red and
and then rebuild it before getting hit by one grey coloured pottery, the latter in very less
of the opponents. The different types of TC numbers. The other pottery finds are pottery
bangles found from this level. There are red with combed decorative patterns, pottery
one with circular section, red one with with shallow incised decorations. This
triangular section, red one with black
107
structural phase also did not yield any diagram (Fig. 18) gives a complete
bichrome pottery. representation of all the loci excavated from
the trench S170E40 III.
The artefact finds from this level
include TC bangle fragments, steatite beads The artefact finds from this structural
and copper ring, a lapis lazuli bead. Most of phase includes TC bangle fragments, stone
the TC bangle fragments are red in colour pestle, shell bangle fragment, a highly ornate
and circular in section. steatite button (Fig. 19) and pottery discs.
The typical Harappan steatite disc beads
The second structural phase of starts to appear from this level onwards.
transitional phase is also with a thin deposit Bangle fragments include terracotta and one
corresponding to 0.06m and comprises of shell bangle. The terracotta bangles are red
loci 038 to 041. Two structures have been in colour and circular in section.
excavated in this phase and numbered as 39
and 39A, which might actually form part of Mature Harappan Remains
a same structure. These two structures are
found in the same level an erosional activity The occupations remains of
could have been washed off part of the Harappan phase were found in areas A, C, E
structure at the centre. The structure 039 is and F. The remains in the area F are devoid
oriented in an east-west direction and 039A of the typical characteristics of mature
in a north-south direction. These structures Harappan phase and thus belong to a phase,
have the length of 2.47m and 0.97m which marks a transition from early to
respectively and have only one course of mature Harappan phase. A brief on the
bricks. The eastern portion of the structure excavation of each of the areas is given
039 is badly eroded. The top portion of the below:
mud bricks is eroded badly and hence the Excavation in Area A: The excavation was
thickness of the bricks could not be conducted in this area in order to probe the
ascertained. The brick size of the mud brick area extensively and to locate the structural
structures is 38 x 28cm. remains, horizontally 18 trenches of 10 x
The pottery assemblage from this 10m were excavated and half portion of
level includes chocolate slipped ware, red three trenches of 10 x 10m was excavated.
coloured pottery and few grey potsherds. A The natural soil was reached in five
few bichrome sherds are also recovered trenches, viz., S160E40 I, S150E40 I,
from here, which, however are distinct from S150E50 II, S130E40 IV, S150E40 II and
the typical Sothi-Siswal ceramic complex. S150E40 IV.
Some potsherds have graffiti marks, which The natural soil in S160E40 I was
include arrow, triangle, star and ‘W’ signs. reached at a depth of 2.94m below reference
The pottery with shallow incised and painted peg (RL 196.09m), while in S150E40 I,
designs was also unearthed from here. S150E50 II, S130E40 IV are 3.01m (RL
Another interesting feature is the appearance 195.43m), 3.53m (RL 195.09m), 2.96m (RL
of TC nodules from this level. The matrix
108
Figs. 18-19
Karanpura: Steatite button, transitional phase.
Karanpura: Matrix diagram of the excavated loci of trench.
109
195.82m), 3.21m (RL 195.69m) and 3.18m the local villagers for agricultural purposes
(RL 195.72m) below reference peg as mentioned above. The excavation carried
respectively. out in the available area brought to light at
least five house complexes while the
The upper portion of the mound was northern portion beyond the massive wall
largely disturbed for the agricultural revealed two house complexes.
purpose. The villager says that the height of
the mound was further one meter above The southern area also brought to
from the existing surface. The total light the remains of at least two cultural
thickness of the existing occupational debris phases of the habitation, consisting of
of mature Harappan period is 150cm. The mature and early Harappan phases. The
trench was excavated till 88cm from the mature Harappan phase is characterised by
surface in the season 2012-13. The data the architecture of house complexes using
given bellow is the information revealed in mud-bricks in 1:2:4 ratio with the brick size
the excavation 2013-14. The different stages of 8 x 16 x 32cm, while the mud-brick walls
of occupation and different structural phases of early Harappan phase consisted of 1:2:3
can be observed in this period. ratio with brick size of 14 x 28 x 42cm.
Further, the presence of typical mature
Among the above-mentioned Harappan pottery with painted motifs could
trenches, S160E40 I brought to light the be noticed during Period II.
remains of a thick layer of burnt reeds and
layers corresponding to locus 07 below The mature Harappan phase is best
which the Harappan type ceramics ceased to represented in S170E40 III, which was re-
appear. The excavation in area A brought to excavated during 2013-14. The
light structural remains of mud bricks and at occupational remains of this trench (Pl. 47)
least seven house complexes were exposed. corresponding to mature Harappan phase is
Further, the excavation also brought to light divided into three stages and three structural
a northeast-southwest running massive wall phases.
with two courses of large sized mud-bricks
not confirming to any ratio. This feature is Stage I: The occupational deposit
described separately as it is a portion of corresponding to Stage I of mature
fortification wall of the settlement in area A. Harappan phase overlies the deposit of
transitional phase in this trench, having a
This massive wall separates the area thickness of 0.08m and comprises of loci
A into two parts, viz., north and south. The 030,033, 034,036 and 037. The Harappan
southern part of area A is the most elevated elements in terms of pottery shapes, TC
portion in the entire site with the RL cakes of mushtika shape, steatite disc beads,
reaching to 199.25m while the northern etc., starts to emerge at this level. However,
portion is at a RL of 198m. The habitation the ceramic traditions of Sothi-Siswal
remains are also rich in the southern portion. complex also continues in this level and
However, a major portion of the southern upwards with modifications in terms of
area is already obliterated and removed by shape, size and decorative patterns. The
110
Plate 47
Karanpura: View of the section facing east.
111
chocolate slipped ware is much more very small in size and fragmentary in nature.
elaborate from this level onwards with This level is also disturbed due to lot of pit
addition of loops of various patterns on the activities. The remain of a hearth was also
neck portion. Interestingly, the typical excavated from this level with a north-south
incised ware corresponding to ‘Fabric D’ of orientation. The hearth is roughly in ‘U’
Kalibangan also appears from this stage. shape and the walls are made of mud and the
However, red coloured pottery with shallow opening is on the southern side for feeding
incisions on the outer surface still continues. fuel. This level yielded a large number of
The chocolate slipped pottery with combin TC nodules.
patterns executed in reserved slip technique
also continues, with multiple decorative The pottery from this level includes
patterns. The vessels with non-contiguous chocolate slipped ware, red coloured pottery
ring foot are dominating in this level and of Harappan tradition, incised ware with
few of them are with mud appliqué. The deep interior incisions. The number of
artefact finds include steatite beads, TC vessels with ring base is high in this level.
beads, pottery discs, stone pestle and TC The artefact finds from this level includes
bangle fragments. The TC bangles are red in steatite disc and micro beads, sling ball,, TC
colour with circular section. One terracotta bangle fragments, one grey TC bangle and a
spindle whorl yielded from here, is bicone in copper arrowhead.
shape and has sets of parallel slanting lines Structural phase II: This is followed by
on both sides as graffiti. another structural phase with an
.
Structural phase I: The occupational occupational deposit of 0 06m comprising of
deposit of Stage I is followed by a structural loci 010 to 013, 019 and 032. The mud
phase with a deposit of 0.22m and brick structure of this level is located near
comprising the loci 014 to 018 and 020 to the southern section and a total length of
029 and 031. The mud brick structure is only 0.79m could only be excavation. This
located on the northwestern part of the is a one course mud brick structure with an
quadrant. Only a portion of the structure extant height of only 0.03m.
could be excavated as a major portion was The pottery from this level includes
extending to the section. A portion of chocolate slipped, red coloured pottery of
another structure corresponding to this level Hrappan tradition, incised ware. The artefact
is partially preserved in the northern section. finds include steatite disc beads, lapis lazuli
This level yielded eight postholes with few beads and TC bangle fragments. Most of the
potsherds and terracotta nodules. TC bangle fragments are red in colour with
In one of the postholes, the potsherds circular section.
found inside were inclined and in a vertical Stage II: The total thickness of the
position indicating its use to tighten the post occupation deposit of this stage is 0.29 m
inside the posthole through ramming. All the comprising of loci 007 (a) to 009 (a). The
potsherds recovered from this posthole are pottery from this level includes chocolate
112
slipped and red coloured pottery of elaborate decorations, incised ware, red
Harappan tradition. A large number of TC coloured pottery with decorations in the
cakes of triangular and mushtika shapes form of reserved slip technique, etc. The
were found from here. The artefact finds artefact remains consist of large number of
from this level include steatite disc beads, TC nodues of circular, triangular, mushtika
copper ring, sling ball and TC bangle shapes, steatite disc beads, beads of semi-
fragments. The bangle fragments are red in precious stones, copper rings and rods, bone
colour and circular in section. points, etc.
Stage III and Structural phase III: The Therefore, in order to assess the
occupational deposits of Stage III comprise complete nature of the fortification, the
the uppermost deposit in this trench, which trenches in which the traces were outlined
was excavated during 2012-13 comprising during the 2012-13 were re-opened and the
of loci 01 to 07. This stage also corresponds nature and extent of the fortification was
to a number of structures to the north, east ascertained. It was found that a 6 m wide
and west of the operation areas fortification wall was running in a northwest
corresponding to structural phase III. All to southeast and northwest to southeast
these structures are of mud brick in 1:2:4 direction with a northwest corner bastion. At
ration with dimensions of 8 x 16 x 32cm. A present the northern and western arms of the
complete house plan (Pl. 48) was also fortification could be traced to a length of 30
excavated in the quadrants I and II of the m each, beyond with they are highly
same trench and to the north of the obliterated. The remains of the fortification
operational area. This mud brick structure were traced in the trenches S140E20 II&III,
comprises of four rooms, the eastern portion S140E30 I-IV, S140E40 I-IV, S150E20
of which were highly damaged due to pit II&III, S150E30 I-IV, S160E20 II&III,
activities of later phases. A complete S160E30 I-IV, S170E20 II&III, S170E30 I-
unicorn seal was discovered from the IV. It was also observed that the
northwestern room of this house complex. fortification was preserved only in the above
trenches partially and large-scale erosion
Evidence of mud brick structures of had taken place after the abandonment of the
the same ratio was also noticed in the form settlement and only extant traces here and
of a wall of a house complex, only the there could be ascertained. The fortification
western wall of which could be exposed in could be found with only three courses
this trench. This wall is in a northwest – which was exposed in S140E20 II and
southeast orientation, while another mud S140E30 I and resting on a 10 cm thick
brick wall is running in a northeast- burnt layer. The fortification was
southwest orientation at the southern portion constructed with various colours of mud-
of occupation area. The pottery remains bricks in different portions. At least, five
from this phase consists of typical harappan such portions of different constructions
ware, a few with the typical harappan motifs could be identified in the excavated area.
and decorations, chocolate slipped ware with The colour of mud-bricks varies from light
113
Plate 48
Karanpura: Complete house plan in trench.
114
yellow to pale brown, and even evidence of stands, dishes of dish-on-stand, various
black coloured mud-bricks was also found. types of jars and pots. These pits were also
found with large number of animal bones,
Excavation in Area E: The area E lies to some near complete ones, which also
the north-east of area A and also forms part included skull of two cattle and one buffalo.
of the overall Harappan phase occupation at The southern wall of the structural complex
this site as revealed from the excavations extends all along the street and on this face,
conducted during the previous field season. at least four phases of repair and
The excavation was renewed in this area construction of mud-brick walls could be
during 2013-14 in order to determine the clearly delineated. The mud-brick wall has
overall structural activities as only a portion at least five courses of bricks, even though
of a structural complex was identified during eroded and highly pitted on the surface,
the previous season. The trenches excavated which may be due to the post-depositional
in this area are S10E120 II&III, S30E130 I- erosional activities.
IV, S40E130 I-IV, S40E140 I-IV. The
excavation brought to light Harappan phase A portion of the structural activities
occupation in the form of structural along the southern edge of the street could
activities of at least five phases along a also be exposed, which has along the
northwest to southeast running street of 2.5m exposed surface contains at least four
in width. The structural complex along the courses of highly eroded and pitted mud-
northern edge of this street was excavated in bricks.
a greater detail and it brought to light at least
two house complexes located adjacent to The natural soil was reached in
each other, with variation in building S30E130 along the mud-brick structure at a
materials in the form of mud bricks. The depth of 3.7m from the reference peg and at
last phase of structural activity also a RL of 194.23m. Two more quadrants were
coincided with the disturbances caused by also excavated in the trench S10E120 II&III
the later period inhabitants of this area. The in order to know the layout of the structural
occupational deposits of the last inhabitants remains in this area, and also to ascertain the
are not available which may be due to the extent and orientation of the street noticed in
large-scale erosion and post depositional S30E130. This trench also brought to light
erosional activities, but their activities are the remains of the street extending and along
represented in the form of huge pits dug into the northern and southern edges were
the previous phase, i.e. the last phase of noticed structural remains of mud bricks.
structural activity at present preserved at the This it confirms that this area was
surface. These pits were treasure of material extensively occupied and proper planning
remains and it brought to light literally and layout were made for the occupation.
thousands of terracotta nodules of various Excavation in Area F: This area lies to the
sizes and shapes, a majority of them broken. north of area A and west of area E and was
These pits also brought to light some near not probed earlier. This area was selected
complete pottery remains including dish-on- for investigation in order to determine the
115
extent of Harappan occupation towards the S60E40. The trench S10E60 brought to
northern direction as the area A already light evidence of post-holes, at least 5 in
yielded a fortification and the exact nature number following an elliptical plan, which
of occupation beyond this fortification on may represent the remains of a structure.
the northern side could not be clearly Another notable feature of this structure is
ascertained. This area was also selected for the presence of a hearth at its center and a
imparting field archaeology training to the large number of broken grinding stones of
students of Institute of Archaeology. In various sizes. In all the above trenches,
total, ten quadrants of 4.25 x 4.25m were except S10E60 and S60E40, large-scale reed
excavated in this area. The trenches and wattle daub impressions were recovered,
excavated are S10E30 III&IV, S10E60 which clearly indicates the nature of
III&IV, S40E40 I&IV, S50E40 II&III and architecture in this area. While the reed
S60E40 III&IV. impressions on mud may represent the
nature of roofing used in this area, the wattle
The excavation in this area brought and daub impressions clearly indicate the
light the mixed nature of deposits at the top usage in the architecture along with mud-
level corresponding to nearly 20 to 50cm brick architecture. The nature of mud-brick
varying in different portions. In particular, structures, pottery remains and other artefact
the trench S10E60 revealed evidence of remains from area indicates occupation of
deposition of ancient deposits over a recent this area just prior to the mature Harappan
one, clearly indicating a recent clearance phase and the arrival of Harappan might
nearby and re-deposition of ancient deposits. have prompted modification of the nature of
On enquiry with the local inhabitants, it was settlement with the addition of fortifications,
revealed that the agricultural land one portion of which could be traced in area
immediately north of S10E60 was leveled A as mentioned above.
and the material disposed over this area.
The excavation of this trench thus revealed The pottery remains consist of Sothi-
ancient deposits at the top, followed by sand Siswal ceramic complex of the early
deposit of wind blown in nature followed Harappan period and typical Harappan
again by ancient deposits. pottery during Harappan phase with the
continuation of pottery types of Sothi-Siswal
The other trenches brought to light varieties with elaboration in shapes and
the deposit of wind blown sand at the forms. The ceramic tradition of Sothi-
topmost level varying in different trenches, Siswal types is represented by red coloured
the maximum deposit was noticed in pottery with the typical chocolate slip on the
S10E30 III&IV. The structural remains in neck and shoulder, red coloured pottery with
this area consisted of highly disturbed mud- shallow incisions on the surface, both wavy
brick ones which were largely obliterated by and angular in nature (Pl. 49a), bichrome
later period pits of varying sizes. In ware with black and white coloured painted
particular, mud-brick structures were motifs on the red coloured pottery (Pl. 49b)
noticed in the trenches S40E40, S50E40 and and pottery type with decorations executed
116
Plate 49
Karanpura: a; coloured pottery with shallow incisions on exterior surface and b; Bichrome
ware.
117
in the reserved slip variety (Pl. 50a), and pipal leaf, peacock (Pl. 51), etc., are the
grey ware (Pl. 50b). prominent ones. One particular sherd is
interesting and it has a row of six stylized
The interesting nature of the external human figures holding each as though they
incisions is that it is noticed only on the are performing a traditional dance (Pl. 52a).
exterior portion, unlike the typical incised Another potsherd has a depiction of animals
ware of Fabric D variety of Kalibangan and in a circular fashion in a swift movement
other sites. At Kalibangan, the typical (Pl. 52b).
incised ware of Fabric D type is noticed only
during the mature Harappan phase with a The excavation at Karanpura during
wide variety of shapes and decorations. the two field seasons have brought to light a
Among the shallow incisions noticed on the large number of antiquarian remains of
exterior is a variety of pottery, which makes various categories and belongs to both early
its appearance in the early Harappan phase, and mature Harappan periods. The
and even though it continues in the antiquarian remains consist of seals of
Harappan phase, the percentage drops steatite; beads of steatite, terracotta, semi-
remarkably. This type of pottery is precious stones, gold, lapis lazuli; bangles of
characterized by angular incisions when the terracotta, shell, copper; rings of copper,
pot was still in a leather hard condition and terracotta; spindle whorls of terracotta; bone
it consists of a series of zig-zags. The points, copper spearheads, celt, arrowheads,
decoration is often noticed in a handled pot, etc.
a complete specimen of which could be
found from the surface where the early Early Harappan period: The material
Harappan deposits were found. This pot can culture of Karanpura is quite varied and
be stylistically placed in the early Harappan indicative of long distance trade. The
phase and is a very good example of shallow presence of various artefacts of materials
incised pottery. Among the painted motifs likes copper, semi-precious stones like
of early Harappan phase are two most agate, lapis lazuli is a clear indication of
important varieties, represented by pipal leaf long distance trade activities. Further, the
and a stylized horned deity motif. presence of Delhi quartzite of Kaliana origin
in the form of grinding stones is a further
The Harappan phase is characterized indication of acquisition and distribution
by the typical red coloured pottery along network of these kinds of raw materials.
with decorations in black colour. The The most prominent number of artefacts is
Harappan pottery is found both painted and in the form of steatite micro beads (Pl. 52c),
unpainted, and most interestingly, the local which have been found in large numbers.
variety of pottery noticed during early The steatite beads make their appearance in
Harappan phase continues with a wide the early Harappan levels and continue well
variety of decorative forms and shapes. into the Harappan period. The steatite beads
Among the painted motifs on Harappan found in the early Harappan levels are very
ware, intersecting circles, fish scale pattern, small in size. The presence of one or two
118
Plate 50
Karanpura: a; ware with decorations on shoulder executed in reserved slip and b; Grey ware of
early Harappan phase.
119
Plate 51
Karanpura: a; Intersecting circle motif, b; Pipal leaf motif and c; Peacock motif.
120
Plate 52
Karanpura: a; Row of human figures, b; Potsherd depicting animals and c; Micro steatite beads.
121
tubular steatite beads are also found, Mature Harappan period: The artefact
however they are very small in number record of the mature Harappan period is
when compared to the large presence of diverse and more in number when compared
micro beads. to the early Harappan period, and there is an
increase in the new varieties of raw
The presence of raw material sources materials like amazonite, bloodstone, etc.,
of steatite in northern Rajasthan may and there is a considerable increase in
indicate the closeness of inhabitants of number of stone beads also. The presence
Karanpura and their ultimate access, either of the typical chert blades of Rohri chert is a
in the form of direct mining, or getting raw clear indication of Harappan types. Further,
materials through some intermediary sources etched carnelian beads appear in
and manufacturing them. However, there is considerable number, which is another
no clear indication of any manufacture of hallmark Harappan bead type. The other
steatite artefacts at the site. The discovery typical Harappan artefacts are the steatite
of a copper celt, a spearhead, arrowhead (Pl. seals, of which two examples have been
53) and other copper artefacts is also a clear found. The first one was discovered in a
indicator of the access of raw materials or house complex located in the trench
finished products of copper by the people of S170E40 and is a square seal with a boss at
Karanpura. the back. The boss variety of this seal
The presence of raw material sources belongs to early mature Harappan variety, as
in northern Rajasthan gives an indication there is no bipartite division on it. The
that the inhabitants of Karanpura might have surface of the seal clearly depicts a thick
access to these sources. The scientific application of glazing material before
investigation may further clearly pinpoint putting into heating, which stabilises the
the specific raw material source of copper glaze and presents a shiny and finished look.
and their exploitation, acquisition and The seal also has evidence of sawing marks
distribution. Another category of artefact, on all directions, on the first surface, back
which deserves special mention is the and as well as the rear. The delineation of
sizeable number of terracotta spindle whorls, the boss from the parent steatite block is also
some often with graffitti. In particular is the clearly indicated and the sawing cut some
discovery of five spindle whorls from a floor portion of the boss also. The various
of early Harappan house complex, which striation and saw marks provide insights to
have the same graffitti symbol. the finishing of these kinds of seals from the
parent steatite block. Further, the presence
Another interesting feature of the of several cracks on the glazing surface also
artefacts from the early Harappan period is indicates the heating mechanism, due to
the considerable number of potsherds with which the glazing coating might have
graffitti symbols (Fig. 20), either on the rim contracted and developing multiple cracks
or on the shoulders. A majority of them are on the surface.
post-firing ones and may either represent
ownership records or very short inscriptions.
122
Plate 53
a b
Karanpura: a; Arrowhead, b; Spearhead and c; Copper celt.
123
Fig. 20
Karanpura: Various graffitti motifs from early Harappan period.
124
The seal has the typical unicorn (Pl. depicted with finesse. The overall
54) as the motif and there is a depiction of a manufacture of the seal, depiction of the
pipal leaf, beautifully carved and depicted in animal motifs and other symbols are clear
front of the unicorn animal. The unicorn indication of the hallmark Harappan style of
seal and other types of seals wherein an depiction and manufacture.
animal is depicted normally have a pitcher
or a manger in front of the animal. The Another remarkable evidence of
depiction of pipal leaf in front of the animal trade and commercial activities of the
is clearly a novel feature of this seal. The inhabitants of the Karanpura is the presence
only other parallel of this style of depiction of a cubical chert weight (Pl. 55), weighing
is a sealing from Kalibangan, wherein, a around 4.5gm, which is 1/3 rd of the mean
pipal leaf is depicted in front of the unicorn Harappan weighing system. Examples of
as well as above it. The seal has a two- other mediums for manufacturing the
lettered inscription, a circle motif and a weights cannot be ruled out, as indicated by
harvester tool motif. the presence of a triangular weight and also
weight like objects manufactured out of
The second seal was found from the Delhi quartzite. These have to be very
trench S10E120 III in a street deposit. The closely observed in order to determine the
seal was found in a broken condition during correct and exact weighing systems and
the discovery and was found in three pieces. whether it coincides with the other sites or
However, the front portion is clear of any not.
deformity and breakage except the lower
right, wherein the pitcher is partially broken. The presence of beads of various
The boss was separately found and later materials like agate, jasper, orbicular jasper,
affixed. The seal has a depiction of an carnelian, amazonite, lapis lazuli, faience,
antelope. There is a single lettered are all clear indication of the diversification
inscription on the top of the animal of materials and also the access to these
depiction, which is a fish motif surrounded kinds of beads, either in the finished form or
by four dots on four corners. At the lower some sort of manufacturing was also taking
right of the seal is the typical depiction of place at the site. However, at the present
pitcher or the manger. state of knowledge, it is very difficult to
ascertain the manufacture of stone beads
The surface portion of this seal also from the site, as there is no evidence of bead
indicates the various remnants of sawing blanks or debitage associated with bead
marks and the typical glazing material. The manufacturing. However, two evidences of
crackling surface of the glazing material is stone blocks with clear marks of bead
very much similar to the other seal find. polishing might indicate the presence of this
The boss of this seal also belongs to the non- craft industry also, which has to be
bipartite variety, which may belong to the substantiated with other material evidence,
early mature Harappan phase variety. The which is at present lacking at the site. In
depiction of the fish motif is also clear and any case, the present of sophisticated beads
125
Plate 54
Karanpura: a; Steatite seal with unicorn and two Harappan signs and b; Sketch of the unicorn
seal.
126
Plate 55
Karanpura: a; Steatite seal with antelope as motif and b; Multiple views of a chert cubical
weight.
127
from raw materials which are not locally button, elaborately decorated, half broken
available is a clear indicator of long distance and with two perforations at the centre.
trade, and the participation of the inhabitants
of Karanpura in some sort of trade The copper artefacts consist of a
mechanism, otherwise the presence of mirror, arrowheads, rings and bangles (Pl.
luxury items cannot be explained. 57). The copper mirror is similar to other
typical examples found from other Harappan
The presence of a large number of sites, except with the fact that Karanpura
steatite beads continues well into the example has a curved handle, and the mirror
Harappan period. All the varieties of micro- is also very thin when compared to other
beads of early Harappan type continue with examples.
the addition of the hallmark Harappan disc
beads of steatite. These types of disc beads Other copper artefacts include rings,
were also collected in groups lying in needles, antimony rods, spearhead, etc. The
considerable number in a single location. presence of copper right from the earliest
One such retrieval consisted of 14 disc levels is a clear indicator of the access to
beads from a single location (Pl. 56). These copper resources by the inhabitants of
steatite beads form part of a necklace with Karanpura. Further, the presence of a few
hundreds of beads, often thousands, if spacer copper slags during the mature Harappan
beads are used. The presence of spacer bead levels also indicates the smelting industry.
is also found from Karanpura, which is a Graffitti remains from the excavation: A
clear indication of these kinds of multi- total of 157 instances of graffitti was
stringed necklaces. discovered from the excavation and the
Another variety of steatite beads is object types include that of potsherd,
the presence of central as well as lateral terracotta ring and spindle whorl. The break
perforations, which gives a new dimension up of object type includes 1 on TC ring, 22
of necklace wearing or arrangement of beads on spindle whorls and 134 on potsherd.
in a necklace, laterally stringed, and a small While many of the graffitti are clear
pendant can be hung from the central hole. Harappan signs, some are abstract and
The profuse presence of steatite beads when complex patterns. A considerable
compared to semi-precious stones is a clear percentage of the graffitti also belong to
indication of the preference of cheaper raw simple linear patterns, single, double or
material to costlier material, as the triple parallel strokes either on the upper,
procurement of semi-precious stones from a middle or lower portion of the rim. This
longer distance may prove costlier as the type of graffitti is mostly noticed on the
drilling technology itself is very tedious and interior of the rim only. Out of the total 157
the raw materials are only concentrated in a graffitti remains found from the site, one
certain locality, i.e. Gujarat. The other find is from the surface and hence its context
varieties of steatite artefact consist of a cannot be clearly established. Hence, out of
the remaining 156 instances, 99 belong to
128
Plate 56
Karanpura: a; Carnelian (etched and plain) beads and b; Steatite disc beads.
129
Plate 57
b c
Karanpura: a; Copper mirror from Harappan phase, b; Arrowheads and c; Copper bangles.
130
mature Harappan and the remaining 57 The other antiquities found of

belong to the early Harappan period. terracotta include toy cart frames, wheels,
whistle, beads, spindle whorls, animal
An interesting graffitti from Area F figurines (Pl. 59b), etc.
is that of a post-firing one with two animals
standing face to face (Pl. 58) with their The presence of grinding stones (Pl.
heads close to each other. The potsherd is 60a) and other stone artefacts like mullers,
broken and only the head of one animal is pounders, etc., is a clear indication of
clearly visible. The graffitti is executed on processing food products at Karanpura. The
the chocolate slipped ware potsherd. raw materials were procured from Kaliana
hills, Haryana, Ghaggar riverbed near the
The other category of antiquities, lower Siwaliks and Jhunjhunu deposits. The
which have been found in thousands of materials used for manufacture include
numbers, is the terracotta nodules of various quartzite, sandstone and granite. The
sizes and shapes. The terracotta nodules are presence of Kaliana quartzite from
found in triangular, circular, mushtika (Pl. Karanpura as well as from many Harappan
59a) and rectangular shaped. A majority of sites is a clear indication of the preference of
the nodules were discovered in pit or street such stones for manufacturing grinding
deposits and they were in a charred stones. It is also interesting to note that
condition. Some of the nodules were also Kaliana quartzite went as far as Harappa
found in association with hearth deposits. which is a clear indication of long distance
The exact function of the nodules is still trade for such stones for which Karanpura
eluding the archaeologists. However, the inhabitants would also have participated in a
charred condition and the discovery of them bigger manner.
in association with hearth deposits have
indicated that they were heated and used as Faunal Remains: The analysis of faunal
heat retainers in cold climates as the heated remains from Karanpura was carried out by
terracotta nodules radiate heat for a quite Prof. P.P. Joglekar of Deccan College, Pune.
long time after removed from the source of The preliminary identification of faunal
heat and kept in pans or some open species from the excavation consists of
containers inside a room. domestic mammals like cattle (Bos indicus),
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), goat (Capra
Terracotta bangles were also found hircus), sheep (Ovis aries), and domestic
in thousands of numbers and a rough dog (Canis familiaris). The wild mammals
estimate put the total number to around hunted / trapped were the nilgai (Boselaphus
50,000. The bangles were found in tragocamelus), spotted deer (Axis axis),
complete as well as fragmentary. The sambar (Cervus unicolor), barking deer
number of fragmentary bangles overwhelms (Muntiacus muntjak), blackbuck (Antilope
the complete ones and may constitute 99% cervicapra), four-horned antelope
of the collection. (Tetracerus quadricornis), gazelle (Gazella
bennetti), wild pig (Sus scrofa),
131
Plate 58
Karanpura: Post firing graffitti depicting two animals.
132
Plate 59
a b c
d e f
Karanpura: Terracotta objects, a-b; Triangular cakes, c; Mushtikas, d; Toy cart frames, e;
Weels and f; Multiple views of bull figurine.
133
hare (Lepus nigricollis), porcupine (Hystrix roughly 150m in length in this direction.
indica) and mongoose (Herpestes The exact area of occupation of early
edwardsii). Besides these skeletal elements Harappans at this site is difficult to estimate,
of non-food species such as house rat as the probing could not be done
(Rattus rattus) were also recovered. The everywhere.
non-mammalian species identified were
domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus), Ganges The early Harappans lived in mud-
soft shell turtle (Trionyx gangeticus), Indian brick houses with mud-bricks of sizes in
mud turtle (Lissemys punctata), freshwater ratio 1:2:3. The normal size being 14 x 28 x
fish (Labeo rohita), and freshwater mussel 42cm even though structures with mud-
(Lamellidens sp.). Further, four complete bricks of not conforming to any standard
bones of rhinoceros (Pl. 60b) from the size and proportion are also encountered.
excavation is another interesting and They were constructing large complexes as
important discovery, keeping in view of the is evident from the excavation in area B and
climatic conditions and marshy environment were using copper metallurgy in a bigger
these kind of animals thrive. way. The kind of copper implements found
at Karanpura is also a clear indication of
The excavation for two field seasons procurement of copper artefacts right from
at Karanpura (2011-12, 2012-13) has the earliest levels. The ceramic industry
brought to light two cultural phases, viz., during the early Harappan times consisted of
early and mature Harappan with a Sothi-Siswal types represented by red
transitional phase noticed some pockets. coloured pottery with chocolate slip on the
The excavation also brought to light a neck and shoulder, bichrome ware, red
thicker deposit of early Harappan phase than coloured pottery with combed decorations,
the mature Harappan phase, and thereby grey ware, etc. The ceramic industry
providing enormous data in the continued well into the Harappan period
understanding of the earliest phase of with the addition of new Harappan types and
cultures in the lower Chautang/Drishadvati elaboration in painted motifs and designs.
valley. As Karanpura is the only site in The early Harappans at Karanpura had
lower Chautang valley, which has been now access to a wide variety of semi-precious
excavated in a horizontal manner, more stone beads like lapis lazuli, agate,
scientific analysis will help in better bloodstone, shell, etc., which is a clear
understanding of the evolution of culture, indication long distance trade and contacts.
spread of Harappans during mid third A transitional phase is also noticed at
millennium BCE. So far, the rough Karanpura, wherein the Sothi-Siswal
estimates place this site to around 16 hacters elements decreases or modified into newer
during mature Harappan period, while the varieties of ceramics while certain Harappan
settlement was smaller during the early elements like TC nodules, steatite disc
Harappan period. The settlement during the beads, ceramic forms start to emerge.
early Harappan period was spread in a more
or less east-west orientation and occupying The arrival of Harappans at Karanpura
134
Plate 60
Karanpura: a; Grinding stones of various materials and b; Bones of rhinoceros in situ.
135
marked renewed planning and addition of end of Karanpura settlement is unclear at

fortification, the traces of which was found this point of stage as the upper levels
in area A. The planning consisted of corresponding to the late phase of mature
bipartite settlement, with evidence of a Harappan period is not available, and as per
fortification found for one division clearly. the accounts of locals, nearly 1.5m deposit
The planning include well laid out house was removed for facilitating agricultural
blocks all along the fortification separated practices.
by a street running all along. The area E
also revealed good planning as indicated by TAMIL NADU
the location of houses along a street which
21. EXCAVATIONS AT ARPAKKAM,
extends to at least 40m in a northwest to DISTRICT KANCHIPURAM
southeast direction. The Harappan period at
Karanpura is also marked with the arrival of In continuation of the previous
typical Harappan ceramic forms and shapes, season’s excavations, the Department of
continuation of bead industry of steatite, Ancient History and Archaeology,
with the addition of large disc beads, University, Tanjavur carried out the
continuation of stone bead industry with the excavation at Arpakkam in Kanchipuram
addition of new materials like amazonite, Taluk under the direction of P.D. Balaji,
etched carnelian beads, etc. The addition of assisted by technical staffs and Students.
new raw materials for grinding stones like
A trench (ARP - 9) measuring 6 x
black sandstone is also a clear indication of
6m in north-south orientation was laid out in
usage and experimentation of new materials
the Big street of the village. During course
for manufacturing and using them to process
of excavation seven stratified layers to a
food materials. The materials for grinding
thickness of 3.20m was exposed. The
stones came as far from Kaliana Hills in
deposit was intact. On the upper level, a
Haryana (125 southeast of Karanpura) and
structural remain was found. The structure
lower Siwalik area (225km north-east of
was in ‘L’ shape and was made out of seven
Karanpura) is a clear indication of long
courses of burnt bricks in lime mortar.
distance trade mechanism. Other evidences
Length of the structure is 6m in north-south.
for long distance trade comes in the form of
The bricks were square in shape having size
usage of exotic materials like lapis lazuli,
of 21 x 14 x 3cm. No plastering found on
agate, carnelian, jasper, amazonite, shell,
the structure. The foundation of the structure
etc. which are not available locally. The
is made out of rubbles and broken bricks.
faunal assemblage at Karanpura is a mixture
of both domesticated and wild varieties. Pottery like Black and Red Ware,
The most prominent finding being the Black Ware, Red Ware, Orange Slipped
presence of four complete bones of a Ware and conical jar pieces were found
rhinoceros, which indicates a favourable during excavation. On the upper level
climate for their existence during the end of chinese porceline sherds were collected
third millennium BCE. The reasons for the endorsing trading link between China and
136
Tamil Nadu. Antiquities consisting of During the course of exploration, it

terracotta objects like wheel of a toy-cart, was observed that owing to quarrying,
similar to Indus valley civilization, ear excellent sections were available for study at
ornaments, smoking pipe, game men, votive the site of Kunjaram locality (13 15'3 .681''
lamps; semiprecious stone and glass beads, N; 79 53'24.129'' E), was divided into three
bangle pieces; iron object have been found. clusters to studied in detail (KJ1, KJ2, KJ3)
Presence of iron slags were also observed located at differing elevations and obtaining
endorsing iron smithy activity. a sample across the landscape. The site was
of particular interest as it comprised
A pragmatic study of the cultural artefacts which appeared to be a very late
vestiges and in situ of findings gleaned that Middle to late Palaeolithic character, some
the cultural deposit at Arpakkam can be microliths and was thus of interest in
divided into three cultural periods. As the attempting to situate this within the context
Black and Red and Black Ware sherds are of debates on technological repertoire of
available just above the natural soil, the modern humans in India, and to obtain some
inhabitation of the site at Arpakkam had chronological controls over the site (Fig.
seemed to have been started during the iron 21).
age. Presence of semiprecious stone beads
and terracotta objects mixed with Iron Age In addition to field surveys, satellite
potteries, endorses this Period from I to 4th data from ISRO/RRSC-South were utilized,
century BCE to 4-5th century CE. The lithic collections were made and partially
Period II is found mixed with red slipped studied. Sediment samples were collected
ware in association with glass beads and and the stratigraphy was demarcated.
bangles. On the basis of the potteries and the
antiquities found therein helps in dating the The stratigraphic sequence
Period II to 4-5th century BCE to 12-13th comprises of Late Pleistocene ferricrete
century CE. The upper level is dated to gravel with very late Middle to Late
Period III, wherein course red ware sherds Palaeolithic assemblages, which in
are found. The reamins of ‘L’ shaped someplaces rests directly on the
structure is assignable to this period and it Sriperumbudur shales (Pappu et, al.,
dated to 12th-13th century. manuscript in preparation). In the section
visible (Fig. 22), tools rest on a ferricrete
22. EXPLORATION IN AND AROUND facies comprising sandy and pebbly
ATTIRAMPAKKAM, DISTRICT ferricreted gravel, occasionally indurated,
THRIUVALLUR
which rests either directly on shales or on an
In continuation of previous year’s older terricrete profile with Middle
work explorations in and around Palaeolithic artefacts. Compact, indurated
Attirampakkam was carried out under the rubefied sands are noted here and were
direction to santi Pappu and co-guidence of dated to around 9 ka (Pappu et, al. 2009).
Kumar Akhilesh form Deccan College, They are noted to overlie late Middle
Pune. Palaeolithic artefacts at Kunjaram-1.
137
Figs. 21-22
Thiruvallur: Location of the Kunjaram site complex.
Thiruvallur: Stratigraphic section, KJ-3.
138
For lithic assemblage raw material were laid on the eastern side of the Fort (Pls.
preferred was quartzites, obtained from 62-64).
cobbles in the vicinity of the site (but not
available on-site). The assemblage may be From the excavation, five layers
categorized as a late Middle Palaeolithic were identified at a total depth of 2.5m. The
with a continuum to a late/upper first layer consists of brickbats in a compact
Palaeolithic, as seen in the assemblage clay deposit. The Sandy clay deposit was
typology and technology. identified in layer no. 2, 3& 4. Clayey sand
deposit was identified in 5th & 6th layers.
23. EXCAVATION AT PULICAT, DISTRICT Each layer has approximately 40cm
THIRUVALLUR thickness.
The excavation at the Geldaria Fort, The brick structures were exposed in
Pulicat was carried out by Chennai Circle of north-south orientation to understand the
the Survey under the direction of G. alignment and its nature. The length of the
Maheshwari assisted by K. P. Mohandas, V. structure is 5.40m while breadth of 4.40cm.
P. Yathees Kumar, A. Subramaniyan, R. The northern main wall and southern wall
Ramesh, Prasannakumar and R.Vinayagam are inter-locked at the south-west corner.
and J.Kuppusamy. The foundation is constructed out of bricks
Pulicat (13º25’10”N; 0º1 ’59”E with sand middle part of the structure (14
.
3 10m above MSL) well known for its courses) is constructed with bricks in lime
second largest lagoon in Asia, lies 55km mortar, and toped with 13 courses of laterite
north of Chennai on the way to Minjur. The stone in lime mortar. The bricks are measure
fort was built in the year 1612 CE by Dutch 4 x 12 x 20cm. Three steps are found in
and named it as Vastel Geldaria after southern side of the structure. The exposed
Gelderland, one of the states in Holland. The structure suggests that it would be a part of
fort is square in plan with bastions at the fort wall.
corners (Pl. 61). The curtain walls are built The brick structures are exposed in
of bricks, laterite with lime mortar. Within and around the Pulicat fort. The remains of
the fort, the most impressive structure is the Fort wall were traced in the North-South and
gate to the cemetery. The objectives of the East-West orientation. Most of the brick
excavation were to study the cultural and laterite structures are continued from
sequence of the site and to identify the north-western corner to south–eastern corner
layout of fort Geldaria and its remains. and also identified trapeze shape corner of
Total Six trenches were laid in east the Tennessee architecture like the Sadras
and south-western side of the fort viz. PLC- fort. On the northern part of the moat three
XF5, XE5, XE4, F1, F2, and ZF2. The first brick structures are identified, this may be
three trenches were (PLC-XF5, XE5, XE4 & continued around the moat.
XD4) laid on south-western side of the Fort, A ring well was exposed on the
another three trenches (PLC- F1, F2 & ZF2) northern side of the moat in trench F2
139
Plate 61
Pulicat, Thiruvallur: General view of fort Geldaria.
140
Plate 62
Pulicat, Thiruvallur: a-b; Remains of fort wall.
141
Plate 63
Pulicat, Thiruvallur: a-b; Remains of fort wall.
142
Plate 64
Pulicat, Thiruvallur: a-b; Close view of remains of fort wall.
143
(Pl. 65). It has three courses of terracotta Century CE. Further excavation in other
rings, which measures 12 x 80 x 5cm and parts of the mound, may push back the date
number of ring wells pieces are collected to early centuries.
from northern side of the moat. Two Glass
24. EXPLORATIONS IN VAIGAI RIVER VALLEY
beads are collected near the ring well. COMPRISING TENI, MADURAI, DISTRICTS
SIVAGANGA AND RAMANATHAPURAM
The pottery assemblage of Pulicat
fort could be conveniently distinguished into The Excavation Branch-VI,
two categories. The first category is in red Bangalore of the Survey under the direction
wares (associated with thin variety of of K. Amarnath Ramakrishna, assisted by
celadon ware) that are chronologically M. Rajesh and Veeraraghavan, N.V.
earlier in date found in layer 5 and 6. The Vedachalam, Epigraphic (Retd.) and R.P.
second category are the foreign wares Venkateswaran with G. Karthick, R.
(imported from China, Thai and Arab Manjunath of Gov. Arts College,
countries) like Zhangzhou (Blue colour Krishnagiri and V. Barandhaman, Thanjavur
under glaze looks dark gray), Jindezhen explored Teni, part of Dindigul, Madurai,
(Bule and White), Guangdong, Fujian ware, Sivaganga and Ramanathapuram districts.
and Islamic ware found in the first four The objective of the exploration was to
layers (Pl. 66). explore archaeological sites and remains
along Vaigai river valley and to identify
The antiquities recovered through suitable site for systematic excavation to
limited excavation consist of 5 copper coins, understand the cultural transformation of
ring, Terracotta lamp (Pl. 67a) nob of the Tamil Nadu occurred during various periods
lid, bell, bronze coat button and chain, in general and southern Tamil Nadu in
broken pieces of iron, nail, terracotta particular. The details of the explorations are
figurine, spouts, hopscotch, smoking pipes as under:
(Pl. 67b) and glass bangles, beads and
copper beads, etc., Important discovery of The Vaigai river runs approximately
the excavation is imposed seal impression of of about 250km taking its origin from a
foreign origin on the smoking pipes (China number of jungle streams near Vellimalai in
Clay). the Western Ghats and traverse through
Teni, Dindigul, Madurai, Sivaganga and
It is very clear from this ceramics Ramanathapuram districts. In the upper
and antiquities encountered from Pulicat reaches it resembles like an ephemeral
which reveales that it was an important port stream and with the aid of its tributaries such
town on Coramandal coast from the as Suruliar, Kottakudi, Varahanadi,
Medieval (11th Century CE) to Colonial Marudanadi, Manjalar and Uppar it attains
period (19th Century CE). The materials much bigger form in the lower reaches and
recovered from the Fort area, suggests that it again reduced to that of a small rivulet when
has multi-cultural (Medieval, late Medieval it emerges from the Ramanathapuram tank
and early Morden period) deposit covering and empties itself for namesake into the Bay
the period between 11th Century CE to 18th
144
Plate 65
Pulicat, Thiruvallur: a-b; Exposed Structure.
145
Plate 66
Pulicat, Thiruvallur: a-b; Porcelain ware.
146
Plate 67
Pulicat, Thiruvallur: a; Terracotta lamp and b; Smoking pipes.
147
of Bengal at Attangarai near the early examination of the menhirs shows that they
historic port city of Alagankulam. The work are erected in equal distance in north – south
of Paripatal, one among the eight and east-west orientation in a vast area. The
anthologies of Sangam literature vividly presence of stone alignment is a rare feature
describes the greatness of this river as many in Tamil Nadu as they are known to exist
as in eight long poems. only in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
Barring some sporadic diggings Next to this, one may cite the
during the pre-independence era made by important habitation site of Dombicheri
Alexander Rea at Paravai and Anuppanadi located on the left bank of Suruliar in Teni
(1888), at the suburban parts of Madurai city district. The famous punch mark coin hoard
no concerted attempts were made to study referred as Bodinayakanur hoard is
the archaeological remains of the region. It supposedly retrieved from this site and not
was K.V. Raman, then at Southern Circle of from Bodinayakanur proper. D D Kosambi
the Survey in late 1950’s undertook who studied this hoard dates to early
systematic village to village survey in centuries of Christian era comparing the
Madurai, Tirumangalam, Melur and symbols found in the punch marked coins of
Periyakulam taluks and reported number of North India. The site spread in an area of
archaeological sites and remains. In the year more than 15 acres is locally called as
2006 K. Rajan and his team from Tamil ‘tantanmedu’ (medu = mound) referring to
University, Thanjavur reported good number sound of metals come up whenever dug for
of sites along the Vaigai valley particularly earth. The vatteluttu inscriptions datable to
in its upper reaches subsequent to the circa 10th century CE found earlier near the
discovery of inscribed hero stone datable to tank little away from the site refers the place
early centuries of Christian era at as Tiruvadiyaputtur and donations to the
Thathappatti in Dindigul district and Siva temple once stood here.
Pulimankombai in Teni district.
Similar to that of Dombicheri,
During the first phase particularly in another site that receive attention is that of
the upper reaches of Vaigai river Teni, part Uttamapuram in Teni district known for the
of Dindigul districts were explored. The site discovery of Roman coin hoard in 1997. But
of Vembur in Teni district strikes again, re-visitation to the habitation mound
importance for the presence of numerous reported earlier was found to be completely
menhirs at a single spot probably marking a converted into residential complex inflicting
stone alignment. The earlier explorers major damage to the site. However, one may
reported scores of menhirs at the site but presume that the above sites coupled with
unfortunately many of them have not been the recent path breaking discovery of Tamil
traced due to rapid agricultural expansion. A Brahmi inscribed hero stones at Thathappatti
detail observation shows that this site is and Pulimankombai show that this area was
perhaps the only existing example of stone traditionally linked by ancient trade routes
alignment in Tamil Nadu. A careful connecting Pandya and Chera countries.
148
This is further attested by century CE. This is the first instance in

inscriptional evidence datable to later Tamil Nadu where such inscribed gold bars
Pandya kings (circa 13th-14th century CE) are found in a hoard.
referring to the trade guild
‘padinenvishayattar’ about the famous trade In the celebrated city of Madurai due
center Arikesarinallur i.e. present to rapid urban expansion and continuous
Sinnamanur. occupation there is hardly any scope for
excavation to ascertain the veracity of its
Proceeding towards downstream past glory. Many of the reported sites within
within the lower reaches of Vaigai river, one the present Madurai city either have been
may observe proliferation of habitation sites totally disappeared or occupied by modern
on its both banks as well as in the hinterland settlements. The Jain cave sites with Tamil –
areas. Starting from the important habitation Brahmi inscriptions dotting the landscape of
sites of Sittarnattam opposite to Jain Tamil suburban Madurai are the only connecting
Brahmi cave inscription site of Mettupatti, a link to understand about its glorious past.
centrally protected monument, Kannapatti, Ironically, many of the Jain cave sites faces
Kuruvitturai, Cholavandan, Tenkarai, onslaught of stone quarrying activities
Tiruvedagam etc such settlements could be within the protected limits thereby causing
observed along the river linking the Madurai indelible damage to these veritable treasures.
city. Most of these sites have a continuous
cultural continuity from Iron Age upto Travelling beyond Madurai, good
medieval period. The site of Sittarnattam number of habitation sites continues to occur
could be cited as a perfect example where between Tiruppuvanam and Manamadurai
within the habitation complex itself is seen a taluks. One such important habitation site
hero stone inscription dated to circa 13th- identified nearer to Madurai city along the
14th century CE describing the bravery of an Vaigai river was the site of Keeladi located
hero who killed the lion which caused death about 12km south east of Madurai on the
to the public passing through the highway ancient highway (modern NH 49) leading to
called 'Cholakulantaka peruvazhi'. Ramesvaram via. Tiruppuvanam. Its
associated burial site is located on the way
The middle reaches of Vaigai river to Kondagai village (i.e. kuntidevi
valley were thoroughly explored during the chaturvedimangalam). The Tiruppuvanam
second phase comprising Madurai and Manamadurai regions upto Partibanur
Sivaganga and Ramanathapuram districts. seems to be a potential area where the fertile
The most important work done during this landscape favoured establishment of ancient
phase was the documentation of jewellery settlements on either side of river banks.
hoard found at Tenur, which is under the
custody of District Collector, Madurai. The The important habitation sites
jewellery hoard contains inscribed gold bars /centers identified in this area are
having name of individual written in Tamil- Kaliyandur, Enadi, Sakkimangalam,
Brahmi script datable circa 1st BCE – 1st Allinagaram, Tiruppachetti, Tuthai,
Maranadu, Pacheri, Vembattur, Vagudi,
149
Alagapuri, Uruli, Rajagambeeram, with Russet coated painted black and red
Kattikulam, Sudiyur, Kallikkudi, etc. except ware. This is perhaps the first time that
that of Uruli, Sakkimangalam, and russet coated ware occurs in the
Alagapuri all are habitation sites spread in southernmost tip of Tamil Nadu. In addition
an extensive area having potential for large to the above, the site of Kizhsethai near
scale excavation. The site of Uruli is an Uttarakosamangai has also yielded
extensive burial site noted for menhirs and Rouletted ware recently. All these evidences
numerous urn burials and Alagapuri is suggest that right from the early historic
another interesting site to show evidence for times these trade routes remained active on
terracotta coffin or sarcophagus (Pl. 68) in either side of Vaigai river connecting the
the southern part of Tamil Nadu. port city of Alagankulam through hinterland
centers upto the Pandyan capital city of
From Partibanur to Paramakudi Madurai and further beyond connecting the
towards Ramanathapuram a series of ancient Chera country.
settlements including Buddhist and Jain sites
all along the Vaigai river discovered are Thus the above facts has proved
suggestive of trade centers proceeding beyond doubt that the archaeological
towards the coastal area of Ramesvaram. evidences coupled with literary sources
The presence of Buddha images at could lead us to understand the cultural
Kizpartibanur, Jain images at Sudiyur, transformation that took place all along the
Arungulam (Pl. 69a), Kumarakurichi, etc. Vaigai river valley right from prehistoric to
reflects this fact. This has further medieval period. From the upper reaches of
strengthened by discovery of the sites of Vaigai and upto its end near Alagankulam
Kallikkudi, Gandhi Nagar near near Bay of Bengal both of its bank are
Emaneswaram, Kamankottai where celadon found to contain number of important
and porcelain pot sherds were collected. archaeological sites. About 293 sites
Among the other settlements, the extensive containing various forms of archaeological
sites of Sittarnattam, Maranadu (Pl. 69b), remains have been documented and among
Allinagaram (Pl. 70a), Rajagambiram (Pl. about 170 sites have been newly indentified
70b), Pandikanmay (Pl. 71) and Arasanagari (Fig. 23).
deserve large scale excavation.
Inspite of its potent archaeological
These ancient settlements could have wealth none of these sites has been to
not thrived for a longer period until and systematically excavate till date barring the
otherwise there existed much earlier active limited diggings at Alangankulam. A
trade network in this area. To strengthen this systematic excavation at these sites would
fact, the sites of Valasai near Nayinar kovil shed valuable light for better understanding
and Landai near Ramanathapuram yielded of historical setting of Tamil Nadu in
much important evidence in the form of general and southern Tamil Nadu in
Roman rouletted and Arretine ware(?). The particular before these are eroded
site of Landai yielded Rouletted ware along permanently.
150
Plate 68
Alagapuri: a; View of urn burial with broken lid and b; Sarcophagus burial.
151
Plate 69
Arungulam: Jain tirthankara.
Maranadu: View of habitation site with Buddha image.
152
Plate 70
Allinagaram: View of habitation site.
Rajagambiram: View of habitation site.
153
Plate 71
Pandikanmay: View of habitation site.
154
Fig. 23
Madurai, Sivaganga and Ramanathapuram: Map on Vaigai river valley.
List of the explored Archaeological Sites in Vaigai River Valley, Tamil Nadu
Name of Site Taluk District Coordinates Nature of Remains

Valipparai Andipatti Teni N 09° 40’ 26” Urn burial cum habitation
E 77° 2 ’ 72’’ site
Seelamuttaiya Andipatti Teni N 09° 40’ 62” Urn burial
Puram E 77° 2 ’ 41’’
Vembur Andipatti Teni N 09° 44’ 6 ” Menhir, Stone alignment
E 77° 27’ 54’’
Jampuliputtur Andipatti Teni N 09° 44’ 99” Circa 15th CE Vishnu
E 77° 17’ 42’’ temple
Thangammalpur Andipatti Teni N 09° 45’ 6” Circa 12th – 13th CE
am E 77° 31’ 91’’ inscription, sculptures
Circa 15th – 16th CE
herostones
Mayiladumparai Andipatti Teni N 09° 47’ 24” Circa 12th – 13th CE
E 77° 27’ 54’’ Shiva temple
Kadamalaikund Andipatti Teni N 09° 47’ 61” Early historic cum
155
u E 77° 30’ 23’’ medieval habitation site,

circa 12th CE Siva temple
Uttamapalayam Uttamapalayam Teni N 09° 4 ’ 72” Centrally protected Jain
E 77° 19’ 4’’ reliefs. Early historic cum
historic habitation site
Periyakulam Periyakulam Teni N 09° 50’ 11” Circa 12th CE Siva
E 7 ° 06’ 75’’ temple
Margayankottai Uttamapalayam Teni N 09° 51’ 12” Historical pottery
E 77° 21’ 75’’
Silayampatti Uttamapalayam Teni N 09° 52’ 26” Early historic cum
E 77° 23’ 51’’ medieval habitation site
Theppampatti Andipatti Teni N 09° 53’ 6” Iron age – Medieval
E 77° 35’ 60’’ habitation site, circa 15th
- 16th CE Vishnu temple
Ammapatti Andipatti Teni N 09° 55’ 7” Urn burial, Early historic
(Sittarpatti) E 77° 34’ 60’’ cum historical habitation
site, Iron slags, Oil press
Rajadhani Andipatti Teni N 09° 56’ 03” Urn burial, circa 15th CE
E 77° 35’ 65’’ Shiva temple
Upparpatti Uttamapalayam Teni N 09° 57’ 27” Early historic cum
E 77° 24’ 97’’ medieval habitation site,
circa 12th CE Siva,
Vishnu temple
Dombicheri Bodinayakanur Teni N 09° 57’ 42” Early historic habitation
E 77° 23’ 96’’ site
Kanniyappapilla Andipatti Teni N 09° 57’ 4” Historical pottery, Iron
i E 77° 35’ 90’’ slags
Patti
Dharmattupatti Periyakulam Teni N 09° 59’ 71” Early historic habitation
E 7 ° 01’ 0 ’’ site
B. Andipatti Teni N 10° 02’ 27” Urn burial, Iron age cum
Anaikkaraipatti E 77° 23’ 01’’ historic habitation site
T. Andipatti Teni N 10° 02’ 90” Urn burial, Medieval
Anaikkaraipatti E 77° 39’ 05’’ pottery
Munandipatti Periyakulam Teni N 10° 03’ 16” Stone Circles, Urn Burial
E 77° 39’ 70’’
Pudur Periyakulam Teni N 10° 04’ 56” Iron age cum historic
(Kullapuram E 77° 40’ 37’’ habitation site
piruvu)
Pulimankombai Periyakulam Teni N 10° 04’ 92” Hero stone with Tamil
E 77° 42’ 02’’ Brahmi script, Urn Burial
Kullapuram - 1 Periyakulam Teni N 10° 04’ 95” Early historic cum
E 77° 3 ’ 41’’ medieval habitation site,
sculptures, hero stone,
circa 12th CE Siva temple
Rangappa Andipatti Teni N 10° 04’ 95” Urn burial, Early historic
nayakanpatti E 77° 43’ 56’’ habitation site
Sittarnattam Nilakottai Dindigul N 10° 04’ 95” Iron age cum Medieval
E 77° 50’ 1 ’’ habitation site, circa 14th
156
– 15th CE herostone
Sandaiyur Nilakottai Dindigul N 10° 05’ 46” Early historic habitation
E 77° 44’ 71’’ site
Kullapuram - 2 Periyakulam Teni N 10° 05’ 67” Early historic habitation
E 77° 37’ 17’’ site
Pumpatti Periyakulam Teni N 10° 05’ 75” Stone Circle with cist
E 77° 42’ 23’’
Bomminayakkan Periyakulam Teni N 10° 05’ 3” Iron age pottery, circa
Patti E 77° 3 ’ 09’’ 15th – 16th CE sluice
Thathappatti Nilakottai Dindigul N 10° 05’ 97” Hero stone with Tamil
E 77° 45’ 45’’ Brahmi script
Jayamangalam Periyakulam Teni N 10° 06’ 00” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 35’ 09’’ habitation site, circa 12th
– 13th CE Vishnu temple
Tamaraikulam Periyakulam Teni N 10° 06’ 07” Early historic habitation
E 77° 33’ 04’’ site
Kannapatti Periyakulam Teni N 10° 06’ 66” Circa 12th – 13th CE
E 77° 46’ ’’ Shiva temple
P. Viralipatti Periyakulam Teni N 10° 06’ 95” Stone circle
E 77° 43’ 46’’
Vadugapatti Periyakulam Teni N 10° 07’ 14” Urn burial, circa 15th –
E 77° 34’ 00’’ 16th CE hero stones
Kumbakarai Periyakulam Teni N 10° 09’ 43” Early historic habitation
E 77° 32’ 66’’ site
Mungilanai Periyakulam Teni N 10° 10’ 22” Early historic habitation
E 77° 3 ’ 97’’ site
Pannaipatti Andipatti Teni N 10° 60’ 12” Cairn circle with urn
E 77° 44’ 07’’
Sakkudi Madurai East Madurai N 09° 51’ 9” Early historic pottery,
E 7 ° 13’ 37’’ Remains of circa 13th CE
Shiva temple, sculptures,
Inscription of circa 15th
CE.
Samanattam Madurai Madurai N 09° 52’ 02” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 0 ’ 73’’ habitation site
Vallanandapura Madurai North Madurai N 09° 52’ 35” c. 12th – 13th CE
m E 7 ° 07’ 20’’ inscription, circa 16th –
(Avaniapuram) 17th CE inscriptions
Panaiyur Madurai Madurai N 09° 52’ 7 ” Circa 12 – 13th CE
E 7 ° 09’ 02’’ sculptures, circa 15th –
16th CE inscription
Chintamani Madurai Madurai N 09° 53’ 67” Urn burial, circa 15th –
E 7 ° 0 ’ 21’’ 16th CE hero stones,
Sluice
Anuppanadi Madurai Madurai N 09° 54’ 02” Urn burial, circa 12th –
E 7 ° 09’ 72’’ 13th CE sculpture, circa
15th – 16th CE hero stone
Kunnattur Madurai North Madurai N 09° 54’ 1 ” Flake tools, Urn burial
(Varichiyur) E 7 ° 15’ 21’’ site, State protected Jain
157
cavern with Tamil

Brahmi inscription, and
Rock cut temples for
Shiva. Remains of circa
13th CE Shiva temple.
Pazhanganattam Madurai North Madurai N 09° 54’ 20” Urn burial
E 7 ° 05’ 96’’
Kizhakuyilkudi Madurai North Madurai N 09° 54’ 44” Centrally protected Jain
E 7 ° 02’ 31’’ cavern with Tamil
Brahmi inscription, Jain
bas reliefs with
inscription, circa 9th –
10th CE sculptures, circa
10th – 11th CE Jain
temple. Iron age cum
historic pottery
Madakkulam Madurai North Madurai N 09° 54’ 5 ” Circa 12th – 13th CE
E 7 ° 04’ 51’’ inscription, Sluice,
Historic habitation site,
Iron age pottery
Karadipatti Madurai North Madurai N 09° 55’ 35” Centrally protected Jain
(Perumal malai) E 7 ° 02’ 5’’ cavern with Tamil
Brahmi inscription, circa
9th – 10th CE Jain
sculpture. Iron age cum
historic pottery, rock
paintings, Iron slag
Tirumogur Melur Madurai N 09° 56’ 06” Circa 10th – 11th CE
E 7 ° 10’ 11’’ Vishnu temple
Vilangudi Madurai North Madurai N 09° 56’ 52” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 05’ 27’’ habitation site
Tiruvadavur Melur Madurai N 09° 56’ 70” Rock painting, State
E 7 ° 1 ’ 14’’ protected Jain cavern
with Tamil Brahmi
inscription, c. 9th – 10th
CE Shiva temple
Kongarpuliyan Madurai South Madurai N 09° 56’ 77” State protected Jain
kulam E 77° 59’ 35’’ cavern with Tamil
Brahmi inscription and
bas relief. Flake tools,
Early historic cum
historic pottery, c.15th –
16th CE herostone
Tuvariman Madurai North Madurai N 09° 57’ 57” Microliths, Stone celts,
E 7 ° 03’ 56’’ Iron age pottery
Anaimalai Madurai North Madurai N 09° 57’ 0” State protected Jain
Brahmi inscription, Rock
cut temple for Kartikeya
and Jain bas reliefs. Rock
158
cut temple for Vishnu.

Sikandarchavadi Madurai North Madurai N 09° 5 ’ 04” Iron age pottery
E 7 ° 06’ 16’’
Paravai Madurai North Madurai N 09° 5 ’ 11” Urn burial, circa 12th –
E 7 ° 03’ 31’’ 13th CE sculptures
Kovilpappakudi Madurai North Madurai N 09° 5 ’ 22” Urn burial, circa 12th –
E 7 ° 04’ 5’’ 13th CE sculptures, Sluice
Melakkal Vadipatti Madurai N 09° 5 ’ 94” Iron age cum historic
E 77° 5 ’ 77’’ habitation site
Tenur Madurai North Madurai N 09° 59’ 2 ” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 00’ 57’’ habitation site, Jewellery
hoard with Tamil Brahmi
inscription
Podumbu Madurai North Madurai N 09° 59’ 71” Iron age cum historic
Tiruvedagam Vadipatti Madurai N 09° 59’ 71” Iron age cum historic
E 77° 59’ 32’’ habitation site circa 10th -
11th CE Shiva temple
Tacchampattu Madurai North Madurai N 10° 00’ 02” circa 12th – 13th CE
E 77° 5 ’ 92’’ Shiva temple
Kachirairuppu Madurai North Madurai N 10° 00’ 24” circa 15th - 16th CE
E 77° 5 ’ 16’’ habitation site, Hero
stones Iron slag
Nedunkulam Vadipatti Madurai N 10° 00’ 54” 10 - 11th CE sculpture
th
E 77° 59’ 77’’

Narasingampatti Melur Madurai N 10° 00’ 61” Stone circle with cist, Urn
E 7 ° 15’ ’’ burial
Tirumalnattam Vadipatti Madurai N 10° 00’ 92” Iron age cum historic
Tenkarai Vadipatti Madurai N 10° 01’ 12” circa. 10th - 11th CE Shiva
E 77° 57’ 25’’ temple
Kottamedu Vadipatti Madurai N 10° 01’ 17” Early historic cum
E 7 ° 04’ 79’’ historic habitation site,
Sculptures
Cholavandan Vadipatti Madurai N 10° 01’ 20” circa 11th – 12th CE Shiva
E 7 ° 57’ 55’’ temple
Nagari Vadipatti Madurai N 10° 01’ 29” Historic habitation site, c.
E 7 ° 00’ 55’’ 15th - 16th CE hero stone
Mannadimangal Vadipatti Madurai N 10° 02’ 27” Iron age cum historic
am E 77° 55’ 73’’ habitation site, c. 13th -
14th CE Shiva temple
Arittapatti Melur Madurai N 10° 02’ 67” Jain cavern with Tamil
E 7 ° 16’ 79’’ Brahmi inscription and
bas relief. Early historic
pottery, iron slags.
Ayyappanayakk Vadipatti Madurai N 10° 02’ 91” c. 15th - 16th CE Vishnu
an E 77° 54’ 55’’ temple, hero stones
Patti
159
Kuruvitturai Vadipatti Madurai N 10° 03’ 79” Iron age cum historic
E 77° 54’ 25’’ habitation site, c. 10th -
11th CE Vishnu temple, c.
15th - 16th CE hero stones
Kilavalavu Madurai South Madurai N 10° 03’ 0” Centrally protected Jain
Brahmi inscription, Jain
bas reliefs, Historical
pottery, Roof tiles
Mettupatti Vadipatti Madurai N 10° 04’ 64” Centrally protected Jain
E 77° 50’ 37’’ cavern with Tamil
Brahmi inscription. Urn
burial site, Graffiti sherds
Anaipatti Vadipatti Madurai N 10° 05’ 44” c. 15th - 16th CE Hanuman
E 77° 51’ 34’’ temple
Karungkalakkud Melur Madurai N 10° 09’ 37” State protected Jain
i E 7 ° 22’ 15’’ cavern with Tamil
Brahmi inscription, Urn
burial, Rock paintings,
Iron age cum historic
pottery, c. 15th – 16th CE
pillared hall
Tirupparankunr Madurai South Madurai N 12° 20’ 6 ” Centrally protected Jain
am E 76° 36’ 45’’ cavern with Tamil
Brahmi inscription and
Rock cut Shiva temple,
Rock cut Kartikeya
temple, Jain bas reliefs
Kamudakkudi Ilayankudi Sivaganga N 09° 33’ 69” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 31’ 76’’ habitation site, c. 10th –
11th CE inscriptions, c.
12th – 13th CE sculptures
Kumarakurichi Ilayankudi Sivaganga N 09° 34’ 32” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 36’ 60’’ habitation site, Ring well,
c. 11th – 12th CE Jain
image
Melperungarai Ilayankudi Sivaganga N 09° 34’ 70” c. 11th – 12th CE temple,
E 7 ° 36’ 60’’ c. 16th – 17th CE
inscription
Mulliyarendal Ilayankudi Sivaganga N 09° 35’ 19” Iron age cum historic
Brahmanakurich Ilayankudi Sivaganga N 09° 35’ 42” Iron age cum historic
i E 7 ° 32’ 21’’ habitation site, c. 12th –
13th CE sculptures, c. 16th
– 17th CE hero stone
Krishnapuram Ilayankudi Sivaganga N 09° 35’ 62” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 35’ 4 ’’ habitation site
T. Pudukkottai Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 35’ 75” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 30’ 45’’ habitation site, Ring well
Ayankurichi Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 36’ 0 ” Iron age cum historic
160

Munaivenri Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 36’ 21” Iron age cum historic
Adikarai Ilayankudi Sivaganga N 09° 36’ 21” Iron age cum historic
M. Karisalkulam Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 37’ 04” Iron age cum historic
Sengottai Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 37’ 04” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 2 ’ 92’’ habitation site, Sculptures
Alambacheri Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 37’ 10” Urn age burial cum
E 7 ° 32’ 00’’ historic habitation site,
Ring well, c. 19th – 20th
CE milestone, herostone
Vannikudi Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 37’ 51” Iron age cum historic
Vaviyarendal Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 3 ’ 50” Urn burial site
E 7 ° 27’ 7’’
Melpasalai Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 3 ’ 57” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 26’ 16’’ habitation site, Sculptures
Kizhpasalai Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 3 ’ 7” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 26’ 75’’ habitation site, c. 12th -
13th CE temple
E.Nedunkulam Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 3 ’ 95” Iron age cum historic
E 78° 2 ’ 13’’ habitation site, Boundary
stone
Tiyanur Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 39’ 24” Iron age cum historic
Arimandapam Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 39’ 29” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 25’ 01’’ habitation site, Sculpture
Adanur Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 39’ 9 ” Iron age cum historic
Annavasal Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 39’ 99” Urn burial site
E 7 ° 25’ 20’’
Kizhangkattur Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 40’ 02” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 25’ 65’’ habitation site, Sculptures
Arasanendal Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 40’ 04” Urn burial site
E 7 ° 2 ’ 29’’
Panikkanendal Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 40’ 45” Iron age cum historic
Kizhamelkudi Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 40’ 1” Iron age cum historic
Ottavidu Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 40’ 7” Iron age cum historic
(Kizhamelkudi) E 7 ° 26’ 20’’ habitation site, ring well
Milaganur Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 41’ 05” Iron age cum historic
Melmelkudi Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 41’ 4” Iron age cum historic
Pattatharasi Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 41’ 9 ” c. 17th – 18th CE
E 7 ° 27’ 96’’ inscription
161
Kattikulam Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 42’ 59” Iron age cum historic
Seykalattur Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 43’ 20” Iron age cum historic
(Nedungulam) E 7 ° 26’ 67’’ habitation site
Pazhayanur Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 43’ 24” Iron age cum historic
Chokkanadirupp Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 43’ 33” Iron age cum historic
u E 7 ° 14’ 92’’ habitation site
Perumacheri Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 43’ 33” Iron age BRW pot sherds
E 7 ° 23’ 47’’
Vilattur Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 43’ 35” Iron age cum historic
10th CE sculptures
Rajagambiram Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 43’ 55” Iron age cum historic
(Kirungakottai) E 7 ° 25’ 31’’ habitation site
Kallarvalasai Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 43’ 70” Iron age cum historic
Vagudi Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 44’ 14” Iron age cum historic
Maranadu Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 44’ 50” Iron age cum historic
12th CE Buddha sculpture
Acchankulam Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 44’ 6 ” Iron age cum historic
Velur Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 45’ 02” Iron age cum historic
Vadinattam Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 45’ 1 ” Iron age cum historic
Vellikkurichi Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 45’ 1 ” Iron age cum historic
Vayalcheri Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 45’ 20” Iron age cum historic
Uruli Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 45’ 21” Urn burials, Menhir
(Nattapurakki) E 7 ° 26’ 90’’
Sembarayanend Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 45’ 77” Iron age cum historic
al E 7 ° 22’ 03’’ habitation site
Sriranganattam Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 45’ 0” Iron age cum historic
Vannikottai Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 45’ 3” Iron age cum historic
Kallarkulam Sivaganga Sivaganga N 09° 45’ 95” Iron age cum historic
16th CE hero stone
Mazhavaraya Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 46’ 47” Iron age cum historic
nendal E 7 ° 21’ 77’’ habitation site
Pathinettamkott Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 46’ 51” Historic habitation site
ai E 7 ° 22’ 31’’
Thekkur - Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 46’ 56” Iron age cum historic
162
Piramanur Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 46’ 1” Iron age cum historic pot
E 7 ° 16’ 7 ’’ sherds, c. 11th – 12th CE
sculpture
Thekkur - 2 Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 46’ 2” Iron age cum historic
Kottankulam Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 46’ 4” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 1 ’ 90’’ habitation site, Iron
smelting centre
Mudhuvanthidal Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 46’ 90” Iron age BRW pot sherds
E 7 ° 17’ 73’’
V.Pudukulam Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 10” Iron age cum historic
Ethiraimarichan Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 24” Iron age cum historic
Mangudi Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 27” Historic habitation site
E 7 ° 26’ 30’’
Panayanendal Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 34” Iron age cum historic
Kondhikulam Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 42” Iron age cum historic
Kilrangiyam Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 45” Iron age cum historic
Karungkalikkud Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 54” c.12th-13th CE Siva temple,
i E 7 ° 11’ 22’’ historic habitation site
Tiruppachetti Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 54” Iron age cum historic
10th CE inscriptions
Idaikkattur Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 54” c.12th-13th CE Siva
E 7 ° 20’ 79’’ temple, Iron age, historic
pot sherds
Lakshmipuram Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 56” Urn burials, Iron age cum
(Valayarkudirup E 7 ° 22’ 69’’ historic habitation site
pu)
Tuthai Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 66” Iron age cum historic
10th CE sculptures, hero
stone
Vaviyarendal Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 77” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 16’ 40’’ habitation site, Iron slag
Allinagaram Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 79” Iron age cum historic
T. Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 2” Iron age cum historic
Parayankulam E 7 ° 17’ 35’’ habitation site
Thavalaikkulam Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 3” Iron age cum historic
E 78° 15’ 63’’ habitation site
Periyakottai Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 6” Iron age cum historic
Ambalattadi Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 90” Iron age cum historic
163

Melrangiyam Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 90” Iron age cum historic
Pacheri Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 47’ 93” Iron age cum historic
10th CE sculpture
T. Alangkulam Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 4 ’ 00” Historic habitation site,
E 7 ° 17’ 74’’ Medieval sculpture
Ladanendal Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 4 ’ 13” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 17’ 94’’ habitation site, Medieval
sculpture
T. Pappankulam Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 4 ’ 22” Historic habitation site,
E 7 ° 1 ’ 30’’ Medieval sculpture
Kanur Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 4 ’ 3 ” c. 12th – 13th CE Siva
E 7 ° 20’ 32’’ temple, Iron age BRW
pot sherds
Vembattur Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 4 ’ 44” Iron age cum historic
13th CE Siva temple,
Saptamatrka sculptures
Chichacheri Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 4 ’ 47” Iron age cum historic
(Tirupuvanam) E 7 ° 15’ 74’’ habitation site
Kaliyandur Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 4 ’ 67” Iron age cum historic
Kallurani Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 4 ’ 71” Iron age cum historic
Venkitinattam Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 49’ 05” Iron age cum historic
K. Alagapuri Sivaganga Sivaganga N 09° 49’ 10” Urn burial site
E 7 ° 22’ 0 ’’
Karungkulam Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 49’ 15” Historic habitation site
E 7 ° 19’ 31’’
Mangudi Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 49’ 20” Iron age cum historic
Melavellur Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 49’ 29” Iron age cum historic
Kannariruppu Sivaganga Sivaganga N 09° 49’ 51” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 20’ 7’’ habitation site, Iron
smelting centre
Kattamankottai Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 49’ 55” Iron age cum historic
Kanakkankudi Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 49’ 72” Iron age pottery, c. 12th –
E 7 ° 1 ’ 36’’ 13th CE Shiva temple, c.
15th – 16th CE inscriptions
Tirupuvanam Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 49’ 0” c. 10th – 11th CE
E 7 ° 14’ 02’’ inscription, c. 12 – 13th
CE Shiva temple
Madappuram Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 49’ 4” c. 9th – 10th CE
E 7 ° 15’ 67’’ sculptures, hero stone
164
P. Velankulam Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 50’ 15” c. 17th – 18th CE

E 7 ° 22’ 35’’ inscription
Pattam Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 50’ 34” Iron age cum historic
Mannarendai Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 50’ 43” Iron age burial site
E 7 ° 12’ 22’’
Enadi -1 Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 50’ 5 ” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 19’ 61’’ habitation site, graffiti,
Tamil Brahmi inscribed
sherds, British period
inscription
Nattakudi Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 50’ 60” c. 12th – 13th CE Lakshmi
E 7 ° 22’ ’’ Narasimha sculpture
Kondagai - Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 50’ 61” Iron age cum historic
Muniyandipuram E 7 ° 11’ 54’’ habitation site
Sembur Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 50’ 64” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 20’ 00’’ habitation site, Medieval
period sculptures
Kondagai - 2 Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 50’ 6 ” Urn burial site, skeletal
E 7 ° 10’ 79’’ remains, graffiti sherds, c.
12th – 13th CE Siva
temple, Sculptures
Kottaipuvandhi Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 50’ 72” Iron age cum historic
Enadi - 2 Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 50’ 9 ” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 1 ’ 36’’ habitation site, Iron slags,
c. 12th – 13th CE
sculptures
Agaram Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 51’ 21” Iron age pottery, c. 12 –
E 7 ° 12’ 5 ’’ 13th CE Jain, Hindu
sculptures, c. 18th CE
inscription
Keeladi Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 51’ 40” Iron age cum historic
13th CE Siva temple,
sculptures
Padamattur Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 51’ 74” Iron age cum historic
Puliyur Tirupuvanam Sivagangai N 09° 51’ 6” Urn burial cum habitation
E 7 ° 09’ 34’’ site
Pottapalayam Manamadurai Sivaganga N 09° 52’ 33” Iron age cum historic
10th CE sculptures, c.
15th – 16th CE hero stone
Karuppukkal Tirupuvanam Sivaganga N 09° 55’ 2 ” Iron age cum historic
E 7 ° 15’ 46’’ habitation site, c. c. 12th –
13th CE Siva temple
remains, sculptures c. 12th
– 13th CE inscriptions
165
Alagankulam Ramanatha Ramanatha N 09° 20’ 75” Excavated Early historic

puram puram E 7 ° 59’ 96’’ site
Ettivayal Ramanatha Ramanatha N 09° 22’ 43” Iron age cum historic
puram puram E 7 ° 43’ 96’’ habitation site
Pudukudiyirupp Ramanatha Ramanatha N 09° 22’ 4 ” Historic habitation site
u puram puram E 78° 5 ’ 00’’
Achutanvayal Ramanatha Ramanatha N 09° 22’ 76” Iron age cum historic
puram puram E 7 ° 47’ ’’ habitation site
Pazaya Terbhogi Ramanatha Ramanatha N 09° 22’ 9 ” Historic habitation site
puram puram E 7 ° 55’ 97’’
Mudunal Ramanatha Ramanatha N 09° 23’ 14” Iron age cum historic
puram puram E 7 ° 4 ’ 41’’ habitation site
Vannivayal Ramanatha Ramanatha N 09° 23’ 0” Iron age cum historic

Viravanur Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 24’ 5 ” Iron age cum historic
puram E 7 ° 45’ 71’’ habitation site
Toruvalur Ramanatha Ramanatha N 09° 25’ 05” c. 12th – 13th cent CE
puram puram E 7 ° 49’ 25’’ images
Kizambal Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 25’ 07” Urn burial site
puram E 7 ° 39’ 59’’
Pullangudi Ramanatha Ramanatha N 09° 25’ 25” Iron age cum historic
Kizakkottai Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 25’ 47” Urn burial site
puram E 7 ° 40’ 50’’
Karendal Ramanatha Ramanatha N 09° 25’ 54” Iron age cum historic
puram puram E 78° 49’ 17’’ habitation site
Kavanur Ramanatha Ramanatha N 09° 25’ 55” Historic habitation site
puram puram E 7 ° 4 ’ 66’’
Muttuvayal Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 25’ 77” Iron age cum historic
Sevvur Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 25’ 4” Iron age cum historic
Arasanagari Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 25’ 99” Iron age cum historic
Perungalur Ramanatha Ramanatha N 09° 26’ 09” c. 17th – 18th cent CE
puram puram E 7 ° 4 ’ 13’’ temple
Mudalur Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 26’ 12” c. 12 – 13th cent CE
th
puram E 7 ° 45’ 52’’ image, c. 16th – 17th cent

CE inscription
S. Karaikudi Mudukulattur Ramanatha N 09° 26’ 29” Iron age cum historic
(Kurundarai puram E 7 ° 39’ 11’’ habitation site
Ayyanar Koil
Thidal)
Kulattur Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 26’ 49” Iron age cum historic
Manjur Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 26’ 66” Iron age cum historic
puram E 7 ° 3 ’ 59’’ habitation site
Mennandi Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 26’ 69” Iron age cum historic
166

Pandikkanmay Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 27’ 20” Iron age cum historic
puram E 7 ° 3 ’ 19’’ habitation site, urn burial
T. Karungulam Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 27’ 44” Iron age cum historic
Periyanagachi Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 27’ 4 ” Iron age cum historic
Tettankal Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 27’ 75” Iron age cum historic
Kakkanendal Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 27’ 79” Iron age cum historic
Kamankottai Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 2 ’ 00” Iron age cum historic
puram E 7 ° 42’ 42’’ habitation site, Porcelain
sherds
Gangaikondan Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 2 ’ 13” Iron age cum historic
Thyagavancheri Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 2 ’ 16” Iron age cum historic
Manjakulam Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 2 ’ 33” Iron age cum historic
Kollanur Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 2 ’ 3 ” Iron age cum historic
A. Panaiyur Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 2 ’ 64” Iron age cum historic
Kalayur Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 2 ’ ” Iron age cum historic
puram E 7 ° 36’ 65’’ habitation site, Sculptures
Tinaikulam Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 2 ’ 94” Iron age cum historic
Pottisetti Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 2 ’ 9 ” Iron age cum historic
puram E 7 ° 39’ 23’’ habitation site c. 15th –
16th cent CE image
Kanjanendal Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 29’ 00” Iron age cum historic
Kizhakkulam Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 29’ 04” Iron age cum historic
Kiliyur Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 29’ 09” Iron age cum historic
Venkatankurichi Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 29’ 21” Iron age cum historic
Arasadivandal Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 29’ 23” Iron age cum historic
Pidariyendal Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 29’ 2 ” Iron age cum historic
Kizhkavanur Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 29’ 34” Iron age cum historic
Landai Ramanatha Ramanatha N 09° 29’ 40” Iron age cum historic
puram puram E 7 ° 45’ 99’’ habitation site, Russet
coated ware, Rouletted
ware
167
P.Siragikottai Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 29’ 6 ” Iron age cum historic

puram E 7 ° 41’ 93’’ habitation site, c. 12th –
13th cent CE temple
remains
Chittur Ramanatha Ramanatha N 09° 29’ 0” c. 12th – 13th cent CE
puram puram E 7 ° 47’ 55’’ image
Kalliyadiyendal Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 29’ 4” Iron age cum historic
Nenmeni Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 30’ 13” Iron age cum historic
Perumalkovil Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 30’ 15” Iron age cum historic
Ariyanendal Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 30’ 1 ” Iron age cum historic
13th cent CE image
Vilattur Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 30’ 25” Historic habitation site
puram E 7 ° 32’ 17’’
Pakaivenri Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 30’ 45” Iron age cum historic
M. Nedunkulam Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 30’ 62” Iron age cum historic
Alagasrimadam Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 30’ 62” Iron age cum historic
puram E 7 ° 43’ 6 ’’ habitation site
S. V. Mangalam Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 30’ 62” Iron age cum historic
puram E 7 ° 43’ 6 ’’ habitation site, c. 12th –
13th cent CE inscription
P. Akkiramesi Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 30’ 7” Iron age cum historic
Vallam Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 30’ 9” Iron age cum historic
puram E 7 ° 40’ 24’’ habitation site, c. 13- 14th
cent CE inscription
Melaikkudi Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 31’ 09” Iron age cum historic
Urappuli Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 31’ 10” Iron age cum historic
Kallikottai Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 31’ 14” c. 12th – 13th cent CE
(Muthuvarnapur puram E 7 ° 3 ’ 15’’ temple, c. 17th – 18th cent
am) CE resting place
Karaimelkudiru Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 31’ 54” Iron age cum historic
ppu puram E 7 ° 40’ 55’’ habitation site
Urakkudi Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 31’ 4” Urn burial site
puram E 7 ° 29’ 31’’
Tadalatidal Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 31’ 99” Iron age cum historic
(Pallavarayanend puram E 7 ° 41’ 34’’ habitation site, Porcelain
al) sherds, c. 18th – 19th cent
CE inscription
Andakkudi Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 32’ 10” Iron age cum historic
Melliyanendal Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 32’ 20” Iron age cum historic
168

Kizayakkudi Ilayankudi Ramanatha N 09° 32’ 29” Iron age cum historic
puram E 7 ° 3 ’ 91’’ habitation site, c. 18th –
19th cent CE inscription
Valasai Ilayankudi Ramanatha N 09° 32’ 46” Iron age cum historic
puram E 7 ° 39’ 64’’ habitation site, Rouletted,
pot sherds
Emaneswaram Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 32’ 57” c. 12th – 13th cent CE Siva
puram E 7 ° 35’ 5 ’’ temple
Pampuvilunthan Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 32’ 6 ” Iron age cum historic
Perumbacheri Ilayankudi Ramanatha N 09° 32’ 70” c. 12th – 13th cent CE
puram E 7 ° 37’ 34’’ inscriptions, sculptures,
Iron age cum historic
habitation site
Malayankudirup Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 32’ 73” Iron age cum historic
pu puram E 7 ° 36’ 66’’ habitation site
Vengalur Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 32’ 7 ” Iron age cum historic
Devendranagar Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 32’ 2” Iron age cum historic
(Emaneswaram) puram E 7 ° 36’ 4 ’’ habitation site
Mochiyendal Ilayankudi Ramanatha N 09° 33’ 00” Iron age cum historic
Elamanur Ilayankudi Ramanatha N 09° 33’ 01” Iron age cum historic
puram E 7 ° 3 ’ 34’’ habitation site, Ringwell
Vaniyavallam Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 33’ 04” Iron age cum historic
Gandhinagar Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 33’ 14” Iron age cum historic
(Emaneswaram) puram E 7 ° 36’ 4 ’’ habitation site, Porcelain
sherd
Piyanendal Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 33’ 1 ” Iron age cum historic
Arungulam Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 33’ 21” Iron age cum historic
13th CE Jain sculptures
Sundanendal Ilayankudi Ramanatha N 09° 33’ 25” Iron age cum historic
puram E 7 ° 37’ 35’’ habitation site, Ring well
Poduvakkudi Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 33’ 49” Iron age cum historic
Valakani Ilayankudi Ramanatha N 09° 34’ 13” Iron age cum historic
Vani Ilayankudi Ramanatha N 09° 34’ 34” Iron age cum historic
Kizhperungarai Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 34’ 35” Iron age cum historic
Alimadurai Ilayankudi Ramanatha N 09° 34’ 41” Iron age cum historic
Kottangkulam Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 34’ 4 ” Iron age cum historic
puram E 7 ° 3 ’ 2 ’’ habitation site, c. 17th –
169
18th CE inscription
Idayar Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 34’ 94” Urn burial site, Boundary
Kudiyiruppu puram E 7 ° 27’ 9 ’’ stone
Nagarakudi Ilayankudi Ramanatha N 09° 35’ 37” Iron age cum historic
Sudiyur Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 35’ 7” Iron age cum historic
puram E 7 ° 2 ’ 69’’ habitation site, Urn
burial, c. 12th – 13th
inscriptions, Jain image
Ponnakarai Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 35’ 95”
puram E 7 ° 26’ 5’’ Urn burial site
Kizhpartibanur Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 36’ 02” Iron age cum historic
puram E 7 ° 27’ 94’’ habitation site, Buddha
sculptures
Kallikudi Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 36’ 22” Iron age cum historic
13th CE sculptures,
Celadon ware
Somathur Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 36’ 76” Iron age cum historic
Sirambur Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 36’ 7 ” Iron age cum historic
Kizhnettur Ilayankudi Ramanatha N 09° 37’ 10” c. 12th – 13th CE temple,
puram E 7 ° 32’ 4’’ Iron age cum historic
habitation site
Ganapatiyendal Ilayankudi Ramanatha N 09° 37’ 41” Iron age cum historic
Melnettur Ilayankudi Ramanatha N 09° 37’ 5 ” Urn burial site, c. 12th –
puram E 7 ° 32’ 33’’ 13th CE temple,
Sculptures
Chinna Paramakudi Ramanatha N 09° 37’ 96” Iron age cum historic
Kannanur puram E 7 ° 24’ 39’’ habitation site, Urn burial
Mangudi Ilayankudi Ramanatha N 09° 3 ’ 06” Iron age cum historic
M. Tiruchuli Virudunag N 09° 45’ 52” Iron age cum historic
Parayankulam ar E 7 ° 11’ 57’’ habitation site
S. Nangur Tiruchuli Virudunag N 09° 45’ 5” c. 9 – 10th CE sculptures
th
ar E 7 ° 12’ 6 ’’
TRIPURA Parth R. Chauhan of Indian Institute of

Science Education and Research, Mohali.
25. EXPLORATION AT SONAI, DISTRICT
The site is located approximately 40km by
WEST TRIPURA
road from Agartala. The ancient remains the
The site of Sonai (23º55.923’N; situated within the village periphery towards
91º2 ’537’E) was discovered by Biswajit the north-west of the village mandi called
Deb Barma under the supervision of Supriya Sonai Bazaar (Fig. 24).
Varma of Jawaharlal Nehru University and
170
The site is partly on the hill top and a simple randomized sampling was
partly on the plain area. The area on the hill formulated. Cluster sampling is a procedure
top is covered by trees and shrubs. The site by which more than one individual in the
seems to be disturbed at some places due to population being sampled is taken at each
plantation of rubber trees and also due to the randomized position. A cluster of elements
presence of inhabitants in and around. It is taken from each unit selected on a random
was learnt that local residents have removed basis. Cluster sampling includes any
the top soil to clear the area for the instance where the sample units are defined
construction of houses and road due to in terms of space rather than items. Any
which about 2 to 3cm of fossil wood tools sample based on quadrants or test pits is a
deposit has been disturbed in mandi area. cluster sample not because of artefacts but
the space or areas in which they are found
Systematic samplings of the area of are being selected. Clusters cannot be
investigation are generally approached in enumerated, whereas items within clusters
two ways: non-probabilistic (contextual) can be counted and sampled directly. The
sampling and probabilistic (statistical or spacing between sample units is random, but
quantitative) sampling, which includes a the spacing between elements within cluster
variety of random sampling methods. In the is not random. Cluster sampling is essential
systematic survey conducted at Sonai, a in archaeological situations when the
strategy was employed in making sampling frequency distributions between elements
collection of cluster sampling within which are being measured over space.
Fig. 24
Sonai: Location map.
171
The more acceptable sampling there is a possibility that they were used for
approaches for probabilistic surveys under retouch purposes on some of the friable
ideal conditions where 100 percent coverage fossil wood tools. The methods employed to
is not feasible are based on random knap the fossil wood tools are either usually
sampling and include simple random, the Acheulian Bifacial technique or in some
systematic random, systematic unaligned, cases the Levallois technique.
and stratified random sampling methods.
The technique employed at Sonai can be Based on the systematic survey at
described as a simple random sampling Sonai, it would be appropriate to summarize
method. In order to use this technique the that the tools were specifically knapped by
sampled population or data universe must be the prehistoric humans in accordance with
totally accessible. With this given the landscape they inhabited. There is also
assumption, the segment of the data universe evidence at the site of fossil wood boulders
(that is, n units out of N units are chosen; the which were possibly used for knapping tools
ratio of n/N is the sampling ratio) is selected (Pl. 73). Most of the tools are made out of
at random using a method that randomizes flakes, which appears close to flake-blades
the selection procedure. The amount and are end struck. Most of the retouching is
sampled is determined on the basis of how unifacial but some celt-like tools have also
many observations one wishes to make and been bifacially retouched.
the size of the number of possible UTTAR PRADESH
observations in the data universe. The
purpose of randomizing the selection is to 26. EXPLORATION AT AHAR, DISTRICT
ensure that each sample unit has an equal BULANDSHAHR
chance of being selected. Exploration was conducted at Ahar

The samples that were collected at (28 2 ’ 1 .5” N; 7 0 14’ 64.3” E) by Aadil
0
Sonai consist of mostly tools made of fossil Zubair of Aligarh Muslim University,
wood or in other words petrified wood. The Deepak K. Nair, Biswajit Deb Barma, Ranjit
remaining are tools made of quartzite stone. Kumar, Mahmood Kooria and Ravi Kumar
Most of the fossil wood tools can be slotted Perumalla of Jawaharlal University
into categories such as celts, unfinished under the direction of Jaya Menon of
celts, knives, borers, chopping tools, adze, Aligarh Muslim University. The survey
discoids, points, flake blades, polished celt, team also includes research students from
celt with notch meant for hafting, celt with Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) and
protruded mid-rib meant for hafting, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU).
scrapers, burin, etc. The quartzite tools Ahar, a small town or a large
consisted of a heavy duty chopping tool village, is located about 17km north of
weighing around 1,922 grams, Anupshahr and about 45km east of
hammerstones, choppers, and chopping tools Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh. The present day
(Pl. 72). Some river pebbles were also habitation is perched on the top of a large
collected as samples from the site because
172
Plate 72
Sonai: a-b; Quartzite tools.
173
Plate 73
Sonai: Fossil wood boulders or chunks used as raw material for knapping.
174
mound and along its fringes on the right parcels of land, which are subjected to
bank of the Ganges River. Ahar is a place intensive agricultural activities throughout
of considerable historical and the year.
archaeological importance and the most
impressive aspect of the site is its dynamic Just outside of the village in the
landscape and the material culture spread south-east direction is the famous
across it. The site stands unequalled in size Hanumangarhi Temple, situated at the top
and is one of the largest and structurally of a small circular mound. Around the
or topographically composite mounded temple, a large scatter of potsherds and
archaeological sites in the area. The main brickbats can be seen lying around. There
mound of Ahar measures c. 740m (NS) x are two other famous temples at Ahar, that
825m (EW), about 10 – 12m high, and is of Sid Baba and Avantika Devi, which are
almost completely inhabited except for located quite far from the village in the
certain portions, which are used either for floodplain area of the Ganges. The
agricultural purposes or as dumping places preliminary survey at Ahar, it was felt that
for trash or garbage as well as for drying the surface archaeology of the site, if
and stacking cow-dung cakes. studied in a detailed and systematic manner,
could yield new and substantial information
To the south-west of the village or about the settlement as well as about the
main mound lie a group of shallow mounds human utilization of the landscape in the
marked by an average relief of 3-4m above past. A programme of systematic intensive
the surrounding plain and are generally surface survey was designed in order to
covered by thick vegetation and grasses. generate a new dataset to answer several
Some of these mounds show structural questions and overarching queries regarding
activity with pottery and other the site and its environs. Some of the major
archaeological material scattered on their objectives of the survey project were; to
surfaces while some appear to be natural identify and understand the spatial
formations devoid of any cultural material. patterning, density and distribution of
Some of these smaller mounds are used by surface material (ceramics and other
the locals as graveyards and for other artefacts or features) across the landscape
ritualistic purposes. A shallow oval-shaped as well as to gain an idea about various
mound measuring 45m (NS) x 38m (EW) transformative processes that correspond to
wi t h a very low relief of 2m above the the patterning visible in the archaeological
surrounding area lies to the south of the record and also to determine or assess the
village along the road that connects Ahar spatial extant of the site on the basis of the
with Anupshahr. This mound was excavated distribution of ceramic and artefacts scatter;
by M.S. Vats during the 1920s. Close to to study and understand the relationship
this mound is a large dried up water body, between the main settlement and the smaller
locally known as Rukmini Kund or Rukmini mounds surrounding it; to establish and
Taal. The area between these smaller figure out how the site of Ahar relates to the
mounds is divided into arable patches or larger landscape and the logic behind its
175
location along the bank of the Ganges, (iv) intensity. As the aim was to generate new
to ascertain the occupational or datasets and to get a vivid picture of the
chronological sequence of the settlement of patterning and distribution of archaeological
Ahar as well as the evolution of the site remains across the landscape, a slightly
over time; and to measure the impact of refined sampling strategy was formulated to
current land use upon the site and problems produce a representative sample of the
posed by it for studying the surface whole. Practically, it was not possible to
archaeology at the site. cover the entire area or all the four quadrats
at the same intensity. Therefore it was
Sampling Strategies and Survey decided to survey one quadrat using
Methodology: Several important steps were systematic intensive sampling methods and
taken into consideration prior to the the rest of the three quadrats using random
fieldwork for the execution of the survey sampling strategy.
project. The first was to define the
boundaries within which the survey would Quadrat A was decided to be
be conducted, which was done with the help subjected to an intensive surface survey
of satellite imagery acquired from Google and collection on the premise that the
Earth and the Survey of India topo-sheets. quadrat covers all the smaller mounds in
The satellite imagery proved quite useful to the vicinity of the main mound of Ahar as
get an idea about the polymorphous well as a substantial part of the main mound
landscape and the general layout of the site, itself. The 700m2 quadrat was gridded into
however, the toposheets were of very 10 x 10m sampling units or grid squares and
minimal use as they did not provide the it was decided to cover fifty percent of the
required resolution. An area of 1.4km2 resultant sampling units in Quadrat A. The
encompassing the main settlement of Ahar three other Quadrats B, C, and D were
and its immediate hinterland was selected surveyed using a systematic random
for the survey. sampling technique. In each of these three
quadrats a transect measuring 700 (NS) x
Once the base map of the area to be 6m (EW) was randomly selected and was
surveyed was prepared, the area was divided into 20 x 6m sampling blocks or
measured on the ground either using tapes units, which in turn facilitated the collection
or by pacing. An arbitrary grid square was and recording process.
blocked out and all the four cardinal points
were recorded and marked out using a The survey started by covering
handheld GPS unit. The resultant area was Quadrat A at first for which the sampling
divided into four equal sized quadrats units were first plotted on a graph sheet and
measuring 700 (NS) x 700m (EW), which were numbered sequentially. The survey
were labeled as A, B, C, and D. Keeping units were then physically set up or
in mind the logistical and financial established on the ground with the help of
constraints, certain important decisions were tapes, compasses and pin flags as boundary
made regarding the survey coverage and markers. A systematic sampling technique
176
was followed according to which every material collected was labeled and bagged
alternate unit or square in a row and a accordingly and carried back for further
column was surveyed intensively, leaving analysis and documentation.
the intervening unit unsurveyed. This
selection strategy resulted in formation of a Section Scrapings: Some of the already
chess-board like pattern. The rest of the exposed sections/profiles of the mound were
three Quadrats B, C, and D were surveyed surface scraped in order to understand the
using the sampling strategy discussed stratigraphy and occupational history of the
above, however, in the case of these site. Three sections/ profiles were selected
quadrats, all the contiguous sampling units in three different areas of the site at varying
were intensively surveyed without leaving altitude and were labelled as Section I, II,
any gaps in between. Apart from surveying and III. The three sections were taken up
the stipulated number of sampling units in for the study in sequential manner and
each of the three quadrats, the remaining were documented, photographed and drawn
area was explored, but in an unsystematic or to scale. The materials from the sections
random manner. (ceramics and artefacts) were collected for
further analysis. The following sections
The sampling units in all the four briefly discuss the three sections and the
quadrats were systematically surveyed and resultant information.
the details of each sampling unit surveyed
were recorded in field notebooks. GPS Section I: Section I is located on the right
readings were taken for each unit at an side of the brick-paved road leading to the
interval of 50m (NS) and also for all the Ganges River. The profile of the main
ceramic scatters or other archaeological or mound with a gentle slope facing the
architectural remains found. Architectural floodplain area offered an ideal condition
features or remains were documented in a for scraping with archaeological material
detailed manner and were drawn or (brickbats and pottery) jutting out from it.
photographed. In order to reduce post- A small strip measuring 3.30m x 2 m was
fieldwork analysis and processing, a selected and cleared of vegetation and
systematic collection strategy was overlying debris or run-off material. The
employed. Surface collections were made upper portions of the section were difficult
from every sampling unit, wherever found. to scrape as it was fragile. Several strata or
The most ubiquitous of the artefacts layers were exposed containing potsherds,
encountered within the survey area was artefacts and other architectural debris. A
ceramics (pottery) and brickbats. Fragments large number of brickbats and worn-out
of stone sculpture and some terracotta bricks along with ash were found in the
artefacts were also found during the survey. upper strata (probably a collapsed structure),
During the survey, ceramics, artefacts and but it was not possible to determine the size
small sculptural pieces were collected, while of the bricks as not a single intact or
brickbats and large architectural remnants complete brick was recovered. Apart from
were not collected, but documented. The that, several layers comprising of rammed
177
potsherds and brick gravel separated by constructional activity as is evident from the
yellow compact mud or clay (possibly floor size of the bricks used. A total of 29 courses
levels) were also exposed. Two desiccated of bricks of varying dimensions were found
bones and a corroded or rusted iron object with the upper 25 courses of bricks with
was retrieved from one of these layers. dimensions 24/ 25 x 22/ 23 x 5/6cm and the
The lower strata are composed of silt/ loam lower 4 courses of the bricks measuring
and fine sand containing stray potsherds 38/39 x 25/26 x 6/6cm. There may be
and are followed by sterile compact soil, possibly more layers below the surface,
which possibly continues or goes down to which can be exposed only by excavating
the bottom of the mound. The original the area. Apart from the brick structure, the
height or elevation of the mound in this area section revealed several strata bearing
is about 13 to 14 m above the surrounding evidence or signs of cultural activity. The
floodplain, but the stratigraphy revealed by material recovered from the section consists
scraping the section indicates that the mainly of pottery and a broken terracotta
cultural occupation or sequence starts from wheel was also found. The pottery mainly
around 9 m from below onwards. The came from the lower layers (possibly a
material recovered from the section dump) and was mixed with ash. Most
includes ceramics, a terracotta marble, and significantly, bricks measuring 38/39 x 25/
4 pieces of glass bangle (Fig. 25). 26 x 5/6cm forming the lower four courses
of the structure were not found in any other
Section II: Section II lies to the north-west part of Ahar (Fig. 26).
of the village on the right side of the Ahar-
Aurangabad Taharpur road amid the Section III: Section III is located on the left
agricultural fields. The area appears to be a side of the main road bisecting the main
part of the main mound, but has been mound near Harijan Mohalla. This part of
flattened for agricultural activities. While the mound is highly disturbed as people
going around the mound, a burnt-brick living there have dug-out the mound for
structure (wall), along with some pottery, clay and other building materials. These
was located at this place. The pottery had kinds of anthropogenic activities had
come up to the surface due to agricultural exposed a substantial portion of the mound
activities and a small drainage or irrigation in which archaeological and architectural
channel flowing nearby. In order to get a remains are clearly visible along with
better idea about the structure and other pottery scatters. The area is used as a
archaeological material lying around, a dumping ground by the people as well as
small swath measuring about 2.80 x 3m was for open defecation. Just like the two other
selected for surface scraping. After sections, a narrow strip measuring 3.50 x 3m
removing the overlying vegetation and was cleared. Removal of the vegetation and
debris, layers containing pottery and other overlying detritus delineated several strata.
archaeological material were exposed. The A wall measuring 2.42m long and 55cm
most interesting find in this section was the high with 11 courses of bricks, with
brick structure showing two phases of dimensions of 33/34 x 24/25 x 5/6cm was
178
FigS. 25-26
Ahar: Stratigraphy of Section I.
Ahar: Stratigraphy of Section II.
179
exposed. Bricks with almost similar every individual sherd were documented. In
dimensions are found in different parts of the case of diagnostic sherds, certain
the mound and also in one of the smaller additional attributes of vessel form and
mounds. shape were recorded and also metric
attributes like orifice diameters and base
In one of the exposed sections of the diameters of the sherds were also
main mound, bricks measuring 33/34 x 22/ determined. Subsequently, decorated sherds
23 x 5.5cm were found and the bricks found were also classified using the above
on one of the smaller mounds on the right mentioned parameters and the designs were
side of the main mound measure 38 x 23.5 drawn and photographed. The
x 6 cm and 33.5 x 22 x 5/6 cm. The documentation process was also facilitated
material recovered from the section includes by illustrations and photographs of the
pottery and a broken terracotta animal pottery.
figurine.
General Characteristics of Ceramics: The
The systematic surface survey in and picture that emerges from the analysis and
around the village of Ahar resulted for the classification of the ceramics collected
first time in an intensive documentation of during the surface survey at Ahar is that the
the cultural remains scattered across the ceramic assemblage can be divided into two
area. The material recovered or collected broad groups i.e. “oxidised and reduced”.
during the survey can be broadly classified The oxidised or Red Ware category
into ceramics (pottery), broken terracotta dominates the assemblage followed by a
figurines, a dabber, a terracotta marble small percentage of reduced sherds
and fragments of stone sculpture along generally comprises of Grey Ware of
with a few pieces of glass bangles (Fig. 27). medium fabric. The pottery is largely
The Ceramic Assemblage: Ceramics or wheel- made and various types of marks on
pottery collected during the survey was the surface of the sherds indicates that both
systematically analyzed and studied. The fast-wheel and slow-wheel were in use. A
whole ceramic assemblage was at first sorted small percentage of handmade vessels are
out by separating diagnostics (rims, bases, also found in the assemblage. Sherds (both
lids, spouts, and so on), non-diagnostic oxidised and reduced) exhibit different
(body sherds) and decorated sherds. The marks or traces such as presence of paddle
sherds were then grouped into different and anvil marks, striations or rills, lutting
types and sub-types on the basis of certain marks, finger impressions, streaks or
physical attributes that are observable such scraping marks and so forth, indicating the
as fabric, surface treatment, firing state multitude of techniques involved or
(condition of the core), surface finish and employed in the production of the vessels.
colour as well as for the identification of Pottery (oxidised and reduced) comprises of
tempers and other inclusions. Sherds were unslipped, slipped and burnished/ polished
also counted and weighed and details for sherds, which can be placed under c o a r s e ,
medium and fine categories.
180
Fig. 27
Ahar: Stratigraphy of Section III.
181
The pottery is usually well-fired with various cultural and natural transformations
a completely oxidised or reduced core, to which sherds are subjected and cannot be
however, not all the sherds show uniform or reckoned as a decorative element. A very
perfect firing as a large number of sherds small percentage of glazed sherds fall within
exhibit defects or inadequacies in firing the oxidised category and are of medium and
technique. A few misfired or warped coarse fabric. Most of the sherds are glazed
sherds were also found. Soot marks and on inner surface with a few sherds glazed
fire-clouding was seen on a large number of on external surface. The quality of the glaze
sherds, generally on oxidised sherds, which is not good and most of the sherds bear a
might be the result of either deficiencies in crackled, non-shiny or matt surface glaze.
firing techniques or the use of vessels for However, some specimens have a very
cooking activities. The visible inclusions or shiny and lustrous glaze along with floral
naturally present organic/ inorganic and geometric designs in white and
p a r t i c l e s such as mica and sand is present turquoise blue paint. The glaze is generally
in majority of the oxidised sherds. Apart opaque except for a few sherds which
from that husk/ chaff imprints were noticed contain a thin veneer of glaze and on some
on the surface of some of thick, handmade of the sherds, the glaze shows signs of
or sherds with coarser fabric. The presence peeling, crazing and spalling.
of all these inclusions indicates either flaws
in the clay refining techniques or deliberate The main diagnostic shapes (both
additions by the potter as tempering oxidised and reduced) from the site include
material. Inclusions are mostly present in pots, jars/ vases, bowls, dishes, basins, lids,
oxidised sherds, with a very small spouts and base sherds having varied
percentage sherds within reduced category attributes and features. Following are some
showing such traits. of the specimen drawings/ illustrations of
the diagnostic shapes collected during the
A large number of oxidised sherds survey from the four quadrats and the
(both diagnostics and non-diagnostics) section scrapings (Figs. 28-34).
exhibit varied decorative patterns or
designs. The decorations are usually present Apart from ceramics (pottery), two
on the external surface of the vessels, broken terracotta figurines, a broken
whereas, on inner surface, it occurs in terracotta wheel, a terracotta marble, a
limited quantities. Decorations mainly broken dabber, and a few pieces of glass
include black painted bands and streaks, bangles were collected during the survey.
incised, applique, chequered- impressed, Apart from that a few fragments of stone
grooves, mica bands and mica dusting, sculpture were also recovered from the
moulded and so forth. In case of reduced survey area. No other artefact or material
sherds, only incised and applique designs was found or collected during the survey.
are present. A large number of sherds with Chronology: In order to make a
scratches/ cuts are also present in the chronological assessment of the site on the
assemblage, but these probably is a result of basis of the surface material collected and
182
Figs. 28-30
183
Fig. 31
184
Figs. 32-34
185
recorded by this survey project, the ceramics Similarly, two bricks measuring 38 x 23.5 x
were systematically analyzed and were 6cm and 33/34 x 21/22 x 5.5cm were also
compared with the ceramics from several found in one of the smaller mounds at the
excavated sites in the region such as outskirts of the village.
Ahichhatara, Hastinapura, Sonkh, and
Purana Qila. From the analysis of the pottery This variation in the size of the
and comparative study with ceramics from bricks at Ahar makes it difficult to establish
other well-known sites, it appears that the the chronological sequence at the site. Most
pottery from Ahar can be assigned to Gupta, of these brick sizes are very similar to brick
Post-Gupta, Early Medieval and Medieval sizes found from the Kushana levels at
levels. Typical or characteristic pottery various excavated sites in north India, but
shapes akin to Sunga-Kushana period such on the other hand the ceramics collected
as incurved bowls, sprinklers, inkpot lids, or from the site during the survey shows
pottery bearing stamped designs were not completely absence of the Kushana period
found during the survey. Pottery belonging pottery shapes and designs. The only
to Post-Gupta, Early Medieval and Medieval conclusion one can draw from this enigmatic
period is well represented in the assemblage situation is that there might have been either
with a few examples of pottery from Gupta a very flimsy Kushana period occupation
period levels. The inferences that can be and the bricks from the structures have been
drawn on the basis of ceramics collected re-used during the subsequent periods or the
during the survey project suggest that the pottery from the Kushana levels is absent
occupational sequence at Ahar starts from from the surface data. If the latter, it
Gupta or Post-Gupta period onwards and indicates the limitations of surface surveys
continues up to the late Medieval levels. and hence the necessity of sub-surface
investigations.
However, various sizes of bricks
27. EXCAVATION AT AHICHHATRA,
found at Ahar create a slight confusion in DISTRICT BAREILLEY
understanding the actual occupational
sequence at the site. During the survey The Bhubaneswar Circle of the
remains of several architectural features Survey under the direction of Bhuvan
with varied brick dimensions were found in Vikrama assisted by Sushri Mishra Vikrama,
different parts of Ahar. For example, in N.K. Swain and D.N. Bhoi, Rakesh Kumar,
Section II, two types of bricks were noted has taken up excavation at Ahichhatra
with dimensions 24/25 x 22/23 x 5/6cm and (Ancient site, Qila Ramnagar), District
38/39 x 25/26 x 5/6cm. In Section III, a Bareilley with an objective to understand the
wall made of bricks measuring 33 x 24 x PGW culture in general and its settlement
5.5/6cm was found. Bricks measuring 33 x pattern in particular. The excavation has
22.5 x 5.5cm were found in an exposed been taken up at eastern mound located in
section at the main mound of Ahar and in a the eastern most corner of the site along the
modern structure a single re-used brick fortification wall and central mound. Two
measuring 37 x 24 x 5cm was also found. trenches viz. have been excavated in the
186
eastern mound and five trenches in the From the excavation so far a
central mound. tentative sequence of cultural periods can be
proposed is from top to bottom, Mitra
The excavation has revealed the mud Panchal, PGW and formative PGW.
structures like walls, ghost walls, rammed
floors, and post holes etc. belonging to PGW Neither OCP nor the Gupta artefacts
Period. In trench no. B x 89 x 91 a circular were encountered during current excavation
mud wall with a thickness of 20 to 25cm the present periodisation matches well with
was exposed. Since the structures are made the one already proposed in previous years
of mud lumps and highly disturbed, it was excavation.
difficult to identify their shape and the
28. EXCAVATIONS AT DWARKAPUR,
nature. Ashy patches and burning DISTRICT SANT RAVIDAS NAGAR
impressions at places were also seen.
Besides, the excavation has yielded a series The Centre of Advanced Study,
of terracotta ring wells and circular wells Department of Ancient Indian History,
without outlines. Vertical sand channels are Culture and Archaeology, Banaras Hindu
noticed in the trenches on the entire mound. University, conducted a limited excavation
at Dwarkapur under the direction of Ashok
The pottery repository of the site Kumar Singh assisted by Shiv Kumar,
comprises PGW, few sherds of NBPW, Barun Kumar Sinha, Ravi Shankar & Harsh
Black slipped ware, Red ware, Gray Ware Ranjan Kumar.
etc. Dish and bowls are the predominant
shapes in the PGW. The preliminary study The main objective of the excavation
of the pottery indicates that the PGW has was to obtain a complete culture-sequence
paintings in black which comprises dots, of the site and to work out the relationship,
dashes, circles, wavy lines, loops etc. if any, with Agiabir and also with a view to
impart field training to the students of
Among the notable antiquities archaeology.
reported from the excavation, mention may
be made of variety of beads of terracotta, The ancient site of Dwarkapur
semi precious stone and copper, bone points, (25 38'22"N; 82014'0"E) is located on the
0
antimony rods, tools of iron and copper, left bank of the river Ganga. The site is
variety of animal and human terracotta easily accessible by road as well as train.
figurines discs, ball, hopscotch, wheels of The nearest railway station is Katka on
toy cart, amulet, bangle pieces, etc. The Varanasi-Allahabad section of northern
shape of the terracotta beads includes railway, which is located 1.5km. north-west
arecanut, ghata shape etc. The copper coins direction. Katka is situated 38km west of
have been recovered from pits and dumps. Varanasi on the Varanasi-Allahabad GT
Besides, the trenches have also yielded road. Agiabir, a Chalcolithic settlement, is
charred grains and charcoals. situated nearby in Mirzapur district. The
ancient mound of Dwarkapur covers an area
of 300m from east-west and 500m from
187
north-south and rises to a height of 3m from Narhan, Khairadih, Agiabir, Jhusi, Tokwa
the present ground. A major portion of the and Raja-Nala Ka Tila, Malhar, etc. in Uttar
mound was eroded by the river Ganga. The Pradesh andChechar-Kutbpur, Senuwar and
western portion of the mound was occupied Chirand in Bihar.
by the present Dwarkapur village. Major
portion of this site is levelled to make the Besides the ceramic assemblage, the
land available for agriculture. small finds of this period include 13 net
sinkers, 10 terracotta beads, 02 beads of
A total nine trenches measuring 3 x agate (unfinished), 04 bone points and arrow
3m size were excavated on the eastern and heads and 27 pottery discs.
southern portion of the mound (Pl. 74a).
The trenches of the southern side were The first settlers at this site used to
found to be disturbed as compared to eastern live in huts made of wattle-and-daub as it
side. Of these, the section looking south suggested by the discovery of burnt clay
clearly shows that there is an evidence of lumps with reed and bamboo impressions
large scale disturbances shown by several and a few post holes. The excavation
pits cut upto natural soil. The section revealed one regular floor level. This floor is
looking east and north appears to be least made of rammed earth, burnt clay and
disturbed. The excavations revealed potsherds (Pl. 74b). The inhabitants are
following culture-sequence: subsisted on agriculture, hunting and
fishing. Aechaeo-botanical samples have
Period I : Chalcolithic Culture been collected and their study is under
process. A large number of animal bones
Period II : Pre - NBPW with Iron were collected from various strata. These
Period III : NBPW Culture have been carefully labelled and a detailed
study of these osteological remains will
Period I: The deposit of earliest habitation supplement the data not only on the fauna of
was represented by about 45cm. These the period but also on the economy.
deposits were recovered in the layer (3) and
(4) of trenches 3, 5and 8 which have light, Period II (Pre-NBPW with Iron): The
yellowish and ashy in character. These cultural deposit of this period is about 50cm.
layers have yielded ceramics of Black-and This period is marked by the presence of
red ware, black slipped ware, red slipped black slipped ware and red ware but there
ware and red ware. The potteries are was total absence of Black-and red ware.
generally wheel-made and range from fine Main types in the black slipped ware are
to coarse variety. The principal types of knife-edged bowls, dishes and flat pedestal
these wares are bowls, basins, vases, storage bowls. In red ware dishes with incurved rim,
jars, footed bowls and perforated legged knife edged bowls, vessel with tumbler-
vessels. Ceramic industries and pottery types shaped base and vases with different types
associated with this phase are comparable were recovered.
well with Waina, Bhunadih, Lahuradeva,
188
Plate 74
Dwarkapur: a; General View of the excavated trenches and b; Rammed floor made of burnt clay
and potsherds of Period I.
189
The small finds comprise of 02 beads Grey Ware and RED WARE. Among the
of semi-precious stones and 14 terracotta characteristic types mention may be made of
beads, 19 iron and copper objects, 06 bone corrugated flanged bowls, bowl with
points and arrowheads, 37 pottery and 17 sharpened rim, nail-headed rim, dishes with
terracotta discs. Mention may be made of 07 vertical featureless rim, incurved featureless
net sinkers of terracotta alongwith 16 iron rim, lipped basins, carinated handi, pear-
nails recovered from the trench no. 3 of shaped vases and variety of vases. Here,
southern portion of the mound. It shows that special mention may be made of the
the inhabitants of this period belong to occurrence of a few highly lustrous sherds
fisherman community. The inhabitants of of NBP in silvery, steel blue and black
this period continued to live in wattle-and- shades. As compared to Agiabir, the
daub houses. Traces of burnt floors, reed frequency of NBPW is much less at this site.
marks and ovens have been recorded. An In the black slipped ware, besides the
almost circular oven of 20cm. diameter was continuation of earlier shapes, certain new
noticed in this period which was full of ash shapes emerged and dish formed an
and charred bones. They subsisted mainly important type of this ware. Another
on agriculture and animal domestication. important find of this period was a complete
However, hunting of wild animals and globular vessel (probably ritual Kalash) of
fishing were also practised to a certain NBPW with engraved symbols of Nandipad,
extent. Deposits of this period yielded large leaf and dhwaja like motif (Pl. 75a).
number of animal bones bearing cut marks Besides, a completely new shape recovered
and occasionally charred bones indicating at Dwarkapur from period III is 38.5cm long
that meat was an important component of jar of red ware with short closing mouth,
their diet. Remains of charred bones were expanding neck and tumbler-shaped sagger
collected by flotation technique. base. It was recovered alongwith a button-
shaped open mouth lid which was a part of
Period III (NBPW): This period is marked this vessel (Pl. 75b). At the top and the neck,
by an occupational deposit of 50-60cm only. the jar has a diametre of 12cm and 19.6cm
Current excavation revealed only the early respectively. Because of the acute taper the
phase of NBP while its late phase is diameter is reduced to 5.7cm towards the
conspicuous by its absence. It is suggested base. The lower portion of this jar is very
that due to menace of the river, the sturdy. This vessel was probably used after
inhabitants of early phase of NBP period closing its mouth with the lid for the
migrated to the nearby site at Agiabir and preparation of medicines/liquor.
they settled there for a longer period. The
pottery complex remains more or less the Iron is found throughout the deposit
same and retains the same feature as noted of the period. Twenty three iron objects
in the preceding period II. The only were recovered from this period which
exception being the introduction of include spearhead, fragments of chisels, nail,
distinctive NBPW. The ceramic assemblage etc. Thirteen beads and pendants of semi-
comprises of NBPW, Black Slipped Ware, precious stones, 17 terracotta beads, 04
190
Plate 75
Dwarkapur: a; Globular vessel and b; Long red ware pots alonwith lid, Period III.
191
copper objects, 10 terracotta animal 29. EXCAVATION AT DAUNDIA KHERA,

figurines, 14 bone points and arrowheads are DISTRICT UNNAO
some other finds of this period (Pls. 76-78). Lucknow Circle of the Survey, under
Discovery of unusually large number of 338 the the direction of Praveen Kumar Mishra,
terracotta discs found in the limited assisted by Indu Prakash, O.D. Shukla,
excavations is another remarkable find. Rajendra Yadav, Shamoon Ahmad, S.B.
Mention may be made of two terracotta Shukla, S.K. Arora, Pranav Sharma and
animal figurines (one dog and one horse) Ravishankar Saxena, undertook a trial
with incised painted decoration. Similar kind excavation at the ancient site, Daundia
of animal figurines were reported from Sarai Khera, Sangrampur, District Unnao. Two
Mohana and Jakhera. trenches i.e. XA2, Qdt. III and YB1, Qdt III
The inhabitants of this period lived have been excavated in limited area. The
in wattle-and-daub houses. Remains of reed trench XA2 is located on the south-eastern
marks, burnt floors and ovens were direction of the trench YB1 in the slop
recorded. A large rectangular-sized kiln (90 towards the northern side while trench YB1
x 95cm) was noticed in trench No. 8 which is situated on the elevated surface on the
was full of ash. The actual purpose of this north-western side of the previous one. The
kiln could not be decided. Among other western half (4.25 x 2.10m) of the Qdt. III
structural activity of this period, mention of trench XA2 has yielded 6.10m thick
may be made of two terracotta ringwells, cultural deposit and Qdt. III (4.25 x 4.25m)
partially excavated with seven and eight of the trench YB1 has yielded 5.93m thick
rings intact. A large number of animal bones cultural deposit.
were collected from this period the detailed The finding of excavation includes
study of which will supplement the data on two cultural periods; period I belongs to
the fauna of this period. early historical period and period II is
There is no any evidence to suggest assignable to late medieval period. The
that the settlement of Dwarkapur extended evidence of two hearths has also been
during the NBPW period. As compared to noticed during the excavation. Besides, the
Agiabir the total occupational deposit of pot sherds of different periods, antiquities
NBPW period at Dwarkapur is less than one consist of iron nails, ghat-shaped and areca
metre thereby suggesting that duration of nut shaped TC beads, one stone bead,
this period at the site was much shorter. fragments of glass bangles, hopscotches and
Evidence related to the prevalence of any bone points have also been reported from
craft and industry is lacking. In the light of the site.
above evidences it may reasonably be The cultural deposit reported from
presumed that Dwarkapur remained as a the site may be tentatively dated to 1st
small village settlement during Period III millennium BCE to the late medieval period.
and served as satellite settlement of Agiabir
from the beginning of this period.
192
Plate 76
Dwarkapur: Stone beads of Periods I, II & III.
193
Plate 77
Dwarkapur: a; Terracotta beads and b; Bone points and arrowheads, Periods I, II & III.
194
Plate 78
Dwarkapur: a; Copper objects and b; Iron objects, Period III.
195
UTTARAKHAND Assisted by Dilip Kumar Kushwaha and

Satyendera Singh has carried out the
30. EXPLORATION ON THE BANK OF
exploration on the bank of Solani River and
SOLANI RIVER AND ITS CATCHMENT
AREA, DISTRICT HARIDWAR its Catchment Area. The exploration brought
to light several ancient sites assignable from
The Department of Ancient Indian occur colour pottery culture to Late
History, Culture and Archaeology, Gurukul Medieval period. The details of the
Kangri University, Haridwar under the explored sites are as under:
direction of Prof. Devendera Kumar Gupta,
Site/ village Nature of Nature/period of remains

settlement seems
Daluwala kalan – I Village Occur coloured pottery and early
N 300 01’ 36’’ historical period ceramics.
E 770 57’ 37’’
Daluwala kalan -II Village Early historical to early medieval
N 300 01’ 271’’
E 770 57’ 17’’
Dauwalla Kalan – III Village / camp OCP and late historical ceramics
N 300 00’ 76’’
E 770 56’ 77’’
Ahmadpur grant –I Town/city NBPW to medieval period
N 290 52’ 97’’
E 780 01’ 30’’
Ahamadpur Grant - Town/ city Early medieval & late medieval
II (khem ka dera)
N 290 51’ 99’’
E 780 02’ 66’’
Sahadevpur Village Medieval pottery
N 290 51’ 46’’
E 780 00’ 50’’
Nau gaja pir Village Painted Grey Ware and Grey Wares
N 290 44’ 45’’ are more in quantity
E 770 56’ 07’’
Bhikar tila Village Medieval ceramics
N 290 44’ 77’’
E 770 56’ 73’’
Kathapir Town/city Early medieval and late medieval
N 290 47’ 39’’ ceramics
E 780 04’ 40’’
196
Kutubpur Village / town OCP and early historical period

N 290 56’ 55’’
E 770 59’ 87’’
Ajmeripur Village / town Early medieval and medieval
N 290 57’ 85’’ ceramics
E 770 58’ 82’’
Jaharbir goga mahadi Village OCP and early historical period
N 290 58’ 78’’
E 780 00’ 60’’
Anneki Camp Ceramics of early historical to early
N 290 58’ 23’’ medieval period
E 780 00’ 87’’
Randhanwala –I Village Ceramics of late Gupta and
N 290 57’ 40’’ medieval period
E 770 53’ 43’’
Randhanwala – II Village / camp Late Gupta and medieval ceramics
N 290 57’ 36’’
E 770 53’ 16’’
Paloni (Nangal) City Early medieval period ceramics
N 290 57’ 78’’
E 770 52’ 35’’
Sisona Village OCP and late Historical ceramics
N 290 57’ 68’’
E 770 48’ 12’’
Belaki Masai Village Occur colour ware
N 300 00’ 05’’
E 770 52’ 89’’
Redewala Ashram Village / town Early medieval ceramics
N 290 45’ 68’’
E 770 50’ 95’’
Jathedi Village
N 290 43’ 70’’ Early medieval ceramics
E 770 48’ 48’’
Piran Kaliyar Village/town Sunga-Kushana and medieval
N 29055’ period
E 77056”
Panchevali Village/town Sunga-Kushana ceramics
N 29044’29’’
E 7805’33’’
197
Sunehthi Village Early medieval ceramics

N 30080’30’’
E 77041’45’’
Khurampur Village Early medieval ceramics
N 30010’36’’
E 77042’47’’
Pirbani Village/town Medieval ceramics
N 29043’
E 78004’
Kunehri pir Village Grey ware and medieval ceramics
N 29046’
E 78006’
31. EXPLORATION IN ALMORA, DISTRICT image of Brahmāni, Māheshwari, Kaumari,

OF KUMAUN REGION Vaishnavi, Vārāhi, Indrāni and Chāmundā
A stone idol of Umā-Maheshwar dated circa goddesses.
9th century CE was found in village Jaurasi A copper plate measuring 25.05cm
near Sialdye in tehsil Bhikiasen. Grace fully and 20cm having fifteen lines inscribed in
and aesthetically carved out Umā and shiva Devnāgari script and Kumauni language was
sitting side by side on high seat measures brought to light in Palyuda village, situated
28cm in height and 20cm in width. There near Tadikhet in Ranikhet Tehsil. The plate
are Ganesa Kartikeya, Nandi and the Lion is bearing sake 1373 (CE 1451) and the
depicted on the lower part of the image. An name of Bhārati Chand a king of Chand
standing stone image of three faced Vishnu Dynasty who ruled Kali-kumaun region
measuring 60cms high and 27cm wide from 1444 to 1455 and again 1468 to 1499
dateable to circa. 9th century CE was CE with his capital at Champawat.
discovered in Seri village of Bhikiasen
Tehsil. The three faces of the God are WEST BENGAL
Varāh, Narsimha and the Human.
32. EXCAVATION AT KANKANDIGHI
Iconographically such type of vishu icon is
known as Baikunth-Vishnu and one of very Department of Archaeology,
few statues reported in the region. University of Calcutta, under the direction
of Durga Basu, assisted by R.K.
A broken septmatrika panel dateable
Chattopadhyay, Kaushik Ganguly, Munmun
to cicra. 10th century CE is found in village
Mondal carried out excavation at
Takulti near, Bhikiasen Tehsil. It measures
Kankandighi (Pilkhana mound), South 24
about 1m in length and 29cm in width. The
Parganas with a view to expose the
image is in two picos one is found in village
structural remains for understanding its
seri, while the other part is kept in village
nature and character and to ascertain the
Takulti. The sapt-Matrika panel consists the
198
cultural sequences and antiquity of the part of Kankandighi are rolling and these are
region. The site was excavated for the first locally known as Danga. A number of
time by the department. mounds are visible in different parts of
Kankandighi. Among these mounds,
Kankandighi is located in the Pilkhana mound (Fig. 36) in Mondalpara has
District of South 24 Parganas under the revealed structural mound (Pl. 79) which
jurisdiction of Raidighi Police station, on the had been excavated by the Department of
bank of river Mani (Fig. 35). Kankandighi Archaeology.
lies at a distance of about 12km south-west
of Mathurapur railway station of the south Since the basic aim was to expose
section of the Sealdah Lakshmikantapur the structural remains during the period
branch line. under review the trenches were laid out in
horizontal met hod (Pl. 80). Excavation was
The site was reported for the first undertaken in nine trenches of 6 x 6m. each.
The Antiquities of Khari “in Annual Report In each quadrant, structures were exposed
of Varendra Research Society, 1928-29 except B1 and ZA1. The trenches at Pilkhana
mentioned time by late Kalidas Dutta who in mound were excavated either partially or
his article “the importance of the site. fully to different depths. These trenches are
Subsequently, D.K. Chakravarty, N. A1, B1, C1, D1, XA1, YA1, ZA1, XB1, YB1.
Mukhapadhyay and other scholars reported Among these trenches XA1 was taken as
the significance of the site and mentioned index trench (Fig. 37 & Pl. 81).
the archaeological remains collected from
the site and its adjoining areas. Late, the In trench A1, structure is represented
Directorate of Archaeology and Museum, by a north south oriented wall with a
Government of West Bengal conducted rammed floor (Pl. 82a). In trenches C1 and
exploration at this site. D1 a square platform with four courses of
brick alignment has been unearthed (Pl.
Located on the river valley of Mani 82b). The structure was built over a mud
the region was once covered with dense filling. The brick platform is 4.75 x 4.75m
forest and it was an inaccessible land during square in plan with 4cm. projection at each
British period. But in due course this side. The total height of the structure is
forested land became a well connected 80cm. The trench XA1 was excavated up to a
habitable region. Raidighi is also known as depth of 4.29m and it has revealed a massive
the Gateway of Sundarban. north south oriented wall of 5.01m. in
The village Kankandighi is mainly length. The excavation was carried out up to
divided into two major parts viz. Uttar a maximum depth of 4.29m without reaching
Kankandighi and Dakshin Kankandighi. the natural soil. The wall has exposed thirty
From archaeological point of view Uttar courses of brick alignment in the present
Kankandighi is more important than the digging. (Pl. 83a). It was made of burnt
Dakshin Kankandighi. Mounds in northern bricks (26 x 18 x 6cm). The large size of
wall indicates a plinth of a super structure.
199
Figs. 35-36
Kankandighi: a; Satellite imagery of the area and b; Site plan.
200
Fig. 37
Kankandighi: Stratigraphy of trench XA1 of Pilkhana mound.
201
Plate 79
Kankandighi: a-b; General view of the Pilkhana mound.
202
Plate 80
Kankandighi: General view of excavated trenches of Pilkhana mound.
203
Plate 81
Kankandighi: Stratigraphy of index trench XA1 of Pilkhana mound.
204
Plate 82
Kankandighi: a; Walls with rammed floor in trench no A1 and b; Remains of square platform in
C1 and D1, Pilkhana mound.
205
The next important structure exposed cord impression, floral motifs, etc. Potteries
in trenchYA1 where a number of small cells are found from very fine quality to the
were unearthed (Pl. 83b). Some of these coarse variety. A large in situ storage jar is
structures were made with reused bricks. exposed in trench XA1. Other important
The shapes and the alignments of these antiquities include lamps, shells and caurie,
structures indicate that these were used as iron nails and terracotta image of Jambhala
small cells. Sometimes the structures were and decorated bricks.
plastered with stucco material.
On the basis of cultural materials and
Ceramics are dominated by red ware structural remains with moulded bricks, it
followed by black ware, grey ware, black may be presumed that the whole structural
and red ware and buff ware (Pl. 84). complex had its prime period from ninth/
Different shapes and sizes of handis, bowls, tenth centuries CE to twelfth/ thirteenth
dishes are found. Pottery have revealed centuries CE.
impressed designs, like basket impression,
206
Plate 83
Kankandighi: a; View of brick wall in trench No XA1 and b; Close view of wall of a cell in
Trench YA1 and YB1, Pilkhana mound.
207
Plate 84
Kankandighi: Red Ware from Pilkhana mound.
208
II. EPIGRAPHY
Sanskritic and Dravidic Inscriptionsˡ
ANDHRA PRADESH It is engraved on a granite

architectural column, lying in the premises
1. BRAHMI INSCRIPTION, GOTUR,
of a ruined Sivalayam. This inscription is
DISTRICT KADAPA
written in Telugu-Kannada characters, and
This inscription is engraved on a dated in the Saka 1019 (1097 CE). It
rock boulder found in the fields of C. records that the king Sri
Venkata Subhareddy in the village. It is in Manmahamandalesvara Kulottunga Gonka
Prakrit language and Brahmi characters of (Gonka I) made a gift of certain Khanduka
3rd century CE. It refers to the memorial of land from an agricultural field of
pillar of Bapanana son of Mahakamika Gadadachadara village. The donor is not
(chief labourer) Magilana (Pl. 85). known and there is a small imprecatory
portion at the end of the inscription.
2. INSCRIPTION OF EASTERN-CHALUKYA,
VAIDANA, DISTRICT PRAKASAM 4. STONE INSCRIPTION,
JAGANADHAPURAM, DISTRICT EAST
It is engraved on a grayish-white GODAVARI
granite slab, lying in the premises of a
ruined Ramalingesvarasvami temple. This This Telugu inscription is engraved
inscription is written in Telugu language and on a slab, found in a mango-grove in the
Telugu-Kannada characters is datable to 9th village, it is dated in Saka 1175 (1253 CE).
century CE on palaeographical grounds. It It records the gift of land to the god
records the gift of 50 putlu of land to the Pochamma in Gontta by Sangaraju, son of
temple. There is also an imprecatory portion Srimanmahamandalesvara Santughanddikota
at the end of the inscription. Jeyaraju. Further, it mentions Mallinayaka
and sthanapati Yerramanayaka.
3. INSCRIPTION OF VELANATI CHIEF,
KOLASANAKOTA, DISTRICT PRAKASAM
________________________
1
Information from T.S. Ravishankar, assisted by D.M. Nagaraju, Jai Prakash, S. Nagarjuna, K. Karuppaiah,
K. Munirathnam, K. Paneerselvam, S. Nagarajappa, R.V. Anil Kumar, Meka V Raghavendra Varma, M.
Yesubabu, Alok Rajan, and Krishnamurthy of the Epigraphy Branch, Mysore, Southern Zone, Chennai and
Northern Zone, Lucknow.
Plate 85
Gotur: Early Brahmi Inscription (no.1).
5. TELUGU INSCRIPTION, TALLAPAKA, BIHAR

DISTRICT KADAPA
7. THREE INSCRIPTIONS, MUNDESVARI,
This Telugu inscription is engraved DISTRICT BHABHUA
on a stone slab found in the field of
Ramireddy in the village. It is in Telugu These three inscriptions engraved on
language and characters of 15th century CE. different stone slabs and kept near the staff
It records the gift of 11 guntas of land to the room in the Mundesvari temple premises are
god Tiruvengalanatha in Tallapaka by in Siddhamatrika characters and Sanskrit
Aparachinattala Pedachakraraju. language datable to about the eighth century
CE. All the three inscriptions seem to
6. TELUGU INSCRIPTION, record obeisance to the (goddess
NALLAPUREDDIPALLI, DISTRICT KADAPA
Mundesvari). The first one records
This inscription engraved on a slab, obeisance by Bhoja, son of Acharya. Also
fixed at the entrance of the steps of an mentions a mason (silakutta), son of
agriculture well in the village. It is written in Yashanaga. Second inscription, records
Telugu characters and language and dated in obeisance by [Di]vakaracharita,
Saka 1619 (1697 CE). It records the Chi[tra]bhoja and Alabha. The third
construction of a well (Nadabavi) near inscription refers to obeisance made by
Kodandaramapuram dedicated to the god Rupaditya.
Venkateswaraswami by a certain individual 8. NAGARI INSCRIPTION, KUMAITHA,
named Venkatadri, son of Channa Reddi, DISTRICT LAKHISARAI
grandson of Malreddi Bajireddi.
This inscription, engraved on a stone
slab fixed on a platform built in the premise
210
EPIGRAPHY
of the Indradamanesvara Mahadeva temple This copper-plate inscription was

is assignable 10th-11th century CE on discovered in the course of excavation
palaeographical grounds. It is in Nagari conducted near Pranavesvara temple,
characters and Sanskrit language. It records Talagunda near Banavasi, Shimoga district.
the construction of a temple (Kirti) by The charter is engraved in Nagari characters
Bharata, son of the merchant Dameka, and Sanskrit language. It belongs to the
belonging to Bhallipati for accruing merit Kalachuri king Sankama and dated in Saka
(Pl. 86a). 1102 (CE 1180). It records the grant of the
village Sthanaguta (with boundaries defined)
9. BUDDHIST IMAGE, KUMAITHA, DISTRICT
LAKHISARAI
to the Brahmanas belonging to various
gotras by the king Sankama. The inscription
Engraved on the pedestal of a states that while camping at the eastern
Buddha image datable to 10th-11th century direction of the village Sthanuguta situated
CE. This inscription is in Nagari characters at Banavasi-desa, the king made the grant
and Sanskrit language. It records the along with other officials and Dandanatha
Buddhist creed (Ye Dharma, etc.) and states Krishnakesava, after offering worship to the
that the image is the gift of Thakura god Pranamanatha granted the village
Hemadeva (Pl. 86b). Sthanuguta, along with all its oppertunances
to the Brahmanas who were proficient in all
KARNATAKA the vedas, vedangas, tarkka and vyakarana
(Pl. 87).
10. WESTERN GANGA INSCRIPTION,
MYSORE, DISTRICT MYSORE 12. BALUSTRADE (SIMHA KATANJANA)
INSCRIPTION, TALAGUNDA, DISTRICT
This Kannada epigraph is engraved SHIMOGA
on an epitaph, kept in the premises of the
Department of Archaeology, Museums and The present undated, fragmentary
Heritage. It is written in Sanskrit and and worn out inscription is found engraved
Kannada language and characters. On on the left side balustrade (Simhakatanjana)
palaeographical grounds it can be assign to of the Pranaveshvara temple. It is written in
10th-11th century CE. Originally this was Kannada language and archaic variety of
found in the excavation conducted at Kannada script. It seems to record the gift of
Talakad, Mysore district. It belongs to the land to a boats man namely Vaji Naga[yya],
reign of Irmmadi Permanadi, who is who belonged to the Boygara family by a
identified with Marasimha II. It refers to certain Halami of Pulindage.
Kundanasomi, the elder sister of
KERALA
Nolambakulantaka Irmmadi Permmanadi,
who consecrated a Nisidhi in memory of 13. TAMIL BRAHMI INSCRIPTION,
Balachandramuni. MUZHIYAN, DISTRICT KASARAGODU
11. KALACHURI COPPER-PLATE INSCRIPTION, This Tamil Brahmi inscription is

TALAGUNDA, DISTRICT SHIMOGA found engraved on a latarite bed rock at the
211
Plate 86
Mundeswari: a; Nagari inscription from Kumaitha (No.8) and b; Buddhist creed inscription
from Kumaitha (No.9).
212
EPIGRAPHY
Plate 87
Talagunda: a; Kalachuri copper-plate inscription (No.11) and bEarly Kannada inscription

(No.12)
213
top of a hill, Muzhiyar, in a Karadukka language mixed with local dialect dated in
forest range. It contains only one line and it Saka 1170 (1248 CE). It belongs to Silahara
refers to a certain Charuma, son of a Pattan a dynasty of the king (name lost) with the
(native) of Kalakora. On palaeographical epithet, Mahamandalesvaradhipati,
grounds it can be assigned to 2nd-3rd century Rayapitamaha Konkana chakravarti. It
CE. records the gift of lamp, probably to the
temple of Siva by Anantadeva. It also
MADHYA PRADESH mentions Sri Karana (Accountant)
14. COPPER PLATE INSCRIPTION OF RULER Nagaprabhu Simhadeva who also made
OF VALKHA, BHOPAL, DISTRICT BHOPAL some benefaction to the temple. The
inscription ends with an imprecatory verse
This single copper plate charter is (Pl. 88a).
engraved in late Brahmi characters and
Sanskrit language presently in the 17. SILAHARA COPPER-PLATE
possession of a businessman in Bhopal. On INSCRIPTION, KALYAN, DISTRICT THANE
palaeographical grounds, the inscription can This copper-plate inscription is in

be assigned to 5th century CE. It belongs to Sanskrit language and Nagari characters
the reign of Maharaja Rudradasa, dated in belongs to the reign of the Silahara king
the regnal year 17. It records the grant of a Chittaraja dated in Saka 941 (CE 1019). It
village by the king, situated in records the grant of a village Kokumvadaha
Chitpitapratyayakshetra, after converting it by the King Chittaraja to a learned
as Brahmadeya to Brahmana named Guhila, Brahmana of Jamadagnya Vatsa gotra called
belonging to the Kasyapagotra and Ramba pandita for the performance of
Vajasaneya sakha. religious rites. The details recorded in the
15. PEDESTAL INSCRIPTION, KHAJURAHO, grant provide a fascinating glimpse into the
DISTRICT CHHATARPUR socio-religious life and administration in the
Deccan region. The present Kalyan copper-
Engraved on the pedestal of an plate grant fills the gap between the Thane
image the inscription datable to about the plates of King Arikesari (CE 1017) and the
tenth century CE palaeographically. This Bhoighara plates of King Chittaraja (CE
fragmentary inscription in Nagari characters 1024) confirming the fact that Chittaraja had
and Sanskrit language, records that the certainly ascended the throne by 1019 CE
image was caused to be made by Jahlaka. (Pl. 88b).
MAHARASHTRA 18. NAGARI INSCRIPTION, PIMPRI KALAGA,
DISTRICT YAVATMAL
16. SILAHARA INSCRIPTION, KIRAVALI, This inscription is engraved on a

DISTRICT THANE
beam of the mukhamandapa of a Siva
This inscription is found on a loose temple, in Nagari characters and corrupt
stone slab lying near a Siva temple. It is Sanskrit language datable to about the 11th-
engraved in Nagari characters and Sanskrit 12th century CE. It records some pious act
214
EPIGRAPHY
Plate 88
Kiravali: a; Silahara inscription (No. 16) and b; Silahara copper-plate inscription (No. 17).
215
made for the temple of Somanathadeva by This inscription in Tamil language

Navasigha Nayaka, son of Go[ksh]ahapa and Brahmi characters, is engraved on
Nayaka. valuable gold bars, consisting of seven in
numbers. Paleographically, this may be
TAMIL NADU assigned to 2nd century BCE to 2nd century
19. VIJAYANAGARA COPPER-PLATE CE. All the above gold bars contains only
INSCRIPTION, CHENNAI, DISTRICT one name viz., Pokui-Ekundri-Kothai,
CHENNAI probably referring to a person named
Kothai, who seems to have donated these
This copper-plate charter belongs to
gold bars to the nearby temples.
the reign of Sri Viravenkata Devamaharaya
and it is engraved in Telugu language and 22. TAMIL INSCRIPTION, MADUKKULAM,
characters dated in Saka 1640 (1718 CE). It DISTRICT MADURAI
records the grant of the villages
This inscription in Tamil language
Yadayamgolam and Vunnamgolam, situated
and characters and is engraved on a stone
in Nattupuram, lying south of Tirunelveli,
slab, locally called Devaradiyar-kal erected
attached to Madhurai-samsthanam in
on the bank of the tank near Ayyanar
Pandya-mandalam by Visvanathanayani
temple. On palaeographical grounds this
Vijayaranga Chokkanathanayaka to smriti
may be assigned to 9th century CE. It refers
Srinivasadikshita belonging to
to construction of a tank and its channels by
Kasyapagotra. The donated land consisted
a person named Endisai-Natteri-vira-
of dry and wet lands, mango-groves etc., to
Ganattan (Pl. 89).
be enjoyed by the donee.
23. TAMIL INSCRIPTION, MADUKKULAM,
20. CHOLA INSCRIPTION, VIRALUR, DISTRICT MADURAI
DISTRICT KANCHIPURAM
This inscription is found engraved on
This inscription is found engraved on a
a water measurement stone (nirmattakkal)
stone slab planted on the right side of the
planted near a sluice known as
main road of Viralur to Venmani near the
Ponmenimadai. It is written in Tamil
Siva temple. It is in Tamil language and
language and characters. This charter may
characters. Dated in the 3rd regnal year it
be assigned to 17th century CE on
records the construction of the temple of
palaeographical grounds. It records the
Kailayamudaiyar on the leveled surface
construction of a sluice known as Tiruvalai-
made of mud by one Eran Kailayamudaiyan,
vayan-Madukkallu by Arya-putra-Kanakku-
a resident of Viralur. He also donated a gold
Nayan Pillai, the son of some higher official,
coin for the purpose of burning Asttasandhi
a resident of Tiruvalaivasi.
vilakku.
24. TAMIL INSCRIPTION, MADUKKULAM,
21. TAMIL BRAHMI INSCRIPTION ON GOLD DISTRICT MADURAI
BAR FROM TENUR, DISTRICT MADURAI
This inscription is engraved in Tamil
characters and found engraved on the stone
216
EPIGRAPHY
Plate 89
Madurai: Early Tamil Inscription from Madakkulam (No.23).
217
slab erected on the main street of the same Naickar by his daughter Mangammal, a
village. It contains neither the date nor the resident of Avaniyapuram and donated two
name of the king. But on ma of land, probably for its maintenance.
palaeographicalgrounds, this may be
26. VATTELUTTU INSCRIPTION,
assigned to 17th century CE. It refers to TIRUPPUVANAM, DISTRICT TRUPPUVANAM
naming of a street as “Rangalmeetan big
street” (Perunteru) in the place called This inscription in Tamil and Vatteluttu
Karuppukkal alias Azhiya-viratangonda characters, is engraved on a stone fixed into
nallur, a devadana village of the temple Sri the sluice of the tank of the same village.
Nayanar-Azhagiya-Chokkanar. This charter was issued in the 12th regnal
year of the king Rajendra-Chola I, records
25. TAMIL INSCRIPTION, VALLANDAPURAM,
most probably the construction of a sluice
DISTRICT MADURAI
during his reigning period. On
This inscription in Tamil language palaeographicalgrounds the record can be
and character is engraved on a stone slab assigned to 11th century CE.
erected before the Hanumar temple. It refers
to the installation of the deity Hanumar in
memory of a person called Muthiappa-
218
III. IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES
TAMIL NADU In view of its rare archaeological

importance, the village and its surroundings
1. JEWELLERY HOARD FOUND AT TENUR
was subjected to thorough exploration which
MADURAI revealed that the village itself stands upon
an elevated mound. The northern part of the
The Excavation Branch-VI of the village called Vadakkutheru (i.e. northern
Survey during exploration on Vaigai river street) seems appearing to be the highest
valley discovered various antiquarian part of the mound yielding fine varieties of
remains including jewellery hoard consisting pottery like Black and Red Ware, Black
of inscribed gold bars from Tenur village. Ware, Red Slipped Ware, Red Ware, etc.
scattered all over the surface. It is note
The Tenur village (09°59'28"N;
worthy that the hoard of jewellery was
78°00'57"E) is located of about 12km north-
found in the same area. Interestingly village
west of present Madurai city near
is finds mentioned with the same name in
Cholavantan in Madurai North Taluk of
the Sangam literature Aingurunuru (54, 55,
Madurai district on the left bank of river
57) and later referred in the early Pandya
Vaigai. During the year 2009 the village
inscriptions datable to circa 8th-9th century
attracted attention of archaeologists for the
CE as Peruntenur (i.e. Big Tenur).
accidental discovery of a jewellery hoard
containing gold bars and beads kept in a The jewellery was kept in a small pot
small pot. of red ware with a lid. The details of hoard
are as under (Pl. 90a):
Name of object Quantity Weight

Gold bars 7 nos 661.200 gms
Collared beads (big) 21 nos 81.100 gms
Disc beads (small) 33 nos 7.700 gms
Pendant 1 no 5.350 gms
Total 62 nos 755.350 gms
All the objects are of gold and from individual object or from a large
display varying degree of craftsmanship. singular object which later on made into
The irregular shapes of the bars or lump separate pieces. Among the other objects,
suggest that it could have been melted either these bars importance as each of the piece
are of great contains inscription written in bars and the entire jewellery, wherein, the
Tamil-Brahmi script. Unlike that of other private possession of an individual or
inscriptions in other mediums which are referring to the owner to whom the objects
normally inscribed in a continuous stroke, were given as a valuable present. But in the
the letters in the bar are rather executed in context of the findings as a hoard kept in a
73 series of dots resembling each letter. pot, it is probable that the objects were the
possession of above individual.
All the bars uniformly bear the name
of an individual probably native of a certain Among the jewellery hoards in
village. The inscription altogether contains Tamil Nadu and other finds, the present find
eleven letters written in Tamil-Brahmi script is considered to be unique of its kind for the
(Pl. 90b). The language of the inscription is occurrence of labeled inscription on gold.
invariably Tamil. The text of the inscription Although such type of labeled inscriptions in
is as follows: different mediums including metal are
reported especially from Karur (Tamil
Meaning: Kotai, (belonging to the Nadu) region, inscription in gold bar are not
individual) of 'pokui kunri' or 'pokui kunru' forthcoming anywhere from Tamil Nadu till
i.e. Pokui the hilly village or surrounded by date. Hence this find should be considered
hill (kunru = hill). In one of the bar the word first of its kind shedding light a precious the
‘e’ resembles that of letter ‘ma’ and if it is mode of writing in solid metal i.e. gold, a
taken as ‘ma’ then the reading shall be ‘ma practice hitherto unknown in the history of
kunri’ (i.e big hill). The word 'kotai' Tamil Nadu. A comparison with the Tamil –
invariably refers to an individual. Brahmi inscriptions in the caves in and
Interestingly, the word 'kotai' draw parallels around Madurai and other materials, on
similar to that of the names found in the palaeographical grounds these inscribed bars
Sangam age coins presumably issued by could be assigned to circa 1st BCE - 1st CE.
Chera kings such as 'makkotai' and The archaeological vestiges found during
'kuttuvankotai'. The meaning of the the exploration at Tenur village support this
inscription could be interpreted that both the fact.
220
IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES
Plate 90
Tenur: a; Jewellery hoard and b; Inscribed gold bars found in Tenur hoard.
221
IV. PALAEOBOTANICAL AND POLLEN
ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Birbal Sahni Institute of Lathyrus sativus (grass pea), Cicer

Palaeobotany, Lucknow, during the period arietinum (chick pea), Luffa sp. (sponge
under review carried out study on the gourd), and Linum usitatissimum (linseed),
botanical remains recovered from the were new finds. Remains of weeds & other
excavations of ancient site at Khirsara, wild taxa encountered, have been identified
district Kachchh, Gujarat and Kampil, the as belonging to Setaria sp., Celosia sp.,
capital city of ancient south Panchala in Trianthema triquetra, Abutilon sp., Sida sp.,
district Farrukhabad, Uttar Pradesh. Asphodelus sp., Scleria sp., Scirpus sp.,
Systematic floatation recovery of botanical Rumex sp., Polygonum sp., Cyperus sp.,
remains from the sites was put into effect by Indigofera sp., Indigofera cf. hirsuta,
Anil K. Pokharia and Chanchala Srivastava Ipomoea sp., Trigonella occulta, Solanum
respectively. The details of investigation are sp., and Ziziphus nummularia.
as under:
UTTAR PRADESH
GUJARAT
2. KAMPIL, DISTRICT FARRUKHABAD
1. KHIRSARA, DISTRICT KACHCHH
Morphological investigation of seed
In continuation to the previous year’s and fruit remains collected from ancient site
work carried out on the botanical remains of Kampil from the cultural horizon of pre-
from Khirsara, further investigations taken P.G.W. (Ochre-Colored Pottery) and Painted
up added considerable understanding of the Grey Ware (c. 1500 BCE - 800 CE),
exploitation of botanical resources by Northern Black Polished Ware (c. 800 BCE-
ancient settlers at the site from 2500-2000 200BCE), Sunga-Kushana (c. 200 B.C.- 300
B.C. In addition to the crops already A.D.) and Gupta up to Medieval times (c.
reported (Hordeum vulgare, Triticum 300 CE - 800 CE) were carried out. The
aestivum, Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum studies reveal field-crop finds belonging to
typhoides, Macrotyloma uniflorum, Vigna Cereals - barley (Hordeum vulgare),
radiata, Sesamum indicum and Gossypium rice(Oryza sativa), bread wheat (Triticum
arboreum/herbaceum) the remains of aestivum) and dwarf wheat (Triticum
Triticum sphaerococcum (dwarf wheat), sphaerococcum); minor crop Job’s tears
Eleusine coracana (ragi millet), Setaria (Coix lachrymal-Jobi); Millets of sawan
italica (Italian millet), Panicum miliaceum (Echinochloa crus-galli), Italian millet
(proso millet), Pisum arvense (field pea), (Setaria sp.) and Panicum sp.; Pulses - lentil
PALAEOBOTANICAL AND POLLEN ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS
(Lens culinaris), khesari/grass-pea (Lathyrus usitatisimum) and Fruit remains - jujube

sativus), field-pea (Pisum arvense), green- (Ziziphus sp.), grape pips (Vitis vinifera) and
gram (Vigna radiata), black- gram (Vigna emblic (Emblica officinalis) have also been
mungo), gram (Cicer arietinum), horse- recovered. Both winter and summer season
gram/kulthi (Macrotyloma uniflorum Syn. crops with their associates are recorded,
Dolichos biflorus), aconite/moth-bean reflecting on the advanced agriculture
(Vigna aconitifolia); etc. Seeds of fiber pattern practiced by the ancient settlers. The
yielding plants - silk-cotton (Salmalia dominance of Jujube and Emblic/Anwala
malabarica) and cotton (Gossypium fruit-stones, of high medicinal value is
arboreum/herbaceum); oil-seeds like sesame recorded from nearly all phases.
(Sesamum indicum), linseed (Linum
________________
1.
Contributed by Chanchala Srivastava and Anil K. Pokharia, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow-
226 007.
223
V. MUSEUM
BHOPAL 3. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, GWALIOR,

DISTRICT GWALIOR
1. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, CHANDERI
Drinking water facility and seating
DISTRICT ASHOKNAGAR
arrangement for the tourist have been
Cultural notice board on black provided with proper signage. The work of
granite ground with engraved golden letters preparing gypsum board, false ceiling and
were prepared both in Hindi and English displaying of two sculptures of gateway
language and fixed on stone masonry alongwith preparation of steel text/caption
pedestal at the entrance of the museum. The for describing their brief history were taken
painting work in the miscellaneous gallery up. Painting work of gallery no.1 and 2 has
and Anandam gallery has been completed. been completed.
The work of construction of permanent
ticket counter at entrance gate is being taken LUCKNOW
up. Museum Day, Museum Foundation Day, 4. 1857 MEMORIAL MUSEUM, RESIDENCY,
World Heritage Week, Independence Day, LUCKNOW
Republic Day was celebrated to create
awareness for cultural heritage among the Museum galleries were re-painted
students, teachers and local community. after removal of old and dead layers of
paint. The old and damaged wooded table
2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, showcases, translides fixed in the walls have
KHAJURAHO, DISTRICT CHHATARPUR been prepared in seasoned teak wood and re-
The documentation of antiquities has fixed. New brass chain-links have been
been taken up and is in progress. Website provided around the Model of Residency
designing for Archaeological Museum displayed in the Gallery A.
Khajuraho is also in progress. Brochure on In view of the safety and security in
Vaishnav sculptures was prepared. The work
the museum, CCTV cameras and fire
of repairing and upgrading of old sale
extinguishers have been fixed in the
counter for publication is in progress.
museums at appropriate location.
Museum day was celebrated on 18th May.
VI. ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY
NORTHERN REGION standing in cross legged and holds a snake in

her left hand. The cardinal ends of the
Architectural survey of temples in sirdal are occupied by standing
Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh was Chaurdharini in a niche pedestal below
carried out under the direction of S.S. which a male figure seated with their
Gupta assisted by M. C. Joshi, L.K. attendants is shown whereas the recesses are
Bhagchandani, S. K. Srivastava, and K.R. shown in two registers displaying
Malviya of the Survey with the aim to make Navagrahas in the upper register and Saiva
an inventory of the temples including their devotees in two row in the lower register in
documentation and study their art and which some of the devotees hold snake in
architecture in all its manifestations. In a their one hand. The architrave on the upper
nutshell, a data bank of the temples most part portray the figures of Brahma
(Unprotected /Centrally Protected/ State on the right cardinal end and probably
Protected) pertaining to the Sagar district Vishnu on the left now badly disfigured
has been prepared. while Sapta Matrikas along with Ganesa
and lord Siva in tribhanga posture in the
1. Siva Temple, Pali middle. Below the architrave a thin band is
Village Pali is located at a distance also provided with the figures of flying
of 30.4 km north of Sagar on Khurai-Jhansi Vidhyadharas. The panchasakha doorway is
road contain a 9th-10th century CE temple of composed of naga sakha, manava sakha,
the Chandella is dedicated to lord Siva (Pl. vyala sakha, mithuna sakha and vyala
91a, Fig. 38). Facing east it is pancharatha sakha. River goddess Ganga and Yamuna
in plan consists of a square sanctum and a are depicted along with their attendants at
porch in front with roof now missing. The the left and right pedya respectively in the
sanctum has plain ceiling and its roof is doorway. The doorsill is adorned with a
supported on four corner columns. It central mandaraka flanked with a couple of
enshrines a Siva-linga over a pedestalled Udadhikumaras along with elephants and
yoni-pitha. The panchasakha doorway (Pl. lions at the ends. Further, it has a beautiful
91b) of the temple is elaborately carved with chandrasila which has been found in
lord Siva along with goddess Parvati broken condition. The temple is stands a
embracing each other. Parvati’s right arm is high jagati and approached through a flight
held at the neck of Siva. Faces of both the of steps in the front. The jangha is resting
deities are chopped off. Siva stands in upon a jadyakumbha pitha above which
tribhanga posture while goddess Parvati is khura, kumbha, kalasha and kapota
mouldings
Fig. 38
Pali: Map showing temple sites.
226
ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY
Plate 91
Pali: a; Siva temple and b; Doorway of Siva temple.
227
form the vedibandha portion. Sculptures It contains only one bhadra niche on all
are shown in single register. However, all three sides displaying the figure of Ganesa
the niches of bhadra rathas are empty. In on the south, Surya on the west and
some cases prati rathas as well as karna Kartikeya on the north.
rathas contain sculptures of Dikpalas
which include Agni, Vayu, Varuna, etc. 5. Durga Temple, Tikitoria, Raheli
Sikhara of the temple is missing. Village Tikitoria is located at a
distance of 39km from Sagar on south-east
3. Patneswara Mahadeo Temple, Rehli
direction in Raheli tahsil contains a temple
The temple locally known as known as Ma Durga (Pl. 93a), which having
Patneswara Mahadeo is located about domed sikhara. However, the earlier
25km from Sagar on Sagar-Reheli road references mention an old temple of Tiki
towards south eastern direction. The temple Toria erected by Gopal Rao a Maratha at
is datable to 18th-19th century CE is now Reheli. Remains of earlier temple are exist
renovated. However, some of the sculptures here. It is quite possible that said temple is
kept under a tree (Pl. 92a) certainly reflect constructed on this plinth level as this
the early historic affiliation of the temple. temple retains the traces of lakhori bricks on
These sculptures such as human, its wall. Two ancient sculptures including
Chaurdharini and male deity may be datable four armed Vishnu and Brahma have been
to 10th-12th century CE. placed in the sanctum with modern paint.
4. Siva temple, Tinsua 6. Temple at Binaika
The temple (Pl. 92b) is located about Village Binaika is located 38km
45km north-east of Sagar in village Tinsua north of Sagar. There is a temple datable to
on a high hill originally seems to be of 9th- 10th-11th century CE. Facing, it is
10th century CE probably of early Chandella pancharatha in plan (Pl. 93b, Fig. 39). It
period. Facing east the temple has a square contains a single row of sculptures on its
sanctum with a short curvilinear sikhara jangha. The temple had a mandapa earlier
having four corner miniature shrines. The which is now completely disappeared. The
door entrance preserves a figure of Siva sanctum is without deity and the broad
seated over Nandi on lalata, Brahma- doorsill preserves a central Mandaraka
Vishnu_-Mahesh on the architrave above the flanked by Uadhikumaras along with lions
lalata and river goddess Ganga-Yamuna at on the cardinal ends. The temple stands on a
the pedya while the lalata figure is plain pitha over which the vedibandha
accompanied by Brahma at the right and mouldings include khur, kuabha, kalasha
Vishnu at the left cardinal ends. The temple and kapota stands. The sculptures in the
stands on a low jagati having a high bhitta temple display the various forms of deities
surmounted by a jadyakumbha pitha such as Andhaksura Vadha, Trivikrama,
followed by usual vedibandha mouldings i.e. Nrisimsha and Siva-family. Besides, the
khura, kumbha, kalasha and kapota Jangha. Dikpala
228
Plate 92
Rehli: Loose sculptures under a tree, Patneswara temple.
Tinsua: Siva temple.
229
Plate 93
Raheli: Durga temple, Tikitoria.
Binaika: Temple facing east.
230
Fig. 39
Binaika: Plan of temple.
231
figures include Indra, Agni, Yama, Vayu, locally known as Mariha is located on south
Kuber and Naikas as well as Viyalas. east corner of the village. It is simple in plan
and consists of a square garbhagriha and
7. Temples at Village Pithoria closed mandapa along with domed sikhara
Village Pithoria is situated 20km without any deity inside.
north-west of Sagar have three old temples
8. Temples at Sahagarh
(Pl. 94a) datable to 9th-10th century CE
raised in a row on east-west orientation. The A village Sahagarh in tehsil Banda is
larger one (Pl. 94b) standing on the extreme situated 68km north-east of Sagar. It
west end consists of a garbhagriha and contains a few temples datable to 18 -19th
th
closed mandapa which seems to be provided century CE. The region was under the
in later period. Garbhagriha is approached patronage of Gond rulers in 15th century CE.
through a narrow entrance having plain It came in to the possession of Bundelas in
doorway. There is an image of Surya at right 18th century CE. There are three temples in
side of the doorway. The curvilinear sikhara this village. Presently, they are also called as
of the temple has multiple projections all Math. The notable among them is larger one
around which culminate up to the amalaka. (Pl. 95b). Its sanctum is octagonal in plan
Interestingly, four niches have been which displays the beautiful mural paintings
provided to the lower face of the sikhara on (Pl. 95c) on its wall. The temple facing east
all four sides. The stupi over the amalaka is is of sandhara type. The roof of this temple
still extant. To the east of this temple a has parapet wall which is decorated with
pillared mandapa (Pl. 95a) of same period is miniature cupolas. The temple has globular
found which is in dilapidated condition. Its domed sikhara.
roof is damaged. The pillars having
octagonal shaft bear the pot and foliage 9. Temples at Dhamoni
motifs. In the extreme east another temple Village Dhamoni imbued with a rich
(Fig. 40) dedicated to Saiva is located which historical past is located 46.4km north of
consists of a square garbhagriha and a Sagar. It has a mediaeval fortress and 19th
pillared mandapa. There is no deity inside century Jaina temples but the architectural
the sanctum but a miniature Ganesa figure is survey suggests that structures appear to be
noticed on the lalata. The doorway has three memorial temples. In absence of Jaina
sakhas, including the inner most figure, they cannot be ascertained to Jaina
Pushpasakha. The mandapa is rectangular pantheon.
provided with three pillars at the front and
two pilasters at the rear. The base of the 10. Jaina temple No 01
pillar is composed of khura, kumbha,
This is a single story (Pl. 96a, Fig.
kalasha and kapota mouldings. The temple
41) building consisting of a square sanctum
stands on the jadyakumbha pitha. On
with a short curvilinear sikhara, open
stylistic ground the temple may be datable to
verandah and an arched entrance in front. It
9th-10th century CE. Besides, a small temple
is made of lakhouri bricks. The walls of the
232
Plate 94
Pithoria: a; Complex and b; Larger temple.
233
Fig. 40
Pithoria: Plan of temple No. 3.
234
Plate 95
Pithoria: Mandapa near larger temple.
Sahagarh: Temple, north-west side. Sahagarh: Paintings, temple.
235
Fig. 41
Dhamoni: Plan of Jain temple No 1.
236
sanctum possess a screen of three blind garbhagriha, an antarala inside and a pillar
arches above which the bracketed chhajja porch .A colossal Vishnu image is placed in
has been provided at the varandika level. the sanctum. In plan it is Tri-ratha temple.
The sanctum has an arched opening on the A miniature figure of lord Vishnu over
east while the northern wall of it is provided Garuda is carved on lalata. The trishakha
with a deep niche which has cusped arch. doorway is composed of nagaakha,
The base of sikhara is octagonal which has pushpaakha and patraakha. River goddess
four corner copulas. Besides, the corner Ganga-Yamuna are displayed door-sill is
projections of the sikhara have arched depicted with dwarf pilasters at the middle
niches. and the cardinal ends in which middle one is
decorated with a full blown lotus flanked by
11. Jain Temple No. 02 beautiful ducks on both the side while the
Facing east, it stands on a high stone recesses are adorned with kirtimukhas. The
platform. The temple made of lakhouri cardinal ends are adorned with mythical
bricks (Pl. 96b) is consisted of square figures such as half human and half animals
chamber and an open verandah in front. An along with elephant and birds. The mandapa
arched entrance gives the way to the is composed of two pillars and two pilasters
garbhagriha. at the rear. Its roof is flat.
12. Temple at Sesai 14. Mariha at Mandi Bamora
The village contains a 19th century A Mariha (Pl. 97b), locally know as
temple known as Radha-Raman temple now Kush Mariha is located about 800m north-
completely renovated. east of Siva temple of Mandi Bamora.
Facing north the shrine is dilapidated and
13. Temple at Eran made up of large stone blocks. Its sikhara is
missing. There are sculptures on jangha
There is an ancient site located 25
including Vishnu-Lakshmi, Kubera, Siva
kms from Banmora railway station of
and Vinayaka. All the sculptures are heavily
Central Railways at the junction of the
weather worn.
Beena and Reuta Rivers. It contains a
Vishnu temple of Gupta period along with a Besides, there are some notable loose
colossal figures of Bhuvaraha, Trivikrama, sculptures including Varaha, Kirtimukha,
two huge Dwaja stambhas and various human bust, architectural fragments and an
loose sculptures. The Vishnu temple (Pl. amalaka kept under a tree.
97a) facing east is consisting of a
237
Plate 96
Dhamoni: a; Jaina temple No 01 and b; Temple No. 02 (north-west corner).
238
Plate 97
Eran: Vishnu temple.
Mandi, Bamora: Mariha facing north.
239
VII. PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS
MONUMENTS OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE
BANGALORE CIRCLE 4. STATUE OF GOMMATESHWARA,

KARKALA, DISTRICT UDUPI
KARNATAKA
Reconstruction of compound wall in
laterite stone masonry at Jain statue
1. KEERTINARAYANA TEMPLE,
TALAKAD, DISTRICT MYSORE complex of Gommateshwara, has been
completed (Pl. 100).
The work of reconstruction of the eastern
mukhamandapa, ardhmandapa and the 5. RAMALINGESHWARA TEMPLE, AVANI,
garbhagriha, including erection of pillar DISTRICT KOLAR
bases, capitals, beams and roof slabs have

been completed (Pl. 98). The disturbed stone flooring around the
temple has been removed and re-laid in
2. VAIDYESWARA TEMPLE, TALAKAD, lime mortar as per original.
DISTRICT MYSORE
6. KESHAVA TEMPLE, BELUR, DISTRICT
The Dwaragopura, Srivimana and parapet HASSAN
have been given colour toning in two
courses of requisite snowcem. The uneven The old damaged rubble flooring behind
stone flooring in the northern and western the Ranganayaki temple has been removed
sides of inner courtyard have been re-laid and re-laid with new schist stone flooring
to avoid stagnation of rain water. The after proper dressing and side cutting.
decayed plastering of ornamental floral
designs on the northern side of the parapet 7. PARSHWANATHA BASADI, HALEBIDU,
wall has been carefully restored in DISTRICT HASSAN
traditional mortar and given suitable
colour toning (Pl. 99). The leaky roof of the Basadi has been
repaired after carefully removing the
3. FORT, LARGE MASONRY ELEPHANTS, damaged and decayed weathering stones
MADIKERI, DISTRICT COORG and re-laid with fresh lime concrete and
finished by using traditional mortar
Lime motar plastering on top surface of plastering with necessary gradient to drain
the fort wall have been re-laid in the out of rain water (Pl. 101).
disturbed area of the battlement inside the
fort to stop seepage. 8. SHANTHINATHA BASADI, HALEBIDU,
DISTRICT HASSAN
PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS
Plate 98
Talakad: a; before and b; during conservation of Keertinarayana temple.
241
Plate 99
Talakad: a; before and b; after conservation of Vaidyeswara temple.
242
Plate 100
Karkala: a; before and b; after reconstruction of compound wall of statue of

Gommateshwara.
243
Plate 101
Halebidu: a; before and b; after conservation of Shanthinatha basadi.
244
The leaky roof of the Basadi has been completed after proper documentation.
repaired after carefully removing the Resetting of the same is in progress (Pl.
damaged and decayed weathering stones 106).
and re-laid with fresh lime concrete and
finally finished by using traditional mortar 13. HARIHARESHWARA TEMPLE,
plastering with necessary gradient to drain HARIHARA, DISTRICT DAVANGERE
out of rain water.

The sunken stone flooring in front of
Lakshmi shrine has been dismantled and
9. RANGANATHASWAMY TEMPLE,
SRIRANGAPATNA, DISTRICT MANDYA
replaced as per original. The platform has
been provided with schist stone flooring.
The damaged stucco figures over the The Keeli Anjaneya temple has been
entrance of gopura at east were restored to restored with available stones and the
their original shape as per the available stone flooring in the rear side of the temple
evidence with specially prepared lime has also been replaced as per original (Pl.
mortar and finished with suitable colour 107).
toning to match the aesthetics of the
monument. A stainless steel pipe barricade BHOPAL CIRCLE
inside the temple has been erected to
regulate the movement of tourists (Pl. MADHYA PRADESH
102).
14. TOMB OF NADIR SHAH AND
10. GUMBAZ, SRIRANGAPATNA, DISTRICT COMPOUND AT BURHANPUR, DISTRICT
MANDYA BURHANPUR
The exterior and interior surfaces of the Conservation of the terrace was taken up
Mosque and Khan Khana have been given by way of providing RR masonry in lime
suitable colour toning as per original (Pls. mortar and stitching of stone masonry and
103-104). providing of flag stone were completed
while the underpinning in lime mortar is in
11. DARIA DAULAT BAGH, progress.
SRIRANGAPATNA, DISTRICT MANDYA
15. BIBI SAHIB’S MASJID AND COMPOUND
The old and damaged GI sheets have been AT BURHANPUR, DISTRICT BURHANPUR
removed and fresh galvanized sheets were
provided to prevent leakage of rain water In continuation of previous year’s work,
to the paintings of wooden ceiling (Pl. underpinning, stitching in brick masonry
105). along with fixing of MS grill was
completed. The work of applying lime
12. PANCHALINGESWARA TEMPLE, plaster and laying lime concrete up to the
GOVINDANAHALLI, DISTRICT MANDYA slab level is in progress.
The work of dismantling the out-of-plumb 16. MUMTAJ BEGUM HAMAM

bhitti portion of the temple shrines of BURHANPUR FORT, DISTRICT
BURHANPUR
Eswareshwara and Purusheswara, has been
245
Plate 102
Sriranagapatna: a; before and b; after conservation of Ranganathaswamy temple.
246
Plate 103
b
Srirangapatna: a; before and b; after conservation of Gumbaz.
247
Plate 104
Srirangapatna: a; before and b; after conservation of Gumbaz.
248
Plate 105
Srirangapatna: a; before and b; after conservaiton of Daria Daulat Bagh.
249
Plate 106
Govindanahalli: a; before and b; after conservation of Panchalingeswara temple.
250
Plate 107
Harihara: a; before and b; after conservation of Harihareshwara temple.
251
Flagstone flooring on the lime base mortar The work of providing and fixing chain
was provided on all exposed surface. link fencing around the monument and RR
stone masonry works are in progress.
17. TOMB OF SHAH NUMA, ASIRGARH,
DISTRICT BURHANPUR 23. RANMUKTESHWAR TEMPLE,
KUKKARAMATH, DISTRICT DINDORI
The work of laying stone slab flooring on
exposed surface over lime concrete base is The works of providing dwarf wall in C.R.
in progress. masonry along with MS grill and stone
coping as well as laying of lime concrete
18. DOME OF SHAH NAWAZ KHAN, apron around the temple, fixing of dressed
BURHANPUR, DISTRICT BURHANPUR stone over lime concrete base on pathway
and pointing were taken up. The
The work of providing flag stone to the
surrounding area of the monument is also
outer pathway and plinth protection of the
being developed for beautification.
tomb has been completed. C.R. masonry
work to the boundary wall of the
24. CAVE NO.2, BAGH, DISTRICT DHAR
monument is in progress.
The work of drawing including plan and
19. SHIV TEMPLE AT ASIRGARH FORT,
elevation, section and condition mapping
DISTRICT BURHANPUR
of the cave is in progress.
The works of underpinning and stitching
25. ANCIENT SITE, PAWAYA, DISTRICT
in stone masonry and exposing of
GWALIOR
underground structures in the baodi of the
temple were taken up and work is in Recessed pointing on the outer periphery
progress. of the wall is in progress.
20. DAI-KI-CHHOTI BEHAN KA MAHAL,

26. IMAGES LOCALLY KNOWN AS SADA
MANDU, DISTRICT DHAR
BHADA, DISTRICT JABALPUR
In continuation of the previous year’s Sculpture shed was provided with boundry
work repairs to the structural remains in wall for safety and security. Besides
front of the monument were completed. cement concrete flooring inside the shed
was also provided.
21. CARVAN SARAI AT MANDU, DISTRICT
DHAR
27. MAHAKALEHSWARA TEMPLE NO.1,
UN, DISTRICT KHARGONE
Chain link fencing around the monument
was provided in view of safety and Pointing, watertightening, underpinning
security. and replacing of old and weaken stones of
the platform of the temple with dressed
22. GADA SHAH’S PALACE, MANDU,
stones matching to the original were taken
DISTRICT DHAR
up and work is in progress.
252
28. MAHAKALESHWARA TEMPLE NO.2, In order to prevent the rain water on the
UN, DISTRICT KHARGONE structures concrete in the foundation and
sand mortar in the walls were provided.
The work of constructing CR masonry RR stone masonry was provided in the
wall to the east side of the monument is in drain wall so as to prevent rain water from
progress. hill top to temple area and drain out the
rain water through the wall from the outer
29. BRHAMANICAL ROCK-CUT TEMPLE,
side. The work of resetting the stone slab
DHAMNAR, DISTRICT MANDSAUR
over the pre-laid lime concrete base have
The work of repair of chajjas, filling of been completed while the work of dry
cracks, underpinning, watertightening, stone pitching for laying them alongside of
lime plastering were taken up. The work of stairs at Dhonda Math temple is in
fixing the MS grill over the compound progress.
wall, pointing and plastering work on the
33. TEMPLES 1-22, NARESAR, DISTRICT
walls of store room were also taken up (Pl.
MORENA
108).
The work of desalting of the baodi,
30. BUDDHIST CAVES NO. 1 TO 51,
removing of heavy stones from drain and
DHAMNAR, DISTRICT MANDSAUR
collection of usable material for further
Stone masonry work in lime mortar with use was carried out. The work of resetting
laterite stone and the work of filling the the missing portion of ashlar stone
cracks with laterite pack technique masonry was also taken up.
including lime mortar were taken up. The
34. SCULPTURE SHED, AJAIGARH,
other conservation works like
DISTRICT PANNA
underpinning, watertightening and the
construction of boundary wall in laterite Construction of dwarf wall in CR masonry
blocks are in progress. for purpose of safety and security of the
sculpture is in progress.
31. SHIV TEMPLE (KAKANMATH),
SUHANIA, DISTRICT MORENA
35. RAISEN FORT, RAISEN, DISTRICT
RAISEN
The work of providing and fixing of stone
slab flooring over lime concrete base along The fortification wall was restored by
with the work of recessed pointing in the providing RR masonry and resetting with
east side of Mandapa and on main steps of fallen material. Underpinning within Badal
the platform were carried out. While the Mahal was carried out to stabilize the
work of excavation, leveling and dressing overhead structure. Watertightening at
of the open area around the monument for adjoining burj and wall and stone pitching
landscaping is in progress. work between Baradari and Bhopal Gate
32. GROUP OF TEMPLES, BATESAR, and cleaning of vegetation are in progress.
DISTRICT MORENA
253
Plate 108
Dhamnar: a-b; during conservation of Brhamanical Rock-Cut Temple
254
36. SAVITE TEMPLE, BHOJPUR, DISTRICT The work of providing stone slab on lime
RAISEN concrete base was completed
An interpretation centre was set up so as to 42. GADARMAL TEMPLE, BADOH

enable the visitors to understand the PATHARI, DISTRICT VIDISHA
history art, architecture, techniques applied
for the construction of the temple. The The work of resetting of flooring and
work of providing stone pitching near rising of dwarf wall is in progress.
interpretation centre, tiles on wooden steps
43. HELIODORUS PILLAR LOCALLY
of the main temple and laying of pipes
KNOWN AS KHAMB BABA, BESNAGAR,
near rock engraving were also taken up. DISTRICT VIDISHA
37. STUPAS AND OTHER REMAINS, Repair of pathway around the boundary
SATDHARA, DISTRICT RAISEN
wall of the monument was taken up and
work is in progress.
Dry stone masonry work to the southern
side of the Stupa no. 7 was taken up and is
44. CAVES 1 TO 20, UDAYGIRI, DISTRICT
in progress. VIDISHA
38. BUDDHIST STUPA AND MONASTERY,

The steps at Cave nos. 19 and 20 were
BARHAT, DISTRICT REWA
repaired and stone pitching at Cave no.19
The work of providing RR stone boundary is in progress.
wall along with chain link wire fencing
45. UDAYESHWAR OR
over it was provided for security and
NEELKANTHESHWAR MAHADEVA
safety of the monument. TEMPLE, UDAYPUR, DISTRICT VIDISHA
39. RAHATGARH FORT, SAGAR, DISTRICT Replacing the bulged and broken pieces of
SAGAR
stone flooring and re-fixing them in their
original place over the base of lime
The work of resetting of the stairs of baoli
concrete was taken up and work is in
and the work of RR masonry was taken up
progress.
after completing the vegetation clearance.
46. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM SANCHI,
40. VIRAT TEMPLE AND REMAINS,
DISTRICT RAISEN
SOHAGPUR, DISTRICT SHAHDOL
The toilet blocks at the museum premises

The work of taking out loose stone and
were repaired by providing the plaster at
debris from the platform of the temple and
the walls, cement concrete flooring, brick
filling it with RR stone masonry is in
masonry work, fixing of ventilation grills,
progress.
supply of water and providing of sewage
pipe line.
41. SURWAYA GADHI, SURWAYA,
DISTRICT SHIVPURI
255
BHUBANESWAR CIRCLE repairing of the kalasa of the temple.

Renovation of the original ancient
ODISHA drainage system of the temple complex in
north-west corner is in progress. The repair
47. KEDARESVAR TEMPLE, CHOUDWAR, of stone columns/walls by pinning the
DISTRICT CUTTACK same material i.e. sand stones of
The conservation work of the sub-shrine natamandapa is in progress. The pointing
has been completed by way of work of the main temple is also in
watertightening, pointing, grouting and progress.
resetting of khondalite stone with
52. SAHASRALINGA TANK,
traditional lime mortar.
BHUBANESWAR, DISTRICT KHORDHA
48. ANCIENT SITE, BANESWARNASI,

DISTRICT CUTTACK
In continuation of previous years work the
restoration of the embankment wall of the
In continuation of previous year’s work dilapidated tank has been completed.
the restoration and repair of the damaged
53. PAPANASINI TANK, BHUBANESWAR,
pidha portion of jagamohana of
DISTRICT KHORDHA
Padmesvara Mahadeva temple is in
progress. The restoration work of the embankment
of the dilapidated tank is in progress.
49. EXCAVATED BUDDHIST SITE,
LALITAGIRI, DISTRICT CUTTACK
54. CHAUSATHI YOGINI TEMPLE,
HIRAPUR, DISTRICT KHORDHA
In continuation of previous year’s work
the conservation of the monastery and The work of replacement of laterite
chaitya complex has been completed by pavement of the monument with
way of watertightening, pointing, grouting sandstone, construction of sandstone
with traditional lime mortar. pedestal for Gopinatha sculpture, laterite
stone pavement around Gopinatha
50. EXCAVATED BUDDHIST SITE,
UDAYAGIRI-2, DISTRICT JAJPUR
sculpture including earth work excavation,
sand filling, bed concrete, flush pointing
The conservation work of the shrine has been completed (Pl. 109).
complex in front of the monastery of the
Udayagiri-2 was taken up by way of 55. ANCIENT SITE, HARIPURGARH,
DISTRICT MAYURBHANJ
watertightening, pointing, grouting with
traditional lime mortar. In continuation of previous year’s work,
the structural repair to the excavated brick
51. LINGARAJ TEMPLE, BHUBANESWAR,
DISTRICT KHORDHA
structures by way of dismantling, resetting
and recess pointing of the brick joints,
The erection of tubular scaffolding on the replacing the decayed bricks with available
southern side of main temple was taken up bricks with traditional lime surkhi mortar
for undertaking physical examination and as per the original is in progress.
256
Plate 109
Hirapur: a; before and b; after conservation of platform of Chasathi Yogini temple.
257
56. SRI JAGANNATHA TEMPLE, PURI, temple complex is also in progress.

DISTRICT PURI Besides, lying of khondalite stone flooring
to the western side of the main temple by
Replacement of old damaged architectural way of replacing the damaged stones with
members of bandhana and upper jangha new one is in progress. Injecting PMC
of kanikapaga in the north-west corner is mortar to the north - west side bada of
in progress by way of providing with new jagamohana for consolidation of the inner
khondalite stone blocks and re-fixing with core of the masonry after making holes of
epoxy resin and stone key. Unauthorized 16mm dia. up to a length of 400mm was
structures abutting the simhadwara and done. Repairing of the chakra of
Meghanadaprachira in the north side of jagamohana with steel riveting/bolting and
the eastern entrance gumuta have been welding at the damaged parts of the
removed. After the demolition of Pratihari astadhatu chakra was done. Lightening
Niyoga the de-plastering of the lime arrester system was provided to nilachakra
plaster and brick/concrete encased walls of the jagamohana in the north side for
from the northern side wall of the gumuta safety of the temple.
was taken up. Structural repair in the
bandhana of the bada of eastern gumuta is Repairing of flooring in the Western side
in progress by way of resetting and recess dhukudi-dwar and rosaghar of the
pointing of the joints, replacing the complex was taken up by way of replacing
decayed stones with new ones with of the undulated khondalite stone blocks.
traditional lime mortar as per the original.
Laying of the floor on the basement of the Repair to the garbhagriha of the main
Nabagraha shrine after dismantling the temple was taken up during the
damaged stones with dressed khondalite Rathayatra. The following conservation
blocks attended. Construction of measures were attended:
khondalite stone pillars abutting the old
Jaya-Vijaya pillars of simhadwara with I. Chemical cleaning and washing of the
interlocking in between the alternate layers garbhagriha, 1st floor, Steel trusses, ratna
and making grooves in old pillars for singhasana, silver door, silver plate, brass
fixing the stone key has been completed. doors, brass plates was done.
Replacement of missing and damaged II. Colouring and painting to the walls,
architectural members in pabhaga and ceilings, MS jali, beams and wooden
upper jangha of north side bada of rafters and the kanakamundi (wooden
simhadwara gumuta is in progress. canopy) over the ratnasinghasana and MS
Laying of khondalite dressed stone blocks wooden doors of jagamohana,
in the inner passage of simhadwara natamandapa, bhogamandapa and
gumuta is in progress. entrance gumutas with matching colour
was done.
The removal of the dead plaster from the
jagamohana of the main temple on north- III. Drilling holes of 22 of 18mm dia. to
east corner is in progress. The work of de- the ceiling stones at the slit line for air
plastering of northern entrance to the more effective circulation/ventilation up to
258
1m depth was done after removing the top replacement of damaged stones in the
lime concrete layer and exposing the slit bandhana and upper jangha of the bada in
lines. the north-west side is also in progress.
IV. Providing and fixing SS rack/box at The repairs to the undulated and sunken
the side wall of dhukudi-dwara of the floor in the western side of the complex
jagamohana after replacing the wooden taken up with removal of the damaged
members was done. stones. The dressing of the new khondalite
stone blocks is in progress for laying in
V. Replacing the sunken and damaged front of Sabitri and Khirochora Gopinatha
stone slabs from the natamandapa floor temples.
with dully dressed and finished with
combine mortar and filling the joints with The damaged and sunken stone floor with
PMC mortar. steps has been taken of at the north
entrance gate. A portion of floor near
VI. Fixing of new ceiling support to the Sitala temple and its approach was
jagamohana with good quality plywood repaired with new and old khondalite stone
pieces was also done. block with combine mortar. The recess
pointing to the fine joints has been
VII. Petty patch repairs to the damaged completed.
plasters surface of side walls of
jagamohana and natamandapa with The construction of new masonry wall has
combine mortar/PMC mortar at the been erected outside the Meghanada
decorative parts was attended. The prachira of the eastern side with fine
colouring over the finished surface and dressed sand stone blocks. The damaged
joint sealing to the uneven floors of stagings around the nilachakra of the main
bhogamandapa with PMC mortar temple has been dismantled for erection
matching with the original colour and with new MS tubular pipes for repair of
texture was also taken up. the kalasa.
The de-plastering of the dead and decayed 57. SUN TEMPLE, KONARK, DISTRICT
lime plaster in the south side bada near PURI
dakhinighara has been taken up after

erecting tubular scaffolding and supporting The erection of tubular scaffolding for
to the projected pidha stones and other attending documentation, laser scanning as
dislodged members. The wall has been well as structural and chemical cleaning
completed up to the bandhana layer. The are in progress. The work of providing the
visible cracks lines have been identified drainage system from pump set to outer
for marking with tell tale. The kalasa of drain has been completed.
the jagamohana has been supported with
strong and rigid platform and a loose
plaster has been taken out in the lower
dome part and top glass for thorough
repairs. The work is under way. The
259
CHANDIGARH CIRCLE The work of providing apron around

graves, boundary wall and pathway with
HARYANA tile brick on edge flooring with lime
concreting was done.
58. DARGAH OF HAZRAT SHEIKH
JALALUDIN, HARSH-KA-TILA, 64. KABULI MOSQUE, DISTRICT PANIPAT
KURUKSHETRA
Underpinning of western portion of the
The work of repair to the bulged mosque with traditional mortar was taken
underground cells after taking out of up and work is in progress.
uneven portion was done. Restoration of
tile brick flooring after dismantling uneven 65. ADI BADRI COMPLEX, DISTRICT
portion with lime concreting was also YAMUNANAGAR
carried out.
Dwarf wall in tile brick with grill fencing
59. KARAN-KA-KILA, THANESAR, in south west portion of the site was
DISTRICT KURUKSHETRA repaired. Collapsed wall of the north
portion was restored.
Grill fencing around the ancient mound
was done. 66. ANCIENT MOUND, COMPLEX
SHEETLA MATA MANDIR, AGROHA,
60. HARSH-KA-TILLA THANESAR,
DISTRICT HISSAR
DISTRICT KURUKSHETRA
Collapsed boundary wall of south side of Re-construction of collapsed wall with

ancient mound was restored. grill fencing at the site was taken up and
work is in progress.
61. PATHAR MASJID, THANESAR,
DISTRICT KURUKSHETRA 67. ANCIENT SITE RAKHIGARHI,
DISTRICT HISSAR
The work of providing of red sandstone
flooring was taken up and work is in Boundary wall with grill fencing was
progress. provided around Mound no. 1 to avoid
further encroachment at the site.
62. NABHA HOUSE, THANESAR, DISTRICT
KURUKSHETRA 68. FEROZ SHAH PALACE, DISTRICT
HISSAR
The work of providing wooden roof with
rafter, planks including laying lime Repair to the inner cells of Tehkhana was
concrete and tile brick flooring after taken up offer removing of debris.
dismantling slabs on the roof, modern
structure on the back of Nabha house was 69. BARSI GATE, HANSI, DISTRICT HISSAR
taken up and completed.
Restoration of circular front, walls, roof
63. CHURCH TOWER, DISTRICT KARNAL and floor area was taken up by way of
plastering and pointing.
260
70. LAT KI MASJID, DISTRICT HISSAR Repairs to dilapidated structure was done
by way of using traditional mortar
Restoration of red sandstone jali, matching with the original.
plastering of inner gumbad area was taken
up and work is in progress. 77. SHAHJAHAN-KI-BAOLI, MEHAM
DISTRICT ROHTAK
71. ANCIENT MOUND, DISTRICT
NAURANGABAD Repair to the ancient wall of the
monument was taken up and work is under
Dwarf wall in the remaining portion of progress.
mound was provided.
78. GAUSE ALI SHAH, DISTRICT
72. SURAJ KUND, LAKARPUR, DISTRICT FARUKHNAGAR
FARIDABAD
The work of repair to the sunken wall of
The works of grill fencing, pitching and baoli, plastering and laying of tile bricks
painting was completed. Dislodged stone on roof was taken up and is in progress.
of lower steps were conserved. Repair of
the tank, remaining portion of Gaughat 79. MACHIGHAR AND HAMMAM
besides leveling of earth bed were BUILDING, COMPANY BAGH, DISTRICT
AMRITSAR
completed.
73. JAL MAHAL, DISTRICT NARNAUL The work of providing of tile brick on
edge apron, flooring and providing red
MS grill on existing dwarf wall in north sandstone jallis, watertightening of rooms
east side were provided. Fencing of were done.
remaining portion of parking in the
entrance gate was done. Scientific 80. SHAMSHER KHAN TOMB, DISTRICT
BATALA
clearance of inlet of water tank and dwarf
wall on south west side was taken up and Grill fencing with dwarf wall, pointing to
is in progress. enclose wall was done. Parking area was
also developed.
74. GROUP OF TOMBS, JHAJJAR,
DISTRICT JHAJJAR
81. TAKHT-E-AKBARI, DISTRICT
KALANAUR
Pathway and gate were provided around
the protected area to facilitate the visitors. The work of taking out of dislodged
masonry and providing of tile brick
75. KOS MINAR 22, AURANGABAD,
masonry and MS grill fencing, lime plaster
HODAL, DISTRCT PALWAL
and lime concreting of flooring, etc. was
Repair to the Kos Minar 22 was done. completed
82. GATEWAYS OF SARAI, AMANAT

76. BUDIYA-KA-NALLA, DISTRICT
KHAN, DISTRICT TARAN TAARAN
FARIDABAD
261
Repair to the east and west of the south 88. BHATINDA FORT, DISTRICT
side cells of western gate were taken up. BHATINDA
In addition, removal of earth,

Repairs to the Fort wall was carried out by
underpinning, pointing, stitching besides
way of providing lakhauri/tile brick
flooring and restoration of roof was also
masonry in arches, cornices, providing and
attended.
laying of lime concrete and brick
terracing, pointing in east side. Providing
83. GATEWAY OF OLD SARAI, DISTRICT
FATEHABAD and laying lime concrete, flat brick
terracing, tile brick masonry in chajjas
Lakhauri brick/tile masonry, stitching of cornices, pointing in south side of inner
cracks, pointing lime concreting and fortification wall was also attended.
flooring was attended. Providing and fixing tile brick on edge in
pathway from Gurudwara to main gate
84. RAM BAGH GATE DEODI, DISTRICT
was also completed.
AMRITSAR
89. EASTERN GATE, STAIRS AND

The work of providing of lime concrete,
COLLAPSED FORT WALL BEHIND
plaster, tile brick masonry of boundary EXISTING GURUDWARA, BHATINDA
wall, tile brick on edge for flooring and FORT, BHATINDA, DISTRICT BHATINDA
roof, cement plaster, lime mortar to highly
designed decorated carved and moulded The work of providing of mud brick
windows and painting was done. masonry core in wall, providing of
lakhauri/tile brick masonry in arches,
85. DAKHNI SARAI, NAKODAR, DISTRICT vaults of stairs and gate were attended.
JALANDHAR
Lime concrete in floor, brick terracing,
plastering, pointing was also done.
The western wall of Sarai was conserved
and apron was provided. Decayed plaster, 90. QILA ANDROON, BAGICHI GHAR,
lakhauri/tile brick masonry on both side of DISTRICT PATIALA
the gate and western tower with roof were
removed and repair to the same was taken The work includes providing and fixing of
up and work is in progress. sapwood settings of different sizes and
deodar wooden planking on the roofs, door
86. NOOR MAHAL SARAI, NOORMAHAL frames were attended. Providing and
laying of lime concreting in roofs, rooms,
The work of repair of the monument by pointing of joints in tradition mortar were
way of underpinning of west side wall and attended. The above works were attended
plaster of the gate was taken up and is in under deposit work.
progress.
91. PAINTED HALL AND OTHER CELLS
87. ANCIENT SITE THEH GHATI NAGAR BEHIND BURJ BABA ALA, DISTRICT
PATIALA
Providing and fixing of dwarf wall with
grill fencing in north east at Theh ghati is The work includes providing lakhauri
in progress. country tile brick masonry, 1st class
262
sapwood, deodar wood, teak wood, in 93. SHORE TEMPLE, MAMALLAPURAM,

roof, door, window frames and panel was DISTRICT KANCHIPURAM
completed. Wood painting, water proofing

sheets over wooden paint, tile brick The damaged fencing was removed and
terracing over wooden plank, lime provided with a new one on the southwest
concrete, pointing, plastering works were and northwest of the monument. The work
also attended. of pointing the stone masonry walls as
well as stone flooring (damaged portion)
CHENNAI CIRCLE of the protected area has been completed.
TAMIL NADU 94. GROUP OF MONUMENT AT HILLOCK,

MAMALLAPURAM, DISTRICT
KANCHIPURAM
92. RAMPART WALLS, FORT ST. GEORGE,
DISTRICT CHENNAI
The work of repairing the badly damaged
The work of conserving the fallen/missing pathways connecting different monuments
portion of the fortification walls has been on the hillock are taken up and work is in
completed (Pl. 110). progress.
104. MURUGANATHA TEMPLE, 95. MUNKUDIMI ESWARAN TEMPLE, P.V.

TIRUMURUGANPUNDI, DISTRICT KALATHUR, DISTRICT KANCHIPURAM
COIMBATORE
The badly damaged and the dislocated

The work of conserving the damaged brick
door of the temple was removed and
flooring of the temple has been completed.
provided with new teak wood door with
The work of conserving and plastering the
the necessary fitting on the south east side
brick masonry of the abisheka water
of the temple.
drainage wall of the temple has been
completed. The work of laying of stone
98. MEGALITHIC CAIRNS AND CISTS,
flooring and pointing the stone joints on KARANITHANGALl, DISTRICT
Bhairava, Suriya and Bhavaniswarar sub KANCHIPURAM
shrines has been completed. Providing of
iron grill gate on Bhairava, Surya and that The work of providing fencing on the
Sinamoorthy sub shrines has also been western side of the protected area has been
completed. completed.
103. CHENNARAYA PERUMAL TEMPLE 100. MEGALITHIC CIST WITH BOUNDING

WITH ADJACENT LANDS, STONE CIRCLES, VADAMANGALAM,
ADIYAMANKOTTAI, DISTRICT DISTRICT KANCHIPURAM
DHARMAPURI
The work of conserving the stone masonry The work of providing fencing to the
wall on the western and northern sides of protected area has been completed.
the protected area (partly) has been
102. IRAVATANESVARA TEMPLE,
completed. The work of providing the
KANCHIPURAM, DISTRICT
stone flooring of in front of the temple has KANCHIPURAM
been completed.
263
Plate 110
Fort St. George: a; before and b; after conservation of rampart walls.
264
The work of providing fencing around the THE INSCRIBED STONE IN THE FRONT
monument has been completed. The work MANDAPAM, DISTRICT PUDUKKOTTAI
of providing the new stone flooring near

the gap between compound wall and Dwarf wall on the east, south and western
exiting flooring around the temple has sides of the temple tank has been
been completed. The work of conserved.
strengthening the inner and outer side of
96. SIVAGANGA LITTLE FORT
the compound wall has been completed.
ENCLOSING THE GREAT TEMPLE,
The work of plastering and pointing to the THANJAVUR, DISTRICT THANJAVUR
sand stone masonry steps of the dwarf wall
has been completed. The work of conserving cracked and
dilapidated brick work of the fortification
105. TEMPLES OF SRI NARASIMHASWAMI wall on the west and north sides has been
AND RANGANATHANSWAMI,
completed.
NAMAKKAL, DISTRICT NAMAKKAL
The work of mending, design and 101. ROCK CUT CAVES,

NARASAMANGALAM, DISTRICT
strengthening the broken/missing parts of
TIRUVANNAMALAI
the stuccos of the Ramar pathamandapa
has been completed. The work of providing fencing on the
eastern side of the protected area has been
97. RANJANGUDI FORT, RANJANGUDI,
completed.
DISTRICT PERAMBALUR
The work of conserving the steps leading 99. CHANDRAMALLESWARAR TEMPLE,

NATTERY, DISTRICT TIRUVANNAMALAI
to the cannon point on the top from the 1st
entrance has been completed. The work of
The work of providing fencing on the
repair of the fort walls on the sides of the
south and west side of the protected area
pathway has been completed. In addition
has been completed.
of pointing the stone joints of the fort
walls on the outer side of the north wall
106. JALAKANTESWARA TEMPLE, FORT
was also completed. VELLORE, DISTRICT VELLORE
111. MENNANDAR PILLAYAR TEMPLE, The outer prakara of the temple on the
MELANILAIPATTI, DISTRICT
east and south corner, south and east sides
PUDUKKOTTAI
of the Bathalamandapa and west and south
The work of conserving the dwarf wall on sides of the alangaramandapa has been
the east, south and western sides of the provided with stone flooring to avoid the
main temple was completed. The work of stagnation of water.
providing the stone flooring on
garbagrika, arthamandapa and in front of 107. FORT VELLORE, VELLORE, DISTRICT
VELLORE
the temple has also been completed.
The work of removing undulated fallen,
112. WHOLE OF THE SIVA TEMPLE AND
lower moat wall stone members on the
265
western side of the monument has been Strengthening of the sub shrines of the
completed (Pl. 111). temple has been completed.
108. THE MASJID AND TWO PONDS IN THE 117. TALAGIRISWARA TEMPLE,
WEST OF THE CITADEL, ARCOT, PANAMALAI, DISTRICT VILLUPURAM
DISTRICT VELLORE
The work of conserving the

The work of providing grill fencing on the gopuram/stucco of the temple has been
eastern, southern and west side of the completed.
monument has been completed.
118. SRI APATHASAHAYESVARA TEMPLE,
109. THE MASJID AND TWO PONDS IN THE SENDAMANGALAM, DISTRICT
WEST OF THE CITADEL, ARCOT, VILLUPURAM
DISTRICT VELLORE
The work of the stone flooring on the

The work of providing grill fencing on the
northern and southern side of the cloister
eastern, southern and west side of the
mandapa has been completed.
monument has been completed.
119. SRI AZHAGIYA NARASIMHA
113. RAJAGIRI FORT, FORT GINGEE, PERUMAL TEMPLE, ENNAYIRAM,
DISTRICT VILLUPURAM DISTRICT VILLUPURAM
The sunken stone step on the eastern side

Providing of stone flooring of the cloister
of the Chettikulam tank has been mandapa has been completed.
conserved. The work of providing stone
flooring to the Sapthamatrika shrine was 110. FORT AND TEMPLE, TIRUMAYAM,
attended (Pl. 112). DISTRICT TIRUMAYAM
114. KRISHNAGIRI FORT, FORT GINGEE,

Conservation of the open well has been
GINGEE, DISTRICT VILLUPURAM completed. The work of conserving the
mandapa of Karuper temple has been
The work of fencing the protected area of completed (Pl. 113). The work of
the fort on the north side has been providing the stone platform on the eastern
completed. side of the Vishnu temple has been
completed. Fencing on the north and
115. PATTABIRAMA TEMPLE,
northwest corner of the fort has been
NARASINGARAYANPETTAI, DISTRICT
VILLUPURAM provided. The tank wall on the north
corner of the fort was also conserved.
Fencing of the protected area on the
northern and southern side of the temple DEHRADUN CIRCLE
has been completed.
UTTRAKHAND
116. SRI PATALESWARA TEMPLE,
BRAHMMADESAM, DISTRICT 120. GROUP OF TEMPLE, JAGESHWAR,
VILLUPURAM DISTRICT ALMORA
The compound wall of the temple was
266
Plate 111
Vellore: a; before and b; after conservation of lower moat wall.
267
Plate 112
Rajagiri: a; before and b; after conservation of the Sapthmatrika shrines, Fort Gingee.
268
Plate 113
Tirumayam: a; before and b; after conservation of the mandapa of Karuper temple.
269
provided with barbed wire iron angles developed voids on its shikhara were
except road side boundary wall which was repaired. The roof and the door of the
provided with cast iron angles. sculpture shades were repaired. The stone
flooring wherever damaged was also
The stone paved flooring of the compound repaired.
was repaired by way of providing new
stone flooring wherever required. The 125. GUJARDEO TEMPLE AT DWARAHAT,
DISTRICT ALMORA
damaged wooden canopy of one of the
temple in the complex has been
Floor of the temple platform has been
repaired.
provided with stone slabs while stone
apron was provided around the temple
A new wooden ramp has been provided
with proper gradient.
for convenient access of differently able
persons.
126. RUDRANATH TEMPLE, GOPESHWAR,
DISTRICT CHAMOLI
121. FORT WITH WALLS AND RUINS
OF DWELLING HOUSES AT CHANDPUR,
DISTRICT CHAMOLI Repairs to the old wooden canopy of main
temple, repairs to stone flooring
Pathway leading to the hill fort is relayed and underpinning of wall and grill to the
and provided with galvanized windows of Rawal palace has been
iron pipe railing at outer side. Cultural done.
notice board and stone benches were also
provided at the site. 127. PANDUKESHWAR TEMPLE,
PANDUKESHWAR, DISTRICT CHAMOLI
122. EXCAVATED SITES AND REMAINS AT

PUROLA, DISTRICT UTTARAKASHI Repairs to masonry wall, flagstone
flooring, MS grill and copper sheet to
Protected area was provided with a dwarf, roof of Bhogshala have been done. New
boundary wall with chain-link fencing for stone benches have been provided. A
the purpose of safety and security of bilingual CNB has also been installed in
excavated remains. SS plate.
123. SUN TEMPLE AT KATARMAL, 128. ASHOKAN ROCK INSCRIPTION,

DISTRICT ALMORA KALSI, DISTRICT DEHRADUN
The work of reconstruction of collapse Drinking water facility to the visitors at

southern retaining wall of the temple site has been provided.
complex has been taken up and work is in
progress. 129. DANDESHWAR TEMPLE,
DANDESHWAR, DISTRICT ALMORA
124. BADRINATH GROUP OF TEMPLE AT

DWARAHAT, DISTRICT ALMORA Retaining wall has been provided on
missing portions of boundary wall
The subsidiary shrine located on the north- along with MS grill.
east corner of the complex which
270
130. ROCK INSCRIPTION IN SURVEY Earthwork excavation for foundation of

PLOT NO. 89, MANDAI, DISTRICT the sub-shrine and plinth level was carried
CHAMOLI
out. Removing of undulated and broken
sandstone flooring all around the temple
This is one of the most important rock
complex was attended. Dislodged and out
inscriptions in district Chamoli GI sheets
of plumb portion of the sub-shrine and
shed over the inscription was provided to
plinth was dismantled.
stop further weathering of the inscription.
Laying rubble soling to the foundation of
131. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM,
JAGESHWAR ALMORA the sub-shrine and plinth level structure
and bed concrete to the foundation of sub-
Surrounding of the Jageshwar museum shrine and flooring was done. Restoration
building get face lifted by way of repairs of the dismantled sub-shrine and plinth
to the walls, floor, compound wall, and fixing of new stone members
drainage, etc. wherever missing was taken up. Sandstone
flooring all around sub shrine was layed.
DHARWAD CIRCLE Fixing of curbing stone to the flooring
sides and coping stone to the compound
KARNATAKA wall were also provided (Pl. 115).
132. CHIKKI GUDI TEMPLE, AIHOLE, 134. FORT WALL, AIHOLE, DISTRICT
DISTRICT BAGALKOT BAGALKOT
Resetting of the temple, stone apron, Dismantling of the disturbed /out of plumb
pathways and lowering the ground to the portion of the fortification wall and laying
original level of temple was taken up. of PCC for the foundation was done.
Dismantling of sub-shrine, sunken plinth Restoration of the wall on the southern
level structure, roof slabs, beams, capitals, side of the Huchhappayya temple was
pillars, walls and inner portion of the taken up and work is in progress (Pl. 116).
temple flooring was taken up. Earthwork
excavation for foundation of the sub- 135. CHAKRA GUDI, AIHOLE, DISTRICT
BAGALKOT
shrines, main shrines, plinth level sub
structure and excavation for base flooring
The work of lowering of the ground to the
was done. Laying to the foundation of sub-
original level without causing any damage
shrine and plinth level was taken up.
to hidden structure was taken up.
Restoration of dismantled stones and
Dislodged and out of plumb portion of the
removing of undulated/broken sand stone
flight of steps and wall of the ancient well
flooring was attended. Fixing sand stone
was taken out and restoration of the same
beams, slabs and laying sand stone
was done as per original (Pl. 117).
flooring all around sub-shrine was
attended (Pl. 114). 136. AGASTYATEERTHA TANK, BADAMI,
DISTRICT BAGALKOT
133. GALAGANATH GROUP OF TEMPLES,
AIHOLE, DISTRICT BAGALKOT
271
Plate 114
Aihole: a; before and b; after conservation of Chikki Gudi temple.
272
Plate 115
Aihole: a; before and b; after conservation of Galaganath group of temples.
273
Plate 116
Aihole: a; before and b; after conservation of fort wall.
274
Plate 117
Aihole: a; before and b; after conservation of Chakra Gudi.
275
The work of the dismantling the out of 141. BAROOD KOTA, BIDAR FORT,
plumb portion of the fortification wall on DISTRICT BIDAR
western side and restoration the same

using lime mortar was taken up (Pl. 118). The out of plumb portion of fort wall was
taken out and repaired by way of providing
137. GROUP OF MONUMENTS AT earthwork excavation for leveling and
CHOLACHAGUDDA, BADAMI, DISTRICT lowering of ground level and lime mortar
BAGALKOT concrete bed flooring. Dead lime mortar
concrete from roof top was taken out and
Providing roof slab and reconstruction of re-laid as per original. MS grill for arch
the abutment wall around the temple was openings were also fixed.
done (Pl. 119).
142. BIJAPUR FORT, BIJAPUR, DISTRICT
138. VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE, BIJAPUR
PATTADAKAL, DISTRICT BAGALKOT
Collapsed and missing portion of the
The work of removing of dead loose fortification wall was taken up for repair
cement pointing from the roof and relaying and work is in progress (Pl. 121).
with using lime mortar and providing hood
stone was attended. Out of plumb portion 143. ASAR MAHAL, BIJAPUR, DISTRICT
of the prakara wall was repaired as per BIJAPUR
original (Pl. 120).

Oil Band Distemper to interior wall
139. MALLIKARJUNA TEMPLE, surface, touch wood and enamel paints to
PATTADAKAL, DISTRICT BAGALKOT wooden members was provided.
The dead loose cement pointing from the 144. JUMMA MASJID, BIJAPUR, DISTRICT
BIJAPUR
roof of the temple was removed and re-
done using lime mortar and providing
Oil Band Distemper to interior wall
hood stone wherever missing and fixing
surface and ceiling of the dome was
sand stone windows and steps. Leveling
provided.
and lowering of the undulated area for
easy flow of rainwater and providing 145. HASAN GULJAR TOMB WITH
teakwood doors was also attended. MARBLE TOMB NEAR RAM LINGA TANK,
BIJAPUR, DISTRICT BIJAPUR
140. HAZAR KOTRI, BIDAR FORT,
DISTRICT BIDAR Collapsed debris and dead lime mortar
concrete from roof top of tomb was
Removing loose and peeled off lime removed and watertightened. De-
mortar plaster from wall and ceiling and plastering of the dead lime mortar from
providing fresh lime mortar plaster was wall and ceiling was also done and fresh
attended. Earthwork excavation for lime mortar plaster was provided (Pl. 122).
leveling and lowering the ground level and
providing lime mortar concrete bed
flooring was also done.
276
Plate 118
Badami: a; before and b; after conservation of Agastyateertha tank
277
Plate 119
Badami: a; before and b; after conservation of group of monuments at Cholachagudda.
278
Plate 120
Pattadakal: a; before and b; after conservation of Virupaksha temple.
279
Plate 121
Bijapur: a; before and b; after conservation of Bijapur fort.
280
Plate 122
Bijapur: a; before and b; after conservation of Ram linga tank.
281
146. IBRAHIM ROUZA, BIJAPUR, DISTRICT Reconstruction of out of plumb portion of

BIJAPUR the entrance of the mandapa by way of
Construction of the dwarf compound wall dressing the stone blocks for preparing
around the protect area was done. Fencing moulding, carving, etc. was taken up (Pl.
of the newly acquired land for providing 126).
drainage behind the monument by
152. DODDABASAPPA TEMPLE, DAMBAL,
earthwork excavation, laying bed concrete
DISTRICT GADAG
and construction of UCR stone masonry
for the foundation was attended (Pl. 123). The work of dismantling the entrance of
the Nandi mandapa and reconstruction of
147. JOD GUMBAZ, BIJAPUR, DISTRICT the same as per the original was taken up.
BIJAPUR
153. FORTIFICATION WALL, GULBARGA,
The work of taking out of dead lime DISTRICT GULBARGA
mortar concrete from roof top and
watertightening was taken up. De- Restoration of missing portion of merlons
using trap stone block in lime mortar and
plastering the dead lime mortar from wall,
core filling between gaps of the veneering
ceiling, and providing a fresh lime mortar wall was attended.
plaster was also carried out. Laying bed
concrete flooring, applying OBD to wall 154. GREAT MOSQUE, GULBARGA,
surface and enamel paints to doors and DISTRICT GULBARGA
windows was attended (Pl. 124).
The dead plaster from ceiling and inner
148. SANGEET AND NARI MAHAL, dome of mosque was taken up and re-
BIJAPUR, DISTRICT BIJAPUR plastered matching to the original.
Landscaping work around the monuments 155. HAFT GUMBAZ (TOMB OF

was carried out. FIROZSHAH), GULBARGA, DISTRICT
GULBARGA
149. BASAVANNADEVA TEMPLE, TAMBUR
DISTRICT DHARWAD The work of providing lime plaster to
dome was attended.
Schist stone apron and pathway around the
temple was provided (Pl. 125). 156. EXCAVATED SITE KANAGANAHALLI,
SANNATI, DISTRICT GULBARGA
150. AMRUTESHWARA TEMPLE,
ANNIGERI DISTRICT DHARWAD The work of providing pile foundation in
CC masonry and plinth filling was done.
Restoration of out of plumb portion of the Repairs of the votive stupas using lime
wall and watertightening the leak roof was mortar was also carried out.
attended.
157. JATTAPPANAIKAN
CHANDRANATHESWARA BASTI,
151. MAHADEVA TEMPLE, ITTAGI,
BHATKAL, DISTRICT UTTARA KANNADA
DISTRICT GADAG
282
Plate 123
Bijapur: a; before and b; after conservation of Ibrahim Rouza.
283
Plate 124
c d
Bijapur: a; before and b; after conservation of Jod gumbaz.
284
Plate 125
Tambur: a; before and b; after conservation of Basavannadeva temple.
285
Plate 126
Ittagi: a-b; during conservation of Mahadeva temple.
286
Dressed schist stone pathway was 162. MIRJAN FORT, KUMTA, DISTRICT
provided within the complex (Pl. 127). UTTARA KANNADA
158. JOSHI SHANKARANARAYANA Rank vegetation from the fort and moat
DEVASTHANA, MUD-BHATKAL, DISTRICT areas has been removed. Restoration of
UTTARA KANNADA bulged out, missing and fallen portions of
the fort wall was taken up (Pls. 130-131).
Damaged mandapa was conserved by
replacing broken roof slab, beams, coping GOA CIRCLE
stone, pillar base, capital and pillar with
new ones. The dislodged flooring of GOA
mandapa portion was re-laid over concrete
base. Plinth protection all around the 163. BASILICA OF BOM JESUS CHURCH,
devasthana by dressed schist stone was OLD GOA, DISTRICT GOA
provided. The fallen, damaged compound
wall was removed and foundation was laid The undulated laterite stone pavement in
for re-construction of compound wall in front of the church has been re-laid by
laterite stone masonry (Pl. 128). using old and new stones. As a security
measure, the surveillance cameras have
159. KETAPAI NARAYANA DEVASTHANA, been provided at Se’ Cathedral and
MUD-BHATKAL, DISTRICT UTTARA Basilica of Bom Jesus church. The out of
KANNADA
plumb retaining wall towards southern side
of the church has been re-constructed. The
Damaged wooden door has been replaced
quadrangle portion has been white washed
with new ones as a security measure.
after scraping and cleaning moss and
lichen (Pl. 132).
160. GROUP OF MONUMENTS AT
GERSOPPA, DISTRICT UTTARA KANNADA
164. MAHADEV TEMPLE, TAMBDISURLA,
DISTRICT GOA
Damaged wooden door was replaced with
new ones as a security measure.
The roof of the temple has been
161. VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE, BILGI, watertightened (Pl. 133).
DISTRICT UTTARA KANNADA
165. RACHOL SEMINARY, RAIA, DISTRICT
Damaged roof slabs, coping stones and GOA
chajjas of mandapa and door of the
sanctum were replaced with new ones. The damaged roof of the main church
Damaged laterite steps were removed and along with wooden ceiling inside the
replaced with new schist stone steps. The church has been dismantled and re-laid the
open area of the entrance has been laid same by replacing decayed wooden beams,
with schist stone flooring. A garden was rafters and fixing of pre-coated sheets
developed and temple has been illuminated below the Mangalore tiles. The work is in
(Pl. 129). progress (Pl. 134).
287
Plate 127
Bhatkal: a; before and b; after conservation of Jattappanaikan Chandranatheswara temple.
288
Plate 128
Mud Bhatkal: a; before and b; during conservation of Joshi shankarnarayana devasthana.
289
Plate 129
Bilgi: a; before and b; after conservation of Virupaksha temple.
290
Plate 130
Mirjan: a; before and b; after restoration of fort wall.
291
Plate 131
Mirjan: a; before and b; after restoration of fort wall.
292
Plate 132
a b
c d
Old Goa: a; before and b; after conservation of Basilica of Bom Jesus,
293
Plate 133
Tambdisurla: a; before and b; after conservation of roof of Mahadev temple.
294
Plate 134
Rachol Seminary: a; before and b; during conservation of r oof of the main church.
295
166. ST. CAJETAN CHURCH, OLD GOA, of MS grill, etc. was completed.
DISTRICT GOA
171. GROUP OF FOUR MAIDAM,
The decayed and damaged windows of the CHARAIDEO, DISTRICT CHARAIDEO
central dome were replaced with the new
ones (Pl. 135). Construction of retaining wall to the left
side of the excavated maidam, etc. was
167. SE’ CATHEDRAL CHURCH, OLD GOA, done.
DISTRICT GOA
172. RANGAMATI MOSQUE, PANBARI,
The side altars inside the church have been DISTRICT DHUBRI
re-set and restored by strengthening them
and replacing decayed wooden pegs with Dismantling of old damaged floor and
new ones. The loose and peeled off portion relaying of lime concrete floor was done.
inside and outsides of the church has been
173. REMAINS OF A FORT, DISTRICT
plastered in lime mortar duly preparing the DIMAPUR
designs and moldings as per the original
(Pl. 136). The work of pointing the ancient structure,
painting to the existing MS grill, etc. was
168. UPPER FORT AGUADA, DISTRICT
completed.
GOA
174. BHUBANESWARI TEMPLE, DISTRICT

The decayed, damaged and missing doors GOMATI
and windows of the light house have been
repaired and replaced with the new ones. Extension of retaining wall including
The underground water tank in front of the fitting & fixing of MS grill, etc. was done
light house has been applied with (Pl. 138).
preservative coat. (Pl. 137).
175. SRI SURYAPAHAR RUINS, DISTRICT
GUWAHATI CIRCLE GOALPARA
ASSAM Construction of pathway, chain link, etc.

was done.
169. DHANDI TEMPLE, DISTRICT
SONITPUR
176. U-MAWTHAW-DUR-BRIEW,
NARTIANG, DISTRICT JAINTIA HILLS
Height of existing compound wall of the
temple was raised and MS grill was fixed RR stone masonary retaining wall to arrest
over it for the purposed of strengthened the the erosion of soil was done (Pl. 139).
security.
177. VISHNUJANARDAN, GUWAHATI,
170. CACHARI RUINS, KHASPUR, DISTRICT KAMRUP
DISTRICT CACHAR
Extension of RCC stairs, RR stone
Construction of low height compound wall retaining wall, fixing of pipe railing, etc.
with standard brick including fixing was done.
296
Plate 135
b
Old Goa: a; before and b; during conservation of windows of the central dome of St. Cajetan
church.
297
Plate 136
Old Goa: a; before and b; during conservation of outer/frontal portion Se Cathedral church.
298
Plate 137
Candolim: a; before and b; after preservation coat of underground water tank upper fort
Aguada.
299
Plate 138
Rajnagar: a; during and b; after extension of retaining wall with MS grill Bhubaneswari
temple.
300
Plate 139
Nartiang: a; before and b; after construction of retaining wall of U-Mawthaw-dur-briew.
301
Mending of stone pillars of the temple was Lime surkhi plastering, restoration and
done and pathway was providing. strengthening the ancient boundary wall,
etc. was done.
179. KAMESWAR TEMPLE, DISTRICT
KAMRUP 186. SIVADOL AT SIVASAGAR, DISTRICT
SIVASAGAR
Construction of breast wall, pathway, etc.
was done. The work of watertightening of the roof of
the temple with lime surkhi mortar, lime
180. ANCIENT REMAINS AT surkhi plastering, etc. was attended.
BHISMAKNAGAR, DISTRICT LOHIT
Construction of compound wall around the 187. VISHNUDOL AT SIVASAGAR,

DISTRICT SIVASAGAR
protected site, fixing of MS grill, gate, etc.
was done.
Repair to the monument was taken up by
181. ANCIENT REMAINS AT way of providing lime surkhi plaster after
BAKSHANAGAR, DISTRICT SHIPAHIJALA removal of decayed damaged one.
Lime concrete brick apron around the 188. DEVIDOL AT SIVASAGAR, DISTRICT
newly exposed structure was provided (Pl. SIVASAGAR
140).
The mukhamandapa was repair and by
182. GAURISAGAR TANK, DISTRICT way of providing lime surkhi plastering
SIVASAGAR after removal of decayed damaged one.
RR masonary work including fixing of MS 189. VISHNUDOL AT JAYSAGAR, DISTRICT

grill railing around the ancient tank was SIVASAGAR
attended.
Filter drain was provided to check seepage
183. SIVADOL AT JAYSAGAR, DISTRICT of water to the garbhagriha. Lime
SIVASAGAR concrete roofing, construction of new gate,
etc. was done.
Lime surkhi plastering, strengthening of
the ancient boundary wall was carried out 190. MASONRY REMAINS OF BAMUNI
(Pl. 141). HILL, DISTRICT SONITPUR
184. VISHNUDOL AT GAURISAGAR, Construction of retaining wall and

DISTRICT SIVASAGAR compound wall was done (Pl. 143).
Lime surkhi plaster to the monument, lime 191. SINGRI HILL RUINS, DISTRICT
concrete flooring and roofing, etc. was SONITPUR
attended (Pl. 142).
Dwarf wall was raised further for the
185. SIVADOL AT GAURISAGAR, DISTRICT purpose of safety and security of
SIVASAGAR monument.
302
Plate 140
Bakshanagar: a; before and b; after making lime concrete brick apron.
303
Plate 141
Jaysagar: a; before and after strengthening of the ancient boundary wall.
304
Plate 142
Gaurisagar: a; before and b; after conservation of flooring and roofing of Vishnudol.
305
Plate 143
Masonary: a; before and b; after construction of retaining wall of Bamuni hill.
306
192. SUKRESWAR, RUINS OF TEMPLE, the wall and neighbouring area was also
BISWANATHGHAT, DISTRICT SONITPUR cleaned (Pl. 147). The buried structures
adjoining to the eastern wall of a stabal
Raising the height of dwarf wall and fixing complex was also taken up for clearance.
of MS grill, etc. was done (Pl. 144). The structures were carefully exposed and
conserved. The work is in progress (Pl.
193. THAKURANI TILLA AT PILLAK,
148).
DISTRICT S. TRIPURA
Construction of relaying approach 197. SIVA TEMPLE AND RUINS (ARTHUNA)

DISTRICT BANSWARA
pathway, painting to the existing grill and
GCI sheet over the roof was done.
Conservation work of the Kumbhaleswar
temple, Garhi complex and Khanda Dera
194. ROCK-CUT-SCULPTURES AT
UNAKOTI, DISTRICT UNAKOTI complex were taken up for repair. The
accumulated earth over the platform was
Approach pathway (steps) with RR stone removed carefully and missing/ displaced
masonary around the monument were stones were reset as per original. The
provided (Pl. 145). minor sub shrine located in the close
vicinity was repaired. Apron was
JAIPUR CIRCLE conserved on the front side for easy
movement of the tourists.
RAJASTHAN
Scientific clearance work was undertaken
195. MAHAL BADSHAHI (PUSKER), on the eastern half of the complex to
DISTRICT AJMER expose the buried platform of the Jain
temple. The missing/ displaced stones of
The conservation of both baradaris of the enclosure wall were reset to their
Mahal Badshahi was taken up for repair by proper position. Dwarf wall with iron grill
way of using matching stone blocks. Lime was provided to safeguard the whole
plaster was provided at places, wherever it complex (Pl. 149).
required. The damaged stone of the
staircase were also replaced with new one. 198. ANCIENT RUINS AND STRUCTURAL
Damaged/missing protruding out canopies REMAINS, KRISHNAVILAS, DISTRICT
and chajja stones were also conserved as BARAN
per original (Pl. 146.
Aapron was provided from all side to the
196. ANCIENT SITE, BHANGARH, monuments to stop seepage of water in the
DISTRICT ALWAR foundation. Undulated/dislodged stones of
the floor were taken out and reset as per
The buried/missing outer fort wall between original. The work is in progress.
bastions no. 20, 21 were taken up for
conservation. The buried wall was exposed For the safety and security of the
carefully and conserved as per original. monument, a high dwarf wall with grill
Watertightening was done on the top to fencing has been provided from all side
stop seepage. The vegetation growth over with a gate at the centre.
307
Plate 144
Biswanath: a; before and b; after raising the height of dwarf wall and fixing MS of the Rock
known as Sakreswar.
308
Plate 145
Unakoti: a; before and b; after construction of sculptures and rock-cut reliefs of the pathway.
309
Plate 146
Puskar: a; before and b; after conservation of second pavilion of the Badshahi mahal.
310
Plate 187
Bhangarh: a; before and b; during conservation of buried outer most fortification wall of
ancient site.
311
Plate 148
Bhangarh: a; before and b; after conservation of buried structures to the northern side of
inner most fortification, ancient site.
312
Plate 139
Arthuna: a; before and b; during conservation of Siva temple and ruins.
313
199. MOAT, SURROUNDING THE FORT The missing and badly damaged steps of
WALL OF BHARATPUR, DISTRICT the Sukhadia tank were restored with the
BHARATPUR
help of combination material whereas the
The fortification wall between bastions no. bulged, out of plumb support wall and the
25 to 29 were taken up for repair. The base stones were dismantled and reset as
huge cavities were filled with traditional per the original (Pl. 151).
material and a proper pointing was done to
stop the further vegetation growth. In continuation of previous year’s work
the conservation of the damaged portion of
200. NAND BHAWAN, DEEG, DISTRICT the fortification wall between Mrigwan to
BHARATPUR northern side has been taken up. The
missing/fallen wall was reset in lime
The missing chajja stones on the north- mortar as per original. The pointing was
east corner of the Nand Bhawan were done with lime mortar after removing the
provided. The lotus flower frieze was also vegetation.
provided on the projecting end, matching
to the original. Windows and doors were 203. MAHANAL TEMPLE AND MATH
also taken for repair. The work is in MENAL, DISTRICT CHITTAURGARH
progress.
The prakara wall on the back of the
The overhead tank for running the fountain premises which was collapsed due to
was also taken up for repair. The whole heavy rain was taken for repair by way of
inner roof and the walls were re-plastered using available stone numbers. The work
in lime mortar as per original. The is in progress.
undulated floor was also leveled and lime
concrete was provided to stop the 204. BAORI, ABANERI, DISTRICT DAUSA
vegetation growth. The work is in progress
(Pl. 150). The conservation of the damaged/ missing
battlements/kanguras of baori was taken
201. LAL MAHAL RUPVAS, DISTRICT up. Missing kanguras were conserved
BHARATPUR with brick masonry in lime mortar on all
side of the enclosure wall and provided
The restoration of missing chajja stone of with lime plaster matching with original.
the camp office building located next to
the tehsil office was taken up. Chajja The missing roof of the veranda near main
stone were replaced wherever require entrance gate was taken up for
matching with the original. conservation. The roof top was provided
with lime concrete. Existing cement
The worn out/broken stones of the floor plaster of the walls on the left side in the
were also replaced with the new one and main complex was removed and coated
the joints were properly pointed to stop the with lime plaster to match it with the
vegetation growth. original.
202. FORT OF CHITTAUR AS A WHOLE,
DISTRICT CHITTAURGARH
314
Plate 150
Deeg: a; before and b; during conservation of broken chajja, Nand Bhawan.
315
Plate 151
Chittaur: a; before and b; after conservation of dilapidated/missing ghats of Sukhadia tank,

Fort of Chittaur.
316
205. JAISALMER FORT, DISTRICT LUCKNOW CIRCLE

JAISALMER
UTTAR PRADESH
In continuation of previous year's work the
damaged, decayed, tilted and dislodged 207. ANCIENT BRICK TEMPLE, KURARI,
dry masonry pitching wall near police DISTRICT FATEHPUR
chowki was taken up for conservation.
New stone blocks were placed in the wall Boundary wall with iron grill has been
with lime mortar. Joints were properly provided in the eastern and northern
pointed to stop seepage of water and portion of the monument for safety and
vegetation growth. The pitching wall was security purpose.
reconstructed up to its original height.
Missing/dilapidated apron was also 208. EMPEROR AURANGZEB’S PAVILION,
repaired and wherever required new stones BAGH BADSHAHI, KHAJUA, DISTRICT
FATEHPUR
were provided.
Southern and western damaged wall were
The damaged, dilapidated and settled
restored by the use of lakhauri bricks and
pitching wall near the electric transformer
lime plaster matching with the original.
was also taken up for conservation. Each
stone of the wall was properly
209. CLOSED BRITISH CEMETERY,
documented, marked and thereafter KAITHA, DISTRICT HAMIRPUR
dismantled. A new foundation was
provided to the wall. Available stones The boundary wall of the cemetery was
were used during the reconstruction but repaired. The damaged portion of the wall
new stone blocks also provided. The work was restored as per original. Roof of the
is in progress (Pl. 152). hall in cemetery has also been repaired as
per original.
206. RANTHAMBHOR FORT, DISTRICT
SAWAI MADHOPUR
210. LORD JAGANNATH TEMPLE, BEHTA,
DISTRICT KANPUR
Battis Khamba chatri was taken for repair.
The missing/broken chajja of the minor Interior portion of the garbhagriha of the
subsidiary chatris were replaced with new temple was conserved. The dwarmandapa
ones matching to the original. Worn out/ and mukhamandapa was also repaired by
damaged pandasa stones of the main dome using of lakhauri bricks and lime plaster.
were replaced with the new stone. The
damaged shaft and pillar base of the dome 211. KATCHEHRY CEMETERY, KANPUR,
stones were replaced with the new one DISTRICT KANPUR
matching to the original.
In continuation of previous year’s work,
Repair to the mandapa of the Jain temple damaged graves in the western portion of
was taken up for repair. The work is in the cemetery were restored with available
progress. bricks in lime plaster matching with
original.
317
Plate 152
Jaisalmer: a; during and b; after conservation of piching wall near transformer of

Jaisalmer fort.
318
212. ANCIENT BRICK TEMPLE, nasheen hall of the Bara Imambara by way
KANCHALIPUR, DISTRICT KANPUR of removing of dead plaster and restoring
with richly moulded lime plaster as per
original was completed. Lime punning of
boundary wall was constructed towards the
the ceiling was also done.
north and west of the monument and a
pathway from the gate of the boundary
217. TOMB OF MUHAMMAD ALI SHAH
wall to the temple was also provided. (CHOTA IMAMBARA), LUCKNOW,
DISTRICT LUCKNOW
213. MONUMENT IN THE MEMORY OF
COL. T.S. POWEL, KUNWARPUR, Conservation of the Shahi hammam in
DISTRICT KANPUR
Chota Imambara complex has been taken
up by way of restoring of lime plaster in
Damaged portion of the monument
the small rooms. Damaged and missing
including the pillar were restored matching
floral designs in the centre of ceiling and
with the original. Dwarf wall with grill
on the border of the walls were
was provided to ensure the safety and
reproduced.
security of the monument. Boundary wall
has been repaired by the use of lakhauri
Exterior of the qibla wall of the shahi
bricks and lime plaster.
mosque was strengthened by way of
underpinning. Stucco work in lime mortar
214. AMJAD ALI SHAH’S MAUSOLEUM,
LUCKNOW, DISTRICT LUCKNOW was also reproduced as per available
design.
Restoration of the inner gateway of the
mausoleum was taken up by way of 218. DILKUSHA KOTHI, LUCKNOW,
DISTRICT LUCKNOW
underpinning with lakhauri brick masonry
matching with the original. Carved
Lime plaster work was taken up in the
mouldings have been restored as per
exterior lower portion at the eastern,
original by way stucco lime plastering.
northern and southern walls of the main
building. Pathways at the south and eastern
215. BIBIAPUR KOTHI, LUCKNOW,
DISTRICT LUCKNOW portion of the main building were repaired
with the lakhauri bricks as per original.
The roof of the first floor has been
conserved by way of using wooden beam, 219. GENERAL WALI KOTHI, LUCKNOW,
DISTRICT LUCKNOW
tiled brick, lime-concrete. Cracks in wall
were repaired by the way of pointing and
underpinning.
stone flooring of the monument was
restored. Lime concrete work of the roof
216. IMAMBARA ASAF-UD-DAULAH (BARA
IMAMBARA), LUCKNOW, DISTRICT was taken up. Wooden doors were repaired
LUCKNOW matching with the original.
In continuation of previous year’s work, 220. GHAZI UD-DIN HAIDER TOMB,

repair of the ceiling and walls of the shah LUCKNOW, DISTRICT LUCKNOW
319
The southern gateway of the tomb was railing was restored matching with the
repaired with simple moulded lime plaster original. Damaged floral motives and
as per original. Apron and the pathway pinnacles were also restored.
were also repaired.
225. SMALL MOUND LOCALLY KNOWN AS
221. KAISERBAGH GATE, LUCKNOW, BHAINSA SUR WITH A RUINED TEMPLE
DISTRICT LUCKNOW ON THE SUMMIT AND OLD STATUE
INSIDE IT, CHUKA, DISTRICT MAHOBA
interior of the eastern gate of Kaiserbagh Boundary wall was provided at the south-
gates was repaired by way of restoring of western portion of the temple for the safety
decorative motifs and designs matching and security.
with the original. Lakhauri brick and lime
plaster was utilized for veneering. 226. CHANDEL TEMPLE, RAWATPUR,
DISTRICT MAHOBA
222. RESIDENCY, LUCKNOW, DISTRICT

LUCKNOW The scattered architectural member nearby
the temple were removed and the work of
Main residency tower was conserved by resetting of the temple with available
way of pointing using lime mortar. The stones were taken up. Before, putting up
cornice of the tower was reproduced by the the stone slabs for platform, the surface
use of lakhauri bricks and lime mortar as was strengthened. Drainage system around
per original. the temple has also been repaired.
223. RUMI DARWAZA, LUCKNOW, MUMBAI CIRCLE

DISTRICT LUCKNOW
MAHARASHTRA
Repair work of the inner portion above the
first floor of Rumi Darwaza was taken up. 227. ELEPHANTA CAVES, ELEPHANTA,
Dead and damaged plaster was removed DISTRICT RAIGAD
and coated with fresh plaster. Decorative
cornice mouldings were re-produced as per The old existing drainage on the top of the
original by the use of lime mortar. caves which was damaged at many places
Miniature domes were repaired by was repaired by way of removing of
lakhauri bricks and lime mortar. Pinnacles damages portions and reconstructing the
were reproduced in terracotta and colored same, wherever missing and PCC coping
matching with original. Watertightening was provided over the walls (Pl. 153).
work of the roof terrace by providing
228. OLD PORTUGUESE FORT REMAINS,
proper slope and drainage was also done.
BASSEIN, DISTRICT PALGHAR
224. VICTORIA MEMORIAL, LUCKNOW,

DISTRICT LUCKNOW
The debris of collapsed portion of the fort
accumulated in and around the structure
Damaged and decayed sand stone flooring was cleaned and buried portion was
and steps were repaired and the stone exposed. Watertightening to the top of
320
exposed walls including leveling of the pin header stone at a regular interval was
uneven walls up to its original height with also done (Pl. 157).
UCR masonry in lime mortar was done.
The gaps and cracks developed in the 230. LOHAGAD FORT, LOHAGAD,
DISTRICT PUNE
walls were filled with stone bolder and
fixed in lime mortar, pointing was done to The enclosure wall of the Dargah which
prevent further growth of vegetation (Pls. was missing and damaged at many places
154-155). was taken for repair. The height of the
wall was raised by providing UCR
The debris around Nossa Senhora was masonry in lime mortar. The damaged
cleared and buried structure was exposed. Shahabad stone flooring was removed
Watertightening the top of exposed walls and replaced with the dressed stone slab
including restoring of the missing and fixed in lime mortar over the lime concrete
damaged portion of the structures with bed (Pl. 158).
UCR masonry in lime mortar was
attended. The pointing was also done to 231. MANDAPESHWAR CAVES,
prevent the further growth of vegetation. MANDAPESHWAR, TALUKA-BORIVALI,
Ancient drainage system was revived with DISTRICT MUMBAI SUB URBAN
providing necessary masonry and

Vegetation was removed, debris were
watertightened the same as per original in
cleared with taking care to avoid the
lime mortar. (Pl. 156).
damages to the hidden structures. The
exposed structures were repair by way of
228. JOGESHWARI CAVES, JOGESHWARI,
DISTRICT MUMBAI SUB URBAN the pointing in lime mortar, watertightened
to prevent the further growth of the
The top surface of the cave was vegetation (Pl. 159).
watertightened with lime mortar including
filing up the natural pockets with brick jali 232. SHELARWADI CAVES, SHELARWADI,
and lime mortar and given the rock TALUKA-HAVELI, DISTRICT PUNE
appearance to the top surface as per

existing pattern. The height of existing The courtyard of the cave was extended by
parapet wall was raised over the cave with providing retaining wall at the valley side
UCR masonry in cement mortar for with UCR to make it more convenient to
security of visitors and to avoid any the visitors (Pl. 160).
unauthorized activities.
233. SHIVNERI FORT, JUNNAR, TALUKA-
JUNNAR, DISTRICT PUNE
229. KORLAI FORT, KORLAI, DISTRICT
RAIGAD
The fortification wall, battlement and
bastions have been taken for repair by way
Unwanted tree and roots were removed
of using traditional material. The
from the fortification wall and repaired
dislodged and damaged portion of wall
was done with CR stone masonry with
was removed carefully and repaired
lime mortar, matching as per the original.
matching to the original.
Strengthening the core portion with UCR
masonry in lime mortar and placing the
321
Plate 153
Gharapuri: a; before and b; after conservation of drainage of Elephanta caves.
322
Plate 154
Bassein: a; before and b; after conservation of Mesericordia complex, old Portuguese fort
and remains.
323
Plate 155
Bassein: a; before and b; after conservation of Mesericordia complex, old Portuguese fort
and remains.
324
Plate 146
Bassein: a; before and b; after conservation of Nossa Senhora Sauda complex old
Portuguese fort
325
Plate 157
Korlai: a; before and b; during conservation of fortification of Korlai fort.
326
Plate 158
Lohagad: a-b; during conservation of the enclosure wall of the Dargah Lohagad fort.
327
Plate 159
Taluka-Borivali: a; before and b; after restoration of structure over the caves of

Mandapeshwar caves.
328
Plate 160
Shelarwadi: a; before and b; after conservation of retaining wall of caves.
329
The existing damaged pathway from The collapsed portion of the fortification
Mahadarwaja to Peer gate was repaired by wall near Dariya burj was removed. The
using dressed stone slab fixed over the foundation was consolidated by using
base of lime concrete (Pl. 161). laterite stone blocks with specially
prepared mortar.
234. SINDHUDURG FORT, MALVAN,
TALUKA-MALVAN, DISTRICT RAIPUR CIRCLE
SINDHUDURG
CHHATTISGARH
The restoration work of the fort wall and
bastions were carried out at selected
237. LAXMAN TEMPLE, SIRPUR DISTRICT
portion of the fortification wall on the MAHASAMUND
seaside by using basaltic stone blocks for
veneering by using hydraulic lime mortar Conservation of brick structure adjacent to
(brick powder, river sand with pebbles, residence of priest has been taken. Chain
hydraulic lime, Mangalore tile earthen pot link fencing over dwarf wall to the outer
pieces, herbal plants seeds and fibers) (Pl. periphery was provided and refurbishment
162). of Sculpture shed-1 inside the complex
was carried out.
235. SOLAPUR FORT, SOLAPUR TALUKA-
SOLAPUR, DISTRICT SOLAPUR
238. EXCAVATED STRUCTURES, SIRPUR,
DISTRICT MAHASAMUD
To keep monument in presentable
condition the vegetation was cleared and Conservation work to the back side of
the stem and roots of the trees were vihar with laying flooring inside the cells
removed. and Padmapaniv vihar was attended (Pl.
164). Newly excavated structure near
The collapsed portion of fortification wall Raikera tank was provided with boundary
was reconstructed with CR stone blocks wall with chain link fencing. Mending of
for veneering in lime mortar. The core the architectural fragments and stitching
portion of the wall was filled with UCR the lintel slab of Tiwardev complex was
masonry in lime mortar. taken up. Repair of the fortification wall
in vihar complex was also attended. Apron
Northwest corner of the mosque which all around the monastery (SRP-16) with
was fallen down due to settlement of the approach was provided (Pl. 165).
foundation was reconstructed with CR
stone masonry in lime mortar. Foundation Palace Complex was repaired by way of
was strengthened with bed concrete in veneering, under pinning, core filling and
lime mortar and stone boulders (Pl. 163). watertightening. Flooring to the cells
matching to original was also provided (Pl.
236. VIJAYDURG FORT, VIJAYDURG, 166). Repairs to the newly excavated
TALUKA-DEVGAD, DISTRICT monastery near school was attended by
SINDHUDURG way of veneering, underpinning, core
filling and watertightening.
330
Plate 161
Shivneri: a; before and b; during adjacent to the Hathi gate Shivneri fort.
331
Plate 162
Sindhudurg – a; before and b; after conservation of bastion no. 14 of Sindhdurg fort.
332
Plate 163
Solapur: a; before and b; after conservation of mosque, Solapur fort.
333
Plate 164
Sirpur: a; before and b; after conservation of Padmapani vihar.
334
Plate 165
Sirpur: a; before and b; after conservation of monastery (SRP-16).
335
Plate 166
Sirpur: a; before and b; after conservation of palace complex.
336
Dwarf compound wall with MS grill was watering the stagnation water from
provided around the structure (SRP-16, 31 antarala was attended.
and 32). Conservation of excavated 241. BHAND DEUL TEMPLE, ARANG
Buddha vihara near Raikera tank was DISTRICT RAIPUR
attended by way of veneering,

Conservation to the raised plinth of temple
underpinning, core filling and
was done (Pl. 170).
watertightening (Pl. 167).
242. SITA BAREE, RAJIM, DISTRICT
Structural conservation to a damaged wall
GARIABAND
of monastery (SRP-25) was carried out.
Compound wall with MS grill fixing was
Iron grill was provided to the remaining
provided around excavated market area.
portion of boundary wall of the site.
Compound wall with MS grill was raised
around the excavated shrine (SRP-29). 243. SIVA TEMPLE, ADBHAR DISTRICT
Conservation of exposed Chandi temple JANJGIR CHAMPA
was attended. Buried portion of Shiva
temple-1 was taken up for scientific The work of the repair to the super
clearance and the work is in progress. structure of the temple and gateway was
Conservation of Rama temple with laterite attended (Pl. 171).
stone was attended (Pl. 168). The work of
244. RATANPUR FORT, RATANPUR,
repair of the floor at Surang tila was
DISTRICT BILASPUR
carried out.
Pitching work all around the tank, near
Construction of dwarf compound wall with gate no.3 was attended. Approach
MS grill around the structure (SRP-27) pathway from palace no.3 to gateway no.3
was carried out. Stitching and was also attended.
strengthening the fragile architectural
fragment of Baleshwar Mahadev temple 245. VISHNU TEMPLE, JANJGIR, DISTRICT
were carried out (Pl. 169). JANJGIR CHAMPA
239. JAGANNATH TEMPLE INSIDE RAJIV Construction of boundary wall to the back
LOCHANA TEMPLE COMPLEX, RAJIM,
side of the temple and providing apron
DISTRICT GARIABAND
around the temple was done.
Dwarf compound wall with MS grill
around the monument was constructed. 246. PALI INSCRIPTION, SEMERSAL
DISTRICT BILASPUR
The undulated land was made presentable
by way of cutting and filling the area.
Approach pathway and other basic
amenities were provided as a part of visitor
240. SHIVA TEMPLE, DEOBALODA,
DISTRICT DURG amenities at the site.
Development work around the existing 247. PATALESHWAR MAHADEV TEMPLE,

MALHAR, DISTRICT BILASPUR
pond, laying underground MS pipe for de-
337
Plate 167
Sirpur: a; before and b; after conservation of newly excavated monastery.
338
Plate 168
Sirpur: a; before and b; after conservation of newly excavated structure, Rama temple.
339
Plate 169
Sirpur: a; before and b; after conservation of Baleshwar Mahadev temple.
340
Plate 170
Arang: a; before and b; after conservation of plinth of Bhand deul temple.
341
Plate 171
Adbhar: a; before and b; after conservation of Siva temple.
342
Stitching and strengthening of the fragile The work of stone pitching was done (Pl.
architectural fragments were carried out. 176).
248. SHEORINARAYAN TEMPLE, 254. DANTESHWARI DEVI TEMPLE,

SHEORINARAYAN, DISTRICT JANJGIR DANTEWADA, DISTRICT SOUTH BASTAR
CHAMPA DANTEWADA
Repairs to the exterior walls of temple by The work of watertightening to the roof of
way of under pinning was done (Pl. 172). mandapa through lime-surkhi concrete in
traditionally method was attended.
249. MALHAR FORT, MALHAR, DISTRICT Approach pathway all around of temple,
BILASPUR drinking water tactility and extra toilet was
provided. Damaged wooden members of
Construction of dwarf wall with M.S. grill
Chhotima temple were repaired. Back
fencing all around the fort was taken up
portion of temple was attended by filling
and work is in progress. In addition
the ditch with providing drain to prevent
conservation work to the exposed
stagnation of water.
excavated structure by way of veneering,
underpinning and watertightening was
255. KAMA MEMORIAL, DHILMIL,
carried out (Pl. 173). DISTRICT SOUTH BASTAR DANTEWADA
250. MAHADEV TEMPLE, TUMAN Apron around the memorial and pathway
DISTRICT BILASPUR
within the complex was provided.
Repair to the shrines and laying approach
256. MAMA BHANJA TEMPLE, BARSOOR,
all around the temple complex was DISTRICT SOUTH BASTAR DANTEWADA
attended (Pl. 174).
The work of grouting and pointing was
251. CHAITURGARH FORT, LAPHA, done in the temple to prevent seepage.
DISTRICT KORBA
VADODARA CIRCLE
Conservation work to the wing wall of
main gate of the fort by way of veneering, DAMAN AND DIU (U.T.)
core filling and watertightening was done
(Pl. 175). 257. FORT WALLS, NANI DAMAN, DAMAN
252. MAHADEV TEMPLE, BASTAR Conservation of eastern moat wall was

DISTRICT BASTAR carried out by way of removing the out of
plumb/ dislodged masonry wall and
Boundary wall with grill fixing on the resetting the same with using new stones,
sloped area of the temple was provided to wherever required. Consolidating of the
prevent erosion. parapet wall and plastering of the
fortification wall is in progress.
253. CHANDRADITYA TEMPLE, BARSOOR, Underpinning of the northern outer fort
DISTRICT SOUTH BASTAR DANTEWADA
wall by way of applying 20mm thick lime
plaster was done. Damaged barbed wire
343
Plate 172
Sheorinarayan: a; before and b; after conservation of Sheorinarayan temple.
344
Plate 173
Malhar: a; before and b; after conservation of excavated remains, Malhar fort.
345
Plate 174
Tuman: a; before and b; after conservation of sub-shrine, Mahadev temple.
346
Plate 175
Lapha: a; before and b; after conservation of wing wall, Chaiturgarh fort.
347
Plate 176
Barsoor: a; before and b; after conservation of Pond, Chandraditya temple
348
fencing was replaced with MS grill concrete base for providing stone flooring
fencing near northern side of inner area of is in progress.
the fort wall.
263. THE MANSAR TALAV AND SHRINES,
VIRAMGAM, DISTRICT AHMEDABAD
GUJARAT
258. BHADRA TOWER, DISTRICT Dislodged carved architectural members

AHMEDABAD of the temple after proper documentation
were taken out and re-setting of the same
The work of removal of fallen debris, was done as per original (Pl. 178).
scientific clearance of exposed buried
structure, providing grill fencing on the 264. JAMI MASJID, MANDAL, DISTRICT
road side, demarcating the boundary of the AHMEDABAD
monument was completed.

The work of dismantling of the out of
259. BIBIJI MASJID, DISTRICT plumb/dislodged ashlar stone masonry
AHMEDABAD wall and repair of the same was taken up
with available material using special
Removal of undulated sunken stone/brick bricks (lakhuri type) in mortar. This work
flooring, laying stone flooring inside the is in progress.
mosque using dhrangadhra flooring
stones over line concrete base were 265. ANCIENT SITE, LOTHAL, DISTRICT
completed. AHMEDABAD
260. DADA HARIR’S MOSQUE AND TOMB, Providing fencing over brick masonry
ASARVA, DISTRICT AHMEDABAD dwarf wall is in progress.
The work of removing undulated sunken 266. DARBARGADH, SIHORE DISTRICT

BHAVNAGAR
stone/brick flooring and laying stone
flooring inside the mosque, using Dead/damaged plaster from the entrance
dhrangadhra stones were completed (Pl wall and ramp were recovered and
177). provided with the steps using dhrangadhra
stones (Pl. 179).
261. MALAV TANK, DHOLKA, DISTRICT
AHMEDABAD
267. STEP WELL WITH INSCRIPTION
(RUDABAI STEP WELL), ADALAJ
The work of dismantling of the parapet DISTRICT GANDHINAGAR
wall, repair to the stone flooring within
Malav tank is in progress. The work of providing approach pathway
in the complex has been completed.
262. SMALL STONE MOSQUE, PALADI,
DISTRICT AHMEDABAD
268. DWARKADHISH GROUP OF TEMPLES
WITH ITS OUTER COMPOUND, DWARKA,
The work of removing dead/damaged old DISTRICT JAMNAGAR
concrete flooring and laying the line
349
Plate 177
Asarva: a; before and b; after stone flooring of Dada Harir’s mosque and tomb.
350
Plate 178
Viramgam: a; before and b; after conservation of Mansar talav and shrines.
351
Plate 179
Sihore: a; before and b; after conservation of Darbargadh.
352
The ashlar stone masonry compound wall Dressing of stones for laying pathway is in
near Mokshdwar was conserved by way of progress.
replacing damaged/missing stones.
Resetting of plumb/dislodged architectural 274. TEMPLE OF GALTESHWAR, SARNAL,
DISTRICT KHEDA
members of the Dattatreya temple were
taken up and work is in progress. The work of construction of brick
masonry buttress wall was completed
269. DURVASA RISHI ASHRAM, PINDARA, while laying of floor is in progress.
DISTRICT JAMNAGAR
275. VITTHALBHAI HAVELI, VASO,
The work of debris clearance, removal of DISTRICT KHEDA
damaged masonry wall and earthwork
excavation for laying foundation is in Repair to the brick walls in the ground
progress. floor and first floor of Haveli by using
special bricks in lime sand surkhi mortar
270. MAGDERU TEMPLE, DHRUSANVEL, was done. Removing of dead/weathers
DISTRICT JAMNAGAR
wooden beam, chajja, pillar and replacing
with new teak wood, after providing
Constructing of stone masonry compound
proper support to the structural members,
wall, relaying sunken flooring with new
removing of dead lime concrete from the
dressed ashlar stone in the place of
second, top floor and relaying with new
damaged/missing one was done.
material were completed.
271. RAHEMAT (BIBI) MASJID, MANGROL,
DISTRICT JAMNAGAR 276. SUN TEMPLE, SURYA KUND WITH
ADJOINING OTHER TEMPLE AND LOOSE
SCULPTURES, MODHERA, DISTRICT
The work of removal of damaged stones
MEHSANA
from the flooring and also from steps was
taken up and re-fixing with new stones in
Stone flooring around Surya Kund was
the place of damaged/missing one was
taken up and work is completed.
done.
277. KUND, VIJAPUR, DISTRICT MEHSANA
272. ANCIENT SITE (KOTADA),
DHOLAVIRA, DISTRICT KACHCHH
Brick masonry dwarf wall with chain link
was provided (Pl. 180).
Earthwork excavation for laying concrete
base of construction of RR masonry dwarf
278. FORT OF PAVAGADH AND RUINED
wall and fixing chain link fencing over the HINDU AND JAINS TEMPLES ON THE TOP
wall was completed. OF THE PAVAGADH HILL, PAVAGADH
HILL, DISTRICT PANCHMAHAL
273. SIVA TEMPLE, KOTAI, DISTRICT
KACHCHH The work of taking out of plumb/bulged
out mandapa of the temple near
Leveling the ground, spreading good earth Suparasvanath temple was taken up and
consolidating the same is completed. conserved after strengthening the base.
353
Plate 180
Vijapur: a; before and b; after conservation of Kund.
354
The work of providing chain link fencing with new stone in the place of missing/
with brick masonry dwarf wall is in broken. Apron around the tomb was
progress. provided and approach pathways has been
laid (Pl. 183).
279. PATAI RAVALS PALACE,
CHAMPANER, PAVAGADH, DISTRICT 284. MINT ABOVE GATE NO. 04, DISTRICT
PANCHMAHAL PANCHMAHAL
Out of plumb/bulged out ashlar/rubble The work of conservation of the gate after
stone masonry wall of palace was taking out of the broken lintel/roof slab
dismantled and repaired with available and replacing them with new one as per
material (Pl. 181). original was completed.
280. KAMANI MASJID, DISTRICT 285. CITADEL WALL (SOUTHERN SIDE)

PANCHMAHAL CHAMPANER PAVAGADH, DISTRICT
PANCHMAHAL
The work of taking out of plumb/fallen
stone members of the courtyard was taken Out of plumb/ashlar stone masonry of the
and restored with available stone member wall of citadel (southern side) after proper
but new stones also unused, wherever documentation was taken out and restored
required. Flooring was also laid inside the as per original (Pl. 184).
Masjid.
286. CITY WALLS CHAMPANER
PAVAGADH, DISTRICT PANCHMAHAL
281. RATNESHWARA OLD TEMPLE WITH
SCULPTURED SCREEN, RATANPUR,
DISTRICT GODHRA
Debris of south city wall was removed,
and useable stones were stacked for the
The work of removal of debris and purpose of re-using the same.
leveling the surrounding area was taken up
287. RUINS OF RUDRA MAHALAYA
and completed.
TEMPLE, SIDDHPUR, DISTRICT PATAN
282. CITY GATE, CHAMPANER, DISTRICT

PANCHMAHAL
Providing corner stone’s on both side of
pathway leading from main entrance to
RR masonry wall on the both side of gate monument, using dhrangadhra stones in
was reconstructed. The arch opening has LSS mortar was done.
been conserved after replacing the broken
288. RANI-KI-VAV, DISTRICT PATAN
slab and the top surface was
watertightened with traditional material
Construction of brick masonry wall
(Pl. 182).
extended upto entrance step is in progress.
283. TOMB OF SIKANDAR SHAH, HALOL,
289. SHAIKH FARID’S TOMB, DISTRICT
DISTRICT PANCHMAHAL
PATAN
The chajja stones and ashlar stone Repair to the tomb has been taken and
masonry above the chajja were conserved work is in progress.
355
Plate 181
Pavagadh: a; before and b; after conservation of palace of Patai Ravals with tank.
356
Plate 182
Champaner: a; before and b; after conservation of city gate.
357
Plate 183
Halol: a; before and b; after conservation of tomb of Sikandar Shah.
358
Plate 184
Champaner: a; before and b; after conservation of citadel wall.
359
290. SAVAI MATA TEMPLE, SUNAK, 294. SAPTMUKHI VAV, DABHOI, DISTRICT
DISTRICT PATAN VADODARA
Out of plumb/bulged out portion below Repair to the retaining wall of the Vav by
sikhara of the temple was removed using new stones in the place of missing/
carefully after proper documentation and damaged one was taken up and work is in
reset again by using new stone blocks, progress (Pl. 186).
wherever required as per original. (Pl.
185). 295. HIRA GATE WITH ADJACENT
CONSTRUCTION, DABHOI, DISTRICT
291. RANAK DEVI’S TEMPLE, WADHWAN, VADODARA
DISTRICT SURENDRA NAGAR
The work of removing undulated/sunken
The worn out/undulated steps of temple pathway in between gates, flooring of Hira
were removed carefully and reset as per gate, relaying the pathway were
original. Lime wash was also removed completed.
from the walls. Fort wall was conserved
using new stones in place of 296. NANDODI GATE WITH ADJACENT
missing/broken one. Approach pathway CONSTRUCTION, DABHOI, DISTRICT
was laid and minor repairs attended to the VADODARA
chajja.
Earth work excavation for laying base
292. ANCIENT MOUND, RANGPUR, concrete of stone pavement is in progress.
DISTRICT SURENDRA NAGAR
297. ANCIENT SITE KNOWN AS
The work of removal of unwanted SANDHIYAPURA, GORAJ, DISTRICT
vegetation growth around the site has been VADODARA
taken up and work is in progress.

The north side dry stone pitching (slope
293. OLD DUTCH AND ARMENIAN TOMBS
towards the river) was conserved to
AND CEMETRIES, DISTRICT SURAT
prevent soil erosion. The original plinth
on the right side of the temple was
exposed and approach pathways towards
Fallen/ bulged out brick masonry the temple were completed.
compound wall was repaired and plastered
as per original.
360
Plate 185
Sunak: a; before and b; after conservation of Savai mata temple.
361
Plate 186
Dabhoi: a; before and b; after conservation of Saptmukhi vav.
362
VIII. ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
ANDHRA PRADESH for neutralizing the effect of acid present,

if any. This was followed by a thorough
1. SHRI VEERABHADRA SWAMY wash with plain water. All the treated and
TEMPLE, LEPAKSHI, DISTRICT ANANTHA dried surfaces were given a coat of 2%
PUR
sodium pentachlorophenate as fungicide in
aqueous medium. Finally, the cleaned and
dried stone surface was treated with
the conservation treatment of the mural
Wacker BS-290 diluted in mineral
paintings executed on ceiling of artha
turpentine oil solvent in 1:16 ratio to
mandapa, natya mandapa in Vishnu shrine
impart water repellency to the building
were taken up in order to remove dust,
stones. The work has been completed.
dirt, soot, cobwebs and insect nests etc.
The affected area of dust, dirt and soot etc.
3. SRI KODANDARAMA SWAMY
was cleaned using a mixture of 2-Ethoxy TEMPLE, VONTIMITTA, DISTRICT
ethanol, Toluene (SF) and Tri- KADAPA
ethanolamine in the ratio of 2:2:0.5 after
that the surface was cleaned with the The interior walls and ceiling of the temple
mixture of Methanol and Iso-propanol. made up of slate and sandstone were
Further if any remnants left over on the taken up for chemical conservation during
surface were removed with the help of the period under review for removal of
Artist brush and cotton swabs. The work is settled dust, dirt, lime coat, red ochre, iron
in progress. stains and acrylic paints. Lime and red-
ochre were removed using 2-3% aqueous
2. ABDUL WAHAB KHAN’S TOMB, acetic acid solution by chemico-
KURNOOL DISTRICT KURNOOL mechanical means. Iron stains were
removed using oxalic acid solutions.
In continuation of previous year’s work, Remnants of acidic ions were neutralized
the exterior walls and domes of this with liquid ammonia solution. Finally, the
monument made of lime stone and lime surface was washed using non ionic
plaster were subjected to cleaning detergent and plenty of water. The work is
treatment for the removal of in progress.
microvegetational growth, dust, dirt, rust
patches. The microvegetational growth 4. SHI CHENNAKESAVA SWAMY
was removed mechanically using a TEMPLE, PUSHPAGIRI, DISTRICT
mixture of 2-3% ammonia solution and KADAPA
non-ionic detergent solution in 3:1 ratio.
The rust patches were removed by using The exterior and interior parts of the Sri
4% Oxalic acid solution. The surface was Lakshimi Devi temple and Hanuman
given a wash with dilute ammonia solution temple made up of lime stone were taken
up for chemical conservation during the was given fungicidal treatment using 2%
period under review for removal of settled sodium pentachlorophenate in aqueous
dust, dirt, lime coat, red-ochre, iron stains medium as biocide. Finally, a silane
and microvegetational growth. Liquid siloxane based water repellent Wacker BS-
ammonia mixed with non ionic detergent 290 in MTO in 1:12 ratio was applied on
in the ratio of 3:1 was used for removal of the entire dried surface as preservative
superficial deposits. Lime coat and red- coat. The work has been completed.
ochre marks were removed using 2-3%
aqueous acetic acid solution by chemico- 6. SRI BHEEMESWARA SWAMY
mechanical means. Iron stains were TEMPLE, DRAKSHRAMA, DISTRICT EAST
GODAVARI
removed using oxalic acid solution.
Remnants of acidic ions were neutralized
The South of main temple wall made up of
with liquid ammonia solution followed by
khondalite stone/sand stone was taken up
thorough wash with plenty of plain water.
for chemical conservation during the
The cleaned surface was finally given
period under review for removal of settled
fungicidal treatment using 2% sodium
dust, dirt, marks of saline effect and
pentachlorophenate in aqueous medium.
microvegetational growth. Liquid
Finally, a silane siloxane based water
ammonia mixed with non ionic detergent
repellent Wacker BS-290 in MTO in 1:15
in the ratio of 3:1 was used for removal of
ratio was applied on the entire dried
superficial deposits. Tooth brushes were
surface as preservative coat. The work has
also used for removal of accretions from
been completed.
the intricate carvings and designs. Soluble
salts from the stone surface were removed
5. CHARMINAR HYDERABAD
DISTRICT HYDERABAD by repeated paper pulp treatment. The
cleaned surface was given fungicidal
External façade of connecting walls at treatment using 2% sodium
north east-south east, south east-south pentachlorophenate in aqueous medium.
west, south west-north west, north west- Finally a silane siloxane based water
north east and minarets were taken up for repellent Wacker BS-290 in MTO in 1:14
removal of microvegetational growth and ratio was applied on the entire dried
deposits of dust, dirt, soot bird and bat’s surface as preservative coat. The work is
excreta. During the period under review in progress.
the cleaning was done by dry brushing
with soft nylon brushes. Liquid ammonia BIHAR
mixed with non ionic detergent in the ratio
of 3:1 was used for removal of superficial 7. TEMPLE NO. 3, NALANDA, DISTRICT
deposits. Dark and deep stains from the NALANDA
surface was removed by sodium carbonate

and sodium bicarbonate in 1:1 ratio The nine stucco sculptures of this temple
admixed with fullers earth added with little were taken up for consolidation and
preservation work. The restoration work
ammonia and non ionic detergent. After
drying the surface was washed thoroughly was carried out using Plaster of Paris,
with plenty of water. The cleaned surface lime, brick powder, oxide colour and their
364
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
mixture with an ethyl silicate based stone 9. MAMABHANJA TEMPLE, BARSOOR,

strengthener. The stuccos so repaired were DISTRICT DANTEWADA
given two coats of water repellent Wacker

In, continuation of previous year’s work,
BS-290 as a preservative to make the
the exterior surface of the temple which
stucco surface hydrophobic. The work is in
was badly affected and become blackish
progress.
due to microvegetational growth,
deposition of smoke, soot, greasy material,
CHHATTISGARH
dust, dirt etc. Removal of superficial
accretions of dust, dirt and micro
8. PATALESWAR TEMPLE, MALHAR,
DISTRICT BILASPUR vegetation was carried out with the help of
soft nylon brushes followed by using 2%
In continuation of previous year’s work, aqueous ammonia solution with little non
the conservation treatment of the main ionic detergent. 2% solution of sodium
temple which is made of fine grained sand pentachlorophenate in water was applied
stone was taken up. Two such deteriorated on treated surface to arrest the further
sculptures are situated in the right and left growth of microvegetation. For providing
side of the doorjamb of the main temple. an extra strength, resistant to effect of
Dissolution of mineral component, stone erosion, deteriorated part of the stone
chipping and vertical cracks were the main surface was treated with ethyl silicate
problems in sculptures. The replica of based stone strengthener Wacker OH-100.
deteriorated sculptures had been formed by Finally, the cleaned and dried stone
using fiberglass to regain the same surface was preserved with silane siloxane
sculpture in future before its consolidation. based material, Wacker BS-290 diluted in
Removal of superficial accretions of dust, MTO in ratio of 1:16. The work has been
dirt and micro vegetation was carried out completed.
with the help of soft nylon brushes
followed by using 2% to 3% aqueous 10. TEMPLE AND FORT GATE AT
CHAITURGH, DISTRICT KORBA
ammonia solution with little non ionic
detergent. 2% solution of sodium
The temple made of sand stone was
pentachlorophenate in water was applied
covered with thick layers of dried
on treated surface to arrest the further
microvegetational growth and other
growth of micro vegetation. To provide
superficial accretionary deposits. The
extra strength to deteriorated and fragile
conservation of stone surfaces consisted of
stone surface consolidation and
chemico mechanical cleaning with
strengthening was given by using an ethyl
ammonia solution (2%) and neutral
silicate based stone strengthener Wacker
detergent solution in water; fungicidal
OH-100. Finally a silane siloxane based
treatment with sodium pentachlorophenate
water repellent Wacker BS-290 in MTO in
(2%) solution in water. The work is in
1:14 ratio was applied on the entire dried
progress.
surface as preservative coat. The work has
been completed.
11. ANDAL DEO TEMPLE KHAROD,
DISTRICT JANJGIR CHAMPA
365
This small temple is built of brick and B. RAMPART WALL, RED FORT
stucco. The external part of the temple had
become blackish due to deposition of dried The red sand stone wall (under flag mast)
micro vegetation growth, dust, dirt etc. facing Chandni Chowk was taken up for
Lime coating on the interior portion was the removal of surface dirt, dust, soot,
also found. Superficial accretions and dust, bird’s droppings, pollutants, etc. besides
dirt, etc. were cleaned by using 2% remnants of calcareous deposits and other
aqueous ammonia solution mixed with non encrustations in order to improve its
ionic detergent. Lime coatings were aesthetic look. A mixture of 3% aqueous
removed by chemico-mechanical means solution of ammonia and non ionic
using 2% acetic acid followed by its detergent was used for general cleaning.
neutralization with dilute ammonia Calcareous deposits were removed
solution. Strengthening of deteriorated mechanically using dilute acetic acid on
brick masonry and hydrophobic treatment affected area only followed by thorough
is yet to be attended. The work is in washing with plenty of water. Two black
progress. stone figures of elephants at Hathigate
were cleaned and conserved. Finally, the
DELHI exterior surfaces of the elephant figure
were colored suitably as needed.
12. RED FORT, DELHI
The huge brass gate at entrance to the
A. KHAS MAHAL Meena Bazar was found to be covered in
thick layers of dust, dirt, soot, bird’s
In continuation of previous year’s work, droppings, etc. and the metal surface had
the chemical treatment, preservation and darkened due to atmospheric corrosion
restoration work of exploring the hidden effects. The lower part of brass gate was
paintings (i.e., removal of lime wash badly disfigured having red spots due to
layers) and preservation of exposed visitors spit. The treatment of the brass
paintings was continued during the period gate was carried out with 3-5% alkaline
under review. The older layer of solution of sodium potassium tartrate in
preservative earlier applied on the distilled water followed by application of
pigments layer only, was first removed dilute solution of lacquer varnish in
using toluene. After that organic solvent thinner as a protective coat. The work has
such as, methanol, ethyl alcohol and been completed.
toluene etc. were used to remove the
superficial accretions deposited on the C. OTHER BUILDINGS OF RED FORT
marble areas of the painted surface. The
The brass gate of Moti masjid, the exterior
marble surface having inlay work was
walls of Hamam, the plinth running from
subjected to chemical cleaning with liq.
Hamam to Rang mahal, central fountain
Ammonia, and non-ionic detergent
between Rang mahal and Diwan-e-Aam,
followed by clay pack method for
metal plates at Lahore gate and Delhi gate
removing engrained accretions. The work
were taken up for chemical treatment and
is in progress.
preservation work. Chemical treatment of
366
entire area was done with liq. Ammonia

and Rankleen neutral solutions to remove 14. ADHAM KHAN TOMB, MEHRAULLI,
dust, dirt and organic pollutants. Treatment NEW DELHI
of metallic/brass surface was done with

alkaline Rochelle’s Salt. The exterior of the tomb, which includes a
hemispherical dome, drum wall, lower
Exterior lime plaster surface of Hamam eight walls with arches of the octagonal
was treated with dilute solution of shaped tomb made up of lime
bleaching powder to arrest plaster/sandstone/quartzite was taken up
microvegetation growth. 2% solution of for chemical treatment and preservation
sodium pentachlorophenate in water was work during the period under review. The
applied on treated surface as biocide. entire surface was affected by the
Finally, the cleaned and dried stone deposition of dust, dirt, soot, smoke and
surface was preserved with silane siloxane other superficial accretions. The exterior
based material, Wacker BS-290 diluted in portion of the monument was covered with
MTO in ratio of 1:16. The work has been thick growth of microvegetation. The
completed. chemical treatment of sand stone, quartzite
and lime plaster surface was carried out
13. WAZIRABAD MOSQUE, WAZIRABAD,
DELHI
with a mixture of 5% ammonia solution
and 2 to 3% non ionic detergent solution in
The scientific conservation work was water. Oxalic acid for removal of iron
carried out on the lime plaster, lime mortar stains, acetic acid for removal of lime
and sand stone surfaces of the monument. wash coatings were used. The weak
The exterior portion of the tomb including surface was consolidated by an ethyl
perforated stone jalis in the prayer hall of silicate based stone strengthener Wacker
the mosque kangoora’s on the drum wall OH-100. Lime plastered surface was
of the tomb were taken up for the removal subjected to bleaching powder treatment to
of superficial accretionary deposits viz. arrest microvegetational growth. After
dust, dirt, soot, smoke and a heavy growth chemical treatment fungicidal treatment
of microvegetation. The treatment of stone with 2% aqueous sodium
surface was carried out using a mixture of pentachlorophenate was given. Finally, a
2 to 3% ammonia solution and 2-5% non coat of Wacker BS-290 diluted in mineral
ionic detergent solution in water. Lime turpentine oil (1:11ratio) was applied on
plastered surface was subjected to lime plaster, quartzite and sandstone
bleaching powder treatment to eradicate surface. The work has been completed.
microflora. After cleaning treatment a
coat of 2% sodium pentachlorophenate GOA
dissolved in distilled water was applied
15. SE CATHEDRAL CHURCH, ST. FRANCIS
over the entire surface and finally a coat of CHURCH, VELHA GOA, DISTRICT PANAJI
Wacker BS-290 diluted in mineral
turpentine oil (1:11ratio) was applied to In continuation of previous year’s work,
the cleaned and dried exterior stone/lime the badly torn and damaged oil paintings
plaster surface to impart water repellency. on canvas supported by wooden panels
The work has been completed.
367
and polychrome figures were repaired and solution in water with the help of soft
restored. Surface accretions as well as old nylon brushes. Hard and thick lime coats
picture varnish were removed to improve and oil bond distempers from the surface
visibility. For this purpose mixture of were removed by chemico mechanical
suitable organic solvents were used with means by using 1-2% acetic acid solution
the help of cotton swabs and sable hair in aqueous medium followed by thorough
brushes. Loose pigment layers were fixed washing with plenty of water. Fragile and
with the help of wax and resin mixture. pulverized stone surface was consolidated
Damaged and insect eaten portions were with an ethyl silicate based stone
filled with compatible material. After strengthener Wacker OH-100. Fungicidal
insecticidal treatment retouching and treatment was given by applying 2%
colour reintegration was done wherever solution of sodium pentachlorophenate in
necessary. The canvas paintings were water and finally, Wacker BS-290 in MTO
given new support from the back side with was applied on the exterior stone surface
hot bee’s wax and rosin mixture very as water repellent treatment. The work has
carefully. Finally, varnish was applied as been completed.
preservative coating. All the pieces of poly
chrome figures were joined together with 17. MACHMURIDO BUILDING, ANJAR
saw dust, stainless steel nails, etc. colour
The restoration work of tempera paintings
retouching was also done. The work is in
executed on the brick wall with the support
progress.
of lime plaster was taken up during the
period under review under civil deposit
GUJARAT work. The painting on the wall of
Machmurido Building room are found to
16. JAIN TEMPLE, PAVAGADH, DISTRICT
be badly affected due to deposition of dust,
GODHRA
dirt, cob webs, bats excreta’s, mud pockets
over the painting, fading of colour, flaking
from the group of four Jain temples, of pigments, cracks and lacunae make
disfiguring look to the paintings. The
Chinthamani temple and Parswanath
fixing of pigment layer was done using 1-
temple were taken for chemical treatment
2% poly vinyl acetate solution in toluene.
and preservation work during the period
under review. The sandstone temples had After that organic solvent such as,
several conservation problems which methanol, ethyl alcohol and toluene etc.
were used to remove the superficial
included a heavy micro biological growth,
accretions on the painted surface. Colour
deposition of dust, dirt, grime, oil bond
reintegration on necessary area was done,
distempers, thick layers of lime coats etc.
on their exterior surface. At several places fixing, filleting, was carried out using with
compatible materials and with reversible
the stone surface was highly deteriorated
color. Finally the whole treated painted
due to weathering effects. Micro
area was preserved with 1% PVA in
vegetation growth and other superficial
accretions were removed by chemico Toluene. The work has been completed.
mechanical method using a mixture of 2-
18. RANI-KI-VAV, PATAN
3% Ammonia and 1% non ionic detergent
368
This main Vav is renowned for its 20. ASHOKAN ROCK EDICTS AND
numerous beautifully carved long standing BUDDHIST CAVES, JUNAGADH
sculptures made of bulk sandstone. These

sculptures decorated the walls of the main The famous rock edicts and the rock cut
well of Vav. The conservation problem Buddhist caves were taken up for chemical
includes microvegetational growth, treatment and preservation work. The
deposition of soot, smoke, dust, dirt, bird’s Buddhist caves were fully covered with
droppings, insect’s mud pockets, honey micro vegetation growth, dust, dirt on the
combs etc. Micro vegetation growth and exterior as well as interior portions. In
other superficial accretions were removed some areas problem of pulverization of
by chemico-mechanical method using a stone was also observed due to salt action.
mixture of 2-3% Ammonia and 1% non Superficial accretions, dust, dirt, etc. were
ionic detergent solution in water with the cleaned by using 2% aqueous ammonia
help of soft nylon brushes. Hard and thick solution mixed with non ionic detergent in
bat’s excreta from the surface were water and gentle brushing with the help of
removed by chemico mechanical means by soft nylon brushes. Followed by thorough
using 2% hydrogen peroxide solution in washing with plenty of plain water. The
aqueous medium followed by thorough weakened stone surface was consolidated
washing with plenty of water. The work with an ethyl silicate based material
has been completed. Wacker OH-100. To arrest further
microvegetation growth the dried surface
19. BHADRA GATE, AHEMADABAD was given fungicidal treatment by using
2% aqueous solution of sodium
The Bhadra gate is one of the eight gates pentachlorophenate on the exterior areas.
of Bhadra fort, only the exterior portion of
the East Side Bhadra gate was taken up Finally, silane siloxane based water
for Chemical treatment and preservation repellent Wacker BS-290 diluted with
work during the period under review. The MTO in 1:16 ratio was applied on dried
Gate is build up of sandstone and has a stone surface as the hydrophobic
large opening with wooden doors. The treatment. The work is in progress.
exterior surface area of the monument was
affected by heavy microvegetational HIMACHAL PREDESH
growth, dust, dirt, soot deposition and
bird’s dropping. The wooden door exposed 21. G-SER KHANG MONASTERY, TABO,
DISTRICT LAHAUL AND SPITI
to sunlight was badly deteriorated. The
accretionary deposits were removed using The scientific conservation work of mural
liquid ammonia and non ionic detergent in paintings on the western, northern and
the ratio of 3:1 with the help of different eastern walls was taken up during the
type of brushes. The fungicidal treatment period under review, for the removal of
was given to clean and dried surface of the accretionary deposits as dust, dirt, soot,
monument. The week portion of the smoke, mud streaks etc. from the painted
monument has been strengthened with a surface using organic solvents viz. 2-
stone strengthener. The work is in ethoxy ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, ethanol,
progress.
369
petroleum ether, turpentine oil etc. as dirt, soot, smoke, grease etc. was carried
individual or in combination depending out using organic solvents such as ethyl
upon the nature of accretionary deposits. alcohol, 2-ethoxy ethanol, acetone, mineral
The fixing, filleting, mending, etc. work turpentine oil, turpentine oil etc. The
was carried out to stabilize the loose cleaned carved wooden surfaces were
painted plaster, filling up of the preserved with wood preservative. The
crakes/fixing of bulged area was done with fungus infected panels were treated with
locally available compatible material. boric acid, o-phenyl phenol, zinc chloride,
Colour reintegration work was also etc. The infested holes in the wooden
attended to match it with the surroundings. panels on the left hand side of main
The restored area was preserved with 0.5% entrance were treated with suitable
solution of PVA in toluene. The work has insecticide filled with saw dust powder
been completed. using suitable adhesive. The treated
portions were preserved with dilute
22. LA KHANG MONASTERY, TABO, varnish. The work has been completed.
DISTRICT LAHUL AND SPITI
24. ROCK-CUT TEMPLE, MASRUR,
In continuation to the previous year work, DISTRICT KANGRA
scientific conservation of mural paintings
was taken up during the period under The exterior surface of the temple, fallen
review. The mural paintings were cleaned pieces scattered on the ground, loose
for the removal of dust, dirt, soot, smoke, sculptures etc. of the entire temple was
mud streaks etc. using suitable organic taken up for scientific conservation for the
solvents such as 2-ethoxy ethanol, n-butyl removal of the microvegetation growth,
alcohol, ethanol, petroleum ether, dust, dirt, birds excreta etc. from the stone
turpentine oil etc. Filling and filleting surface, for consolidation of the fragile
work was carried out using locally stone fragments, filling up of the crakes/
available suitable compatible materials. gaps, etc. The consolidation of the fragile,
Colour reintegration works on the filled / ex-foliated, disfigured stone sculptures
filleted areas were also attended with the was carried out by the application of an
surroundings. The restored area was ethyl silicate based stone strengthener
preserved with 0.5% solution of PVA in Waker OH-100. After consolidation the
toluene. The work has been completed. cleaning was carried out using liquor
ammonia and non-ionic detergent in the
23. MRIKULA DEVI TEMPLE, UDAIPUR, 3:1 ratio using soft brushes. Cleaned
DISTRICT LAHAUL AND SPITI surface was thoroughly washed with plain
water to remove the remnants of
The scientific conservation work of chemicals. The cracks and gaps were filled
doorframe at the entrance of garbhagriha; with thick paste of stone powder of the
was taken up during the period under same colour and consolidant (Wacker OH-
review. Fungal infested two panels at the 100). The cleaned and dried surface was
ceiling and insect affected panel at the left given fungicidal treatment with 2%
side of the entrance was also taken up. aqueous solution of sodium
The doorframe for the removal of dust, pentachlorophenate. Finally, stone surface
370
was given hydrophobic treatment with stone was taken up for scientific
Wacker BS-290 in MTO in the ratio 1:14, conservation work. The weathered/fragile
two coats wet on wet. The work is in stone surfaces were first given
progress. consolidation treatment with an ethyl
25. RUINED FORT, KANGRA OH-100 before cleaning the stone
/plastered surface with liquor ammonia
The scientific conservation work of Laxmi and non-ionic detergent in the ratio 3:1
Narayan temple and adjoining Jail area taking utmost care for removal of dust,
inside the fort complex was taken up for dirt, thick vegetational growth etc.
the removal of dust, dirt, bird’s excreta, Whereas the cleaning of mural paintings
thick growth of microvegetations, hard and was carried out for removal of dust, dirt,
ingrained lime mortar (lime + sand) inside soot, smoke, hand grease, etc. by using
the fine carvings of the temple and organic solvents such as 2-ethoxy ethanol,
consolidation of fragile/ex-foliated stone acetone, iso-amyl acetate, petroleum ether,
surfaces. The scientific conservation work turpentine oil, etc. as individual or in
involves removal of superficial dust etc. combination depending upon the nature of
with brushes followed by consolidation of accretionary deposits. Filling up of cracks,
fragile/ex-foliated stone surfaces with an colour reintegration work in the faded
ethyl silicate based stone strengthener. The area/filled area and replacing of cement
entire stone surface was cleaned using mortar used in the past for patch work at
liquor ammonia and non-ionic detergent in the subsidiary shrines were also carried
the 3:1 ratio. The ingrained lime/lime out. The work is in progress.
plastered accretions were removed
physico-chemically using dilute aqueous 27. MANI MAHESH TEMPLE, BHARMOUR,
acetic acid solution. After thorough DISTRICT CHAMBA
washing and drying, biocide treatment was
given to prevent re-growth of The exterior as well as interior portion of
microvegetation with 2% aqueous solution the temple taken up for scientific
of sodium penta chloro phenate. Finally conservation work during the period under
the surface was subjected to hydrophobic review. The weathered/fragile/ex-foliated
treatment with the help of Wacker BS-290 stone surfaces were consolidated by an
in MTO in the ratio 1:14, two coats, wet ethyl silicate based stone strengthener
on wet basis. The work has been Wacker OH-100. The superficial
completed. accretions viz. dust, dirt, microvegetational
growths etc from the temple were removed
26. NARBADESHWAR TEMPLE, SUJANPUR using liq. ammonia and non-ionic
TIRA, DISTRICT HAMIRPUR detergent in the ratio 3:1. The ingrained
lime plaster from the carvings was
The mural paintings at garbhagriha, removed by physic-chemical technique
circumambulatory path at western entrance using dilute solution of acetic acid. After
and walls of four subsidiary shrines; thorough washing, fungicidal treatment
plastered dome & platform of subsidiary was given to the dried surface using 2%
shrines and Nandi mandapa made up of aqueous solution of sodium
371
pentachlorophenate. Finally, surface was with suitable materials; reintegration work

given hydrophobic treatment with Wacker was done by suitable colours. Finally
BS-290 in MTO in the ratio 1:14, two cleaned and restored surface was preserved
coats wet-on-wet basis. Thick deposition with suitable preservative. The work has
of soot, smoke and greasy deposits due to been completed.
burning of oil lamps, incense sticks on the
walls and ceiling of garbhagriha were KARNATAKA
removed using organic solvents such as 2-
ethoxy ethanol, tri-ethanol amine, iso-amyl 30. HOYASALESWARA TEMPLE, HALEBID,
acetate, acetone etc. The work has been DISTRICT HASSAN
completed.
a. HALEBID MUSEUM:
28. KATOCH PALACE, SUJANPUR TIRA,

The Halebid museum is located in the
DISTRICT HAMIRPUR
premises of Hoysaleswara temple
The façade and two elephants were complex. It has three galleries. Out of
subjected for the removal of dust, dirt, these, two are open galleries and one is the
microvegetational growth and other inner gallery of the museum. The exhibited
accretionary deposits from the plastered sculptures includes Dwarapalaka, Ganesa,
surface during the period under review. Siva, Vishnu, inscribed pillars, Hoysala
The accretionary deposits were removed emblem and Parswanatha statue etc. are
from the plastered surface using liquor made of schist stone. The schist stone
ammonia and non-ionic detergent in 3:1 sculptures are exhibited in the open
ratio. The cleaned and thoroughly washed galleries and covered with superficial
and dried surface was given fungicidal accretions viz., dust, dirt and micro
treatment with 2% aqueous solution of vegetation growth. The dust and dirt from
sodium pentachlorophenate. Finally the surface of sculptures located in interior
surface was given hydrophobic treatment or exterior galleries was removed by using
with Wacker BS-290 in MTO in 1:14 dilute ammonia and non-ionic detergent
ratio. The work has been completed. mixture 3:1, followed by washing with
plenty of water. Sculptures located in
exterior galleries were given application of
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
sodium pentachlorophenate as fungicide.
29. ASSEMBLY HALL OF THIKSEY Finally, Wacker SMK-1311 diluted with
MONASTERY, THIKSEY, DISTRICT LEH water in 1:12 ratio was applied as water
repellent in two coats. The work has been
The mural painting was covered by dust, completed.
dirt and mud streaks, micro and macro
cracks bulging and missing of large b. HOYASALESWARA TEMPLE
chunks of painted plaster was the main
conservation problems. Removal of dust This temple is dedicated to God Siva and
and dirt was carried out using chemicals made of schist stone. The exterior of the
and solvents by with soft brushes. Cracks temple was covered with superficial
and missing chunks/portions were filled accretions like dust, dirt, microvegetation
372
growth and splashes of lime/calcareous was attended to match with the

accretions. The lime/calcareous accretions surroundings. Careful consolidation of
were removed using dilute acetic acid fragile pigments was done using 1% poly
solution followed by neutralization with vinyl acetate in Toluene. The work is in
dilute ammonia solution. Finally, the area progress.
was washed with plenty of water. The
dust, dirt and microvegetation were 32. RANGANATHASWAMY TEMPLE,
removed by using dilute ammonia and SRIRANGAPATNA, DISTRICT MANDYA
non-ionic detergent mixture (3:1),

followed by washing with plenty of water. The temple is made of granite stone. The
On exterior surfaces 2% solution of south east corner mandapa (kitchen
Sodium pentachlorophenate was applied as block), outer garbahgriha wall, sukhanasi
fungicide. Finally, Wacker SMK-1311 of Lakshmidevi were covered with dust,
diluted with water in 1:12 ratio was dirt, soot and oily accretions in entire area.
applied as water repellent in two coats. The Compound wall from inner side was
The work has been completed. covered with lime wash and red ochre
stripes, dust, dirt and micro vegetation
31. SUMMER PALACE, DARIA accretions. The lime wash accretions were
DAULATH BAGH, SRIRANGAPATNA, removed with dilute acetic acid solution
DISTRICT MANDYA and oxalic acid solution followed by
neutralization with dilute ammonia
General cleaning for the removal of loose solution. The cleaned area was washed
dust and dirt accumulated on the painted with plenty of water. After that 3%
surfaces was carried out with the help of Sodium pentachlorophenate was applied as
soft brushes on a regular basis. The fungicide. Finally, silicon based water
paintings on wooden ceiling of eastern repellent emulsion Wacker SMK-1311
verandah have floral pattern. On the diluted with water in 1:12 ratio was
wooden ceiling canvas was used on joints applied as preservative in 2 coats. The
to continue the patterns of paintings. The thick soot and oily accretions mainly in the
canvas had been torned in many places. ceiling and pillars of closed mandapa of
The main conservation problem was south side were removed by clay pack
removal of dust, dirt, mud from the planks method followed by cleaning with
joints and old preservative coats. The ammonia and neutral detergent solution.
superficial accretions were first removed The entire cleaned surface was washed
using gentle dry brushing with soft with plenty of fresh water. The work is in
brushes, old preservatives from the progress.
paintings and other accretions like dust,
dirt etc. were cleaned using solvents like 33. LORD VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE, HAMPI,
2-ethoxy ethanol Diacetone alcohol, DISTRICT BELLARY
Acetone, Butyl Lactate and n-Butyl
alcohol and turpentine as restrainer were In continuation of previous years work, the
also used. Torned canvas was removed and adjacent mandapa of Rayagopura (utsava
fresh canvas was fixed with animal glue, mandapa) made up of granite genesis,
bee wax. Minimum colour reintegration affected with thick lime coats and enamel
373
paints on ceiling, lintels, pillars, walls all The stupas are made up of limestone and
around in south, north, west and chajja bricks. The stupa was covered with dust,
portions. The lime wash accretions were dirt, and bird’s excreta along with
removed with dilute acetic acid solution microvegetational growth. The dust, dirt
followed by neutralization with dilute and micro vegetation were removed by
ammonia and non-ionic detergent solution. using dilute ammonia and non-ionic
The entire cleaned surface was washed detergent mixture (3:1) followed by
with plenty of water. The soot accretions washing with plenty of water. On exterior
from ceiling were removed by clay pack surfaces 2% solution of Sodium
method and by using ammonia and non- pentachlorophenate was applied as
ionic detergent mixture (3:1). The treated fungicide. Finally some specific panel’s
area was washed with plenty of water. The preserved by silane and silaxone based
work is in progress water repellent Wacker BS-290 in MTO in
1:16 ratio. The work has been completed.
34. HARIHARESWARA TEMPLE,
HARIHARA, DISTRICT DAVANAGERE 37. BANASHANKARI DEVI AND
SHANKARLINGA TEMPLE, AMARGOL,
The pillars, walls, ceiling, exterior walls, DISTRICT DHARWAD
inscriptions, deepastambhas of this temple
made up of schist stone. Scientific The temple is made up of Sand stone. The
conservation work was taken up for the exterior surface of the main temple
removal of dust, dirt, soot, oily accretions, (Banshankari Devi Temple and
lime wash and micro vegetation from the Shankarlinga Temple) having very fine
exterior deteriorated walls around the carving was covered with dust, dirt, bird’s
temple. The work is in progress. excreta along with microvegetational
growth. There are also some portions
35. TARAKESHWARA TEMPLE HANAGAL, covered by lime coating in the exterior and
DISTRICT HAVERI interior. The scientific conservation and
preservation work was taken up to clean
The exterior surface of the temple was the above said accretions on the exterior
covered with dust, dirt, birds excreta, lime surface of the monument. The removal of
coating, soots, oily matters and superficial accretions, dust and dirt,
microvegetation growths. Lime coating engrained accretions including micro
was removed by acetic acid solution. The vegetational growth was carried out using
dust, dirt and micro vegetation were ammonia and non-ionic detergent mixture
removed by using dilute ammonia and (3:1). The treated area was washed with
non-ionic detergent mixture (3:1) followed plenty of water. The entire exterior surface
by washing with plenty of water. The work was given fungicidal treatment with 2%
has been completed. solution of sodium pentachlorophenate as
36. EXCAVATED STUPA REMAINS AT fungicide. Finally water repellent
KANAGHANAHALLI (SANNATHI), treatment was given by silane silaxone
DISTRICT GULBARGA based water repellent Wacker BS-290 in
MTO in 1:14 ratio. The work has been
completed.
374
KERALA further growth of micro organisms on the

facade. Finally hydrophobic treatment to
38. SRI VADAKKUNNATHAN TEMPLE, the cleaned and dried surface was given
DISTRICT THRISSUR which imparts water repellency to the
surface of monument. The work has been
During the period under review the completed.
scientific conservation work was taken up
for the removal of soot, dust and dirt 40. TOMB OF BAHU SAHIBA, MOHAMMED
accretions accumulated on the wall GAUS COMPLEX, GWALIOR, DISTRICT
paintings and consolidation of deteriorated GWALIOR
portions of shrine and cloister mandapa.
For the removal of dust, dirt, organic In continuation of the previous year’s
solvents like 2- ethoxy ethanol, turpentine, work chemical conservation and
diacetone alcohol, butyl lactate and preservation was taken up during the
sulphur free toluene were used. The flaked period under review. About 80% work was
portions were rectified by fresh lime in the completed in the previous year. The domes
traditional combination method with are plastered and rest of the structure is
organic ingredients and the conserved built up of sand stone partially covered
portions were integrated. Preservative coat with the lime plaster. The exterior portion
of 1% poly vinyl acetate in sulphur free of the monument especially domes were
toluene was applied over the paintings. covered with thick deposition of dust, dirt
The work is in progress. and dried microbiological growth. These
accretions were removed scientifically
with the help of mild chemicals which
MADHYA PRADESH
leave no harmful effects on the stone
39. MATANGESWARA TEMPLE, WESTERN surface using very gentle brushing with
GROUP OF MONUMENTS, KHAJURAHO, coir brushes. After cleaning, biocidal
DISTRICT CHHATARPUR treatment was given in order to check the
further growth of micro organisms. Finally
In continuation of the previous year’s hydrophobic treatment to the cleaned and
work, chemical conservation work was dried surface was given which imparts
taken up on the exterior surface. The water repellency to the surface of
temple is built up of buff colored monument. Repair work to correct the
sandstone. It is a very huge temple and is damage to the plastered surface due human
living one. Main problem was to remove a vandalism was also attended suitably. The
thick and compact layer of dried biological work has been completed.
growth, dust and dirt from the exterior of
the temple. These accretions were 41. ROCK CUT BUDDHIST CAVES, BAGH,
removed scientifically with the help of eco DISTRICT DHAR
friendly and non residual mild chemicals
which leave no harmful effects on the In continuation of previous year work, the
stone surface. Soft coir brushes were used conservation and restoration work of the
with cares so. After cleaning, biocidal paintings, stucco figures and striped of
treatment was given in order to discourage panels of paintings displayed inside
museum were taken up during the period
375
under review. Annual maintenance/ repair treatment work was taken up on the
work of Murals in caves and Museum interior of the entrance porch and
including the fixing, filleting and mandapa for the removal of the calcareous
preservation along with insecticidal deposits oily/greasy substance and water
treatment was carried. The work is in marks with the help of appropriate
progress. chemicals and solvents in appropriate
concentration. This will facilitate breathing
42. WESTERN GROUP OF MONUMENTS, of the stone and discourage damage. The
DISTRICT KHAJURAHO work is in progress.
(a) In continuation of previous year work, (c) REPAIR, STRENGTHENING AND

the scientific cleaning and preservation CONSOLIDATION OF SELECTED
work was taken up for Vishvanth temple SCULPTURES
enshrining a Siva-linga. The scientific
treatment and preservation of exterior of In the temple many locations of the
the main temple was taken up during the temples (western group) sculptures and
period under review in order to preserve carvings have developed surface
the exterior façade of the temple against cracks/fissures due to loss of materials as a
the natural vagaries and biological result of mineral disintegration. This
accretion. The scientific treatment was problem has been exclusively identified
carried out with the help of eco friendly for suitable and effective conservation
and non residual mild chemicals which measure and accordingly suitable
leave no harmful effects on the stone conservation measures are being taken up
surface using coir brushes with most care. in a phased manner. General cleaning,
After cleaning, biocidal treatment was extraction of salt, repair of cracks and
given in order to check the further growth voids, correction of surface erosion were
of micro organisms. Finally hydrophobic carried out as far as possible, Core
treatment to the cleaned and dried surface consolidation wherever required, biocide
is given which imparts water repellency to application, preservative treatment work
the surface of monument. The work is in was also attendant. The work is in
progress. progress.
(b) KANDARIYA MAHADEV TEMPLE 43. BAJ BAHADUR PALACE, MANDU,

The interior of the Kandariya temple is DISTRICT DHAR
decorated with a lavish wealth of carvings

and sculptures. The seepage of rain water In continuation of previous year work, the
from through the joints of the Vimana and south side courtyard taken up the period
other structures is a major issue for the under review. Exterior of the monument is
deposition of calcareous deposits thus built up of black and buff colored lime
defacing the interior. Deposition of oily stones using lime mortar and plaster. The
and greasy substances was also seen at exterior façade courtyard was covered with
many places. Efflorescence cycle of thick deposits of dust, dirt and dried
soluble salts under favorable conditions microbiological growth. Scientific
was the major damaging factor. Initially, cleaning was done to remove dust, dirt and
376
dried biological growth from the surface of silane siloxane based water repellent
the monument. Biocidal treatment was Wacker BS 290 diluted in MTO to impart
given to check the further growth of micro water repellency to the stone surface. The
organisms. Finally hydrophobic treatment work is in progress
was given to prevent the monument from
the effect of water. The work is in 46. TAVELI MAHAL, MANDU, DISTRICT
progress. DHAR
44. ROOPMATI PAVILLION MANDU, The stone sculptures displayed in Taveli

DISTRICT, DHAR Mahal are carved out from agglomerate
type of stone of very big grains. The
Monument is constructed of basaltic stone quality of stone was not so good and hence
blocks masonary in lime mortar. The it developed fine cracks/fissures; surface
traces of the lime plaster can be seen on mineral grains also lost cohesive binding.
domes and walls. The exterior walls of the However the stone with inscription is very
monument particularly plaster and mortar fine and polished. General cleaning for the
was covered with thick deposition of dust, removal of dust by dry brushing/solvent by
dirt and dried microbiological growth. means of soft brushes and cotton
Scientific cleaning was done to make the absorbent, was carried out. An ethyl
surface free from accretions like dust, dirt silicate based Wacker OH-100 enriched
and micro biological growth. Biocidal with matching colored stone dust were
treatment was given to the clean and dry used for crack filling. Core consolidation
surface for the sustained biological action. and strengthening of weak stone will be
Finally hydrophobic treatment was given done using Wacker OH-100. The work is
using a silane siloxane based water in progress.
repellent Wacker BS-290 diluted in MTO
to impart water repellency to the stone 47. MOHAMMED GAUS TOMB, GWALIOR
surface. The work is in progress.
The scientific conservation work was
45. DAI-KA-MAHAL, MANDU, DISTRICT taken up on these monuments during the
DHAR review. The exterior of Mohammed Gaus
tomb is constructed of beautifully carved
The building is constructed by lime stone out perforated screens or jallies made up
blocks masonry in lime mortar. The of sand stone. Stone jallies and nearby
monument was badly affected by the area including pillars, projection, beams
growth of micro flora, dust, dirt and and brackets were covered with
looking in shabby appearance due to very black/brown deposits of dust, dirt smoky
thick depositions. Scientific cleaning was particulate matters, bird’s droppings,
done to make the surface free from soiling materials and other stains from the
accretions like dust, dirt and micro microorganisms. Besides, dried
biological growth. Biocidal treatment was microbiological accretions and greasy
given to the clean and dry surface to matters also soiled the surface at many
sustained biological action. Finally places. Scientific cleaning was done to
hydrophobic treatment was given using a make the surface free from accretions.
377
Biocidal treatment was given to the clean The detail of the steps taken in the
and dry surface to sustain biological scientific conservation and preservation of
action. Finally hydrophobic treatment was mural painting and sculptures at Ajanta
given using a silane siloxane based water caves may be summarized as follows:
repellent Wacker BS-290 diluted in MTO
to impart water repellency to the stone i. General cleaning and removing loose
surface. The work is in progress. dust and dirt accumulated on the painted
surfaces with soft leather brushes, paint
48. CHATURBHUJ TEMPLE, GWALIOR and hog hair brushes on a regular basis.
FORT, DISTRICT GWALIOR
ii. Spraying of 2% pyrethrum extract

The Chaturbhuj temple is situated at the solution in kerosene or MTO solvent
Gwalior fort Major work was related to the fortnightly in unpainted areas or as needed
repair and restoration of God Chaturbhuj in the caves in order to control insect
sculpture within the temple. Most of the activities.
structure was covered with the deposition
of dried microbiological accretions iii. Cleaning and removing the layers of
including dust and dirt. Some of the old darkened and yellowed varnishes,
structural surface have been deteriorated PVA soot, dust, dirt and bats excreta and
and reached nearly to the pulverization oily accretions from the painted surface in
state which had been consolidated. The Cave no. 2 with the help of organic
interior portion of the temple was covered solvents like toluene, di-butyl phthalate
with lime depositions. Scientific cleaning and acetone with turpentine restraining
is done to make the surface free from, the solvent.
lime depositions which were removed by
using 2% aqueous solution of glacial iv. Fixing and filleting on painted plaster
acetic acid. Biocidal treatment was given in Caves no. 1, 2, 6, 11 and 17 was done
to the clean and dry surface to sustain using suitable consolidant and then filled
biological action. Consolidation of by compatible plaster prepared by mixing
pulverized portions of the stone surface lime and fine shell powder. Finally filled
and sculptures was done by using an ethlyl patches were color matched with the
silicate based stone strengthener Wacker surrounding.
OH-100. Finally hydrophobic treatment
was given using a silane siloxane based v. Strengthening and reinforcement of
water repellent Wacker BS-290 diluted in painted plaster, wherever, found in danger
MTO to impart water repellency to the of becoming detached from the rock wall
stone surface. The stucco figure was support in Caves no. 20,21 was carried
suitably repaired and conserved. The work out with suitable consolidant and then
has been completed. filled by compatible plaster prepared by
mixing lime and fine shell powder with
MAHARASHTRA water as needed. A fine retouching paste
with similar composition was used for
49. AJANTA CAVES
filleting the damaged and broken ends of
the painted plaster.
378
vi. The rock cut sculpture in Caves 1, 6, removal of dust, dirt, bird’s excreta, thick
15, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24, and 27 were washed growth of microvegetation and other
and cleaned of the surface dust, dirt and accretions from the surface of basalt stone
other accretionary deposits. After the sculptures. Removal of dust, dirt and
surface cleaning the salt depart ion was microvegetation growth and other
removed by taking great care. The superficial accretions were carried out with
weakened stone of the sculpture was the help of 2-3% aqueous solution of
consolidated with Wacker OH-100 (an ammonia along with 2% non-ionic
ethyl silicate based stone strengthener) in detergent followed by thorough washing
order to improve its strength. The work with plenty of water. The smoky and oily
also included filling and mending of large accretions of interior surface were
and deep cracks in the sculptures with a removed with the same mixture in addition
mortar mixture of fine stone power and with few drops of triehenalamine. 2%
epoxy resin. aqueous solution of sodium
pentachlorophenate was applied on
vii. Cleaning and removal of accretionary cleaned exterior surfaces. The deteriorated
deposits from stone surface in Caves no. stones were consolidated with Wacker
1,2,4,16,17 and 21 was done using suitable OH-100. Application of two coats of
organic solvents followed by ammonia non Wacker BS-290 diluted with MTO in the
ionic detergent solution with the help of ratio of 1:13 (wet-on-wet) were applied on
soft nylon brushes. dry and fungicidally treated exterior area.
The work is in progress.
viii. Monitoring and assessment of climate
conditions inside and outside of the caves 51. KUMARESHWAR TEMPLE, LONAR,
using thermo hydrograph on a continuous DISTRICT BULDHANA
basis and a satellite link automatic weather

station. The scientific conservation work, during
the period under review was taken for the
ix. During the period under review, to removal of dust, dirt, bird’s excreta, thick
collect the suspended dust particulate growth of microvegetation and other
matter inside the caves, eight number of accretions from the surface of basalt stone
the Euroair Detox UV photo catalytic Air sculptures. Removal of dust, dirt and
purifier having a HEPA filtration and microvegetation growth and other
ionizing effect was installed in Caves no. superficial accretions were carried out with
1, 2, 16 and 17. This purification system the help of 2-3% aqueous solution of
encompasses these and also disinfects and ammonia along with 2% non-ionic
decomposes toxic contaminates beside detergent followed by thorough washing
killing bacteria, viruses and moulds. with plenty of water. The smoky and oily
accretions of interior surface were
50. ACHALESHWAR TEMPLE, removed with the same mixture in addition
CHANDRAPUR with few drops of triehenalamine. 2%
aqueous solution of sodium
The scientific conservation work, during pentachlorophenate was applied on
the period under review was taken for the cleaned exterior surfaces. The deteriorated
379
stones were consolidated with Wacker growth of microvegetation and other

OH-100. Application of two coats of accretions from the surface of basalt stone
Wacker BS-290 diluted with MTO in the sculptures. Removal of dust, dirt and
ratio of 1:13 (wet-on-wet) on dry and micro vegetation growth and other
fungicidally treated exterior area. The superficial accretions were carried out with
interior area was preserved with single the help of 2-3% aqueous solution of
coat of Wacker SMK-1311 in distilled ammonia along with 2% non-ionic
water. The work has been completed. detergent followed by thorough washing
with plenty of water. The smoky and oily
52. MAHAKALI TEMPLE, CHANDRAPUR accretions of interior surface were
removed with the same mixture in addition
The scientific conservation work, during with few drops of triehenalamine. 2%
the period under review was taken for the aqueous solution of sodium
removal of dust, dirt, bird’s excreta, pentachlorophenate was applied on
microvegetational growth, and other cleaned exterior surfaces. The deteriorated
accretions from the basalt stone surface. stones were consolidated with Wacker
The stones are weathered and plaster was OH-100. Application of two coats of
missing from some portion. The loose dust Wacker BS-290 diluted with MTO in the
and dirt were removed by gentle brushing. ratio of 1:13 (wet-on-wet) on dry and
Fixing and filleting of loose stucco fungicidally treated exterior area. The
fragments, consolidation of fragile interior area was preserved with single
sculptures and filling up of cracks were coat of Wacker SMK-1311 in distilled
carried out. Removal of dust, dirt and water. The work has been completed.
micro vegetation growth and other
superficial accretions were carried out with 54. SALABAT KHAN, TOMB, MEHEKARI,
the help of 2-3% aqueous solution of AHMED NAGAR
ammonia along with 2% non-ionic
detergent followed by thorough washing The exterior stone surface of the
with plenty of water. 2% aqueous solution monument was cleaned and conserved by
of sodium pentachlorophenate was applied employing scientific conservation
on cleaned exterior surfaces. The methods. The layers of encrusted dust, dirt,
deteriorated stones were consolidated with bird’s excreta and microvegetational
Wacker OH-100. Application of two coats growth were removed mechanically using
of Wacker SMK-1311 in distilled water in 2 to 3% aqueous solution of ammonia and
the ratio of 1:13 (wet-on-wet basis) on dry 1% non ionic liquid detergent followed by
and fungicidally treated exterior area. The through washing with water. Tenacious
work has been completed. white lime an accretion was removed with
5% diluted acetic acid solution. After
53. RAMGAYA TEMPLE, LONAR, DISTRICT surface cleaning fungicidal treatment was
BULDHANA done with 2% aqueous solution of sodium
pentachlorophenate on exterior surface.
The scientific conservation work, during Silicone based water repellent Wacker BS-
the period under review was taken for the 290 diluted in MTO in 1:11 ratio was
removal of dust, dirt, bird’s excreta, thick
380
applied a dried treated exterior area. The weak and pulverized stone surface was
work has been completed. consolidated by impregnating an ethyl
ODISHA OH-100. To check further microvegetation
growth, 2% solution of sodium
55. SRI JAGANNATH TEMPLE, PURI, pentachlorophenate in aqueous medium
DISTRICT PURI was sprayed on the stone surface as
fungicide. The hydrophobic treatment of
a. The exterior surface of Jagmohana stone surface was given by applying two
(excluding north vertical wall) was taken coats of Wacker BS-290 (wet-on-wet)
up for scientific conservation. The temple diluted with MTO in 1:16 ratio. The work
on account of its close proximity to sea is in progress.
was suffered extensive damage by erosion.
Due to the absorption of rain water, the c. The scientific conservation of
lime plaster gained more weight and as a khondalite stone wall of garbhagriha,
result it had lost its strength. Water granite ratna singhasan, silver and brass
penetrated into the masonry resulting the doors were taken up for cleaning, focusing
rusting of the iron dowels. Due to salt mainly on the removal of accumulated
crystallization effect erosion of outer dust, dirt, bird excreta, soot, oil satins and
plaster and inner stone surface was taken greasy accretions from granite and
place. Removal of remnant of lime (after khondalite surfaces. Silver sheet over
de-plastering) was carried out chemico- doors became tarnished and food particles
mechanically using 2% acetic acid solution (prasad) accumulated on the lower part,
followed by thorough washing with similarly the brass sheet over doors, due to
mixture of 2% liquid ammonia and non corrosion effect looked dull. Removal of
ionic detergent to neutralization effect white patches and other accretionary
remove the remnants of the acids. The deposits was carried out using 2% liquid
work is in progress. ammonia solution mixed with non-ionic
detergent followed by thorough washing
b. The scientific conservation of with water. The granite stone of ratna
khondalite stone wall of the vimana along singhasana was treated with aqueous
with other components like natamandapa solution of ammonia mixed with non-ionic
and bhogamandapa were taken up for detergent. The dry surface was polished by
cleaning, focusing mainly on the removal wax with cotton absorbent. The silver
of microvegetational growth dirt dust, sheets over the doors were treated with a
smoke, and salt crystallization from mild bleaching agent and washed by non-
khondalite surfaces. Extraction of soluble ionic detergent. Finally, the dry surface
salts from the stone pores was carried out was polished with silvo. The brass sheets
by repeated paper pulp treatment using de- over doors were treated with 1:1 mixture
ionized water. The accretionary deposits of citric and tartaric acids followed by
and microvegetational growth were washing with non-ionic detergent and
removed by using 2% aqueous solution of finally polished with Brasso. The work has
liquid ammonia and non ionic detergent been completed.
with the help of soft nylon brushes. The
381
56. SUN TEMPLE, KONARK chemico-mechanical cleaning with

ammonia solution (2%) and neutral
The scientific conservation of khondalite detergent solution in water; consolidating
stone wall of exterior of Jagmohana was the weakened stone with Wacker OH-100,
taken up for removal of microvegetation fungicidal treatment with sodium
growth, salt crystallization, deposition of pentachlorophenate ( 2% solution in water)
dust, dirt and cementing materials. and finally applying two coats of Wacker
Extraction of soluble salts from the stone BS-290 diluted in MTO solvent in a ratio
pores was carried out by repeated paper 1:15 (wet-on-wet). The work has been
pulp treatment using de-ionised water completed.
which was tested with silver nitrate
solution. Removal of microvegetation b. The brass sheets over the three
growth was carried out by using 2% wooden doors affected due to the
aqueous liquid ammonia solution. Dust, atmospheric corrosion, accumulated dust
dirt and smoke were cleaned using non- etc. were taken up for chemical treatment
ionic detergent with soft nylon brushes. with a mixture of citric and tartaric acids
The weak and pulverized stone surface in a ratio of 1:1 in water followed by
was consolidated by impregnating Wacker polishing with brasso. The work has been
OH-100 as stone strengthener. To check completed.
further quick microvegetation growth, 2%
solution of sodium pentachlorophenate in 58. CHAUSATHI YOGINI TEMPLE,
aqueous medium was sprayed on the stone HIRAPUR, DISTRICT KHURDA
surface. The hydrophobic treatment of
stone surface was done by applying two It is a circular temple having no roof and
coats of Wacker BS-290 (wet-on-wet) enshrined with chlorite stone images of
diluted with MTO in 1:16 ratio. The work sixty-four Yoginis in separate niches in the
has been completed. interior wall was taken up for cleaning
focusing mainly on the removal of
57. LINGRAJA TEMPLE, BHUBNESHWAR accumulated dirt, dust and microvegetation
growth from the stone surfaces. All the
a. There are many temples within the accretionary deposits were removed
compounds out of which the Parvati chemico-mechanically using the mixture
temple consist of vimana jagamohan, of dilute ammonia solution and a neutral
natamandapa and bhogamandapa were detergent solution in water. To strengthen
taken up for scientific conservation and the weak stone Wacker OH-100 was
preservation work. The temple is made up applied as consolidant in the selected
of sand stone and main conservation highly pulverized area. Fungicidal
problem was superficial deposition of dust, treatment was given by applying 2%
dirt, smoke etc. The scientific conservation aqueous sodium pentachlorophenate
of exterior surface of all parts of the solution for arresting further
temple and interior area of natamandapa microvegetation growth. Finally two coats
and bhogamandapa was taken out during of Wacker BS-290 (wet-on-wet) diluted
the period under review. The conservation with MTO in 1:15 ratio was applied as
treatment of stone surfaces consisted of preservative. The work is in progress.
382
59. GROUP OF MONASTERIES AT diluted with MTO in 1:15 ratio was

EXCAVATED BUDDHIST SITE, applied as preservative. The work has been
RATNAGIRI, DISTRICT CUTTACK
completed.
The Scientific conservation work of
PUNJAB
monastery no. 2 and 130 numbers of
votive stupas are considered this year. The
61. MOHAMMAD MOMIN TOMB,
stupas are made up of khondalite stone and NAKODAR, DISTRICT JALANDAR
monastery no. 2 is made up of brick slabs.
The exposed parts of monastery, In continuation to the last year’s work, the
comprising brick and stone structure were scientifc treatment for the removal of
cleaned and conserved. The superficial dust, dirt, bird’s droppings,
microvegetation growth was eradicated atmospheric pollutants as well as
using a mixture of 2% liquid ammonia microvegetational growth was carried out.
solution and non-ionic detergent. The The superficial accretionary deposits from
incrusted dirt, dust etc. removed chemico- the plastered surface were removed using
mechanically using non ionic detergent. mixture of liquor ammonia and non-ionic
Fungicidal treatment was done by spraying detergent in the ratio 3:1 followed by
2% aqueous sodium pentachlorophenate thorough washing with plain water. The
solution and finally, two coats of a silicone cleaned and dried surface was subjected to
based Wacker BS-290 (wet-on-wet) fungicidal treatment using 2% aqueous
diluted with MTO in 1:15 ratio was solution of sodium pentachlorophenate.
applied as preservative/water repellent. Finally, surface was preserved with
The work has been completed. Wacker BS-290 in MTO in the ratio 1:14,
two coats wet-on-wet. The arch shaped 32
60. ROCK CUT STUPA, LANGUDI, painted panels which were covered with
DISTRICT JAJPUR
superficial accretionary deposits cleaned
using various organic solvents viz., 2-
The Rock cut stupas and sculptures are
ethoxy ethanol, iso-butyl alcohol, acetone,
depicted on the rock surface which were
etc. and finally these painted areas were
covered with microvegetation growth and
preserved with about 1% PVA solution in
other accretionary deposits like dust, dirt
sulphur free toluene. The work has been
etc. The conservation treatment of stone
completed.
surfaces consisted of chemico mechanical
cleaning with 2% aqueous ammonia
62. SEVEN KOS MINARS, TEHSIL
solution and neutral detergent solution in NURMAHAL AND NAKODAR, DISTRICT
water by soft brushing. To strengthen the JALANDHAR
weak stone, Wacker OH-100 was applied
as consolidant in the selected highly The scientific conservation work of seven
pulverized areas. Fungicidal application Kos minars was taken up for the cleaning
was given by spraying 2% aqueous sodium work during the period under review. Most
pentachlorophenate solution for arresting of the kos minars are located in the field.
further microvegetation growth. Finally The superficial dust, dirt, bird’s excreta,
two coats of Wacker BS-290 (wet-on-wet) growth of micro-organisms and other
383
accretionary deposits from the surfaces the ceiling of the mosque were attended by
were removed using liquor ammonia and the filling up with the red sand stone
non-ionic detergent in the ratio 3:1. The powder mixed with epoxy resin. The
cleaned surface was thoroughly washed cleaned and dried surface was given
with water in order to remove all the traces application of 2% aqueous solution of
of the chemicals. The dried surface was sodium pentachlorophenate as fungicide.
given fungicidal treatment with 2% The entire surface was given water
aqueous solution of sodium repellent treatment by the application of a
pentachlorophenate followed by silane siloxene based material with
hydrophobic treatment with Wacker BS- Wacker BS-290 in MTO in the ratio 1:14,
290 in MTO in the ratio 1:14, two coats two coats wet-on-wet basis. The work has
i.e. wet-on-wet basis. The work has been been completed.
completed.
65. MEERA MAHAL OF KUMBHA MAHAL,
CHITTAURGARH FORT, DISTRICT
RAJASTHAN
CHITTAURGARH
63. TOMB OF ALLAUDDIN KHAN (SOLA
KHAMBA), AJMER In continuation of previous years work, the
stone surface of meera mahal and adjacent
In continuation of previous years work, the portion of kumbha mmahal were taken up
marble surface of the walls and pillar were of scientific conservation work. The walls
subjected for scientific conservation work. were cleaned using the mixture of dilute
After the general cleaning clay pack ammonia solution and non ionic detergent
treatment was given to the entire surface. in water for the eradication of micro
A pack of fuller’s earth containing 1-2% biological growth, Birds droppings,
ammonium carbonate and glycerol was encrusted dust and dirt etc. The cleaned
applied over the surface and covered with and dried surface was given a biocidal
polythene sheets. After 20-24 hours the treatment by spraying 2% aqueous solution
surface was washed thoroughly with of sodium pentachlorophenate. The
water. The work has been completed. consolidation treatment was done with
Wacker OH-100 (an ethyl silicate based
64. USHA MANDIR AND JAHANGIRI GATE, stone strengthener) to improve cohesive
BAYANA, DISTRICT BHARATPUR strength. Finally, a coat of Wacker BS-
290 (a silane siloxane based water
The masjid in the complex of Usha Mandir repellent material) Suitable diluted in
and the Jahangiri gate are made of red MTO in the ratio 1:14, two coats wet-on-
sand stone both the structure were affected wet basis. The work has been completed.
by microbiological growth over the
exterior surface while the interior surface 66. VICTORY TOWER, CHITTORGRAH,
of the mosque was having whitish marks DISTRICT CHITTORGRAH
left behind due to water seepage. The
entire surface of the monument was The small chhatries in the complex are
cleaned by using ammonia solution and plastered with lime mortar were taken up
non ionic detergent. Some small cracks in for scientific conservation work. The main
384
problem was microvegetational growth was subjected to chemical and mechanical

which was removed using ammonia and cleaning and consolidation treatment. The
non ionic detergent solution by gentle thick layer of lime was removed
brushing. The clean and dried surface was mechanically using dilute acetic acid
given biocidal treatment, followed by solution in water. After thorough washing
hydrophobic treatment by application of with plain water the entire dried surface
Wacker BS-290 a silane siloxane mixture was given water repellent treatment. The
as water repellent diluted with MTO. The gapes and cracks in the stone blocks were
work has been completed. filled with stone powder and epoxy resin.
The wall painting executed interiors of the
67. PADMINI MAHAL, CHITTORAGRAH, temple were cleaned using ethanol with
DISTRICT CHITTORGRAH the help of cotton swabs. The loose plaster
and the pigment layer were fixed using
It is a big structure, its walls are plastered poly vinyl acetate. The mending work and
and some portions made of stone masonry. color reintegration was also attended
The entire surface was badly affected by wherever required. Finally, 2% solution of
microvegetational growth. For removal of PVA in toluene was applied over the
microvegetational growth ammonia and surface of the paintings as protective
non ionic detergent mixture was used with coating. The work has been completed.
the aid of soft nylon brushes. To remove
the engrained biological deposits slurry 69. KUMBALGARH FORT, KUMBLGRAH,
of calcium hypo chlorite solution was DISTRICT RAJSAMAND
used. The cleaned and dried surface was
treated with the aqueous solution of A. PAGADA POLE AND ADJACENT
sodium pentachlorophenate to impart WALLS
biocidal action. Finally, a coat of Wacker

BS-290 diluted in MTO in the ratio 1:14, It is a final gate to enter the main palace
two coats. Wet-on-wet basis was applied. constructed of sandstone. The entire
The work is in progress. surface of monument affected badly by the
accretionary deposits like soot and
68. JAGAT SHIROMANI TEMPLE AMBER, microvegetational growth was subjected to
DISTRICT AMBER chemical and mechanical cleaning using
mixture of dilute ammonia solution and
In continuation of previous years he nonionic detergent in water. The plastered
scientific conservation work of the plinth portion was cleaned using slurry of
portion of the temple and the wall calcium hypo chlorite to remove biological
paintings inside the temple was taken up. growth. Surface application of 1-2%
The interior wall paintings which were aqueous solution of sodium
covered with thick soot and oily pentachlorophenate was given as
depositions and due to seepage of water in fungicide. Finally, a coat of Wacker BS-
the past the portions of the paintings were 290 diluted in MTO was applied to the
washed away. The plinth portion was entire cleaned and dried surface. The work
covered with lime wash coats along with is in progress.
the dust, dirt and microvegetational growth
385
B. GANESH TEMPLE basis. After the surface cleaning,

fungicidal treatment was done with
This consists of garbhgriha, antaral, sodium pentachlorophenate (C6Cl5ONa)
mandapa and mukhamandpa. The shikara 2% in water followed by water repellent
of the temple is lime plastered and bears treatment with Wacker SMK-1311 in
carvings. The construction material used water in ratio 1:14. The work is in
is sandstone and bricks with lime mortar. progress.
The sandstone and bricks surface was
cleaned by using liquid ammonia solution 71. THIRUMALAI NAYAKA PALACE,
and nonionic detergent, while the plastered SRIVILLIPUTUR, DISTRICT
surface was subjected to the treatment with VIRUDHUNAGAR
calcium hypochlorite. The cleaned and

dried surface was given fungicidal The inside portion of the palace is adorned
treatment using sodium with exquisite Nayaka paintings with great
pentachlorophenate. Finally, the entire workmanship of art. The beautiful
surface was imparted water repellency by paintings were found beneath the very
the application of Wacker BS-290 suitably thick multiple layers of lime coat.
diluted with MTO. The work is in Similarly paint layers were applied on the
progress. wall portions. In order to expose the
paintings chemical conservation and
C. MARBLE GHATS, NAV CHOWKI, preservation work was taken up during the
RAJSAMAND period under review. The hardened and
thick lime coat applied over the painted
The scientific conservation work was surface was removed by physical-chemical
taken up for the removal of graffiti and means using suitable tools and by using
advertisements painted in enamel paint mixture of organic solvents in appropriate
over the walls of the marble ghats using proportion. The work has been completed.
organic solvents and aqueous solutions of
sodium hydroxide. The work has been 72. SRI BRIHADESWARA TEMPLE,
completed. DISTRICT THANJAVUR

TAMIL NADU
the scientific conservation of the wall
paintings around Shiva and Amman
70. SHORE TEMPLE, MAHABALIPURAM,
DISTRICT KANCHIPURAM shrines were taken up conservation
treatment which included surface cleaning,
The monument is located on the sea shore, consolidation, strengthening and
the salt laden winds effect the stone application of a protective coat with PVA
surface which in due course deposits the solution (1%) in toluene. The walls and the
soluble salt on the stone. As a preventive ceiling of the entire pradakshina patha on
measure, the process of removing water the 1st floor around the main Shiva shrine
soluble salts from the infested areas of are adorned with finest work of mural
granite wall was through wet paper pulp painting which comprises both the Chola
poultice technique continued on a regular and Nayaka paintings. The paintings were
386
executed in tempera technique. The solution of ammonium carbonate and bi-

ground layer of the painted surface was carbonate mixture followed by treating the
found to be lime layer. The paintings surface with ammonia and non-ionic
around siva shrine and amman shrines detergent in ratio 3:1. The lime wash
were covered with dust dirt, old removed by using 5% acetic acid solution
preservative coating. For removal of these followed by treating the surface with
accretions, mixture of organic solvents ammonia and non-ionic detergent in the
such as Toluene, Diacetone alcohol, 2- ratio 3:1. The work has been completed.
ethoxy ethanol, and few drops of
Triethanolamine in different proportions 74. ROCK CUT SHIVA TEMPLE
were used (as per the requirement). Fixing, THIRUMAYAM, DISTRICT PUDUKOTTAI
filleting, edging and bulging work was

also attended using lime and casein During the period under review the
mixture. Finally, 1% PVA solution was exterior of Siva Temple, main vimana,
applied over the surface as a preservative other sub shrines and other vandapas
coating. The work has been completed. which were badly affected by
microvegetation and interior areas covered
73. PATTABHIRAMA TEMPLE, by oil, soot and other accretionary deposits
NARAISINGARAYAN PETTAI AND SIVA were taken up for chemical conservation
TEMPLE, GINGEE FORT COMPLEX, and preservation work. For the removal of
DISTRICT VILLUPURAM microvegetational growth and other
accretionary deposits ammonia and non-
The stucco surfaces of these granite stone ionic detergent mixture was used in the
temples were covered with thick layer of ratio 3:1. When the accretions were
dust, dirt and other accretionary deposits. removed completely 2% Sodium
The lime coat patches were also present in pentachlorophenate solution was applied
some portions. Thick oily, sooty as fungicide. Finally when the stucco
accretions, greasy matters were deposited surface was completely dried preservative
at many parts of the interior portion and coating was applied over the surface by
also on some pillars and sculptures. The applying Wacker BS-290 in MTO in ratio
stone surface covered with 1:14. The thick oily, soot and greasy
microvegetational growth. The matters were removed from the interior
conservation treatment to the substrate areas by using 5% aqueous solution of
materials of these temples (granite, ammonium carbonate and bi-carbonate
sandstone and stucco) consisted of mixture followed by treating the surface
mechanical cleaning with a mixture of with ammonia and non-ionic detergent in
ammonia solution and non-ionic liquid the ratio 3:1. The work has been
detergent solution in water (3:1), completed.
fungicidal treatment with 2% Sodium
pentachlorophenate solution in water and 75. SUYAMBHUNATH SWAMY TEMPLE
finally protective treatment with Wacker KILPUTHUR, DISTRICT
SMK-1311 diluted in water in the ratio of THIRUVANANNAMALAI
1:14. Thick oily, soot and greasy matters
were removed by using 5% aqueous
387
The Temple made of granite stones was and conserved during the period under
subjected to chemical treatment and review. For the removal of the moss,
preservation during the period under lichens, dust, dirt and other accretionary
review for eradication of thick layer of deposits ammonia and non-ionic detergent
micro biological growth, dirt, dust and was used in the ratio 3:1. When the
bird’s droppings, etc. The superficial accretions were removed completely 2%
accretions and microbiological growth was Sodium pentachlorophenate solution was
removed from the substrate by chemico- applied as fungicide. Finally, when the
mechanical method using aqueous stucco surface was completely dried
ammonia and teepole mixture with the preservative coating was applied over the
help of soft nylon brushes. The cleaned surface by applying Wacker SMK-1311 in
surface after thorough washing was given water in ratio 1:14. The work is in
fungicidal treatment using sodium progress.
pentachlorophenate. Finally when the
stone surface was completely dried, water 78. SUNDARESHWARA TEMPLE
repellent treatment was given using AMMANKURUCHI, DISTRICT
PUDUKOTTAI
Wacker SMK-1311 in water in 1:14 ratio.
The work has been completed.
The temple is living one and built of
granite. It consist of garbhgriha of main
76. EKAMBARESHWARA TEMPLE,
SETHUR, KARAIKAL PUDUCHERRY U.T. shrine (Shiva), ardhamandapa, mukha
mandapa, lion pillared front mandapa and
The Temple consist of a garbhgriha, mandapa before the entrance gopuram.
ardhamandapa and a mahamandapa. The Apart from these there are sub shrine like
vimana over the santum made of brick. For Amman shrine, Chandikeshwarar shrine,
the removal of the microvegetational Subramanaya shrine, etc. Thick oily, sooty
growth, dust, dirt and other accretionary accretions, greasy matter and
deposits mixture of dilute ammonia microvegetational growth were deposited
solution and non ionic detergent solution over the surface. For the removal of dust,
in the ratio of 3:1 followed by fungicidal dirt and other accretionary deposits
treatment with 2% sodium ammonia and non ionic detergent in the
pentachlorophenate solution in water was ratio 3:1 was used. When the accretions
given. The cleaned and dried surface was were removed completely from the
given protective treatment with Wacker exterior areas 2% sodium
SMK-1311 diluted with water in a ratio pentachlorophenate solution was applied
1:14. The work has been completed. as fungicidal coating. Finally when the
stone surface was completely dried
77. SHRI BRIHADESWARA TEMPLE, GKC hydrophobic treatment with Wacker BS-
PURAM, DISTRICT ARIYALUR 290 in MTO in ratio 1:14 was given. Thick
oily, areas were cleaned using 5% aqueous
The exterior surfaces of the Vimana and solution of Ammonium carbonate and bi-
the sculptures was covered with thick carbonate mixture followed by treating the
layers of dirt, dust, soot and surface with ammonia and non-ionic
microbiological growth have been cleaned detergent. The work is under process.
388
79. VAIKUNTA PERUMAL TEMPLE, sodium pentachlorophenate solution was

KANCHIPURAM, DISTRICT applied as fungicidal coating on dried
KANCHIPURAM
surface. Finally when the stone surface
was completely dried water repellent
During the period under review the
treatment was Wacker SMK-1311 in water
exterior areas such as stucco vimana,
in ratio 1:14 was given as preservative
Gopuram and compound walls which were
coat. Thick oil, soot and greasy matter
covered with thick microvegetational
were removed using 5% aqueous solution
growth and interior areas with thick soot
of Ammonium carbonate and bicarbonate
and oily accretion was taken up for
mixture followed by cleaned the surface
scientific conservation work. For the
with ammonia and non ionic detergent in
removal of microvegetational growth,
ratio 3:1. The work is under progress.
dust, dirt and other accretionary deposits
ammonia and non ionic detergent in the
81. ROCK CUT JAIN TEMPLE (ARIVAR
ratio 3:1 was used. When the accretions KOIL)
were removed completely from the
exterior areas, 2% sodium The cave temples are decorated with
pentachlorophenate solution was applied murals made of vegetable colours. During
as fungicidal coating. Finally when the the period under review the painting as
stone surface was completely dried water well stone surface of rock cut Jain temple,
repellent Wacker SMK-1311 in water in Sittannavasal was taken up. Stone portion
ratio 1:14 was applied as preservative coat. of exterior areas were covered with
Thick oil, soot and greasy matter were microvegetational growth and the interior
removed using 5% aqueous solution of area with dust, dirt and greasy matter etc.
Ammonium carbonate and bicarbonate The interior stone wall which was very
mixture followed by washing the surface fragile in condition consolidated. The
with ammonia and non ionic detergent in work is under progress.
ratio 3:1. The work is under process.
82. SRI VALISVARA TEMPLE,
80. SIKKANATHA SWAMY TEMPLE, TIRUVALISVARAM, DISTRICT
KUNDUMIYANMALAI, PUDUKOTTAI, TIRUNELVELI
DISTRICT TAMIL NADU
Provided dwarf wall with fixed chain link
The temple is made of granite stone the fencing towards southern side.
vimanas and gopuras are done by stucco. Construction of coping over the prakara
This temple consists of garbhagriha, wall using brick masonry with 1:1:5
mahamandapa, sabhamanadapa and combination mortar and plastering over the
ardhmandapa. During the period under coping base with lime cement mortar with
review the scientific conservation work ratio 1:1:5, 20mm thick and thin coat of
was taken up for the removal of grinded L.C. Mortar 1:1, including colour
microvegetational growth, dust, dirt and matching, curing, etc., completed in north
other accretionary deposits using ammonia and south side.
and non ionic detergent in the ratio 3:1.
When the accretions were removed
completely from the exterior areas 2%
389
83. ROCK CUT CAVE TEMPLE,

THIRUNANDIKKARE, DISTRICT 87. PAINTINGS OF SEVEN MONUMENTS
KANYAKUMARI UNDER THRISSUR CIRCLE
Constructed dwarf wall fencing by fixing The work involved the dusting and
L-Angle post with barbed wire on eastern chemical treatment and preservation of
side is completed. paintings on the wooden ceiling at Shree
Rama Temple, Triprayar and minor repair
84. FORT, VATTAKOTTAI, DISTRICT in respect of monuments 1. Visnu temple,
KANYAKUMARI
Kadavallur 2. Siva temple,
Providing missing portion veneer stone to Chemmanthitta, 3. Siva temple,
fort wall with new granite stone and Pallimannah, 4. Siva temple, Avittathur, 5.
construction of core wall on outer side fort Siva temple, Peruvanam, 6. Mattancherry
in north side is completed Palace, Mattancherry and 7. Shree Rama
temple, Triprayar. Scientific conservation
work of Siva temple, Netrimangalam was
THRISSUR
taken up for removal of dust, dirt,
85. SIVA TEMPLE,
microvegetational growth by using 2-3%
THIRUVANCHIKKULAM DISTRICT solution of ammonia and non ionic
THRISSUR detergent. The chemically cleaned surface
was given fungicidal treatment by 2%
During the period under review the dusting solution of sodium pentachlorophenate.
and upkeep of the paintings at Siva Finally treated surface preserved by
Temple was done. The work has been application of silicone based water
completed. repellent emulsion Wacker SMK-1311 in
water in 1:12 ratio. The work is in
86. SRI PARASURAMA TEMPLE, progress.
THIRUVALLAM, DISTRICT TRIVANDRUM
88. SCIENTIFIC CLEARANCE OF
During the period under review the MEGALITHIC ROCK CUT UNDERGROUND
scientific conservation work was taken up CHAMBER AT KKN PARIYARAM GVHSS,
for removal of dust, dirt, and PARIYARAM, DISTRICT KANNUR
microvegetational growth by using 2-3%
solution of ammonia with non ionic Scientific clearance of Megalithic
detergent. The lime plaster on the stone underground laterite rock cut chamber at
wall was removed by using 2% acetic acid KKN Pariyaram GVHSS, Pariyaram,
solution and neutralize by ammonia Kannur district conducted during World
solution. The chemically cleaned surface Heritage Week celebration. The site is
was given fungicidal treatment with 2% located on the eastern side entrance of the
solution of sodium pentachlorophenate. school and was accidentally found and
Finally treated surface was preserved by damaged when school children were
application of silicone based water planting some trees. Later on it was
emulsion of Wacker SMK 1311 in water in vandalised by treasure hunters and burial
1:12 ratio. The work is in progress. objects were taken out through port hole.
In order to salvage the site, the area was
390
scientifically probed. The loose top soil 90. ST. FRANCIS CHURCH, KOCHI
was removed up to 5cm.
Painting to the exterior walls has been
Towards the north western side there was a done and the doors and polishing of
slightly slanting portion leading to the windows in western side completed. Lean
entrance of the cave. The entrance was to roofs on the southern side of the church
closed with a rectangular shaped laterite has been repaired and re-erected.
flat stone measuring 100 x 60 x 10cm.
91. SIVA TEMPLE, CHEMMANTHITTA,
After the removal of the slab two
DISTRICT THRISSUR
rectangular recessed entrance similar to
door jambs found. The entrance of the The damaged beams and ceiling rafters of
cave measures 70 x 60cm. The circular granary (pathayapura) of the temple has
plan of the cave has a diameter of 2.00m been replaced with new teak wood roof
and actual top opening has a diameter members and planks as per existing
about 40cm. Inside the cave above the pattern. Anti-termite treatment to the entire
floor about 40cm thick deposit found and structural portions also attended.
over that placed some typical pottery
belonging to megalithic period which are 92. SIVA TEMPLE, PERUVANAM, DISTRICT
found in broken condition. The shapes THRISSUR
include miniature pots, lid, bowl of black
ware and red ware, etc. Some iron The Prakara wall of the temple was
implements like spear, broken chisel, etc. thoroughly conserved using laterite stone
were also found from the cave. in lime combination mortar in south
eastern side as per old existing pattern.
89. BEKAL FORT, PALLIKERE, DISTRICT The roof of Madathilappan shrine 2nd tier
KASARGOD has been conserved by providing teak
wood roof members and copper tiles.
Restoration, underpinning and water
tightening work of stepped well near 93. OS WORK CONSERVATION OF
watch tower on north east side of fort in KOOTHAMBALAM OF SRI.
KOODALMANICKAM TEMPLE, DISTRICT
laterite stone masonry in combination THRISSUR
mortar is carried out. The fallen wall of
steeped well have been restored in laterite The repairs to the roof members of
stone masonry in combination mortar. Koothambalam and roof planks are in
Recess pointing to the wall in tune with progress. Apron all around Koothambalam
colour and texture is carried out. with granite stone is provided.
Construction of laterite stone masonry
dwarf fencing wall and fixing of MS grill TRIPURA
over it on the eastern side of Bekal fort
have been carried out. Conservation of 94. BHUBANESHWARY TEMPLE, RAJ
South eastern side sea bastion has been NAGAR, DISTRICT SOUTH TRIPURA
strengthened by underpinning, resetting
and pointing as per original. The brick temple, with lime plastered
surface was taken for the chemical
391
treatment and preservation work. The was given biocidal treatment using
entire plastered and stone surface was aqueous solution of sodium
chemically treated using aqueous ammonia pentachlorophenate followed by water
solution and non-ionic detergent mixture repellent treatment application of Wacker
for eradication of superficial dirt, dust and BS-290 diluted in MTO. The work has
microvegetational growth, etc. The been completed.
chemically treated and dried surface was
given fungicidal treatment using solution 97. SHRI KEDARNATH JI TEMPLE,
of sodium pentachlorophenate, followed KEDARNATH, DISTRICT RUDRPRAYAG
by water repellent treatment to make the

structure water resistant. The work has The temple made up of granite-gneiss
been completed. stone. The interior wall, sculpture and
inscriptions were covered by dust, dirt, and
95. CHATURDAS TEMPLE, UDIAPUR smoke, greasy and oily matters. Removal
RADHA KISHOREPUR, DISTRICT SOUTH of accretionary deposits was carried out
TIPURA using aqueous solution of ammonia and
non ionic detergent with suitable additives.
The chemical conservation work of the The entire cleaned and dried surface was
entire temple and its subsidiaries was finally washed with plain water. The work
taken up during the period under review. is in progress.
The superficial accretions along with
vegetational growth were removed from
UTTAR PRADESH
the surface. The chemically treated and
dried plaster and brick surface was given 98. DIWAN-E-KHAS, FATEHPUR SIKRI,
biocidal treatment followed by silane AGRA
siloxane based water repellent treatment as
preservative. The work has been The monument is made up of red
completed. sandstone. The exterior sides of the
UTTARAKHAND monument become gray black at many
places due to deposition of micro
96. MRITUNJAYA TEMPLE, DWARHAT, vegetational growth, dust, dirt and other
DISTRICT ALMORA tarry matters. Interior portion had lots of
water marks and intense dust deposition on
The temple made up of sandstone. The walls and jalies. The loose dust and dirt
exterior surface of temple was covered were cleaned by using soft brushes, the
with dust, dirt, birds droppings and microvegetational accretions were
microvegetational growth and wall and eradicated by treating with 2% aqueous
ceiling of interior surface was blacked due ammonia solution containing a little liquid
to the deposition of oily, splashes of non-ionic detergent from the exterior as
sindoor and tarry matters. A removal of well interior surfaces. The plastered
accretionary deposits was carried out with surface was treated with calcium
aqueous solution of ammonia and non hypochlorite. Fragile portion was
ionic detergent. The entire chemically consolidated by OH-100. The chemically
treated surface was finally washed with treated surface was applied with a coat of
plain water. The treated and dried surface
392
2-3% sodium pentachlorophenate solution. marks were also observed. The loose dust
Finally, the surface so treated was and dirt were cleaned by using soft
preserved with Wacker BS-290 diluted in brushes. Microvegetational growth and
MTO. The work has been completed. other accretions were eradicated using 2%
aqueous ammonia solution containing a
99. BURIA-KA-TAL, AGRA little liquid non-ionic detergent. Fragile
portion was consolidated by OH-100. The
The exterior side of the structure was taken chemically treated surface was given a
up for chemical conservation work during coat of 2% sodium pentachlorophenate
the period under review for the removal of solution. Finally, the surface so treated
micro vegetational growth, dust, dirt and was preserved with Wacker BS-290
other tarry matters. Some portion of tomb diluted in MTO. The work has been
and pavilion was very fragile in nature and completed.
need proper consolidation and
strengthening. The general cleaning with 101. AKBARS TOMB, SIKANDRA, AGRA
ammonia and non ionic detergent was
done. The loose dust and dirt were cleaned The marble portion of entrance gate has
with the help of soft nylon brushes. The become dull in appearance due to
deep rooted microvegetational growth on deposition of pigeon excreta, dust, dirt
lime surface was removed using the paste and dried microbiological growth. The
of calcium hypochlorite followed by stone surface at many places has become
cleaning with mild aqueous ammonia fragile. To check the decay of stone
solution containing a little liquid non-ionic surface, application of Wacker OH-100
detergent. Fragile portion was consolidated was given as stone strengthener. The sand
by an ethyl silicate based stone stone surface was treated with 2-3 % aqua
strengthener OH-100. The chemically ammonia solution containing a little liquid
treated surface was given a coat of 2-3% non-ionic detergent in order to remove
sodium pentachlorophenate solution. dust dirt and micro-biological growth. The
Finally, the surface so treated was marble surface was treated by applying the
preserved with Wacker BS-290 diluted in paste of fuller’s earth containing traces of
MTO. The work has been completed. Ammonium carbonate. The work is in
progress.
100. JUGAL KISHOR TEMPLE,
VRINDAVAN 102. SHEESHMAHAL MAIN MAUSOLEUM,
TAJ MAHAL, AGRA
The temple is made up of red sand stone
and dedicated to Lord Krishna. The temple The scientific conservation work was
comprises a huge Shikhara and entrance taken up for the marble and lime plaster
porch. There is no Idol in the temple. The surface which was affected from dust, dirt
exterior surface of the temple had become superficial accretion, hands touching
grey-black at many places due to marks, smoky deposits, and oily/greasy
deposition of dust, dirt and dried material. The entire surface was treated
microbiological growth. Due to bird’s with mild ammonia solution and non-ionic
droppings deposition of white patches and liquid detergent solution with the help of
393
soft brushes on the lime plaster. Removal microvegetational growth were removed
of superficial accretions on marble surface from the surface by treating it with
was done by application of Fuller’s earth aqueous ammonia solution containing non
paste of hydrated aluminum magnesium ionic detergent. The entire cleaned surface
silicate. Finally, the surface was washed was given a coat of 2% sodium
with plenty of distilled water. The work is pentachlorophennate solution as fungicide.
in progress. The fragile and weak sand stone surface
was consolidated with an ethyl silicate
103. OLD BRITISH CEMETERY, based stone strengthener. Finally the
SAHARANPUR surface was preserved with Wacker BS-
290 diluted in MTO. The work has been
The chemical conservation work was taken completed.
up for the removal of dust, dirt and dried
microvegetational growth from the all 105. KHAS-MAHAL COMPLEX AND
graves. White patches of pigeon excreta MUSAMMAN BURJ, AGRA FORT, AGRA
were observed on the exterior and interior
surface of graves and especially on the The Musamman Burj and Khas-Mahal
marble statue which is connected with complex inside the Agra Fort is made up
graves. Appearance of marble chhatries of white marble. The exterior marble
were becomes yellowish in colour. The surfaces of this palace covered with
sand stone surface was treated with 2-3% smoke, dust, dirt, greasy accretions, where
aqueous ammonia solution containing a as parapet wall made up of lime plaster
little liquid non-ionic detergent in order to become black due to depositions of
remove dust, dirt and micro-biological microvegetation. The interior marble
growth on stone surface. The chemically surface was also becomes pale-yellow
treated sand stone surface was preserved colour due to deposition of dust and dirt.
with application of Wacker BS-290 diluted At few places brown patches was also
in MTO. Removal of superficial accretions noticed due to rusting of iron dowels. The
on marble surface were done by clay pack metallic pinacle and sheet over the chatri
treatment. Finally, the surface was washed of Musamman Burj diminished it’s shining
with plenty of water. The work has been due to deposition of dust, dirt and smoke.
completed. Due to various accretionery deposits the
golden colour of metalic sheet had
104. JAHANGIRI MAHAL, AGRA FORT, becomes blackish. The marble surface was
AGRA
treated by applying the paste of Fuller’s
earth containing traces of additive as
The exterior surface of Jahangiri Mahal
needed. Finally the treated marble surface
was become dark at many places due to
was thoroughly washed with plenty of
deposition of dust, dirt, smoke and
distilled water to remove the traces of
microvegetational growth. It was observed
chemical. The metallic portion was treated
that at few places the sand stone surface
using chemicals like Rochelle salt, sodium
become porous and fragile. The loose dust,
hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide as per
dirt, etc. were cleaned by using soft nylon
requirement. The cleaned metal surface
brushes, the sticky dust and
was preserved by applying two coats of
394
1% solution of PVA diluted in sulphur free ammonia solution and non-ionic liquid
toluene. The work has been completed. detergent with the help of soft nylon / coir
brushes. The Scientifically treated sand
106. MADAN MOHAN TEMPLE, stone surface was given biocidal treatment
VRINDAVAN, MATHURA by applying 2-3% solution of sodium
pentachlorophenate in water. The weak
The exterior surface of monument made and fragile sand stone surface was treated
up of red sand stone was become grey- with an ethyl silicate based stone
black at many places due to deposition of strengthener. Finally, the surface was
dust, dirt, microvegetational growth, bats preserved with Wacker BS-290 diluted in
and pigeons droppings inside the temple, MTO. The work has been completed.
resulting formation of dark patches on
stone surface. Superficial accretions like b. JAMI MASJID:
dust, dirt etc., were removed with the help
of soft nylon/coir brushes. The biological The interior sandstone surface was covered
accretions and excreta of pigeon and bats with dust, dirt, tarry matters, bee hives and
from the surface were removed with 2-3% pigeons droppings resulting formation of
aqueous ammonia solution adding non- dark patches on stone surface. The
ionic liquid detergent with the help of soft superficial accretions of dust, dirt, etc.,
nylon/coir brushes. The Scientifically were removed with the help of soft brushes
cleaned sand stone surface was given from the surface. The surface was cleaned
biocidal treatment by applying 2-3% with aqueous ammonia solution and non-
solution of sodium pentachlorophenate in ionic liquid detergent with the help of soft
water. Finally the entire cleaned and dried brushes. The weak and fragile sand stone
surface was preserved with the water surface was consolidated with an ethyl
repellent treatment with silane siloxane silicate based stone strengthener. The
based preservative. The work has been work has been completed.
completed.
108. SADIQ AND SALABAT KHAN TOMB,
SIKANDRA, AGRA
107. FATEHPUR SIKARI, DISTRICT AGRA
a. DIWAN-E-AAM : The scientific conservation work was

taken up for the restoration of paintings
The monument is made up of red executed on the four beautiful chhatries at
sandstone. The exterior surface of the the four corners of the platform. The main
Monument was become grey-black at problem was flaking, bulging, loss of
many places due to deposition of dust, dirt, pigments, voids and cracks in the paintings
soot, smoke tarry matters, water marks and inside the ceiling of four chhatries.
microvegetational growth. White patches Paintings were restored by means of
were also observed due to deposition of edging, fixing and filleting along with
bird’s droppings inside the judgment hall. general cleaning with mild organic
The superficial accretions of dust, dirt, solvents. Colour reintegration was also
etc., were removed with the help of soft attended. Finally the surface was preserved
nylon coir brushes from the surface. The with 1% solution of PVA in sulphur free
surface was cleaned using 2-3% aqueous toluene. The work has been completed.
395
109. MAKARBAI TEMPLE, MKARBAI, The interior and exterior portion of main
DISTRICT MAHOBA gate was taken up for scientific
conservation work during the period under
The exterior and interior portion of the review. The plastered surface of the gate
temple was taken up for scientific was thickly covered with thick
conservation work during the period under microvegetational growth, bird’s
review. The stone surface of the temple droppings, dust, dirt and hard accretionary
covered with dust, dirt, hard accretionary deposits like lime wash. Removal of
deposits and microvegetational growth. accretionary deposits was carried out with
The superficial accretionary deposits were aqueous solution of ammonia and non
removed using aqueous ammonia solution ionic detergent. Acetic acid was also used
and nonionic detergent along with various to remove lime wash over the plastered
chemicals as per requirement. The weak surface. The entire chemically treated
and fragile stone surface was consolidated surface was finally washed with plain
with an ethyl silicate based stone water. The treated and dried surface was
strengthener. The chemically treated and given biocidal treatment using aqueous
dried surface was given fungicidal solution of sodium pentachlorophenate.
treatment using aqueous solution of The work is in progress.
sodium pentachlorophenate followed by
water repellent treatment with silane
WEST BENGAL
siloxane based preservative. The work has
been completed.
112. HANSESWARI AND BASUDEVA
TEMPLES, BANSBERIA, DISTRICT
110. RANI MAHAL, JHANSI, DISTRICT HOOGHLY
JHANSI
(a) PAINTINGS OF HANSESWARI
In continuation of the previous year’s TEMPLE
work, consolidation and restoration work
of wall paintings was taken up during the The mural paintings were executed inside
period under review. The wall paintings the interior garbhagriha and veranda
were covered with dust, dirt, soot, tarry using tempera technique on rock surfaces.
matters along with minor cracks and Inside the garbhagriha, due to burning of
graffiti on the painted wall. Filleting and oil lamps and candles, the paintings were
filling work of minor cracks along with affected with thick soot formation. These
edging of the painted plaster was carried soots were slowly and very carefully
out followed by chemical treatment using removed using mixture of organic
different organic solvents and their chemicals to expose the original paintings.
mixtures as required. The colour The exposed paintings were then
reintegration as well as preservation work retouched using natural colours wherever
on the chemically treated area was also necessary and finally two coats of
carried out. The work is in progress. preservative were applied over the
paintings. Paintings in verandah were also
111. MAIN GATE OF GULAB BARI, retouched wherever necessary and
FAIZABAD, DISTRICT FAIZABAD
396
preserved chemically. The work has been solution mixed with non-ionic detergent
completed. with the help of soft brushes. Fungicide
was applied over the dried surfaces to
(b) BASUDEVA TEMPLES arrest the re growth of vegetation. Finally
two coats of preservative were applied
In continuation of previous year’s work, using Wacker B S-290 in MTO in the ratio
the remaining chemical treatment and 1:
preservation of the temple was completed. 15 (wet-on-wet). The work has been
completed.
113. BRINDAVAN CHANDRA THAKUR
MATH COMPLEX (VIZ. KRISHNA
114. KOCHBIHAR PALACE MUSEUM,
CHANDRA, RAM CHANDRA,
DISTRICT KOCHBIHAR
CHAITANYADEV AND BRINDAVAN
CHANDRA TEMPLES) AT GUPTIPARA,
DISTRICT HOOGHLY The paintings were executed over the
walls of two adjacent rooms of Kochbihar
(a) CHAITANYADEV AND KRISHNA palace, which were damaged due to
CHANDRA TEMPLES flaking, loss of painted plasters, loss of
colours, etc. Small and big cracks and
In continuation of previous year’s work, loose plasters were consolidated using
these temples were preserved chemically lime water mixed with natural adhesive.
using two coats of preservative of Wacker These cracks and holes were filled up
BS-290 in MTO in the ratio 1:15 (wet-on- using mixture of lime, sand and natural
wet).The work has been completed. adhesive. Colour re-integration was done
to match the colours with the surroundings
(b) RAMCHANDRA AND BRINDAVAN as these are continuous floral designs of
CHANDRA TEMPLES
similar patterns. The work is in progress.
The thick growth of microvegetation was
removed chemically using ammonia
MONITORING OF AIR POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTION AGRA Air quality monitoring activity consists of

ambient air quality monitoring and
AIR QUALITY MONITORING
meteorological conditions.
The Science Branch of the Survey is 1. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING

carrying out air quality monitoring at Taj STATION, TAJ MAHAL, AGRA
Mahal, Agra, Bibi-ka-Maqbara, Air Pollution Control Laboratory, Agra
Aurangabad and Charminar, Hyderabad continuously monitors the following major
with the objectives to assess the impact of atmospheric pollutants round the clock at
changing environmental conditions on the the monitoring station located at Taj
structure and building materials of ancient Mahal.
monuments and historical buildings. The
397
Parameter Sampling Technique Sampling Time

Sulphur Di Oxide (SO2) Modified West and Greek Method 4 hourly basis
(µg m3) (Sequential Air Sampler)
Oxides of Nitrogen Jacob and Hochneisser or Sodium 4 hourly basis
3
(NOx) (µg m ) Arsenite Method (Sequential Air
Sampler)
Suspended Particulate Respirated dust sampler and High 8 hourly basis
Matter (SPM) (µg m3) volume sampler
Sulphation Rate Gm Lead Candle Method Monthly basis
SO3/m2/day
Dust Fall Rate Dust Fall Jar Monthly basis
2
(MT/KM /Month)
A. The status of Ambient quality

observed during April 2013 to March 2014
at Taj Mahal is as follows:
Period Pollutant
3
SO2 (µg m ) NOx (µg m3) SPM (µg m3)
Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg.
Apr. 13 to 04.74 03.01 03.34 08.61 03.49 05.80 348.86 54.15 191.15
Mar. 14
B. The Meteorological parameters like at the site Taj Mahal. Meteorological data
temperature, relative, humidity, wind is recorded on hourly basis throughout the
speed, wind direction, atmospheric year and is presented for monthly
pressure, solar radiation are monitored maximum, minimum and average values
through automatic weather monitoring in the following table:
station (Wind Monitor, WM-271) installed
Meteorological parameters recorded in the ambience of Taj Mahal for the year 2013-14
Period Parameter
Temperature % Relative Humidity Rain Fall mm
Max Min Avg. Max Min Avg. Avg.
Apr. 13 to 44.3 8.0 - 98.2 7.3 - 19.62
Mar. 14
C. The data showing Sulphation rate and

Dust fall rate measured at Taj Mahal have
been compiled in the following table:
398
Sulphation Rate and Dust Fall Rate for the year 2013-14
Period Sulphation Rate Gm Dust Fall Rate

SO3/m2/day 2
(MT/KM /Month)
Max Min Max Min
Apr. 13 to Mar. 14 0.0222 0.0083 6.82 2.14
2. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY mandapa and Sankaranarayana shrine of

MONITORING STATION, BIBI-KA- the temple.
MAQBARA, AURANGABAD.
The work involved the removal of hard

The ambient air quality monitoring has
soot accretions accumulated on the
been carried out at Bibi-ka-Maqbara,
paintings of Vadakkumnatha shrine and
Aurangabad to generate data for the
removal of dust and dirt using organic
following parameters during the period
solvents like, 2 ethoxy ethanol, turpentine,
under report.
diacetone alcohol, butyl lactate and
sulphur free toluene. There were many
(i) Suspended Particulate Matter
lacunae portions in the murals due to
(SPM)
climatic changes, celebrated Thissur
(ii) Sulphur di Oxide (SO2)
Pooram Festival (explosive causing fall
(iii) Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
certain portions) and other human
activities. The flaked portions were
The meteorological parameters such as
rectified by fresh lime in the traditional
Temperature, Relative Humidity, Rainfall,
combination method with organic
Atmospheric Pressure, Wind Speed, Wind
ingredients and the conserved portions
Direction and sunshine have also been
were integrated with water colours. After
monitored using the equipment Satellite
completion of work in southern portion of
Link automatic weather station installed at
the shrine, preservative coat of 1% PVA in
the site. The data collected have been
sulphur free toluene were given. The 52%
useful in assessing the impact of pollutants
of the work is completed and remaining is
on the preservation and stability of the
in progress.
ancient monument and historical buildings.
2. M.R. DUSTING AND UPKEEP OF
THRISSUR CIRCLE PAINTINGS AT SIVA TEMPLE,
THIRUVANCHIKULAM AND 3D LASER
1. M.R. (CT &P) TO PAINTINGS OF SCANNING OF MONUMENTS, DISTRICT
SRI VADAKKUMNATHA TEMPLE, THRISSUR
DISTRICT THRISSUR
The M. R. Work was framed in the year The M.R. work framed in the previous
2011-12 for removal of soot, dust and dirt financial year for the dusting and upkeep
accretions accumulated on the wall of the paintings at Siva temple
paintings and consolidation of deteriorated Thiruvanchikulam, Thrissur district and
portions of Vadakkumnatha shrine, cloister 3D laser scanning of some of the
monuments.
399
In continuation to the dusting work and Pallimanah, 4. Siva temple, Avittathur, 5.

initial works carried out in the previous Siva temple, Peruvanam, 6. Mattancherry
financial year, the work for 3D laser palace, Mattancherry 7. Shree Rama
scanning, 3D modelling using laser temple, Triprayar and Chemical treatment
technology, 2 Dorthograph drawing of and preservation of Siva temple,
Siva temple, Chemmanthitta and training Netrimangalam, Pattambi.
for the technical staff for the usage of data
has been completed. The work involved dusting, anti-termite
treatment and preservation for the bracket
3. M. R. (CT&P) SRI PRASURAMA TEMPLE, figures of Visnu temple Kadavallur as well
THIRUVALLAM, DISTRICT as identification of wood as
TRIVANDRUM.
Artocarpusheterophyllus (Jack wood).
The M. R. work framed in the current
Dusting and attending of minor
financial year for the chemical treatment
conservation problems in Siva Temple,
and preservation of different shrines of Sri
Chemmanthitta, Siva temple, Pallimanah,
Parasurama Temple, Thiruvallam, District
Siva temple, Avittathur, Siva Temple,
Trivandrum.
Peruvanam, Mattancherry palace,
Mattancherry, dusting and chemical
The work involved the removal of
treatment and preservation of paintings on
microvegetation, dust dirt and general
the wooden ceiling at Sree Rama Temple,
cleaning of Ganesa Shrine using 2-3%
Triprayar.
solution of ammonium hydroxide and non-
ionic detergent in water. The lime plaster
Chemical treatment and preservation of
on the stonewall was mechanically
Siva temple, Netrimangalam carried out
removed and the accretions were removed
for the removal of micro vegetation, dust
using 2% acetic acid solution in water and
dirt and general cleaning using 2-3%
the area was neutralised by ammonium
solution of ammonium hydroxide and non-
hydroxide solution in water. The
ionic detergent in water, application of 2%
chemically treated area was given 2%
sodium pentachlorophenate as the
sodium pentachlorophenate as the
fungicide solution and final preservation
fungicide solution and finally preserved by
by the application of coats of silane
the application of coats of silanes iloxane
siloxane mixture (Wacker silicons SMK-
mixture (Wacker silicons SMK-1311) in
1311) in water solvent in the ration 1:12.
water solvent in the ration 1:12. The work
The work is completed (Pls. 187-190).
is in progress.
5. ANTIQUITY TREATMENT
4. ANNUAL REGULAR MAINTENANCE OF
PAINTINGS OF SEVEN MONUMENTS
UNDER THRISSUR CIRCLE The treatment of iron antiquities obtained
from Pariyaram, District Kannur, Kerala
The work involved the dusting and minor was treated for the removal of rust in
repair attending in respect of monuments electrochemical method and preserved
viz. 1. Vishnu temple Kadavallur 2. Siva using microcrystalline wax. Pottery objects
temple, Chemmanthitta, 3. Siva temple,
400
Plate 187
Kadavallur: a; before and b; after chemical conservation of wooden bracket figurine, Vishnu
temple.
401
Plate 188
temple.
402
Plate 189
temple.
403
Plate 190
Pattambi: a; before and b; after chemical conservation of Siva t emple at Netrimangalam.
404
obtained from the same site was also Scientific conservation work taken up on
treated with organic solvents. exterior portions of sub shrines east-south.
Boundary walls of south-east and east side
PROJECT ABROAD to removed superficial accretions like dust,
dirt, microvegetational growth and thick
1. CHEMICAL TREATMENT AND lime coats. General cleaning was carried
PRESERVATION OF ANANDA TEMPLE, out by using 3% solution of ammonia and
BAGAN, MYANMAR
nonionic detergent in aqueous medium
with the help of soft nylon brushes
A. Scientific conservation of wooden
followed by thorough washing with plenty
doors, Buddha diety and mural paintings
of water to remove remnants of chemicals
were taken up during the period under
if any. The thick lime coat from the
review. To exposed murals thick lime coat
exterior surface was removed using 3%
was removed using 3% solution of dilute
solution of acetic acid in aqueous medium
acetic acid followed by neutralization of
followed by washing with plenty of plain
acid with 3% solution of ammonium
water and repeated by treatment with 3%
carbonate and sodium carbonate. For
solution of ammonia and non ionic
cleaning of exposed paintings mixture of
detergent solution to neutralize the acid on
organic solvents were used in suitable
the surface. To check the growth of micro
ratio. Consolidation was carried out by
vegetation dilute solution of calcium hypo
using a solution of lime and lime plaster.
chlorite was applied over the surface
Painting were preserved using 1% PVA
which was removed after four hours and
solution in toluene.
surface was washed with water. On dried
surface 3% solution of sodium
B. The wooden doors were covered
pentachlorophenate in water was applied
with dust, dirt, soot, grease and other
as fungicidal treatment. For weak and
accretionary deposits. Superficial deposits
fragile surface consolidation was done
were removed with soft nylon brushes
using Wacker OH-100. Finally,
followed by cleaning with a mixture of 2-
hydrophobic treatment was given using a
ethoxy ethanol and mineral turpentine oil.
silane siloxene based water repellent BS-
Finally the cleaned surface was preserved
290 diluted in MTO.
with 20% aldrine in mineral turpentine oil
followed by 2% chloropyriphos in MTO.
The glazed terracotta plaques which were
covered with thick coats of lime were
C. Out of four Buddha deities, the one
taken up for scientific conservation work.
situated on east facing gilded with gold
The lime coats were removed physic-
foil was taken for its chemical
chemically using 3% solution of acetic
conservation. For the removal of dust, dirt
acid followed by neutralization with
and other superficial deposits the cleaning
ammonia solution .After thorough washing
was carried out using mineral turpentine
the dried surface was consolidated using
oil. The work has been completed.
Wacker OH-100.
405
2. TREATMENT OF EXCAVATED OBJECTS  Chemical treatment and

AND MUSEUM EXEBITS.
preservation work of iron antiquities
received from Pariyaram, Kannur, District,
1. Zonal Laboratory, Aurangabad: Kerala were carried out by suitable
 Antiquities like basalt stone chemicals.
sculpture, iron, copper and terracotta
objects from the excavated site Raigad, 5. Science Laboratory, Dehradun
District, Raigad were chemically treated
and preserved with suitable chemicals.  Restoration and Preservation of
122 Nos. books out of 299 nos. books
2. Zonal Laboratory, Delhi: received from Central Archaeological
Library, New Delhi was carried out.
 Chemical treatment and
preservation of 41 Nos. paintings received  Chemical treatment and
from Indian Agricultural Research preservation of antiquities of excavated
Institute, Delhi was carried out. site Singhol is in progress.
 Chemical treatment and  Chemical treatment and

Preservation of 150 antiquities of various preservation of antiquities of Khirsara
natures like paper object, textile, painting, Excavation Site received from O/o
metal etc of Archaeological Museum Director, E.E., A.S.I., Vadodara is in
(Mumtaz Mahal Museum), Red Fort, Delhi progress.
was carried out.
TREATMENT OF MONUMENTS
 Restoration and preservation of AND PAINTINGS
109 Nos. books out of 200 Nos. of books
received from Central Archaeological DHARWAD CIRCLE
Library, Janpath, New Delhi have been
carried out. 1. EXCAVATED STUPA REMAINS AT
KANAGHANAHALLI (SANNATHI),
DISTRICT GULBARGA
3. Zonal Laboratory, Mysore
Removal of superficial accretions, dust
 Chemical treatment and and dirt by dry brushing. Chemical
preservation work of broken small copper treatment for removal of all types of
vessel, copper plates, silver sheets, beads accretions, superficial and engrained,
copper box and copper coins were including microvegetation growth by using
received by the O/o the Superintending liquid ammonia solution mixed with Non -
Archaeologist, Bangalore Circle, Ionic detergent on the surface of the
Bangalore were carried out. panels. Sodium pentachlorophenate is
applied to arrest algal & fungal accretions
4. Zonal Laboratory, Thirssur are applied on a trial basis. Wacker BS-
290 in MTO (1:16 V/V) has been applied
to some specific panels on a trial basis.
406
2. TARAKESHWARA TEMPLE (EXTERIOR),

HANGAL, DISTRICT HAVERI Chemical treatment and preservation of
antiquities received from Bangalore Circle,
Removal of dust and dirt by using dry Bangalore was carried out.
brushing. Chemical cleaning by using
liquid ammonia and non-ionic detergent.
 Chemical and instrumental analysis
Lime removal is brought into effect by
of sample of Keshar Bagh Gate Lucknow
treatment with Acetic Acid so that lime
was carried out.
which is Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) is
converted to soluble calcium acetate (Pls.
 Metallographic studies of Copper
191-192).
ingots received from Lothal, India were
carried out.
3. BANSHANKARI DEVI AND
SHANKARLINGA TEMPLE, AMARGOL,
DISTRICT DHARWAD  Scientific analysis of sample of
Masroor received from Chandigarh Zone
Removal of superficial accretions, dust was carried out for its composition.
and dirt, etc. Chemical treatment for
removal of all types of accretions, 2. STONE CONSERVATION LABORATORY,
superficial and engrained, including AGRA
microvegetation growth. Application of

fungicide in entire exterior surface and The stereo microscopic studies and
water repellent in MTO. petrographic studies of stone samples and
painted layer of Jami Masjid, Fatehpur
CONSERVATION LABORATORY Sikri has been carried out by using
DEHRADUN & AGRA polarizing microscope (NIKON make-
Model E- 600 POL). The transmitted light
D. LABORATORY ANALYSIS AND microscopy used in identifying the
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES constituent materials reveals the inner
matrix of the rock. Stereomicroscopic
1. SCIENCE LABORATORY, DEHRADUN studies were carried out for morphological
studies of painted layer and stone samples.
 Laboratory studies for chemical
and instrumental analysis of stone samples Petrography studies of some marble (Old
of Hampi group of monuments was carried and New) samples collected from Itmad-
out. ud-Daula was carried out to determine the
texture, grain size, distribution patterned,
 Metallographic studies of samples binding medium and mineral composition
of Nalasopara received from Mumbai of rock employed in the construction. The
Circle were carried out. thin sections of stone samples were
subjected to microscopic studies to obtain
 Metallographic studies of Copper photomicrographs by using polarizing
ingots received from Michigan, U.S.A. microscope (NIKON make- Model E- 600
was carried out. POL). The transmitted light microscopy
used in indentifying the constituent
407
Plate 191
Hangal: Pattambi: a; before and b; after chemical conservation of Tarakeshwara temple.
408
Plate 192
Hangal: a; before and b; after chemical conservation of Tarakeshwara temple.
409
materials reveals the inner matrix of the PHOTOMICROGRAPHS OF

rock. PAINTED LAYER
Photomicrographs  Photomicrographs of painted material

have been obtained with the help of
(A) Photomicrograph showing granular polarizing microscope. The
texture of the rock. photomicrographs are revealing that the
material is hydrated iron oxide with
(B) Photo micrograph showing the sub mixing of clay material. Some quartz
angular quartz grains, plagioclase and grains also discernible that may be due to
microcline feldspar at the top left corner the inclusion of some loose grains of stone
and iron oxide as cementing material matrix into the iron oxide layer (Pl. 193).
encircling the grains.
410
Plate 193
Photomicrograph of stone sample in a; 2x and b; 10x magnification.
411
IX. ARCHAEOLOGICAL GARDENS
ASSAM singaporensis, Grevillia robusta,

Alastonia scholaris Ground covers in
1. DHANDI TEMPLE, RUINS OF SINGRI form of Selection No. I Grass carpet was
HILLS, SONITPUR, GHANSHYAM also laid in the affected areas (Pl. 194).
HOUSE, SHIVSAGAR AND MONILIT HS
OF KASOMARI PATHAR, GOLAGHAT JHARKHAND
AND AT EXCAVATED SITE BOXANAGR
14. JAMA MOSQUE, ARJIMUKHIMPUR,

Bore well were drilled in above SAHIBGANJ
sites/monuments to make proper water
arrangement for garden activity to The environmental development work
enhance the beauty of the monuments was taken-up to beautify the
and its surroundings. surroundings of the monument. The
work includes laying of lawn, dot
CHATTISGARH plantation, shrubbery border and
flower beds.
20. RATANPUR FORT (PH-II),
RATANPUR, BILASPUR
KARNATAKA
For making water arrangement to 6. SHREE RANGANTHASWAMY,
lying of the garden around the SRIRANGAPTANA
monument provision of two bore wells
were done. A lawn was developed inside the arboretum
area to beautify the surrounding of the
GUJARAT monument.
21. RANI-KI-VAV, PATAN 7. SHREE KESHAVA TEMPLE,

SOMNATHPUR
The existing garden was improved to
protect monument from wind and water Relaying of garden was completed. Mango
erosion. Additional plantation was carried trees were planted. A beautiful lawn border
out to increase the density of plant with clerodendrem hedge has come up.
which includes, Lagerstroemia flos-
rignae, Murraya exotica., Ixora
ARCHAEOLOGICAL GARDENS
Plate 194
Patan: New Plantation at Rani Ki Vav.
413
8. SHORE TEMPLE, MAHABALIPURAM was also drilled in order to make the

availability of the sufficient water for
Relaying of garden work in front of temple irrigation purpose.
was taken up to enhance the beauty of
monument. The work has been completed. 12. SHREE JAGANNATH TEMPLE, PURI
The garden development work was

KERALA
taken-up to beautify the area around
9. FORT WALL AND MOAT AT PALAKKAD Meghanada Prachira (compound wall
FORT, PALAKKAD of the sanctum). The area was
developed by laying of lawn, dot
In order to beautify the area a garden around plantation, shrubbery border and
fort wall and moat was developed by way of flower beds.
landscaping and planting grass and trees.
18. MEGHESWAR TEMPLE,
BHUBANESWAR
NAGALAND
2. MONOLITHS OF KACHAN RUINS, Since original source of the water was

DIMAPUR NAGALAND dried-up. Therefore, a bore well was
drilled to get sufficient water round
Water arrangement was made by way the year for proper irrigation of the
of drilling bore well for garden garden.
purpose to enhance surrounding of the
monument. UTTAR PRADESH
ODISHA 1. TAJ MAHAL, AGRA
19. BRAHMESWAR TEMPLE, The dead original grass of the loan was
BHUBANESWAR removed and the area was regressed by way
of after trenching and following other
As there was scarcity of the water to operations for making of a weed free lawn
develop garden around the temple, (Pl. 195).
bore well was drilled to get sufficient
water round the year for proper 2. ADIG-KA-TILLA AT MATHURA
irrigation of the garden of the temple.
In order to landscape the ancient mound and
11. SUN TEMPLE, KONARK further to develop the garden activities,
The garden development work was water arrangement were made by way of
taken-up in front of the temple along bore well drilling. Accordingly, a new
the pathway after removal of garden was developed by way of planting
encroachment. In addition, bore well various trees and shrub plants.
414
ARCHAEOLOGICAL GARDENS
Plate 195
Agra: a; before and b; after regressing of lawn in the front plots of the Taj mahal garden.
415
3. KANKALI TILLA. MATHURA WEST BENGAL
Original garden was extended and water 13. QADAM RASOOL AND LUKA
arrangement was made by way of bore well CHAURI GATE, MALDA
drilling.
The environmental development work
4. MEHTAB BAGH, AGRA was taken-up to beautify the
surroundings of the monument. The
In order to provide sufficient water for work includes lying of lawn, dot
gardening around the monument, a bore well plantation, shrubbery border and
was drilled. flower beds.
5. MAHET GARDEN, SHRAVASTI 15. QADAM RASOOL AND LUKA

CHAURI GATE, MALDA
In view of proposed garden activities to be
developed around the site, a bore well was In order to develop garden around the
drilled for the purpose for irrigation of area. monument, water arrangement was
made by way of drilling of bore well.
Pipe lines were provided in different
direction for purpose of irrigation
entire are.
416
X. ANTIQUITIES
Central Antiquity Collection, Purana Qila
Seventeen thousand five hundred International exhibition entitled (the body of

seventeen antiquities and potteries have Indian Art) at Brussels, Belgium. The
been digitized. Thirteen Antiquities of antiquity of Piprahawa and Ganwaria, UP
different periods have been handed over to have been shifted to site museum at
National Museum for exhibiting in Piprahawa.
XII. PUBLICATIONS
ODISHA
On the occasion of World Heritage Besides, this branch has published

Week celebration, the Excavation Branch- a booklet on “Impregnable Fort
IV, Bhubaneswar has brought out a Barabati: the tall testimony of medieval
brochure for free distribution among Odisha”, which was released by the
students and scholars on “Instilling Hon’ble Director General, Archaeological
Cultural Awareness and Endorsing Survey of India on 28th February, 2014.
Tourism” highlighting a glimpse on the The booklet highlights the outcome of the
increasing tourist trends in the centrally excavations conducted at the Barabati
protected ticketed monuments in Odisha Fort, Cuttack, Odisha between 1989-90 to
during the period from 2008-09 to 2012- 2006-07 intermittently for ten field
13. The brochure was released by the seasons.
Regional Director (Eastern Region),
Kolkata on 24th November, 2013.
Archaeological Survey of India

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INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2013-14

Dr. Rakesh Tewari

Dr. D.N. Dimri

PUBLISHED BY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL

Front Cover: 1: Trial Excavation, Talagunda: Mahamandapa with lion balustrades

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

I. Explorations and Excavations …. …. …. …. …. …. 1

II. Epigraphy …. …. …. …. …. …. .... …. .... 209

Sanskrit and Dravidic Inscriptions, 209

III. Other Important Discoveries …. …. …. …. …. …. …. 219

Tamil Nadu, 219

IV. Palaeobotanical and Pollen Analytical Investigations …. …. …. 222

Gujarat, 222; Uttar Pradesh, 222

Bhopal, 224; Lucknow, 224

VI. Architectural Survey …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. 225

Northern Region, 225

VII. Preservation of Monuments …. …. …. …. …. …. …. 240

Bangalore Circle, 240; Bhopal Circle, 245; Bhubaneswar Circle, 256;

Monitoring of Air Pollution, 397

IX. Archaeological Gardens …. …. …. …. …. …. …. 412

Assam, 412; Chhattisgarh, 412; Gujarat, 412; Jharkhand, 412;

XI. Publications …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. …. 418

I. EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

BIHAR its centre. The opening of the cells is

having archaeological potential is given below:

Site Name Airial Distance in Mean Sea Level in

Begampur 1368.01 59.657

Site Name Airial Distance in Mean Sea Level in

Lauriya-Areraj: Drain of monastery.

Lauriya-Areraj: a; Red Slipped War and b; Red Ware.

Lauriya Areraj: Site Plan.

Nalanda: Satelite map and its vicinity.

Nalanda: Archaeological sites in and around.

Nalanda: Map of ruins and its vicinity.

Nalanda: Map of Rajgir and its vicinity.

1. Afsadha (District-Nawadah): The site 4. Ayer (District-Garya): *This site is

Nawadah: Varah image of sand stone, Afsad.

Gaya: Inscribed pedestal.

identified by Broadly, Cunningham and questions before the Buddha.

Year Archaeological Investigations

Table-3: Previous investigations at Ghorakatora

During exploration Pot-sherds of The Buddha image of Versiyawan is

Dhurgaon: a; View of the mound (North-west) and b; Red Ware.

Nawadah: Buddha image, worshipped as Parvati.

Shekhapura: Image of Vishnu.

Tetrawan: Buddha in bhumisparsha mudra.

Tulsigarh: a; Ancient mound and b; Brahminical & Buddhist sculptures.

Damru: Map showing the location.

Damru: Site plan.

Damru: General view of the site.

Purana Qila: Ring well, Mauryan Period.

Purana Qila: House, Kushana Period.

Period VI: This period is represented by a Pottery of this period is characterized

An important finding of this year is a

Bharuch: a; Terracotta beads and b; Iron implements.

Bharuch: a-b; Oval shaped water structure, Soneri Mahal.

Bharuch: a-b; Terracotta head of animal and bird figuirine.

Bharuch: a-b; Glass beads and bangle pieces.

Bharuch: Copper coins.