TTL REVIEWER

Software-refers to the commands that instruct the computer to perform tasks in a specific logical
sequence.
Hardware- computer hardware is the physical machinery that makes up the computer system.
CPU- The heart of the computer system is the central processing unit (CPU).
-The CPU controls all the computer’s functions because it is made up of circuitry that interprets
and carries out instructions written into software.
The Microphone and Keyboard – Through microphones and keyboards, instructions and data
are entered into the computer system.
Computer Memory- Adding memory to a personal computer is a simple and affordable process
that most users can perform themselves. To determine the memory size of a personal computer
system, it is necessary to understand several quantitative terms that apply to computer capability.
Memory Storage Devices- Storage devices retain data and instructions outside of the
computer’s central processing unit so that information is not lost when the computer is turned
off.
USB memory drive devices, often referred to as memory sticks, are convenient and popular.
Toshiba recently announced microSD memory cards, and Hewlett Packard is supporting the
memory Spot (sometimes referred to as a smart object), which is smaller than a grain of rice.
These devices not only can hold more data but their transmission of data is significantly faster.
The memory capabilities of these new devices change with each new version.
Display devices enable humans to see what instructions are being given to the computer; to
respond to erroneous information; to enter data and verify data for correctness; and to see the
output, or final product, of the computer’s operation.
LCDs are often used to project for presentations and classroom lessons.The next generation of
displays for television and computers is HDTV (high-definition television). This display
provides much clearer images and displays.
The First Generation of Computers
-The first generation of computers, which thrived from 1951 until 1959, was characterized by
vacuum-tube technology.
-Designed by John W. Mauchly and J. Prespert Eckert, Jr., ENIAC was intended to be used by
the military
The Second Generation of Computers
-The second generation of computers extended from 1959 until 1964 and was characterized by
transistor technology. The transistor was developed in 1947 by John
Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William B. Shockley at Bell Laboratories in New
Jersey. Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley studied substances that permitted a limited flow of
electricity through semiconductors.
The Third Generation of Computers- The development of integrated circuits in 1963 spawned
the third generation of computers, lasting from 1964 until 1975. designed as general-purpose
computers, representing a giant leap forward in the data-processing field.
The Fourth Generation of Computers – they conceived the idea of grouping an assortment of
functions on a single chip, creating a microelectronic “system” capable of performing various
tasks required for a single job. This technology became known as large-scale integration (LSI).
The fourth generation Of computers was born in the mid-1970s.
Future Generations of Computers - computer capability can be found in very large-scale
integrated (VLSI) circuitry, which further increased the speed at
which computers were able to function.
One byte = 8 or 16 bits
• One kilobyte (KB) = 1,014 bytes
• One megabyte (MB) = 1 million bytes
• One gigabyte (GB) = 1,014 MB
• One terabyte (TB) = 1,024 GB, or 1 trillion byt
Random-access memory (RAM)- designed to store new data and programs.
Read-only memory (ROM)- is comprised of computer chips that have had program instructions
manufactured into them permanently.
The National Technology Plan; the NETS standards for teachers, students, and administrators;
and the No Child Left Behind legislation provide the basis for thedirection of the use of
technology in schools. Profiles, performance tasks, and performance indicators provide a clear
outline of what role technology should play in education.

 Strengthen Leadership
 Consider Innovative Budgeting
 Improve Teacher Training
 Support E-Learning and Virtual Schools
 Encourage Broadband Access.
 Move toward Digital Content
 Integrate Data Systems

Word Processing in Education- is often the first use of computers in classrooms because its
capabilities can quickly improve efficiency of PreK–12 students and teachers alike.
SPREADSHEETS
One of the most obvious uses for l spreadsheets in education is for numerical applications, such
as manipulating math and science information and understanding mathematical formulas. By
entering instructions in the form of formulas, students reinforce the learning of mathematical
symbols and the standard order of precedence. Decimals, percentages, and the computation of
simple and compound interest are other mathematical areas expedited and explained more fully
when displayed in spreadsheet format.

-The spreadsheet can be used to compile and analyze the data in whatever way fits the
purpose of the research project