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A possible solution may be to use a private blockchain. Although using Ring Signature keeps the
privacy of individual voters, it is hard to manage and coordinate several signer entities. On the other
hand, voting on the blockchain will be an encrypted piece of data that is fully open and publicly
stored on a distributed blockchain network rather than a single server. A distributed process, i.e., the
utilization of secure multipart computers, may address the problem. With traditional paper-based
voting, voters can see people counting the ballots. Visit our Cooperatives page to learn more about
how SBS can transform your cooperative elections. It maintains anonymity, especially in a
blockchain public system; Transparency: It means being unable to manipulate the blockchain
network. Here are a variety of embedded characteristics as described Figure 3: Cryptography:
Blockchain transactions are authenticated and accurate because of computations and cryptographic
evidence between the parties involved; Immutability: Any blockchain documents cannot be changed
or deleted; Provenance: It refers to the fact that every transaction can be tracked in the blockchain
ledger; Decentralization: The entire distributed database may be accessible by all members of the
blockchain network. For the process to be efficient, the voter must have an identification number,
some personal information or secret key to be able to access and authenticate the system. SBS has
been the go-to trusted third party for cooperative elections since 1990. Who has his influence on his
friend, colleague, employee, customer etc. Then, you have the VCR, which came and went in a
matter of decades. The result of these critical issues the Swiss Government canceled the use of the
system until the new appointment. 6.2. RQ2: Can the Blockchain Concept Improve E-Voting
Systems? There have been multiple criticisms of blockchain-based e-voting over the past few years.
Because of the distributed structure of the blockchain, a Bitcoin electronic voting system reduces the
risks involved with electronic voting and allows for a tamper-proof for the voting system.
International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). The finger print minutiae
features are different for each human being. This leads the voter to question the trustability of the
software, with the main doubt that it can be manipulated by the people in control of it. Journal of
Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK). Once they clicked the confirm button, their votes
were final and they were automatically logged out. These results indicate that e-voting with
blockchain as a research area is a new one. Decrypting Democracy: Incentivizing Blockchain Voting
Technology for an Improved Election System. SBS offers voting security to ensure your election
remains as secure and transparent as possible. When using IoT devices to collect data in real time,
this data can be saved in the blockchain chain. Privacy is likely to be a concern, so you can restrict
access to the survey by assigning a password to it. And that we may even see the implications gone
with the utilization of Blockchain technology for voting. Blockchain systems rely on asymmetric
cryptography which is slower than symmetric cryptography. 2.1. Consensus Protocols To include a
block of transactions in the peer to peer distributed ledger, a consensus mechanism is initiated among
the nodes. Below is a brief overview of the solutions for satisfying these properties in online voting
systems. 4.1. Eligibility The solution to the issue of eligibility is rather apparent. However, this
technique requires a central control authority. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of
interest. The decentralized network may be used as a modern electronic voting technique to
circumvent the central authority.
This attack is potentially more concentrated and did not discuss scalability and delays in electronic
voting, which are the main concerns about the blockchain voting system. However, in this model,
there are some flaws found. But with online voting, they can see the results in real-time, making
them feel more engaged in the process. Another function is that no one else should be able to
duplicate the vote. 5.4. Vote Privacy After the vote is cast, no one should be in a position to attach
the identity of a voter with its vote. Generate summaries from a collection of papers to review more
easily There are a few different ways you can use Scholarcy to automatically generate summaries
from a collection of papers. Blockchain can contribute, especially to ensuring confidentiality and
following data integrity can be specified as contributions of blockchain systems. The level of risk is
so great that electronic voting alone is not a viable option. You want to maximize participation, save
money, and protect your students and members, and we can help you accomplish that. In this way,
enterprises aim to make their processes and management more transparent. One of the essential tasks
of the administrator is to prepare the list of voters and registered voters. We tried to find out which
systems are mostly preferred for analyzing the details of the selected papers. The search included all
publications in the relevant databases from 2010 until December 2019. In the proposed structure of
Kshetri et al., firstly, the people authorized to vote are paid money. If someone wants to modify or
change the record, they can do it quickly; no one knows how to verify that record. It can support
more regulated events, like electing new officers, or more casual decision-making, like deciding on a
new annual fundraiser. Funding This research received no external funding. Their approach is based
on private Ethereum blockchain and uses district-based voting. Ethereum: A secure decentralised
generalised transaction ledger. Polys—Online Voting System. 2020. Available online: (accessed on
28 July 2020). Agora. Agora. 2020. Available online: (accessed on 28 July 2020). McCorry, P.;
Shahandashti, S.F.; Hao, F. A smart contract for boardroom voting with maximum voter privacy. The
technology is presently useless, and there is little public or professional understanding about it,
making it impossible to evaluate its future potential. Note that from the first issue of 2016, this
journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. A healthy and productive union depends on a
positive relationship between its membership and leadership, often reflected in union elections. Next
Article in Journal Assessment of Grain Harvest Moisture Content Using Machine Learning on
Smartphone Images for Optimal Harvest Timing. Available online: (accessed on 28 July 2020).
Laurie, B.; Clayton, R. Proof-of-Work Proves Not to Work. European Journal of Investigation in
Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE). Many experts think that DLT offers the four most
prominent features every electoral system requires: Security, Transparency, Accessibility, and
Auditability. It ensures that the election is secure and transparent while providing anonymity in
transactions. It can also involve transmission of ballots and votes via telephones, private computer
networks, or the Internet. The difference of the system proposed by Hardwick et al. The addition of
a profiling scheme to a distributed network has posed new risks associated with the manipulation of
information, such as computational overhead, valid-invalid block and updating scheme.
When traditional paper ballots are used, unclear numbers may sometimes cause problems. Aim The
main concept of this project to build a website,which should be able to allow people to cast their
vote online. These specialized services enhance the voter experience, boost engagement, and ensure a
seamless election process. Bartolucci et al. added a circle shuffle technique. The finger print minutiae
features are different for each human being. We classified the main prevailing issues into the five
following categories: general, integrity, coin-based, privacy and consensus. The e-voting system
should at least include registration, authentication, voting and tallying phases ( Figure 1 ). Voters
confirm their applicants and themselves on the application and give proof by an image and their
identification to include biometric confirmation that either a distinctive signature such as fingerprints
or retinal scans. 7.3. Polyas It was founded in Finland in 1996. As a result of social distancing, many
businesses and organizations have had to rethink their operations, especially when it comes to
holding an election. These results indicate that e-voting with blockchain as a research area is a new
one. End users would not notice a significant difference between a blockchain-based voting system
and a traditional electronic voting system. The proposed system is mainly designed for our country. It
is not possible to hack all nodes and change the data. Ethereum can trigger transactions with the
criteria included in a smart contract. We understand your unique challenges, from tight timelines to
the need for top-tier security. Chain: A series of blocks in a particular order; Miners: Correspondent
nodes to validate the transaction and add that block into the blockchain system; Consensus: A
collection of commands and organizations to carry out blockchain processes. 2.2. Critical
Characteristics of Blockchain Architecture Blockchain architecture has many benefits for all sectors
that incorporate blockchain. Moreover, their scheme using Distributed consensus in which
testimonies (data and facts) can be organized into cartels because fewer people keep the network
active, a “51%” attack becomes easier to organize. In a private blockchain, the network is not open
to everyone where write permissions are reserved centralized in one group. According to design
requirements, a chaincode can be used for both the business processes and tokens. We’ve achieved
an Extended Validation Certificate, which can only be obtained after a company has been
thoroughly investigated and certified by a valid EV Certificate Issuer. Security requirements for
electronic voting system. Furthermore, all voters and impartial observers may see the voting records
kept in these suggested systems. On the other hand, researchers discovered that most publications on
blockchain-based electronic voting identified and addressed similar issues. All share a strong vision
for the blockchain network to put transparency into practice. They stimulated the application of
blockchain technology in efforts to improve numerous spheres. Electronic voting is usually defined
as voting that is supported by some electronic hardware and software. It eliminates the need to print
ballot papers or open polling stations—voters can vote from wherever there is an Internet
connection. We have increased coverage by applying different criteria and logical operators. We can
help you hold a virtual meeting over Zoom or Teams and vote via smartphones, clickers or a hybrid
combination of both. The present article provides an overview of blockchain based e-voting systems.
The primary purpose of this review is to study the up-to-date state of blockchain-based voting
research along with associated possible challenges while aiming to forecast future directions. Political
voting methods are crucial in this respect.
As Deloitte Insights puts it, “blockchain-based systems are comparatively slow. Performing
electronic voting through secure and reliable internet will require significant security advances. The
creation of legislative institutions to represent the desire of the people is a well-known tendency. You
can name this using your search term to keep track of your summaries. Finger print is used to
uniquely identify the user. A possible solution may be to use a private blockchain. Table 3 elucidates
different metrics or properties inherent to all blockchain frameworks and presents a comparative
analysis of some blockchain-based platforms such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric,
Litecoin, Ripple, Dogecoin, Peercoin, etc. In a conventional blockchain network, transactions and
blocks are verified by all the participating nodes. Institutional Review Board Statement Not
applicable. It is slightly different from privacy based on homomorphic encryption, where we make
assumptions about the number of malicious authorities. An online voting system like we provide is
an excellent way to save time and money. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your
browsing experience. Blockchain recently has emerged as a solution to enhance the thrust of systems
used in different domains. The reverse side of this approach is that if a voter claims that their vote is
recorded or tallied incorrectly, they simply cannot prove it due to a lack of evidence. International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). Available online: (accessed on 28
July 2020). Laurie, B.; Clayton, R. Proof-of-Work Proves Not to Work. After the end of the election,
authority counts the votes and announces the results. With the integrated chat feature, voters can ask
questions about motion items and open up valuable conversations for your organization. Editors
select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be
particularly. Further, in electronic voting it is not possible to make voting errors by mistake, because
the identification information of the chosen candidate will appear on the screen before the vote is
confirmed. Besides, they identified that the attacker would endanger the confidentiality and integrity
of the voting data. Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI
journals. Finally, threats to validity are assessed. 2. Information on the Blockchain Concept This
section provides an overview of the blockchain concept. At this stage, blockchain systems can be
rather helpful as it enables the votes to be saved on blockchain systems as a new transaction. One of
the closest contests in US history Florida was the pivotal state Neither Democrat Al Gore nor
Republican George W. These outdated processes were resource-intensive and time-consuming,
putting a strain on organizational resources. There is no regulatory authority to restrict invalid voters
from casting a vote, and it is not secure from quantum attach. Jafar, Uzma, Mohd Juzaiddin Ab Aziz,
and Zarina Shukur. Visit our page to learn more about our solutions for the healthcare industry.
Tarasov and Tewari proposed this solution on the blockchain.
Voters and registered voter classes describe who is allowed to vote. For this purpose, a third-party
authority required but not centralized, this third-party authority should check and balance on privacy.
9.4. Energy Efficiency Blockchain incorporates energy-intensive processes such as protocols,
consensus, peer-to-peer communication, and asymmetrical encryption. Integration of IoT and
Blockchain to in the Processes of a University Campus. Our Participant List feature strictly enforces
the register you can set up ahead of time via manual entry or import of a file in CSV format.
Blockchain can contribute, especially to ensuring confidentiality and following data integrity can be
specified as contributions of blockchain systems. Section 7 discusses the available blockchain-based
electronic voting systems and analyzes them thoroughly. Because this arrangement requires high
computational power, it is expensive and energy-consuming. Introduction. Traditional voting system
inefficient. However, we found that most of the papers containing general definitions and there were
insufficient information on the technical implementation details. The confidentiality, anonymity and
accuracy of the votes must be guaranteed and cannot be changed or deleted in any way. Performing
electronic voting through secure and reliable internet will require significant security advances.
However, an online survey (or online polling) can be easily conducted to hold the election as
scheduled and keep voters’ choices anonymous. In comparison to Proof of Work (POW), the POV
has a low transaction delay time to achieve controllable safety, convergence reliability and process
accuracy. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. Using their
student numbers and the passwords provided as login information, they opened their electronic
ballots and marked the boxes of their chosen candidates. The methodology applied in the review is a
systematic review approach. It is called resistance because nothing can stop the coercer from
standing behind the voter and controlling its actions. The voting system is the method through which
judges judge who will represent in political and corporate governance. They reveal usage trends as
well as which users upgrade the services rendered by us and how this is done. The blockchain voting
system is decentralized and completely open, yet it ensures that voters are protected. The requester
blinds (applies blinding function to) their message and sends it for signing. There are no possible
thanks to knowing if the person on the opposite end of that smartphone or computer terminal actually
is who they assert they’re just by using Blockchain. As further research is required, we are not
entirely aware of all the risks connected with the security and scalability of blockchain-based
electronic voting systems. Adopting blockchain voting methods may expose users to unforeseen
security risks and flaws. As was already mentioned, the blockchain itself is the name for the data
structure. SBS has been the go-to trusted third party for cooperative elections since 1990. To
exemplify, voter anonymity can be accomplished using cryptographic techniques by taking advantage
of tamper-proof structures when using blockchain. A voting system needs to be fully verifiable to
earn this trust, i.e., everyone involved can ensure that the system complies with the stated properties.
The registration process can be done either at offices or via the internet. Explore our Educational
page to discover how SBS can enhance your educational institution’s election processes and provide
a seamless experience. Blockchain recently has emerged as a solution to enhance the thrust of
systems used in different domains.
It can include punched cards, optical scan voting systems and specialized voting kiosks (including
self-contained direct-recording electronic voting systems, or DRE). These results indicate that e-
voting with blockchain as a research area is a new one. In Ethereum, a smart contract is a piece of
code deployed to the network so that everyone has access to it. Moreover, the nodes that are
included in the system are synchronized through the necessary controls in the smart contracts
according to the system design. To drive government adoption of blockchain-based services, Luxoft
announces its commitment to open source this platform and establishes a Government Alliance
Blockchain to promote blockchain use in public institutions. 7.5. Polys Polys is a blockchain-based
online voting platform and backed with transparent crypto algorithms. Kaspersky Lab powers them.
When creating an online survey, many turn to SurveyMonkey due to name recognition. Nonetheless,
adoption may be limited by potential problems associated with electronic voting systems. Blockchain
technology came into the ground to overcome these issues and offers decentralized nodes for
electronic voting and is used to produce electronic voting systems mainly because of their end-to-
end verification advantages. A possible solution may be to use a private blockchain. Ethereum can
trigger transactions with the criteria included in a smart contract. As presented in figure election
preparation services must prepare the current voter list, candidates, ballot design before the election
as with all voting systems. Unlike other systems after the voter registration, a voting token can be
used for casting vote transactions for candidates. They are, on the opposite hand, because of the
show business, under the somewhat inaccurate but not entirely untrue impression that “anything is
often hacked.” Allowing people to vote unsupervised is fraught with danger. This process is called
“mining”, which is basically a problem-solving transaction when there is an initiation by a user.
Upload a folder full of papers from your Dropbox or Google Drive. Upload a.RIS file of references
from your reference management tool such as EndNote to generate summary flashcards from a
bibliography. Amplified research demonstrates that implementing e-voting systems can enhance
security. But there are threats: Firstly, all modifications made to the participation list need to be
checked so that no illegitimate voters can be added, and secondly, the identification system should
be both trusted and secure so that a voter’s account cannot be stolen or used by an intruder. And
once the voting period is over, the system will automatically tally the results, so you don't have to do
it yourself, saving your organization a lot of time and money. This may take a few minutes or more
depending on the number of articles. Because of the distributed structure of the blockchain, a
Bitcoin electronic voting system reduces the risks involved with electronic voting and allows for a
tamper-proof for the voting system. The voting status remains unconfirmed until a miner updates the
main ledger. VITA determined that unsafe security protocols and weak passwords were used in the
system. The selection result class is responsible for counting and preparing the result. Explore our
Educational page to discover how SBS can enhance your educational institution’s election processes
and provide a seamless experience. Polys Ethereum Solidity Shamir’s Secret Sharing PoW. And when
you collect the data, you expect the information to remain private. A distributed process, i.e., the
utilization of secure multipart computers, may address the problem. But with online voting, the
process is entirely electronic, making it harder to verify the results. Scalability analysis of famous
blockchain platforms. The electoral process requires very critical tasks before and during the election.
Implementation of Auditable Blockchain Voting System with Hyperledger Fabric. Interestingly, all
the selected articles were published after the year 2014.