HUMAN ANATOMY PRELIM TERM

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
AND PHYSIOLOGY NURSING 1

WEEK 4.1

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
A tissue is an organized aggregation of cells or groups of cells
that function in a coordinated manner to perform one or more
specific functions. 2. Stratified - More than one layer of cells
- [ Fr. Tissu, woven; L. Texo, to weave]

Epithelial Tissue
1. Covers the external surfaces and lines the internal
surfaces of the body.
2. Forms endocrine and exocrine glands.

3. Pseudostratified – “false stratified” ciliated or

non-ciliated

SHAPES OF CELLS
Basement membrane a glue-like layer that holds the epithelium
in place while remaining highly permeable to water and other 1. Squamous- “fish scales” much wider than they
substances. are tall
2. Cuboidal- cube-shaped as tall as they are wide
3. Columnar- column-like taller than they are wide
CLASSIFYING EPITHELIAL TISSUES 4.
(a) Classification based on number of cell layers 5. Transitional- cells change shape as need
Simple arises can be stretched or compressed into any
Stratified of the 3 always stratified
- Note that basal cells regenerate; as apical cells slough
off, they are replaced by basal cells.

(b) Classification based on cell shape

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

NUMBER OF CELL LAYERS

1. Simple – one layer (stratum) of the cell resting
on the basement membrane.

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Types of Epithelial Tissues

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM Types of Epithelial Tissues – SAMPLE PICTURES

 Single layer of flattened cells.
 Forms the very lining found in blood vessels,
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
alveoli (air sacs), and other areas where thin
membranes are required
 Well adapted for diffusion or filtration of water,
gases and other substances.

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM Simple Squamous

Epithelium, isolated
 thick membrane composed of multiple 40X
layers of cells: Buccal MUsocal
- basal cells: cuboidal or columnar
and metabolically active
- surface cells: flattened
(squamous)
 well- adapted for protection
 found in outer part of skin and mucous
Simple Squamous
linings of the mouth, vagina and
Epithelium, isolated
esophagus
100X
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM Buccal MUsocal

 composed of single layer of almost cubic

cells
 found in secreting organs such as glands
 forms the kidney tubules
- water reabsorption and ion
movement

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

Simple Squamous
 Form linings for absorption and secretion Epithelium, isolated
 Lines reproductive tract, digestive tract, 400X
excretory ducts, and respiratory Tract Buccal MUsocal
 Goblet cell
- Often interspersed among other
columnar cells
- Has a large, cuplike vesicle that
may open onto free surface.
- Produces mucus
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM Stratified keratinized Epithelium
 Single layer of columnar cells with differing 40X, 100X, 400X
heights that all attach to basement
membrane
 Some cells are short and don’t reach free
surface
 nuclei seen at different levels(nuclei of
short cells are nearer the basement
membrane than nuclei of tall cells)
 Ciliated and non-ciliated.
 Upper throat, upper respiratory tract, and
parts of male urinary and reproductive
Tract

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
 Resembles both stratified squamous and
stratified cuboidal
- Basal cells: cuboidal/columnar
- Surface cells: dome shaped or
squamouslike (depends on
degree of organ stretch)
 Adapted for stretching Stratified non-keratinized Epithelium
 Lines the ureters, urinary bladder and part 40X, 100X, 400X
of urethra

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 Pseudostratified Ciliated Epithelium
Human Respiratory Tract
40X, 100X, 400X

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

Transitional Epithelium
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM Human Urinary Bladder

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Kidney Cortex

40X. 100X, 400X

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Primate Small Intestine
40X, 100X

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
WEEK 4.2

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 CONNECTIVE, MUSCLE AND NERVE TISSUE

Connective Tissue

Connective tissues are a group of tissues which connects or

binds other tissues in the body.
 Act as connections among various other tissues.
- Bone, cartilage and fibrous
- Blood
B. ADIPOSE
 For storage
 Fat tissue
- Bone tissue- calcium and Storage of fat (for later use or for body support)
Phosphorus  A modified form of areolar tissue, with fat
storage cells having been filled with stored
Classifying Connective Tissues
lipids and expanded into extracellular spaces.

PROTEIN FIIBER MATRIX

 Collagen
- Common protein, forming bundles
of tough, flexible fibers
- "white fibers

PROTEIN/GROUND SUBSTANCE MATRIX

Extracellular material that has some protein fibers in it but also a

great deal of nonfibrous protein and other substances.
1. CARTILAGE
 HYALINE CARTILAGE - Moderate amount of
collagen fiber in its matrix
 Elastin  FIBROCARTILAGE – Large amount of
- stretch, fibrous protein collagen in its matrix
- forms thick single fibers in  ELASTIC CARTILAGE – Has elastic fibers
connective tissue matrices stretchy
- "vellow fibers"

2. BONE
 COMPACT BONE – forms large, dense pieces
pf bone matrix
A. FIBROUS
 DENSE FIBROUS
Dense collagenous or dense elastic
Regular dense fibrous or irregular dense
fibrous

 CANCELLOUS/SPONGY BONE – forms thin,

narrow beams of hard bone matrix in which red
bone marrow can be supported.

FLUID MATRIX
 LOOSE FIBROUS
Also called areolar tissue 3. Blood – major type of fluid matrix in connective tissue

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 Blood cells – suspended within the fluid plasma
and can side past one another freely

2. LOOSE FIBROUS (AREOLAR) CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 Forms loose bonds between other tissues

 Has both collagen and elastin fibers but are widely
spaced
 Fibrocytes, adipose cells and White blood cells

1. DENSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 IRREGULAR DENSE FIBROUS TISSUE

Forms the lower layer of the skin (dermis), much of the body’s
fascia and capsules of many organs

Areolar Connective Tissue

40X, 100X

3. ADIPOSE TISSUE

 Consists of adipocyte or fat cells containing lipids

 Large cells plus little extracellular matrix
 Most often seen around the heart and kidney, under the
skin and breast
Dense Regular Connective  For support, insulation and cushion
Tissue Tendon

40X, 100X, 400X

 REGULAR FIBROUS TISSUE

For structures that require a better-engineered connection

between parts that are pulled with great force (tendons and
ligaments)

Adipose Connective
Tissue
40X, 100X, 400X

Dense Irregular Connective 4. HYALINE CARTILAGE

Tissue Silver Stain  Lacunae (lakes) – chondrocytes scattered throughout

the matrix
40X, 100X, 400X  Has a moderate amount of collagen
 Forms the bulk of the fetal skeleton

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  Continues to be the most abundant type of cartilage
throughout life
 Forms the thin, rubbery layer over the ends of long
bones
 Larynx, nose and trachea

7. COMPACT BONE

 Found in the outer portion of long bones

 Consists of many cylindrical-shaped units called osteon
Hyaline Cartilage 40X, 100X, 400X
Bone, Compact, Ground c.s. 100X, 400X

8. CANCELLOUS BONE

 Has open, latticelike structure

 Found on ends of long bone
 Contains bony bars and plates called trabaculae
5. FIBROCARTILAGE
separated by irregular spaces
 Has high concentration of collagen fibers  Blood cells are made within
 More rigid, less rubbery consistency
 Forms the disks between vertebrae and other semi-
movable

Bone, cancellous,

decalcified

40X, 100X, 400X

Fibro Cartilage
40X, 100X, 400X

9. BLOOD
6. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 Connective tissue composed of cells suspended in liquid
 Has a large proportion of elastin fibers in its matrix matrix called plasma
 Found in structures where springiness is desirable in the  Red blood cells (erythrocytes) – carries oxygen
support material (pinna/ear flap)  White blood cells (leukocytes) – fights infection
 Platelets – fragment of giant cells

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 Blood 40X, 100X, 400X

Intercalated disks
 Dark areas crossing the cardiac muscle fibers
 Actually cell membranes that separate individual cardiac
muscle cells from one another.
 That is, cardiac muscle fibers are made up of many
individual cells connected in series and in parallel with
one another.

Cardiac Muscle 40X, 100X, 400X

Mucle Tissue showing intercalated disk
SKELETAL TISSUE
 Striated voluntary muscle
 Skeletal muscles are large, fiber like cells with fine
cross-stripes and many nuclei per cell

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

 No distinct striations
 Involuntary
 Found in walls of hollow organs (digestive organs and
blood vessels)
 Has a long threadlike cells, each with a single nucleus
and are generally parallel with one another

Skeletal Muscle 40X, 100X, 400X

Smooth Muscle
40X, 100X, 400X

3 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

 Striated involuntary muscle
 Found only in the walls of the heart

Smooth muscle

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• has spindle-shaped, Non-striated uni-nucleated fibers.
• occurs in walls of internal organs.
• is involuntary.

Cardiac muscle
• has striated, branched, uni-nucleated fibers.
• occurs in walls of heart.
• is involuntary.

Skeletal muscle
• has striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers.
• is usually attached to skeleton.
• Is voluntary.

Nerve Tissue Nervous Tissue

 Composes the brain, spinal cord and nerves Motor Neuron Smear
 2 basic types: 40X, 100X, 400X
o Neurons – impulse-conducting cells
o Neuroglia – support cells

NUERON
 The structural and functional unit of the nervous system
 Basic conducting cell of the nervous system
 Highly specialized but cannot reproduce itself
 Generate and conduct electric current

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NEURON

NEUROLOGLIA

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