APSMO OLYMPIAD

2022 : DIVISION J
WEDNESDAY 23 MARCH 2022 1
Total Time Allowed: 30 Minutes

1A. There are 6 cups, equally spaced, arranged in a circle in some order. Write your
answers in the
Each cup has a different colour: red, orange, yellow, green, blue and
purple. boxes on the
back.
The blue cup is not next to the green cup.
The purple cup is next to the yellow cup. ←
Keep your
The red cup is next to the green and purple cups.
answers
Which cup is directly across from the orange cup? hidden by
folding
backwards on
1B. Calculate 4 × 5 × 6 × 25. this line.

1C. What is the sum of all the odd numbers from 1 to 19 inclusive?

1D. Oliver has a rectangular garden with an area of 28 square metres.

Its length and width are a whole number of metres.
The length of the garden is 3 metres longer than its width.
Oliver places 50 cm × 50 cm tiles together to make a continuous path
surrounding the garden, along its edges.
How many tiles does Oliver need?

1E. Mara and Tara each have some pencils.

If Mara gives four pencils to Tara, they will have the same number of
pencils.
If Tara gives two pencils to Mara, Mara will have 3 times as many
pencils as Tara.
How many pencils does Mara have?

Copyright © 2022 Australasian Problem Solving Mathematical Olympiads (APSMO) Inc. and Mathematical Olympiads for Elementary and Middle Schools. All rights reserved.
 APSMO OLYMPIAD
2022 : DIVISION J
WEDNESDAY 23 MARCH 2022 1
1A.
Student Name:
Fold here. Keep your answers hidden.

1B.

1C.

1D.

1E.

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 APSMO OLYMPIAD
2022 : DIVISION J
WEDNESDAY 23 MARCH 2022 1
Solutions and Answers
For teacher use only. Not for Distribution.

1A: Purple 1B: 3 000 1C: 100 1D: 48 1E: 16

1A. The question is: Which cup is directly across from the orange cup?
METHOD 1 Strategy: Draw a diagram. Change the order of the statements to make it easier.
The diagrams could also be mirror images or rotations of the ones drawn here.

Third statement: Second statement: First statement: The only place left
The purple cup is next for the orange cup is
The red cup is next to The blue cup is not
to the yellow cup. between the blue cup
the green and purple next to the green cup.
and the green cup.
cups. The purple cup is also
The only place left for
next to the red cup, so
Draw this, knowing the blue cup is next to
it must be between the
they form part of a the yellow cup.
red and yellow cups.
circle.

We can see that the cup directly across from the orange cup is the purple cup.
METHOD 2 Strategy: Mark a place for each cup, then follow the statements in order.

First statement: 2nd and 3rd statements: The orange cup

must be in the one
The blue cup is not next to the green The purple and yellow cups are
remaining place.
cup. next to each other, and the red
cup is next to the purple cup. The cup directly across
This leaves either one or two places
from the orange cup is
between these cups. Only the second arrangement
the purple cup.
allows this,
because it
has 3 spaces
together.
OR The red cup
is next to the
green and
purple cups.

METHOD 3 Strategy: Guess, check and refine.

Place the cups in a circle in any order, then improve on this order by following the statements one at a
time until all the statements are satisfied.

Follow-Up: Abby, Bec, Cindy, Di and Eve are sitting in a circle in some order. Cindy is sitting between Abby and
Eve. Abby is NOT next to Di. Who is sitting each side of Bec? [ Abby and Di ]

Copyright © 2022 Australasian Problem Solving Mathematical Olympiads (APSMO) Inc. and Mathematical Olympiads for Elementary and Middle Schools. All rights reserved.
 APSMO OLYMPIAD
2022 : DIVISION J
WEDNESDAY 23 MARCH 2022 1
1B. The question is: Calculate 4 × 5 × 6 × 25.

METHOD 1 Strategy: Calculate from left to right.

This calculation does not 120 × 25 could be calculated using long multiplication, or using the area
involve any grouping method of multiplication, as illustrated below.
symbols, so you can
make the calculation 100 20 2 000
from left to right.
400
4 × 5 = 20 20 2 000 400 500
20 × 6 = 120 100
120 × 25 = 3 000 5 500 100 3 000

The last step of multiplying by 25 could also be made by realising that 25 is the same as 100 ÷ 4.

120 120 120 120

25 25 25 25 3000
25 25 25 3000
100 12 000 100 100
25 25 25 3000
25 25 25 3000

120 × 25 = 120 × 100 ÷ 4 = 12 000 ÷ 4 = 3 000.

METHOD 2 Strategy: Use the properties of multiplication.

Multiplication is Associative and Commutative

When we multiply numbers, the This works even when multiplying more than 2 numbers.
order in which the numbers are
multiplied does not matter.
is is
is equal equal
equal to to
to
2×3
3×2 2 × (3 × 5) 3 × (5 × 2) 5 × (3 × 2)
Because our numeration system is a decimal (i.e. base 10) system, it is easy to calculate using numbers
that are powers of 10 (10, 100, 1 000 etc.)
Look for numbers that multiply to make a power of 10.
In the expression, the first and last numbers are 4 and 25, and we know that 4 × 25 = 100.
Re-arranging the expression:
4 × 5 × 6 × 25 = 5 × 6 × (4 × 25)
= 30 × 100
= 3 000.
Follow-Up: Evaluate 8 × 5 × 6 × 125. [ 30 000 ]

Copyright © 2022 Australasian Problem Solving Mathematical Olympiads (APSMO) Inc. and Mathematical Olympiads for Elementary and Middle Schools. All rights reserved.
 APSMO OLYMPIAD
2022 : DIVISION J
WEDNESDAY 23 MARCH 2022 1
1C. The question is: What is the sum of all the odd numbers from 1 to 19 inclusive?

METHOD 1 Strategy: Add all of the numbers.

1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = 100.

METHOD 2 Strategy: Look for a pattern in the sum as each number is added.

Start adding the odd This pattern can be seen in the diagram below, where the odd
numbers, one at a time. number of tiles added each time is coloured differently from the
previous odd number added.
The 1st odd number is 1.
Each time another group of tiles is added, a larger square is formed.
The 2nd odd number is 3. The number 19 is the 10th odd number.
1 + 3 = 4. It follows that the
sum of the odd
The 3rd odd number is 5. numbers up to 19 is
1 + 3 + 5 = 9. therefore 10 squared.

The 4th odd number is 7. 10 × 10 = 100.

1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16.

The 5th odd number is 9.

1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25.

Notice that as each odd

number is added, the result is
the next square number.

METHOD 3 Strategy: Use the properties of addition.

If you only have additions in an

expression, changing the order of the
numbers being added or grouping the
additions differently does not change the 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19
value of the expression.
The pairs are joined by an arc, so each 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19
pair has the same sum. = (1 + 19) + (3 + 17) + (5 + 15) + (7 + 13) + (9 + 11)
This is known as the ‘rainbow method’. = 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 + 20
In this problem, each pair has a sum of 20. = 100.

Follow-Up: What is the sum of all the odd integers from 1 to 99 inclusive? [ 2 500 ]

Copyright © 2022 Australasian Problem Solving Mathematical Olympiads (APSMO) Inc. and Mathematical Olympiads for Elementary and Middle Schools. All rights reserved.
 APSMO OLYMPIAD
2022 : DIVISION J
WEDNESDAY 23 MARCH 2022 1
1D. The question is: How many tiles does Oliver need?
METHOD 1 Strategy: Draw a diagram and fit tiles around the perimeter.

The garden area is 28 square metres and its length is 3 metres longer than its width.
With an area of 28 m2 and the dimensions being a whole number of metres, the garden could be:

28 m 14 m 7m
1m 2m
4m

1 m × 28 m, 2 m × 14 m 4m × 7m

Since its length is 3 metres longer than its width, the garden is 4 metres wide and 7 metres long.

The square tiles have a side length of 50 cm, which is half a metre.
This means that for every metre of the perimeter, there are 2 tiles.
This makes 7 × 2 = 14 tiles along the length and 4 × 2 = 8 tiles along the width.
Then there are another 4 tiles in the corners to be drawn in.
Then count the number of tiles.
You could make the count easier by seeing the
number of tiles as:
1 + 14 + 1 + 8 + 1 + 14 + 1 + 8 = 48 Corner tiles
or as (14 × 2) + (8 × 2) + 4 = 48
or as (14 + 8) × 2 + 4 = 48.
Oliver needs 48 tiles.

METHOD 2 Strategy: Draw a diagram and subtract the garden area from the total area.
Begin by drawing a diagram like the one shown in Method 1,
and finding the dimensions to be 4 m × 7 m.
The area of the tiled path is the total area (garden plus path),
less the area of the garden.
The tiles around the garden add 1 m to the width and 1 m to the
length (one tile width of 0.5 m on each side of the length and
one on each side of the width).
The dimensions of the total area are therefore 5 m × 8 m.
Path area = Total area − Garden area
Path area = (5 × 8) − (4 × 7) m2 = 40 − 28 m2 = 12 m2.
Each tile has an area of 0.5 × 0.5 = 0.25 m2.
Since 4 tiles fill a 1 m2 area, Oliver will need 4 × 12 = 48 tiles for the path around the garden.

Follow-Up: A square and a rectangle have the same perimeter. The length of the rectangle is 8 m longer than its
width. If the area of the rectangle is 65 m2, what is the area of the square? [ 81 m2 ]

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 APSMO OLYMPIAD
2022 : DIVISION J
WEDNESDAY 23 MARCH 2022 1
1E. The question is, How many pencils does Mara have?
METHOD 1 Strategy: Create a table and use guess, check and refine.
Guessing and checking pairs of numbers could take many guesses.
The process could be refined by using more information from the question.
If Mara gives 4 pencils to Tara, they each have the same number of pencils.
This means that originally, Tara had 4 fewer pencils and Mara had 4 more.
Mara must therefore have originally had 8 more pencils than Tara.
If Tara can give 2 pencils to Mara, and still have at least one pencil left, Tara must have at least 3 pencils.

Before After
Guess for Mara’s Tara’s pencils after Mara’s pencils after Does Mara now have 3 times
Tara’s pencils pencils giving 2 to Mara getting 2 from Tara as many pencils as Tara?
3 3 + 8 = 11 3–2=1 11 + 2 = 13 No. 13 is not 1 × 3.
4 4 + 8 = 12 4–2=2 12 + 2 = 14 No. 14 is not 2 × 3.
5 5 + 8 = 13 5–2=3 13 + 2 = 15 No. 15 is not 3 × 3.
6 6 + 8 = 14 6–2=4 14 + 2 = 16 No. 16 is not 4 × 3.
7 7 + 8 = 15 7–2=5 15 + 2 = 17 No. 17 is not 5 × 3.
8 8 + 8 = 16 8–2=6 16 + 2 = 18 Yes! 18 is 6 × 3.

So, Tara must have 8 pencils and Mara must have 16 pencils.
METHOD 2 Strategy: Apply algebraic thinking.

Let M stand If Mara If both of

for the gives Tara them then
M T M–4 = T+4 M = T+8
number of 4 pencils, received
pencils Mara they would another 4
has, and let T stand for the both have the same number of pencils, they’d still have the
number of pencils Tara has. pencils. same number of pencils.

So, M = T + 8. If Tara gives away

Instead of saying that 2 pencils, and T+8
Mara has M pencils,
T+8 T
Mara gets 2 more +2 = T–2 + T–2 + T–2
we can say that Mara pencils, then
has T + 8 pencils. Mara has 3 times the number of pencils that Tara has.

We have worked out that: T+8+2 = T–2+T–2+T–2 T stands for the number of pencils
Tara has, so we can see that Tara
T + 10 = 3 × T – 3 × 2 has 8 pencils.
T + 10 = 3 × T – 6 Mara has T + 8 pencils.
Subtracting T from both sides: 10 = 2 × T – 6 Therefore Mara has 8 + 8 = 16
Adding 6 to both sides: 16 = 2 × T pencils.
Dividing both sides by 2: 8 = T

Follow-Up: Art has some money which is $10 more than twice what Nick has. Nick gives Art $10. This results in
Art having 4 times as much as Nick. How much did Nick start with? [ $30 ]

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