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reviews, particularly focusing on the concept of triangulation. Writing a literature review can be an
arduous task, requiring meticulous research, analysis, and synthesis of existing literature on a
particular topic. It's a critical component of academic research, as it establishes the context,
significance, and gaps in the current knowledge base, guiding the direction of the study.

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sources of evidence or perspectives to strengthen the credibility and validity of the review. This
method ensures that the conclusions drawn are robust and reliable, as they are supported by diverse
and complementary sources of information.

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findings, and critically evaluating the quality of evidence can be immensely challenging. It requires
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Does unemployment contribute to poorer health-related quality of life among Swedish adults. An
example of the coding frame used to code one of the questions is provided as Supplementary File 7.
The immigration court of America then ordered that they should be transferred to Germany because
they did not qualify for naturalization. When designing intervention components, the main focus
should be placed on applying health information in terms of developing healthy routines. Prevalence
and risk factors of low health literacy: a community-based study in Shanghai, China. The program
foresees the compilation of questions to be addressed during the analysis. The main barrier
mentioned in this regard was lack of motivation, particularly among those who lived alone. The
impact of health literacy and life style risk factors on health-related quality of life of Australian
patients. Because I know if I go, I'm going to get paracetamol. (Interview 9, male, 39 years). Any
product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not
guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Investigator Triangulation In research, investigator
triangulation is the use of multiple researchers to collect and analyze data. Although unemployment is
generally associated with poor health and low health literacy ( 8, 13, 18, 19 ), our study participants
were well-informed about health topics and relevant information sources, partly because of their
own history of illnesses. Upload Read for free FAQ and support Language (EN) Sign in Skip
carousel Carousel Previous Carousel Next What is Scribd. The participatory approach further helped
provide insight into barriers and facilitators as well as topics of interest to the study population that
research has hardly focused on. Elgin, Scotland: Practical Aspects of Health Informatics (PAHI)
Conference 2015. (2015). In United States, the issue of race was used as a basis for discrimination
since colonial era. Racial Triangulation is the hierarchal positioning of races as dictated by the
majority ethnic groups. Qualitative study: Participants were interested in and were generally well-
informed about health topics such as nutrition and physical activity. A common barrier reported was
time, respectively “work-related” difficulties, with some of the interviewees stating that their work
was so physically demanding that they were too tired to prepare a healthy, balanced meal or do any
physical activity after hours. After independence, the constitution still favored slavery, and as we
have noted, slavery was a part of the racial triangulation process. The suggestions here will help you
to improve your search techniques for books, journal articles and other texts, not just on databases,
but also in the Library catalogue and in online searches. The study applied the Delphi technique to
reach expert consensus regarding essential intervention components for a program to promote mental
health among unemployed people. Towards the end of 18th century, USA’s alien land laws promoted
racial triangulation. The main reasons for exclusion were (a) wrong study population (focus not on
unemployed adults), (b) health literacy not assessed or reported and, (c) not primary data. This is
100% legal. You may not submit downloaded papers as your own, that is cheating. Also you. The
study conducted in Finland investigated the relation between information seeking practices and
coping strategies among 750 long-term unemployed persons, focusing on everyday life information
and health information. Mental health outcomes in times of economic recession: a systematic
literature review. Investigator triangulation can be used in a variety of research contexts, including
qualitative and quantitative studies. As the dominant group, White Americans noted that placing
Asian immigrants as superior to Black immigrants but inassimilable and permanently foreign.
They received constitutional protections including ownership of property. This allows for a more
holistic understanding of the evidence, and can help to identify problems or inconsistencies in the
data. Tran says that although he may not be evicted from America, he could become an American
citizen under the constitution that operated in the country. But then again I have a day where I have
to, I don't know, climb stairs a hundred times. This can help you verify the results of your research
and get a more complete picture of what’s going on. The reasons given for not attending the latter
were no time, childhood trauma and no need. The data suggests that neither age nor gender
differences explained this difference. For pragmatic reasons we decided on a sample of 10 persons.
Defining a brief intervention for the promotion of psychological well-being among unemployed
individuals through expert consensus. It is important to do this before you start reading so that you
don't waste time on unfocussed and irrelevant reading. Theoretical triangulation Theoretical
triangulation involves using multiple theories to explain a phenomenon. These advantages are largely
due to the variety and volume of data that may be analyzed. Towards the end of 18th century, USA’s
alien land laws promoted racial triangulation. One participant reported not being able to find
information about the origin of dairy food products on the packaging, while those who reported
using health information from the Internet generally doubted the trustworthiness of the information.
While the identified literature mainly focused on mental health literacy, our study participants also
highlighted healthy nutrition and physical activity as relevant topics. Preventing Asians from being
citizens enabled the government to exclude them from constitutional protection in terms of property
ownership and other rights vested on American citizens. Example of Data triangulation: For example,
if you were studying the effects of a new drug, you would want to collect data from multiple
sources, such as patients, doctors, and hospitals. The guidance on this page will explain what you
need to know about the purpose of a literature review and how to begin scoping your search. First, it
allows for different perspectives to be considered when analyzing data. Investigators should take
care to ensure that Their data are compatible. Example of Methodological Triangulation: For
example, a researcher might use both qualitative and quantitative methods to study a phenomenon.
Health literacy was observed to be highest among participants from the disadvantaged district. The
good thing here is that I have the exercise, so exercise and sports are actually always part of it, but
I'm so busy here that during the weekend I somehow also. Recent results of a cross-sectional survey
conducted in Austria also contradict the common assumption regarding employment and health
literacy. Social determinants and health behaviors: conceptual frames and empirical advances. It has
been suggested that persons with low health literacy suffer from poorer overall health ( 5 ) and find
it more difficult to follow doctors' instructions, or take medication as prescribed ( 6 ) compared to
those with higher health literacy scores. Second, it can provide insights that would not be possible
with just one method. You are in the right place if you enjoy writing and making contributions.
Although racialism affected Native Americans, Mexicans and African Americans just as it affected
Asian Americans, the Asians were excluded. Asian Americans were distinguished as foreigners while
Black Americans were considered as natives.
Well, because I do know, because I'm not 20 anymore and with 20 one simply didn't know certain
things and now with over 50 one does know more and that's why, the problem is just the
implementation. Or, a researcher might collect data from interviews, focus groups, and surveys. An
easy way to identify these is to check reference lists to see which texts are frequently cited. Among
those who preferred the Internet, the easy availability of information was the main reason given,
especially in comparison to print media. Non-citizens, especially the Asians, lacked legal protections
for property rights and other issues related to naturalization and citizenship (Buenavista et al, 2011).
Looking at various sources of data, methods and types of analysis we ensure thorough research
outcomes. In this case, the idea of being white or non-white depended on the superficial perceptions
of people on the physical appearance of various racial groups. She then read through two of the
interviews, using the list to code the respective segments and adding further questions where
applicable. Through the years we have developed a triangulation within a triangulation approach.
Prevalence and risk factors of low health literacy: a community-based study in Shanghai, China. The
Library has useful tips for keeping up-to-date in your area of research. The immigration court of
America then ordered that they should be transferred to Germany because they did not qualify for
naturalization. The next person has the same, but describes it differently, because he feels differently.
In other cases, investigators may work together from start to finish on a research project. The
population that is exposed to health The number of preventable deaths that occur in our health
institutions every year has been on the increase. Health literacy in Europe: comparative results of the
European health literacy survey (HLS-EU). It has been included in many policy programs such as
the United States' Healthy People 2030 initiative ( 2 ) or Germany's National Action Plan Health
Literacy ( 4 ). Health literacy and the use of healthcare services in Belgium. Example of
Methodological Triangulation: For example, if you were studying the impact of technology on
society, you could use the theories of Marx (from sociology), Darwin (from biology), and Einstein
(from physics). Such participatory formats could also help to overcome motivational barriers and
might increase participants' sense of having control over their own lives ( 6, 40, 41 ). In general,
health-related information seeking was more prevalent among high and medium copers compared to
low copers. This can provide different perspectives on the phenomenon and help to validate findings.
Although Asian Americans have lived in America for more than three generations, they are still
assumed to be foreigners. Because health literacy affects many areas of life, it has been argued that
differences in health literacy can cause or exacerbate health inequalities ( 10, 11 ). Regarding the
structure of the interventions, the experts recommended that these be conducted with small groups
(up to 10 participants) and comprise more than 10 weekly 2-h sessions. The reintegration program
seems to be a good place for promoting health literacy for a number of reasons. According to Kim
(1999), Asian Americans have been racially triangulated in relation to Blacks and Whites. The
interviewers (FSZ and HS) did not know any of the interviewees prior to the study. Triangulation is
the process of using multiple methods to collect data. The impact of health literacy and life style risk
factors on health-related quality of life of Australian patients.
Benefits of Investigator Triangulation There are several benefits to using investigator triangulation.
Regarding mental health, similar barriers, facilitators and needs were identified through triangulation
of findings of the scoping review with those of the interviews. The full data is provided as
Supplementary File 9. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made
by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. So, for example, at times I think
I should actually be more physically active, but I don't do anything about it. Participation in the
interviews was voluntary and all participants provided informed written consent. The use,
distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the
copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance
with accepted academic practice. This means that they have been located in racial locations with
reference to Blacks and Americans. Health literacy in Europe: comparative results of the European
health literacy survey (HLS-EU). The organization offers different services such as recycling centers
and second-hand furniture shops, where long-term unemployed persons take part in workforce
reintegration programs. On average, the organization has 100 program participants at any given time.
It has been suggested that persons with low health literacy suffer from poorer overall health ( 5 )
and find it more difficult to follow doctors' instructions, or take medication as prescribed ( 6 )
compared to those with higher health literacy scores. After all interviews had been coded, the two
coders went through all the interview transcripts, comparing their coding. Triangulation is a method
used in research to increase the validity of findings. Proportionally you spend most time discussing
those studies which have most direct relevance to your research. Basically, there are two approaches
to research namely qualitative and quantitative methods. Or, a researcher might collect data from
interviews, focus groups, and surveys. For instance, one participant reported how she had searched
the Internet to try and understand more about colonoscopy after having been referred for the
procedure. The Whites pursued their interests, and by excluding Asian Americans from being
naturalized they denied them the opportunity to participate in elections and representative
governance (Kim, 1999). Zoloact website will comprise of a number of components whose aims are
to market the drug. The aim of this study was hence twofold: to systematically assess the current
state of research with regards to health literacy needs of unemployed adults via a scoping review,
and to empirically assess health literacy needs in a group of long-term unemployed adults via in-
depth semi-structured qualitative interviews. For example, if you were studying how effective a new
teaching method was, you could compare test scores from students who received the new method
with test scores from students who did not receive the new method. Defining a brief intervention for
the promotion of psychological well-being among unemployed individuals through expert consensus.
Data triangulation can also be used to confirm results from a single source. The mental health
consequences of the economic crisis in Europe among the employed, the unemployed, and the non-
employed. Health literacy and the use of healthcare services in Belgium. While Africans were widely
accepted as slaves, Chinese were restricted until American employers sought for other sources of
labor from other parts of Asia. Investigator triangulation can be used in a variety of research
contexts, including qualitative and quantitative studies. The outcomes were assessed using the
Depression Literacy Scale (DLS) ( 29, 30 ) and the Mental Health Knowledge Schedule (MAKS)
and the Depression with Suicidal Thoughts Vignette ( 29 ). Types of Triangulation in Research
Triangulation is a method of research that uses multiple data sources to investigate a phenomenon.
While the identified literature mainly focused on mental health literacy, our study participants also
highlighted healthy nutrition and physical activity as relevant topics.
In general, health-related information seeking was more prevalent among high and medium copers
compared to low copers. Whereas some of the barriers mentioned pertained to individual
participants, for example, medication co-payment, residential status and racism, aspects such as
difficulties getting a timely appointment with a specialist, problems finding a therapist and the
distance between the home and the physician's practice were mentioned by several participants.
Upload Read for free FAQ and support Language (EN) Sign in Skip carousel Carousel Previous
Carousel Next What is Scribd. Exploring the subjectively perceived health literacy needs in these
populations can serve as an entry point for participatory intervention development. In United States,
the issue of race was used as a basis for discrimination since colonial era. The interviews were
conducted between January and February 2021. Collecting more data requires greater planning, and
organization- resources, that are not always available to lead researchers. (Thurmond, 2001). When to
use triangulation. Thus, finding and understanding health information was not a major issue among
our participants. Triangulation in terms of color lines does not occur as a natural phenomenon in the
field of genetics. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item
checklist for interviews and focus groups. According to Kim (1999), Californians considered a white
person to be worth two Asians, and one Asian to be worth two Blacks. Participants with a good
relationship to their healthcare provider generally reported being satisfied with the interaction and
services they received. Regarding the latter, taking an open approach, whereby study participants
were asked for health topics of interest to them and then identifying their health literacy needs from
the interview data ensured that the perspective of the population group of interest was represented.
Qualitative study: Participants were interested in and were generally well-informed about health
topics such as nutrition and physical activity. Example of Methodological Triangulation: For
example, a researcher might use both qualitative and quantitative methods to study a phenomenon.
Most studies addressing health literacy of unemployed persons focus on risk factors for low health
literacy or correlates of health literacy, but studies on needs of unemployed persons regarding health
literacy are scarce. Regarding mental health, the results of the scoping review on some of the barriers
and facilitators as well as intervention components identified as being important, resonated with
some of the interview findings ( Figure 3 ). The coders compared their results and addressed any
disagreements that arose. Therefore, racial triangulation is not about the color of the skin but about
social and political construction that discriminates one group from another. However, it is not clear
whether members of this population group perceive themselves as having low health literacy, or
indeed as having health information deficits or health literacy needs in general, as survey results are
not necessarily communicated to or discussed with them. The immigration court of America then
ordered that they should be transferred to Germany because they did not qualify for naturalization.
The Library has a guide on finding journal articles. Basically, there are two approaches to research
namely qualitative and quantitative methods. On the other hand, unemployed persons without access
to reintegration programs may have more difficulties in finding and appraising health information.
The original versions of the quotes used are provided as Supplementary File 10. The reasons given
for not attending the latter were no time, childhood trauma and no need. This can be helpful in
providing a more complete picture of the research topic. But then again I have a day where I have to,
I don't know, climb stairs a hundred times. The interviewers (FSZ and HS) did not know any of the
interviewees prior to the study. And third, it can help to build trust in the findings, by providing
multiple lines of evidence.
The interviews were conducted between January and February 2021. As already said, then there's
something small to eat, not always healthy. In addition, the three articles on mental health literacy
with primary data were all from Germany, with two of them being based on the same study
population. Pros of Triangulation in Research Cons of Triangulation in Research When to use
triangulation. Regarding mental health, similar barriers, facilitators and needs were identified through
triangulation of findings of the scoping review with those of the interviews. The suggestions here
will help you to improve your search techniques for books, journal articles and other texts, not just on
databases, but also in the Library catalogue and in online searches. Triangulation is a research method
that involves collecting data from multiple sources in order to get a more complete picture of a
phenomenon. The results of the survey indicate that expectations concerning success in staying
healthy received the lowest score and may therefore be regarded as an area of need for an
intervention. The interviewee reporting no need said he had already lost almost all his teeth and was
just waiting for one more to fall out, after which he would get dentures. Searching Google will give
you thousands of hits, few of them authoritative, and you will waste time sorting through them.
Recent results of a cross-sectional survey conducted in Austria also contradict the common
assumption regarding employment and health literacy. Article types Author guidelines Editor
guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial office. The search terms, developed
iteratively by the research team including a professional librarian include descriptors of
unemployment, such as “jobless” or “laid off”, combined with descriptors of health literacy, such as
“health knowledge” or “health promotion”. Using multiple methods or sources of data can help
researchers to confirm findings and better understand a phenomenon. The full data is provided as
Supplementary File 9. Literature searching guide A guide to finding articles, books and other
materials on your subject Doing your literature search video - University of Reading Brief video on
literature searching from our Academic Liaison Librarians. I always try to balance things a bit and
that works out quite well for me. (Interview 10, male, 54 years). In United States, the issue of race
was used as a basis for discrimination since colonial era. Ensuing discrepancies were discussed by the
two authors until consensus was reached. Five of them specifically referred to the importance of both
nutrition and physical activity, while a further three referred only to physical activity and one other
only to nutrition. The triangulation process highlighted similarities between barriers and facilitating
factors across these data sources. Towards the end of 18th century, USA’s alien land laws promoted
racial triangulation. The Library has a guide on finding journal articles. Aoki and Takeda (2008)
define racial triangulation using a political perspective, arguing that insiders (White Americans) and
outsiders (Non-white) were distinguished by political systems. According to Aoki and Takeda, like
Claire Kim, the whites have historically been considered as insiders while the nonwhites have been
considered as outsiders politically. I assume you made certain good points in features also. Keep on
browsing if you are OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies. Before the interviews,
participants provided written informed consent. Through the laws, American Indians and African
Indians were considered unfit to belong to the American society. Employment Status and Health
Literacy in Denmark: A Population-Based Study. In triangulation, the phenomenon under qualitative
research study relates to a ship at sea.
Methodological triangulation can be used to investigate a variety of research questions. Denzin in
1989, identified four different types. 1. Data Triangulation 2. One of the main components of the
website will be a distinguishing logo for the drug. You will be expected to prioritise recent research,
but it's also important to acknowledge the standard texts in your field. The next person has the same,
but describes it differently, because he feels differently. And then I went and he said, yes, laryngitis
and antibiotics. When designing intervention components, the main focus should be placed on
applying health information in terms of developing healthy routines. As already said, then there's
something small to eat, not always healthy. She then read through two of the interviews, using the
list to code the respective segments and adding further questions where applicable. Second, it can
provide insights that would not be possible with just one method. Within this period, the Whites
used the color line between the Whites, the Black slaves and the unassimilated Asian foreigners to
obtain advantage for their own race. Example of Methodological Triangulation: For example, a
researcher might use both qualitative and quantitative methods to study a phenomenon. The
exclusion denied them the opportunity to naturalize, and gave them a unique position as foreigners
in a country where they have dedicated a lot of their years through constructive labor participation.
There are many benefits to using triangulation in research, including increased validity and reliability,
greater depth and richness of data, and improved ability to generalize findings. Although the Whites
did not want Asian Americans in America, they accepted them as foreigners because they needed
their services. This political exclusion of the Asian Americans subjected them alien land laws and
other unfavorable political legislations. Asian Americans have a lighter skin than Black Americans,
but they are not classified as “white”. A large-scale European survey including 8,000 individuals
from eight countries found more than a tenth of the whole sample (12.4%) to have inadequate health
literacy ( 12 ). This enabled the Whites to use Black Americans for their economic benefit without
including any of the two groups in the polity. You read sometimes, for example: I have this, and I
know how I feel, then I write that down there. There are several practical implications that can be
derived from our analysis. There are also some cons associated with triangulation. While the
identified literature mainly focused on mental health literacy, our study participants also highlighted
healthy nutrition and physical activity as relevant topics. It can also be useful if you’re having
trouble with one particular method. Triangulation can also help to confirm or refute findings from a
single study. Finally, theoretical triangulation can also help to build consensus among researchers
who may have different theoretical orientations. Defining a brief intervention for the promotion of
psychological well-being among unemployed individuals through expert consensus. Health literacy
was measured using a self-developed questionnaire closely oriented to the professional self-efficacy
scale. Benefits of Methodological Triangulation This approach can be used in qualitative or
quantitative research, and it has a number of advantages. This may include theses, conference papers
and 'grey literature'.