Introduction: Calculus and Vectors

Portfolio
For Unit 1 to 5
BY FATOUMATA KONTEH
 Introduction
Introduction of What I'm Doing: In this portfolio, I will showcase my learning journey in the Grade 12
Calculus and Vectors course. I will provide evidence of my understanding of key concepts, highlight
areas of growth, and demonstrate my ability to apply calculus principles to real-world scenarios.

Why I Struggled Last Year: In the previous year, I encountered challenges with advanced mathematical
concepts and struggled to fully grasp certain topics. However, I am determined to overcome these
obstacles through consistent effort and seeking help when needed.

My Goal This Semester: My goal for this semester is to approach my studies with dedication,
consistency, and an open mind. I aim to fully comprehend the course material, improve my
problem-solving skills, and achieve a strong foundation in calculus and vectors.

Something I Want My Teacher to Know About Me: I am a dedicated student who is committed to
overcoming difficulties and making the most of my learning experience. While I may initially encounter
challenges, I am eager to engage with the material and seek guidance when necessary.
 Strengths, Areas of Struggle, and Goals
Strengths:

● Strong analytical and logical thinking skills

● Willingness to engage in challenging problems
● Openness to new learning strategies

Areas of Struggle:

● Applying advanced calculus concepts to real-world scenarios

● Fully understanding and utilizing multiple differentiation techniques
● Identifying the appropriate calculus strategy for different problem types

Goals:

● Develop a deep understanding of differentiation and integration concepts

● Apply calculus principles effectively in various problem-solving situations
● Improve my ability to interpret and analyze mathematical expressions
 Big Idea 1: Rates of Change and Derivatives
Table Of Content
Big Idea 4: Vector Quantities and Geometry

● Determine average and instantaneous rates of change of ● Understand the distinction between scalar and vector
functions. quantities.
● Calculate derivatives using various methods, including First ● Represent vectors geometrically and algebraically.
Principles. ● Perform vector operations and calculations in 2D and 3D
● Understand the relationship between instantaneous rate of spaces.
change and derivatives.
Big Idea 5: Geometric Representations and Equations
Big Idea 2: Function Analysis and Optimization
● Represent lines and planes in 2D and 3D using various
● Analyze functions for intervals of increase, decrease, equations.
concavity, and points of inflection. ● Identify intersections and no-intersection scenarios for lines.
● Determine domain, intercepts, symmetry, and asymptotes of ● Apply vector concepts to analyze lines and planes in space.
functions.
● Use derivative techniques to optimize real-world scenarios.

Big Idea 3: Trigonometric and Exponential Functions

● Manipulate trigonometric and exponential functions.

● Find limits and tangent equations for these functions.
● Apply trigonometric and exponential functions to related rate
problems.
 Big Idea 1: Rates of Change and Derivatives
At the start of our exploration into rates of change and derivatives, I found myself comfortable
with basic concepts like average rates of change, but struggled when it came to calculating
instantaneous rates of change and derivatives at specific points. These topics seemed complex
and abstract, and I often questioned their real-world significance.
Initially, I relied heavily on specific formulas and methods to find derivatives, which limited my
understanding to isolated cases. As I delved deeper and practiced more, I began to grasp the
connection between instantaneous rates of change and derivatives, and how they relate to the
shape of functions.
After working through problems, using methods like First Principles and exploring the
relationship between graphs and derivatives, I gained more confidence. This was evident in my
improved performance on subsequent assessments, where I could not only calculate derivatives
using different strategies but also interpret their meaning and apply them to real-world scenarios.
Through consistent practice and a growing understanding, I realized that rates of change and
derivatives are fundamental tools that allow us to analyze how quantities change and interact.
Big Idea 1: Rates of Change and Derivatives: Average Rate of Change
The average rate of change of a function over an interval is a measure of how much the
function's output values change on average for a given change in the input values within
that interval. It is calculated by determining the slope of the straight line connecting two
points on the function's graph, where one point represents the starting value of the interval
and the other point represents the ending value of the interval. The formula for calculating
the average rate of change is
Average Rate of Change = (Change in Output) / (Change in Input)

This value represents the average steepness or incline of the function over the specified
interval. It provides insight into how the function behaves within that interval, but it doesn't
capture any instantaneous changes that might occur at specific points within the interval.
Big Idea 1: Rates of Change and Derivatives: Average Rate of Change
Practice questions:
Big Idea 1: Rates of Change and Derivatives: Average Rate of Change
Assessments:
Big Idea 1: Rates of Change and Derivatives: Instantaneous Rate of Change
The instantaneous rate of change of a function at a specific point is the rate at which the
function's output values are changing precisely at that point. Unlike the average rate of change,
which considers an interval, the instantaneous rate of change focuses on an infinitesimally small
interval around the given point. In other words, it measures how fast the function is changing at
an exact point without any interval involved.

To determine the instantaneous rate of change at a specific point, you need to find the slope of
the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point. This often involves using calculus
techniques, specifically finding the derivative of the function and evaluating it at the given
point. The derivative provides the slope of the tangent line, which reflects the instantaneous rate
of change at that particular point.
Calculating the instantaneous rate of change can be challenging because it requires
understanding the behavior of the function near the point of interest. The slope of the tangent
line captures the exact rate of change at the chosen point and provides insights into how the
function behaves locally around that point.
Big Idea 1: Rates of Change and Derivatives: Instantaneous Rate of Change
Practice questions:
 Big Idea 1: Rates of Change and Derivatives: Instantaneous Rate of Change
Assessments:
Big Idea 1: Rates of Change and Derivatives: Derivatives
A derivative is a fundamental concept that describes the rate of change of a function's output with
respect to changes in its input. Geometrically, it represents the slope of the tangent line to the
graph of a function at a specific point. Essentially, the derivative provides information about how
the function's values are changing at various points.

Mathematically, the derivative of a function at a point is denoted by or . It

is defined as the limit of the average rate of change as the interval around becomes
infinitesimally small:

Here, ℎ represents the change in the input x, and the limit captures the exact rate of change at the
point x=a. Derivatives play a crucial role in analyzing the behavior of functions, including finding
maximum and minimum points, understanding rates of change, and solving various real-world
problems involving change and optimization.
 Big Idea 1: Rates of Change and Derivatives: Derivatives
Practice Questions: Assessments:
 Big Idea 1: Rates of Change and Derivatives: Reflection
During my exploration of Big Idea 1: Rates of Change and Derivatives, I've gained a deep understanding of how
functions change and behave. I started with basic concepts like average and instantaneous rates of change, and I
gradually moved on to more complex concepts like derivatives and their applications. At the beginning, I found the
idea of calculating rates of change a bit abstract, but as I worked through examples and practiced more, I became
more comfortable.

I learned that derivatives are essential tools for understanding how functions evolve, especially at specific points.
The concept of finding the slope of the tangent line at a point to determine the instantaneous rate of change was a
bit challenging at first, but I soon realized that it's a powerful way to understand real-world scenarios.

Exploring different techniques to find derivatives, such as the First Principles and the power rule, provided me
with versatile tools to tackle a variety of functions. I also learned how to apply derivatives in different fields, from
optimizing real-world problems to analyzing curves, concavity, and points of inflection.

Big Idea 1 has given me a solid foundation in understanding how quantities change and interact in the world of
mathematics. I now see derivatives as a fundamental tool that connects various concepts and allows me to uncover
insights hidden within functions. This knowledge will undoubtedly be valuable as I progress in my studies and
apply calculus to various applications.
 Big Idea 2: Function Analysis and Optimization
As I delved into Function Analysis and Optimization, I initially found the intricacies of functions
fascinating yet challenging. Analyzing functions for intervals of increase, decrease, and concavity
felt like deciphering a puzzle. Points of inflection and the shift from concave up to concave down
added depth to my understanding.
Exploring domain, intercepts, symmetry, and asymptotes uncovered hidden insights about
functions' behaviors. It was intriguing to learn how these features shape the overall graph and
convey critical information about the function.
Optimization brought an exciting real-world dimension. Applying derivative techniques to
maximize or minimize quantities under constraints opened a new perspective. Identifying critical
points and making informed decisions became the essence of solving practical problems.
Throughout the journey, I realized the significance of function analysis. Just as in the ratios and
proportions learning experience, practice and exposure played a key role. My confidence grew as
I tackled more complex problems independently.
Big Idea 2: Function Analysis and Optimization: Intervals of Increase and Decrease

Intervals of increase and decrease refer to specific segments or ranges of the domain of a function
where the function's values are respectively rising or falling. An interval of increase is a portion
of the domain where the function's output values are getting larger as the input values increase.
Conversely, an interval of decrease is a portion of the domain where the function's output values
are decreasing as the input values increase.

For a given function f(x), an interval of increase occurs when the derivative f′(x) is positive
within that interval. This indicates that the function's slope is positive, meaning it is ascending.
Similarly, an interval of decrease occurs when the derivative f′(x) is negative within that interval,
indicating that the function's slope is negative, causing it to descend.

Understanding intervals of increase and decrease allows us to visualize how a function behaves in
different portions of its domain. It helps in identifying where the function is rising or falling and
provides insights into the overall trend and behavior of the function.
 Big Idea 2: Function Analysis and Optimization: Intervals of Increase and Decrease
Practice question:
In the study of Intervals of Increase
and Decrease, I've gained an
understanding of how functions
change. I learned to identify where
functions rise or fall, called
intervals of increase and decrease.
By analyzing the derivative of a
function, I could determine these
intervals. Intervals of increase occur
where the derivative is positive,
indicating a rising trend, while
intervals of decrease happen when
the derivative is negative,
representing a descending trend.
This knowledge has illuminated the
behavior of functions and allowed
me to recognize their changing
patterns.
Big Idea 2: Function Analysis and Optimization: Concavity and Points of Inflection
Concavity refers to the curvature or shape of a function's graph. A function can be concave up,
concave down, or neither. Concave up indicates that the graph is curving upward, resembling a
cup shape. Concave down suggests the graph is curving downward, resembling a bowl shape. A
function that changes concavity may have points where the curvature transitions, known as points
of inflection.

The concavity of a function f(x) is determined by the second derivative f′′(x). If f′′(x) is positive,
the function is concave up in that interval, while a negative f′′(x) indicates concave down. A point
of inflection occurs where the concavity changes, that is, where f ′′(x) changes sign.

Understanding concavity helps us visualize the bending of a function's graph and how it's
changing direction. Points of inflection are significant because they mark transitions between
different concavity directions, impacting the behavior and shape of the function's graph. These
concepts are crucial for analyzing the curvature and overall trend of functions in function
analysis.
Big Idea 2: Function Analysis and Optimization: Concavity and Points of Inflection
Practice question: Analyzing the practice
question about a function's concavity and
points of inflection was a bit challenging
at first. I learned that concavity tells us
how the graph of a function bends, either
curving upwards or downwards. Points of
inflection are where the bending direction
changes. By looking at the function f(x) =
2x^3 − 9x^2 + 12x, I found that it bends
downwards before a certain point and
then starts bending upwards. This point,
where the bending changes, is called a
point of inflection.

Solving this question helped me

understand how a function behaves in
terms of its bending and turning points.
It's like figuring out the shape of a roller
coaster track – when it goes up, down, or
changes direction. This skill will be
useful in understanding more complex
functions in the future.
Big Idea 2: Function Analysis and Optimization: Domain, Intercepts, Symmetry, and Asymptotes
Domain: The domain of a function refers to the set of all possible input values (or x-values) for which the function is defined.
It specifies the valid range of values over which the function has meaning and can be evaluated.

Intercepts: Intercepts of a function are points where the graph of the function intersects the coordinate axes. There are two
types of intercepts:

● X-intercepts: These are points where the graph crosses the x-axis. They have a y-coordinate of zero.
● Y-intercepts: These are points where the graph crosses the y-axis. They have an x-coordinate of zero.

Symmetry: Symmetry refers to certain types of patterns that a function's graph may exhibit. There are two main types of
symmetry:

● Even Symmetry: A function is even symmetric if it's symmetric with respect to the y-axis, meaning that f(−x)=f(x) for
all x in the domain.
● Odd Symmetry: A function is odd symmetric if it's symmetric with respect to the origin, meaning that f(−x)=−f(x) for
all x in the domain.

Asymptotes: Asymptotes are lines that a function's graph approaches but doesn't intersect as the input values get larger or
smaller. There are two types of asymptotes:

● Vertical Asymptotes: These are vertical lines that the graph gets arbitrarily close to as x approaches a specific value, but
it never crosses that line.
● Horizontal Asymptotes: These are horizontal lines that the graph approaches as x goes to positive or negative infinity.
They indicate the long-term behavior of the function.
Big Idea 2: Function Analysis and Optimization: Optimization using Derivatives

Practice questions:
Big Idea 2: Function Analysis and Optimization: Optimization using Derivatives
Optimization using derivatives involves using derivatives, to find the maximum or minimum value of a function within a
given domain or under certain constraints. In real-world scenarios, optimization problems arise when you need to determine
the best possible outcome from a set of possible choices, subject to specific limitations.

The process of optimization typically involves the following steps:

Formulate the Problem: Define the objective function that represents the quantity you want to maximize or minimize. This
function often involves variables that you can adjust to achieve the desired outcome.

Identify Constraints: If there are any constraints or limitations that must be satisfied, express them mathematically. These
constraints restrict the possible solutions.

Find Critical Points: Calculate the derivative of the objective function with respect to the variables. Set the derivative equal
to zero to find critical points, which are potential maximum or minimum points.

Determine Extrema: Use the first or second derivative test to determine whether the critical points correspond to local
maximum, local minimum, or neither.

Check Boundary Points: If the domain of the function is bounded, evaluate the objective function at the endpoints of the
domain to account for possible extrema at these points.

Interpret Results: Analyze the results in the context of the problem. The calculated maximum or minimum value provides
the optimal solution that meets the given conditions.
Big Idea 2: Function Analysis and Optimization: Optimization using Derivatives
Practice question: Solving the practice question on
optimization using derivatives helped me understand
how calculus can be applied to real-world situations.
The question was about finding the best way to cut
and fold a cardboard to make a box with the largest
volume. I learned that by using derivatives and setting
them to zero, I can pinpoint the exact size of the
squares to be cut. This size gives the box its
maximum volume.

It was a bit tricky at first, but breaking down the steps

made it clearer. I found the critical points, set up the
equation, and solved for the side length. Seeing how
math can help make practical decisions was
interesting. The final answer of 5 cm felt like a
satisfying solution, as it led to the box with the
biggest possible volume.

This practice gave me a practical insight into the

power of calculus and optimization – using math to
find the best outcomes in real-world scenarios.
Big Idea 2: Function Analysis and Optimization: Reflection
In Big Idea 2, I explored the fascinating world of functions and how they behave, uncovering valuable
insights that connect math to real-life scenarios.
Intervals of Increase and Decrease:
Learning to recognize when a function goes up, down, or stays constant was like understanding the ups
and downs of a rollercoaster. Finding critical points using the first derivative test helped me see where
things change and analyzing intervals provided a clearer picture.
Concavity and Points of Inflection: The way functions curve, like hills and valleys, captivated my
attention. Figuring out when a function curves upward or downward, and spotting points where the curve
changes, added depth to my understanding.
Domain, Intercepts, Symmetry, and Asymptotes: Determining where a function "lives" made me
appreciate its limitations. Intercepts showed where it crosses axes, like where paths cross. Recognizing if
a function is symmetric, like mirror images, added artistic flair. Asymptotes, like guideposts, gave hints
about where the function was headed.
Optimization using Derivatives: This was like using math to solve real-life puzzles. Applying
derivatives to make the best choices in different situations was eye-opening. Finding the highest or lowest
points under certain rules, using the second derivative test, felt like unlocking secret solutions.
Big Idea 3: Trigonometric and Exponential Functions
In Big Idea 3, we dived into the world of trigonometric and exponential functions, discovering their unique
behaviors and practical applications.
Manipulation of Trigonometric and Exponential Functions: As we ventured into trigonometric and exponential
functions, I initially grappled with understanding their properties and how to work with them. I found myself
struggling to simplify expressions involving sine, cosine, tangent, and exponential terms. However, with consistent
practice, I started gaining confidence in manipulating these functions and seeing patterns emerge. This newfound
skill enabled me to tackle more complex problems and perform algebraic operations with greater ease.
Limits, Derivatives, and Tangent Equations: Exploring the limits and derivatives of trigonometric and
exponential functions opened my eyes to their intricacies. Calculating limits as the input approached specific
values revealed insights into their behaviors at critical points. Calculating derivatives proved to be a challenging
yet rewarding exercise, allowing me to find instantaneous rates of change. Deriving equations for tangent lines at
specific points helped me grasp the connection between slopes and functions, adding a practical aspect to abstract
concepts.
Application to Related Rate Problems: Applying trigonometric and exponential functions to real-world problems
involving related rates was a fascinating experience. While initially overwhelmed by problems involving changing
quantities and their relationships, I gradually learned to model these scenarios using trigonometric and exponential
functions. This skill enabled me to unravel complex situations, providing solutions that are directly applicable to
everyday situations.
Big Idea 3: Trigonometric and Exponential Functions: Manipulation of Trigonometric and Exponential Functions
Manipulation of Trigonometric and Exponential Functions in calculus refers to the
skillful handling and transformation of mathematical expressions involving
trigonometric (such as sine, cosine, tangent) and exponential (such as e^x)
functions. This involves performing algebraic operations, simplifications, and
rearrangements on these functions while considering their unique properties and
relationships.
In this context, manipulation involves tasks such as factoring, expanding,
combining terms, and applying trigonometric identities or laws of exponents to
transform complex expressions into simpler forms. The goal of manipulation is to
make calculations, evaluations, and further analysis more manageable, ultimately
leading to a deeper understanding of how these functions behave and interact
within various mathematical context.
Big Idea 3: Trigonometric and Exponential Functions: Manipulation of Trigonometric and Exponential Functions

Simplifying the expression involving

trigonometric and exponential
functions was both challenging and
rewarding. At first, it seemed a bit
complex with the fractions and
different function types. But step by
step, I applied trigonometric identities
and exponential rules to simplify it.
Seeing the expression transform into
a simpler form felt like solving a
puzzle. This exercise helped me
understand how to manipulate these
functions and build confidence in
working with them.
Big Idea 3: Trigonometric and Exponential Functions: Manipulation of Trigonometric and Exponential Functions
Assessments and Feedback:

This assessment about the periodicity of derivatives of

sinusoidal functions opened up an interesting
perspective. Exploring whether the derivative of a
sinusoidal function can ever not be periodic prompted
me to think deeply. The feedback i got, suggesting to
show that the slopes are parallel, highlighted the
connection between derivative slopes and parallel
lines. This made me realize the intricate relationship
between derivatives and the original functions,
providing a fresh angle to my understanding of
calculus concepts.
Big Idea 3: Trigonometric and Exponential Functions: Limits and Tangent Equations
Limits: Refers to the value that a function approaches as its input (usually denoted as x) gets
closer and closer to a certain point. Limits help describe the behavior of a function at specific
points or as x approaches certain values, even if the function is not defined at that exact point.
Limits are essential in analyzing continuity, understanding function behavior, and evaluating
complex functions that may exhibit different behavior around certain points. For example, the
limit of a function f(x) as x approaches a is denoted as and represents the value that
f(x) gets closer to as x gets closer to a.
Tangent Equations: A tangent equation represents a straight line that touches a curve at a
specific point without crossing it. In calculus, the equation of the tangent line to a function at a
given point is determined using the derivative of the function at that point. The tangent line
represents the instantaneous rate of change of the function at that point. It can be expressed in
point-slope form as , where is the point of tangency and m is the
slope of the tangent line, which is equal to the derivative of the function at that point. The tangent
line provides valuable insights into the behavior of the function in the vicinity of the point of
tangency.
Big Idea 3: Trigonometric and Exponential Functions: Limits and Tangent Equations
Practice question: Working through the practice
question was an insightful experience that
connected key concepts in calculus. Calculating the
limit of the function as x approaches 2 required a
clear understanding of how the function behaves
around that point. This helped me appreciate the
importance of limits in understanding function
behavior.

Finding the equation of the tangent line to the

curve at x=2 involved taking the derivative,
evaluating it at the specific point, and then utilizing
the point-slope form of a line equation. It was like
unraveling the slope and point of tangency to
construct a straight line that just touches the curve
at that precise spot.

The reflection underlines how these calculations

provide a deeper understanding of the relationships
between limits, derivatives, and tangent lines. This
practice question reinforced the idea that calculus
isn't just about solving equations but about gaining
insights into how functions change and interact.
Big Idea 3: Trigonometric and Exponential Functions: Limits and Tangent Equations
Assessment:
Big Idea 3: Trigonometric and Exponential Functions: Application to Related Rate Problems
Application to related rate problems refers to the process of using calculus
concepts, particularly derivatives, to solve real-world scenarios in which
multiple variables are changing in relation to each other. These problems
involve situations where the rates of change of different quantities are
interconnected, and the goal is to determine how one quantity's rate of change
affects another quantity's rate of change.
In related rate problems, you analyze how the variables are changing with
respect to time or another relevant variable. By setting up equations that
represent the relationships between these changing quantities, you can use
differentiation to find rates of change and make predictions about how changes
in one quantity will lead to changes in another.
Big Idea 3: Trigonometric and Exponential Functions: Application to Related Rate Problems
Solving the related rate problem about
the inflating balloon gave me a
tangible connection between math and
the real world. Figuring out how the
rate of change of the balloon's radius
affected its volume was like
uncovering a hidden rule. The process
of using calculus to find the answer
felt like peeking into how things
around us work. This experience
deepened my appreciation for how
math can help us understand and solve
everyday situations.
Big Idea 3: Trigonometric and Exponential Functions: Reflection
In exploring Big Idea 3: Trigonometric and Exponential Functions, I've embarked on a journey that delved into the
captivating world of these special functions and their profound applications. Through this exploration, I've gained
valuable insights into the intricacies of mathematics and its real-world significance.
Manipulation of Trigonometric and Exponential Functions: I learned to decipher the unique behaviors of
trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, and tangent, and grasp the exponential growth of functions like . This
opened doors to performing intricate algebraic operations, allowing me to simplify complex expressions involving
these functions. This manipulation skill felt like decoding mathematical puzzles and provided me with tools to
tackle challenging problems with confidence.
Limits and Tangent Equations:Calculating limits unveiled the dynamic nature of trigonometric and exponential
functions as they approached specific values. This skill illuminated the behavior of functions at critical points and
showed me how they evolve around those points. Finding the equations of tangent lines empowered me to
understand the instantaneous rates of change of functions at specific points. This, in turn, connected me to the
deeper geometrical meanings behind derivatives.
Application to Related Rate Problems: The practical applications of trigonometric and exponential functions
were particularly enlightening. I grasped how these functions could model real-world scenarios where multiple
variables change simultaneously. Solving related rate problems felt like fitting puzzle pieces together, as I used
calculus to unravel the interplay between changing quantities. This gave me a newfound appreciation for how
mathematics can provide solutions to real-life challenges.
Big Idea 4: Vector Quantities and Geometry
As we delved into the realm of vectors and geometry, I found myself initially struggling
with the concept of scalar and vector quantities. At first, grasping the distinction
between these types of quantities seemed challenging. I could handle the basics, but I
felt uncertain when dealing with more complex vector operations.
When it came to assessments, I managed to navigate through them decently, but I
couldn't always see alternative approaches or verify my solutions effectively. This
realization highlighted the importance of practice and further exploration. Gradually, I
began to feel more confident in representing vectors geometrically and algebraically.
Understanding how vectors could be added, subtracted, and scaled opened up a new
way of seeing mathematical relationships. Practice allowed me to gain a stronger
foothold in this area. Subsequent assessments showed improvement, and I felt a
growing sense of familiarity with vector concepts and geometry.
Big Idea 4: Vector Quantities and Geometry: Scalar and Vector Quantities
Scalar Quantities:
Scalar quantities are physical quantities that are fully described by their magnitude or
size. These quantities do not have direction associated with them. Examples of scalar
quantities include distance, speed, mass, temperature, and time.
Vector Quantities:
Vector quantities are physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction. They
require information about not only how much (magnitude) but also in which direction
the quantity is acting. Examples of vector quantities include displacement, velocity,
force, acceleration, and momentum.
In summary, scalar quantities are characterized by their magnitude alone, while vector
quantities possess both magnitude and direction.
Big Idea 4: Vector Quantities and Geometry: Scalar and Vector Quantities
Practice question: The practice question
that asked to identify scalar and vector
quantities was an eye-opener. It made me
realize how some quantities need just a
size (scalar), while others require both
size and direction (vector) to be fully
described. This distinction, which might
seem simple, is fundamental in
understanding the nature of different
physical measurements. It's like
recognizing the difference between
knowing just the number of steps and
knowing both the number and the
direction you're taking. This reflection
showed me how much precision matters
in accurately conveying information
about the world around us.
Big Idea 4: Vector Quantities and Geometry: Scalar and Vector Quantities
Practice questions:
The practice question involving
calculating scalar and vector
quantities was like putting theory
into action. It reinforced the
concept that scalar quantities need
just a number to describe them,
while vector quantities require both
a number and a direction.
Calculating the speed, a scalar
quantity, was straightforward - it
was like finding the rate at which
the car was covering the distance.
However, when dealing with
displacement, a vector quantity, I
realized that direction matters. This
made me appreciate how complete
information is crucial to accurately
represent physical quantities in the
real world.
Big Idea 4: Vector Quantities and Geometry: Geometric and Algebraic Representation of Vectors
Geometric Representation: Geometric representation of vectors involves depicting
vectors visually using directed line segments or arrows. The length of the line segment
represents the magnitude of the vector, and the arrow indicates the direction in which
the vector points. In two-dimensional space, vectors are often drawn on a coordinate
plane, while in three-dimensional space, they can be depicted using 3D drawings.
Algebraic Representation: Algebraic representation of vectors involves expressing
vectors using numerical values and coordinates. In two-dimensional space, a vector can
be represented as , where is the horizontal component and is the
vertical component of the vector. In three-dimensional space, a vector can be
represented as with , and being the components in the x, y, and z
directions, respectively.
Big Idea 4: Vector Quantities and Geometr: Geometric and Algebraic Representation of Vectors
Geometric Represent Practice question:
Big Idea 4: Vector Quantities and Geometry: Geometric and Algebraic Representation of Vectors
The practice question about algebraic
representation of vectors made me see
how math can express relationships
visually and algebraically. Adding
vectors felt like putting their components
together, just like connecting puzzle
pieces. The concept of scalar
multiplication, where you stretch or
shrink a vector, reminded me of resizing
an image. Working with numbers and
coordinates to manipulate vectors was
like uncovering the math behind their
geometrical behaviors. This reflection
highlighted how math can describe the
same concept in different ways,
providing a richer understanding.
Big Idea 4: Vector Quantities and Geometry: Vector Operations and Calculations in 2D and 3D Spaces
Vector operations and calculations in 2D and 3D spaces involve performing mathematical operations on
vectors to manipulate and analyze their properties. These operations include vector addition, vector
subtraction, scalar multiplication, dot product, and cross product. These calculations are used to
understand the relationships between vectors, determine their magnitudes and directions, and solve
problems involving physical quantities and geometry.
Big Idea 4: Vector Quantities and Geometry: Reflection
In exploring Big Idea 4: Vector Quantities and Geometry, I've come to understand the significance of
vectors in describing quantities that go beyond just numbers. The differentiation between scalar and
vector quantities unveiled the essence of direction in understanding real-world phenomena. Much like
recognizing the distinction between counting objects and knowing where they're headed.

The exploration into geometric and algebraic representations of vectors showed me how a single
mathematical concept can be depicted visually or algebraically, bridging the gap between intuition and
calculation. Like drawing a map or noting down coordinates to describe a path.

Learning about vector operations in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces illuminated the
mechanics of combining and manipulating these mathematical objects. It was like discovering the tools
to understand how objects move, interact, and align in different dimensions.

This journey reinforced the idea that vectors have a universal application, from physics to computer
graphics, enabling us to model and analyze complex relationships. This big idea brought a richer
perspective to the way mathematics can elegantly describe and solve problems in various fields.
Big Idea 5: Geometric Representations and Equations
Equations and Representations of Lines and Planes: This focuses on understanding and
utilizing various mathematical forms to represent lines and planes in both two-dimensional and
three-dimensional spaces. It involves learning about slope-intercept, point-slope, and standard
forms for lines in 2D, as well as parametric and symmetric equations for lines in 3D.
Additionally, it covers vector and scalar equations for representing planes in 3D space.
Identifying Intersections and No-Intersection Scenarios: I explored scenarios where lines
and planes intersect or do not intersect. I learned to recognize conditions under which lines and
planes cross paths in space or fail to intersect altogether. This understanding is crucial for
solving problems involving geometric relationships and determining the nature of spatial
configurations.
Vector Concepts for Line and Plane Analysis: Applying vector concepts to analyze lines and
planes. Vector operations, such as dot product and cross product, enable you to quantify angles,
distances, and perpendicularity between lines and planes. By leveraging vector techniques, you
can delve into more sophisticated analyses of geometric relationships and uncover insights
about how lines and planes interact in space.
Big Idea 5: Geometric Representations and Equations: Equations and Representations of Lines and Planes
"Equations and Representations of Lines and Planes" refers to the mathematical methods used to
describe the geometrical properties and positions of lines and planes in both two-dimensional and
three-dimensional spaces. These equations provide a way to express the relationships between points,
coordinates, and vectors that define the lines and planes in various contexts.
For Lines:
Equations for lines involve different forms, such as slope-intercept, point-slope, and standard forms in
two-dimensional space. These forms represent lines as mathematical expressions involving variables
and coefficients. In three-dimensional space, lines are represented using parametric equations, which
express the coordinates of points on the line as functions of a parameter.
For Planes:
Equations for planes in three-dimensional space also come in various forms, such as vector equations
and scalar equations. These equations capture the relationships between the coordinates of points that
lie on the plane. Vector equations involve position vectors and direction vectors, while scalar equations
express the linear combination of coordinates that define points on the plane.
Big Idea 5: Geometric Representations and Equations: Equations and Representations of Lines and Planes
Practice question: Working through the practice
question about equations and representations of
lines and planes, I realized the practicality of
translating vector equations into parametric
forms. It's like giving coordinates a dynamic
quality by expressing them as functions of t.
This approach makes it easier to visualize points
along the line as t varies.
The process of determining a point and direction
vector was akin to locating a landmark and
understanding the direction in which the line
stretches. It reminded me of using coordinates
and vectors to navigate in a mathematical space.
Overall, this practice question offered a glimpse
into how mathematical representations bridge
the gap between abstract concepts and
real-world interpretations, enabling us to grasp
the essence of lines' positions and orientations in
three-dimensional space.
Big Idea 5: Geometric Representations and Equations: Equations and Representations of Lines and Planes
Practice question: Tackling the practice
question related to equations and
representations of lines and planes, I
observed how scalar equations can transform
into vector forms. It felt like converting a
written description into a more dynamic and
mathematical representation, adding an extra
layer of understanding.
Identifying a point on the plane was
reminiscent of pinpointing a specific location
within a broader context. It's like finding
your place on a map in a vast landscape of
possibilities.
The notion of a normal vector felt like
revealing the plane's orientation, as if the
vector had the power to define how the plane
stands in its space. This practice question
underscored how mathematics can unveil the
hidden geometry of our surroundings,
connecting equations to tangible concepts.
Big Idea 5: Geometric Representations and Equations: Identifying Intersections and No-Intersection Scenarios
"Identifying Intersections and No-Intersection Scenarios" refers to the process of determining
whether geometric objects, such as lines and planes, intersect each other or do not intersect at
all in a given space. It involves analyzing the equations, positions, and orientations of these
objects to discern whether they cross paths, touch at a point, or remain completely separate.
Intersections:
An intersection occurs when two or more geometric objects cross or meet at one or more
points. For example, lines intersect when they share a common point, and planes intersect
along a line. Identifying intersections involves solving the equations of the objects to find the
points where they coincide.
No-Intersection Scenarios:
No-intersection scenarios arise when geometric objects do not cross or share any common
points. This can happen when lines are parallel and never meet, or when planes are parallel and
do not intersect. Recognizing no-intersection scenarios is equally important as it helps in
understanding the spatial relationships and configurations of geometric objects.
Big Idea 5: Geometric Representations and Equations: Identifying Intersections and No-Intersection Scenarios
Practice question: Navigating through the
practice question focused on identifying
intersections and no-intersection scenarios, I
realized how crucial it is to grasp the
relationships between geometric objects. It's
like deciphering whether paths cross, touch, or
never meet in the spatial landscape.

Recognizing that two lines won't intersect

because they're parallel felt akin to
acknowledging that two roads don't cross due to
their distinct directions. Meanwhile, finding the
intersection point of a line and a plane echoed
the experience of discovering where different
paths in a map converge.

Overall, this practice question highlighted how

mathematics unveils the hidden connections
between objects in space, adding an element of
spatial reasoning to mathematical
problem-solving.
Big Idea 5: Geometric Representations and Equations: Identifying Intersections and No-Intersection Scenarios
Practice question: Engaging with the practice
question that delved into identifying intersections
and no-intersection scenarios brought home the
idea that mathematical relationships hold
real-world implications. It's like observing the
trajectories of objects and understanding when
they coincide or bypass each other.

Recognizing that Line L 3 and Plane Q were

parallel and didn't intersect felt like observing
parallel train tracks that never merge. This
exercise reinforced how equations reveal more
than just numbers – they uncover the intricacies
of spatial relationships.

In a nutshell, this practice question reiterated that

mathematics is a language of patterns, helping us
decipher how geometric entities align or diverge
in our three-dimensional universe.
Big Idea 5: Geometric Representations and Equations: Vector Concepts for Line and Plane Analysis
"Vector Concepts for Line and Plane Analysis" refers to the application of vector operations and principles to
analyze and understand the geometric properties of lines and planes in two-dimensional and three-dimensional
spaces. Vector concepts provide a powerful toolkit for examining angles, distances, intersections, and orientations
of lines and planes.
Key Vector Concepts:
Dot Product: The dot product of vectors helps determine the angle between them. For lines, it aids in identifying
whether they are perpendicular or at an angle. For planes, the dot product aids in analyzing the relationship
between the direction vectors of the plane and other vectors.
Cross Product: The cross product of vectors produces a new vector perpendicular to the original vectors. This
concept is particularly useful for finding the normal vector of a plane, essential for plane analysis and
determining its orientation.
Projection: Vector projection assists in understanding how one vector lies in the direction of another. In line
analysis, this can help identify components along a particular direction. In plane analysis, it can help determine
how a vector lies within the plane.
Vector Equations: Expressing lines and planes in vector form allows for easy manipulation and analysis. Vector
equations provide insights into direction, position, and relationships between vectors.
Big Idea 5: Geometric Representations and Equations: Vector Concepts for Line and Plane Analysis
Practice question: Engaging with the practice question
centered around vector concepts for line and plane
analysis, I realized how vectors become tools to unlock
the geometry of our three-dimensional surroundings.
It's like having a compass and ruler to navigate through
abstract mathematical spaces.

Determining the angle between Line L4 and Line L5

felt like quantifying the bend between two paths. It
reminded me of measuring the angle between roads on
a map.

Discovering the normal vector of Plane R was akin to

finding the heartbeat of the plane, a vector that pulsates
perpendicular to its surface. It's intriguing how
numbers unveil the plane's orientation.

Calculating the projection of Line L4 onto Line L5 was

reminiscent of casting shadows in three dimensions. It
showcased how vectors can be sliced and presented
along specific directions.

In a nutshell, this practice question affirmed that

vectors extend beyond just quantities – they embody
directions, relationships, and orientations, revealing the
underlying geometry of our spatial world.
Big Idea 5: Geometric Representations and Equations: Reflection
Exploring Big Idea 5: Geometric Representations and Equations revealed a fascinating world
where mathematics interacts intimately with spatial relationships. The study of equations for
lines and planes felt like learning to decode the language of geometrical forms. It's akin to
being handed various lenses to view lines and planes from different perspectives – slope,
points, vectors, and equations – each offering unique insights into their behavior.
Understanding intersections and no-intersection scenarios brought to light the intricacies of
geometric entanglements. It's as if we were deciphering the dance between lines and planes,
unveiling when they cross paths and when they remain independent.
Vector concepts as tools for line and plane analysis unveiled a dynamic toolkit to explore
angles, distances, and orientations. The dot product and cross product felt like secret codes that
enabled us to understand how vectors interact and relate within three-dimensional space.
Overall, Big Idea 5 emphasized how mathematics transforms lines and planes from abstract
notions into tangible realities. It's like adding dimension to our perceptions, seeing geometric
relationships through an analytical lens that enriches our understanding of the physical world.
 Portfolio Conclusion
In this portfolio, we embarked on a journey through various mathematical concepts, each forming a big idea that
unraveled new dimensions of understanding. Starting with Rates of Change and Derivatives, we learned to
capture how things transform over time and space. Moving to Function Analysis and Optimization opened a
window into dissecting functions, revealing their behaviors and peaks. Trigonometric and Exponential Functions
added a touch of the mystical, uncovering the hidden patterns in waves and growth.

Vector Quantities and Geometry took us into the realm of direction and magnitude, where objects in space are
described with elegance. Geometric Representations and Equations illustrated how mathematical forms dance in
various dimensions, portraying their stories through equations.

Throughout this journey, the power of mathematics manifested as a bridge between abstract ideas and tangible
realities. Like a skilled translator, it converted complex notions into accessible concepts. It was like peering
through a window into the world, but with the ability to understand the underlying language of patterns, changes,
and relationships.

This portfolio isn't just about math; it's about the art of understanding our universe through numbers, shapes, and
equations. It showcased how math isn't a mere tool, but a lens that lets us see deeper, perceive clearer, and
explore the intricacies of existence. As we close this portfolio, we leave with a richer perspective and a newfound
appreciation for the harmony between mathematics and the world it beautifully describes.
 Work Citation
3.4 derivatives as rates of change - calculus volume 1. OpenStax. (n.d.).
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/3-4-derivatives-as-rates-of-change

Geometric representation. Geometric Representation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/mathematics/geometric-representation

Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization: Vol 44, no 11 (current ... (n.d.).
https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/lnfa20/current

Trigonometry and complex exponentials. (n.d.). https://wstein.org/edu/winter06/20b/notes/html/node30.html

Wang, X. (n.d.). Vector Geometry. Linear Algebra with Applications.

https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/linearalgebrautm/chapter/vector-geometry/