Unit-o1

sheet

enbeas.
esoyy prce agond sol equanhtatie laulitahver
athat isgdsal
A geud saltion is economcal in dhe use a
Agaud sal posseICI
dhe hllo. qualihe CopabLhei
Sinptyet poutirld gençal sal"
carily indeatd athes, eariy mocbed
’Corek Iulh, eLon uanicalin the se conpteo tme,
Computer stox age &peritheralt
’Dacamcaded, sawth kers oepandences on au paihtax
hiw or iepantabiity
Sub-pcedures, n pateh-wtnk sal"
’Quahtitate measuer asc woluable as hy
proide a way cf lirecty ptoliching ealuahng

Dore elhient clgoseult n

Computationt, hich oesult in saving ompste
erOUYCe uiage which in tun save time f

e Ooe ofhe mort ditheult seguitnot to satir

s to sbow that a wosks correcty
oltput with enetted behaviour & erld
Oin he Coalete ranse of ata ie uied
to haadle
Algo should be testedie dielin idee tertng
lons th prete instead od enhaushie testing.
E. ateh bon -do lish boytiutet
Alyo. shustd be debnite, easyAtab/eter mincde
dter a bote numbex af pevatiaor
Ago is to te odescnbedin termr ot a Jangage
that the cnput can undasda nd iepram
 agnplati tledatonr.
This dpic Comer hm mathamather bcz dsshos
belongr do medhCrmtic.

ine compleri ty conyplen pmblbmt,thot g

Ootatians
Cleutak time tomplenity wsing oth n.

Def"
The hai fol Oglal) ifk positive contont
suth dhat fn)<c*gln) tt n,ne,c)02D
ntiat

F(n) 2nt3
he can wgite hee

2nt3 5n if n>i
fon)

fon) =O(6)
Anethe _mcthud to go gagkt side slh is

Loight nide silo ih n

2nt3 5n
Anodhesmethod
2nt3K2n+3n Also possible oo bue

fin)=O ) alc parsibk

tusfln) belanys d to clarl,gitn abetuie. all fu'
ih ane tatn hann' n ab0re clas Cam
satis ty Jhii tue. called uppes bamel.
 laponod cuach ahe o(n)
incar Oln)
hg-ihie ollg)
Conrtant 0 )

So Ca s om be

1occ bamd
<a23..n
bond per boua d

Say

uhen yeu wnte big. oh, then byy. h wmte chtert f

So hese n)=o?n) is clorat ha all highe ha

Z Omea ()qtation hawer baund Bshnse

n)= 2n 43
2n+3 < we cam wite anthin hoe
which satuy he (onelihon.
2nt31n

obaAre can wate vale dhese

Cst smaller han ' n h t closec vale is 'n' fhat

3) Thela (0)noh aiani A beund NdHiNEp

the h Pn)=eg))

fln2n43
1n2nt3 5* n
)Lincor teasih

So hme ta ken is
not care time is ne

all possble casctne

Agthne 1+2+3 + t n é lanpamn

elemt
nt)
2

e Cases aoe nt eladed to ndatiins

Nodation arc onelated to funthonsqcore
juet dyec d analyi dencn olgo.
B()=fe(onidaat wCn)n A 0) ntr
B(n)Ol) w(n)=O) Aca)A
w(v)(n)
Bln) 1) w(n)eln)
 Small elerntnd t) lefd
big elenenl to njhd
30)

Kest case tim e: Bn)=1

amlt ase iore wn)Egls logn

Arother CaLjwe cam daw asme binany search
hee ie deftqueued hiay seandh hee
sohene
Best ca te time Bn)1
buet
oct age timei wo)=n e
hegnt n height af he
win w(m)= logn
 Amahzed Poalnis' ot od atrge
Amerhzdol amayir
Warst Cost zathez ha inoiridued pezahen urt!
Cact
Arooped

|0 +20tr+ 30 1

need entonsm ot a n a y , e clvbk site ot

23<|

Hen cost

-6ch t i e it
0 nitt t atceotI
Anethe
1 Arr ay

7
coS) cOJ

hletceyt
1

can say sie ofoy

3*(2N+2-1)= 3(4N- 1)
- 1N (onsolilat
 2 2
Alyelhm
p[913)2S6la|F)2l
mid (Uth)l2
(3,S2.3)
S8 herst (wod, h)
(30)
erge U, mid h)

dog . lcnehlnlr elenont)

3logBbi 3 kel

ChËechve
ony ho shuw elahon bet" orpenanhalpstlemt
ieif one enpancntial prub. sareothen e
say ather fyplfnb can be Salved ig
Same wey
?)I yauane mabl to wmde dots nioitbe otea.
aly f dhenid cpeloiaf tine erdekt
 P Hord Nlongkde

on aAentaA time
poneniat Tine
i> Lincax Scas ch o )
22 imay Seavch oleg)) 2) hading Salemo
) nsebon sot lon)) 3) &roph Colauing 2h
42 Meje sot Cookm ) 1) snDo -Ku
)6inay och (otlgn) s2 heduling

Thispnbey Jakc a palnonmiaA amtnd ad Jinc

to solre e. 0(0), O0)0(n°) et.
Thse arEpoblemy ane ca, o salve ie. hae

-> 4 uer determinshc algo.ie all stepr at dleartd.

NL dasr (Aon deteiniscesnonmial tine):
’ Non:cetraminishe alyo hich an be saltd in Polyhoe.
Apbe) whith can tre not be sah dd inalynoia
tine but can Be er licd in alynemelime.
Sdo-ku

19 take Ol2")hne
JL avd to check sdd

id ill dake polynaialtime

dedo sahe it takes my ¬
time bt totiyt take
palynomial time,

Prole into plynrid tine using nop-deterhide

 NP
fsadable n Tatla blepok
|+Rsble
HprbemI comes under Pan ' called
tractable problm
Shoblenf Cones umde p. class' alle d
Ltacable pblem.
28derminshc Alze.
3 Thee are encal dlyoythmy t hich caa
be reksed in ectipeeihe mo wherd ue
Kadw dhat hw each eeny sttp wekJ.
Ej searchiny algo ike Iincar, pamy
Nan-detrmipishc Aloi
Ey Algo Nsearch CA,n key)
W=choice )eAhisstye not cleare
otr) c nondetem
if CAci]etlcy)
Quetess
pnnt (o) 0)

failue(), 3 <

-> Here we don't kaew how chaice c wte, bd

dhis adyo will get enelute inO(1)t
we conerd Jas alge. in palyneial time
Thats why it ir non- dlettninirhe dlgo
lbe aldd ia palynetial ties
 shet 2
PIMPRICHINCHWAD EDUCATION TRUST'S
PIMPRI CHINCHWAD COLLEGEOF ENGINEERING
SECTOR NO.26, PRADHIKARAN, NIGDI, PUNE- 411 044
ANSWER BOOK 46452 12

Name of the Student

Course & Year Roll No.

Division. Date.

Subject No. of Supplement

5 6 7 8 10
Question No. 2 3

Marks

NpHasd
Reducban Crppr.
Redachss i ueed to show aeloaior bedi satishchliayt

pobom B ifthere a way to sahe A by

detniaisbe alo2. that sale ß iapeyntmtal
tim e.

I4 meass if pob. Aget sahd by any doter Anhi

then Bprob alro ged sold by Jhat same
detr iaithc alyo in p time

elatonbet? enpp pb
nced some base problen.
sa bese we lake sahitiabliy obles'as bauc
CEh l a icalled
it calleaos Bu sihenal aleuler faxaala.
CNE Satihablity p.in a bebley tetishabtbypol,
where e Beolean drnla ispecihed in cNE.
 NE =(oyVi, Vo)A(,vagvi,)
clause
Sothe satishabitiy prob i fr ahitk

e total Ppoibiditie
take,ie. tztalfualie s
23-p for niableu
9h 1

s0CNE satifhabiliy belags do

enpo tine eblen
Z4 ue daae state space dee_them

saowT vanabler r ,
Same state saCe eecan

wls, 4,33
Sane as aboe.
St,Jhe way ur than cdetion bd satishabË he,
sotithabi l,

Paloma hiae

Satirhiobility d o1kmapratk Ep
nstane
t mean,i u e intdan ce4 od sahibobilty

Satiikably
NPHard

By tansi he propet

*So when any enpo pbb get sahed b poly. Bime

then itrcled NeHard prohlens beaenpas psd.
i also called nNeHble

NPMad Def"
A probk is NP Hard i£ erey plkn
in NP can be pa lynumicaly educe to id.
Har d

Rediceyno
ime.

Eg Getiizabier poblenm sharddpath

NP-CoPled Comlete it t is
Ppaben is NP
NPit i in NeHard.
ce
ifNom sale B wsiny
oledmminihe,Hen jt
A e B NP-Cnplete
uill betame

mkte

Had

E9. De cisian pobe (yerlolc)

hen the fHavd poblan get Cagplet zsod
non eleterminishcolgo,then itr aNe
Conyplete pebler7. inpayhime.

any problens 1 is
elatdho sotisbabiliy,then prob. is NP-Hend
14 weo wnte non-oletmniuhe lgon
poly ime, dhen prok it Ne-Conylete.
 S a
Ci fu in derm cquadin o inequdlity Jhad describer
of/od ids wdlcon Srnaler input
Reurnce Relotian: e-
H euoence
equatioM that dehnstlotion tor a sequene is
terms. the restnd tem b,
user prtau
lurire Calr.

Lt uses T) to shw
dime daken
) Binagy
byninpuh.
en
Seoo th
aoray hvul bein

Key=x
Bs (aj,)
mid(ij))2
LE ==Camid) )ikey
OCoie (onstaut 30,40
else
if Calmid)) 1t our eg" i T() hen
Bs (a,i, mid i, n)
else
Bsla,midt&, j Cistauthe
tnine d

- Node Consdant
Te)
ahne me Can wnde ar a C'ar1.
2) Tecs f n3
To) Void est (oind n) lere 3he Test (3)
i (n>o) fpsinhiny value Rit
luhich dake foi!
Tet (2)
7(h-1) Test (n-1) Jie.3 Tect
Testo)
X

de. (nt 1) fn)0(n)

 Ke unoe kel" soing mn elho dr alo butshw.
ph'rable do eul
1) substituio madhod but dardo
Nod aeicahle for all algu.
2) maste dhesYem!
3) Recuorhn ee.
t Maste Theven
To)=oT 4)4 fln) shatd be jn dhi fom
whene

Solutiom,
To)
ucn) deponlr on hn)
ha)fu)

Hese tlahian bot ) pucn)i

Case O(n)
0(1)

Cose 3

Eg ) T ) = (n1) +1
Sot Hene

by macter hee fm. sabshtudmedhudthàr can

Cbesoe d
2) Tn)= 8T/y)n
a-f,b:2fn)= n

=n°Cun)7 hl
fnn2
n
 Case2.
pel"dable beth hn) am), caa

n i c Ol4)

3)

Sol"
TOn) nu(n7

(ale

Oalgn) time brplety

4) Binay iar th rtcupdnle otl
Hin)=79)+1
b 2 Fln) I
 nttutn) Uny to)

hen)
n no we canunt

T(u) uln) Case 3 , 0

-
(ondie

Aoliviedes phen ind amay atn) nto lze,

T(w)

20 20 T(n% ) + T(n/) +32 urnt

to

323

To)= Tiy )+ TC4)A 32

7)274)+n
An
2nt3n td<9y

|2*4+6e+4 <7*4

Here -4,n)=nfr
So lond and
Vale doesnt att.

so her e
Jen)-o(nforc:9,n,721

R so
fu)

Ansi

at
both sides ad n )

So no vale hee thatig biy ch

valne hedalO).
4) Ln): lg n!
Ans

So hene alea_mo eait vale toxO .so we

notgoty ong. valeie
e_ fofactoialAmchen
5)fn)=2n°+ dnt5Find uc bned.
Any :

E11n3 for al no d

Leln)2nhnt 5

11 9 3
2 29 24 32
3. 54
71 81
129 192 2Sb )
2s 341 500
Fom dable, e
JE Cz3, no3 hen fn)kcxgen)e
2344nt5k3n°t'0(n)i hue
So,thet can be such mmul hiolepair ot (Cne
fo) 0gln) =o (n) toy C= 3, noz3
fn) =0yln) = o(n) for C=4, no2 2 2seon:
h-om all dhesC, we can Say that censtant ccan
c
be Changed but (glr)) shod be same