STATISTICS and PROBABILITY

Chapter 2, Lesson 1: Normal Distribution

I. Overview:
 This lesson will demonstrate an understanding of key concepts of functions.
II. Objectives:
 Identifies the regions under the normal curve corresponding to different standard
normal values.
Converts a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa
III. Content Outline:
 Please take time to read and understand this part because all graded activities and
quizzes will be coming from these contents.

 NORMAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

- a data distribution hwere the mean, median,

and mode are equal and the distribution is
clustered at the center.
- Its graph is symmetrical bell-shaped curve.

PROPERTIES of a NORMAL CURVE:

 The distribution curve is bell-shaped.

 The curve is symmetrical about its center.
 The mean, the median, and the mode coincide at the center and are equal.
 The skewness is 0.
 The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the
distribution.
 The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis,
always approaching the axis but never touching it. That is, the curve is
asymptotic to the baseline.
 The area under the curve is 1. Thus, it represents the probability or
proportion or percentage associated with specific sets of measurements
values.
o The Standard Normal Curve
- Is a normal probability distribution that has a mean equal to 0 (

Standard Score or z-score (z) or z value

- It is the equivalent value of a raw score expressed in terms of the mean and standard
deviation of the distribution.
- It measures the distance of any particular raw score (x) from the mean ( μ) in standard
deviation¿) units.

Z-score for SAMPLE DATA

Z-score for POPULATION DATA
- the specific group that you will collect
- the entire group that you want data from. The size of the sample is
to draw conclusions about. always less than the total size of the
x −μ population.
Z=
σ x −X
Z=
s
 1. Given the mean of 50 and the standard deviation of 4 of a population of Reading
Scores. Find the z-value that corresponds to a score x = 58.

Given:
μ=50 Z-score for POPULATION DATA Thus, the z-value that
σ =4 corresponds to the raw score
x −μ 58−50 8 58 is 2 in the population
x = 58 Z= = = =2
σ 4 4 distribution of Reading Scores.

2. Given x = 20, X =26, and s = 4, compute the corresponding z-score.

Given:
X =26 Z-score for SAMPLE DATA Thus, the z-value that
s=4 corresponds to the raw score
x −X 20−26 −6 −3
x = 20 Z= = = = =−1.5 20 is −1.5
s 4 4 2

Finding the Area of a Region Under a Normal Curve

Z-TABLE
- also called the standard normal table
- A mathematical table that allows us to know the percentage of values of the region.
 STEPS in Finding the AREAS Under the Normal Curve Given a z-value

Step 1. Express the given z-value as a three-digit number.

Step 2. Using the z-table, find the first two digits on the leftmost column.

Step 3. Match the third digit with the appropriate column on the right.

Step 4. Read the area (or probability) at the intersection of the row and the
column. This is the required area.

Examples:
Find the area that is located between z = 0 and each of the following z-values:

1. z = 1.96
2. z = -1.15

Answers:
1. z = 1.96

Step 1. Write the given z-value as a three-digit number.

z = 1.96

Step 2. Find the first two digits in row 1.9. Locate the third digit in column 0.06

Step 3. Take the area value at the intersection of row 1.9 and column 0.06

The shaded part here is the area.

The area is 0.4750

0 1 1.96 2
 2. Z = -1.15
Step 1. Write the given z-value as a three-digit number.

z = 1.15

Step 2. Find the first two digits in row 1.1. Locate the third digit in column 0.05

Step 3. Take the area value at the intersection of row 1.1 and column 0.05

The shaded part here is the area.

The area is 0.3749

-1.15 -1 0
Probability Notations Under the Normal Curve

Mathematical notations are a convenient form of presenting lengthy expressions. Here

are the following notations for random variable:

 P(a< z< b) denotes the probability that the z-score is between a and b.
 P(z >a) denotes the probability that the z-score is greater than a .
 P(z <a) denotes the probability that the z-score is less than a.

Examples
a. Find he area greater than z = 1

Draw the normal curve and

shade the required region.

0 1

Consult the z-table and find the

area that corresponds to z=1. z = 1 corresponds to an area
0.3413
 The graph suggests subtraction.
Examine the graph and use The required area is equal to
probability notation to form an 0.5−0.3413=0.1587
equation showing the appropriate That is, P ( z> 1 )=0.5−0.3413
operation to get the required area ¿ 0.1587

Thus, the proportion of the area greater than z = 1 is 0.1587

b. Find the proportion of the area above z = -1

Draw the normal curve and

shade the required region.

-1 0 1

Consult the z-table and find the z=1 corresponds to an area

area that corresponds to z=1. 0.3413

Examine the graph and use The graph suggests addition.

probability notation to form an The required area is equal to
equation showing the appropriate 0.3413+ 0.5=0. 8413
operation to get the required area That is, P ( z> 1 )=0.3413+0.5
¿ 0.8413

Thus, the proportion of the area above z = -1 is 0.8413

TERMS used in P(z >a)

 Greater than z
 At least z
 More than z
 To the right of z
 Above z
c. Find the area to the left of z = -1.5

Draw the normal curve and

shade the required region.

-1.5 0 1

Consult the z-table and find the z = -1.5 corresponds to an

area that corresponds to z=-1.5. area 0.4332
 The graph suggests subtraction.
Examine the graph and use The required area is equal to
probability notation to form an 0 .5−0.4332=0. 0668
equation showing the appropriate
That is, P ( z←1.5 )=0. 5−0.4332
operation to get the required area
¿ 0. 0668

Thus, the proportion of the area above z = -1.5 is 0. 0668

d. Find the area below z = 1.5

Draw the normal curve and

shade the required region.
-1 0 1.5

Consult the z-table and find the z = 1.5 corresponds to an

area that corresponds to z= 1.5. area 0.4332

The graph suggests subtraction.

Examine the graph and use The required area is equal to
probability notation to form an 0 .5+0.4332=0. 9332
equation showing the appropriate
That is, P ( z< 1.5 )=0. 5+0.4332
operation to get the required area
¿ 0. 9332

Thus, the proportion of the area above z = 1.5 is 0.9332

TERMS used in P(z >a)

 Less than z
 At most z
 No More than z
 Not greater than z
 To the left z
 Below z

e. Find the area between z = -2 and z = -1.5

Draw the normal curve and

shade the required region.

-2 -1.5 0
Consult the z-table and find the
area that corresponds to z = -2
and z = -1.5.

z = -1.5 corresponds to an
area 0.4332

z = -2 corresponds to an area
0.4772

The graph suggests subtraction.

Examine the graph and use The required area is equal to
probability notation to form an 0 . 4772−0.4332=0.0440
equation showing the appropriate
That is, (−2< z <−1.5 )=0.4772−0.4332
P
operation to get the required area
¿ 0.0440

Thus, the required area between z = -2 and z = -1.5 is 0. 0440

IV. Activities:

4 Use the z-table to find the area that is located between

z=0 and each of the following z-values:

1. z = 0.56

2. z = 1.32

3. z = -1.05

4. z = -2.18

5. z = -2.58

V. Assignment:

Find the probabilities on a standard normal curve.

1. P ( z > -1.32)

2. P ( z < 0.45)

3. P ( -2.76 < z < 2)

4. P ( -3.0 < z > -1.68)

5. P ( 1.53 < z > 2)