Ajeenkya D. Y.

PATIL SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

Charholi BK, via Lohegaon,
Pune - 412105

Department of Computer Engineering

2023-24 [3rd Sem]

Micro Project Report of

“DATA COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORKING”
On
“SWITCHING”

Submitted by:

Sr. No. Name of Students Roll No.

1 Omkar Vivek Saundore 89
2 Soham Sanjay Kaware 90
3 Ahswini Rajendra Botre 91
4 Shivaraj Shantarm Kalamkar 92

Under the Guidance of

Mrs. Smita Aruda
 AJEENKYA DY PATIL SCHOOL OF ENGINEEERING
(CHARHOLI)
Department of Computer Engineering
SEMESTER- 2023-24

“CERTIFICATE”
This is to certify that Project report entitled "Switching" is submitted in the partial fulfillment of
requirement for the award of the Diploma in Computer Engineering by Maharashtra State Board of Technical
Education as record of students' own work carried out by them under the guidance and supervision at Ajeenkya
DY Patil School Of Engineering (Charholi), during the academic year 2023-24.

Sr. No. Name of Students Roll No.

1 Omkar Vivek Saundore 89
2 Soham Sanjay Kaware 90
3 Ahswini Rajendra Botre 91
4 Shivaraj Shantarm Kalamkar 92
Place: Charholi (Bk)

Date: / /2024.

(Mrs. Smita Aruda) (Mr. Sandeep Pandey)

Guide Head of Computer Department
 ACKNOWLEDGEMEMT

It is with profoundly sense of gratitude that we acknowledge from our guide

Mrs. Smita Aruda She has been guide in the true sense of word, a guide who
satisfaction from our word & progress.

We are highly obliged to Mr. Sandeep Pandey Head of Computer

Department for aberrance & good co-operation given to us for bringing this project
to almost standard.

We are grateful to our principal Dr. Nagesh Shelke for proceeding

acknowledgement to us in the connection of this project concluding. We appreciate
the assistance of all staff that helps us in for their sincere & obliging help to make
our project successfully.
 Micro Project Proposal
Part A

“STUDENT INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM”

1. Brief Introduction:

1. Establishing a connection between the client and server.

2. Sending and receiving messages between client and server.

3. Handling concurrent connections and multiple client requests.

4. Implementing error handling mechanisms for data transmission.

5. Supporting various data formats such as text, binary, or JSON.

2. Aim of the Micro Project:

1. Understanding Network Communication: Gain a fundamental understanding of network

communication concepts, including client-server architecture, sockets, and protocols.

2. Implementing Socket Programming: Learn how to utilize Java's socket programming capabilities to
establish network connections between client and server applications.

3. Applying Data Serialization Techniques: Explore and apply data serialization techniques in Java to
convert objects into a format suitable for transmission over the network.

4. Developing a Basic Messaging Protocol: Design and implement a simple messaging protocol for
exchanging messages between client and server, considering features such as message
acknowledgment, error detection, and message sequencing.

5. Handling Concurrent Connections: Learn how to handle multiple concurrent connections

efficiently, ensuring that the server can serve multiple clients simultaneously without blocking.

6. Ensuring Data Reliability and Integrity: Implement error handling mechanisms to ensure reliable
transmission of data over the network, including techniques for error detection and recovery.

7. Supporting Different Data Formats: Gain experience in supporting and transmitting various data
formats such as text, binary, or JSON, depending on the project requirements.

8. Developing a User Interface (Optional): Optionally, develop a simple user interface to interact with
the client-server application, allowing users to initiate communication sessions, send messages, and
view received data.
9. Testing and Debugging: Learn how to effectively test and debug the client-server application to
ensure that it functions correctly under various scenarios and conditions.

10. Documenting the Project: Document the project thoroughly, including design decisions,
implementation details, and instructions for running the application. This aims to enhance
understanding and facilitate future maintenance or expansion of the project.
Action Plan:

Sr.no Details of activity

Planned start Planned end Name of responsible
date date group members

1. Searching for the topic

Soham Sanjay Kaware

Confirmed the topic we

2. searched for the micro
project

Omkar Vivek Saundore

4. Collecting information

5. Making proposal Soham Sanjay Kaware

6. Testing and analysis of Omkar Vivek Saundore

test result

Soham Sanjay Kaware

7. Preparation of final
project report

8. Final submission of the

project ALL TEAM
1. Resources Required:

Sr. No. Name of Specification

resources/Material
1. Internet Google Chrome

2. Book Data communication and

computer networking

3. Google For reference

4. MS word report

2. Name Of Team Members:

Sr. No. Name of Students Roll No.

1 Omkar Vivek Saundore 89
2 Soham Sanjay Kaware 90
3 Ahswini Rajendra Botre 91
4 Shivaraj Shantarm Kalamkar 92

Mrs. Smita Aruda

(Micro-project Guide)
 Part B
“SWITCHING”
1. Brief Introduction:

The aim of this micro project is to develop a student information management using switching. The project
focuses on teaching fundamental data communication, problem-solving, and user interaction skills. It also
provides a foundation for creating simple, user-friendly software applications.

2. Course Outcomes Integrated:

1. Understanding of Switching Concepts: Develop a comprehensive understanding of switching

concepts, including circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching.

2. Proficiency in Packet Switching: Gain proficiency in packet switching techniques, including

datagram switching and virtual circuit switching, and understand their advantages and disadvantages.

3. Implementation of Switching Algorithms: Implement and demonstrate knowledge of switching

algorithms used in packet switching, such as routing algorithms (e.g., shortest path, distance vector,
link-state) and forwarding algorithms (e.g., destination-based forwarding, longest prefix match).

4. Design and Implementation of Switching Systems: Design and implement switching systems or
components, such as switches or routers, to forward data packets efficiently and reliably within a
network.

5. Understanding of Switching Architectures: Understand different switching architectures, such as

store-and-forward, cut-through, and fragment-free, and their impact on network performance and
reliability.

6. Analysis of Switching Performance: Analyze and evaluate the performance of switching systems
based on criteria such as throughput, latency, and packet loss, and identify strategies for performance
optimization.

7. Integration of Switching with Higher-Level Protocols: Integrate switching functionalities with

higher-level protocols such as IP, TCP, and UDP to enable end-to-end communication and ensure
interoperability within the network.

8. Troubleshooting Switching Issues: Develop skills in troubleshooting switching issues, including

connectivity problems, packet loss, and congestion, and implement solutions to resolve these issues
effectively.

9. Documentation and Reporting: Document the design, implementation, and performance evaluation
of the switching system thoroughly, including configuration details, test results, and analysis findings,
and communicate these findings clearly in reports or presentations.

10. Collaboration and Teamwork: Collaborate effectively with team members to design, implement, and
test the switching system, and demonstrate the ability to work collaboratively towards achieving
project objectives.
4. Index:

1 Introduction of switching

2 What is switching

3 Purpose of Switching

4 Types of switching

5 Circuit switching

6 Message switching

7 Packet switching

8 Advantage and Disadvantages

9 Difference between circuit and packet switchig

 1. INTRODUCTION TO SWITCHING

Switching is a fundamental concept in the field of data communication and networking, playing a crucial role
in enabling the efficient and reliable transmission of data between devices within a network. It involves the
process of forwarding data packets from a source device to a destination device based on certain criteria
contained within the packets themselves.

The other solution could be to have a central device and connect every device to each other via the central
device (star topology).

Both these methods are wasteful and impractical for very large networks. The other topologies also cannot be
used.

2
1 3

dx

x x
x

5 4

Fig: switching network

Hence a better solution is switching. A switching network is made of a series of interconnected nodes called
switches.

Definition of a switching:

A switch is a small control for an electrical device which you use to turn the device on or off. Leona put some
detergent into the dishwasher, shut the door and pressed the switch a light switch. Synonyms: control, button,
lever, on/off device More Synonyms of switch.
 2. WHAT IS SWITCHING

Switching in data communication and computer networking refers to the process of forwarding data packets
from a source to a destination within a network. It involves the selection of an appropriate path or route for
each packet based on certain criteria, such as the destination address contained within the packet or the state of
the network.

In computer networking, switching is a fundamental concept that enables devices within a network to
communicate with each other. Here's an overview of switching in data communication and computer
networking:

Fig: Simple Switching

3. Purpose of Switching

1. Efficient Data Transmission: Switching allows for efficient transmission of data packets between
devices within a network, ensuring that data is forwarded only to the intended recipients.

2. Optimal Resource Utilization: By dynamically selecting the best path for each packet, switching
optimizes the use of network resources such as bandwidth and processing capacity.

3. Scalability: Switching enables networks to scale and accommodate a large number of devices by
efficiently routing data packets based on network topology and traffic patterns.

4. Reduced Latency: Switching minimizes packet latency by forwarding data packets along the shortest
available path, reducing the time it takes for data to reach its destination.
5. Improved Reliability: Switching improves network reliability by providing redundant paths and
alternative routes for data packets in case of network failures or congestion.

6. Flexibility: Switching supports various communication patterns, including point-to-point, point-to-

multipoint, and multipoint-to-multipoint, allowing for flexible network configurations.

7. Support for Different Protocols: Switching supports the transmission of data packets using different
protocols, including TCP/IP, UDP, and ICMP, enabling interoperability between devices and
networks.

8. Enhanced Security: Switching can implement security features such as access control lists (ACLs)
and virtual private networks (VPNs) to enforce security policies and protect sensitive data from
unauthorized access.

9. Quality of Service (QoS): Switching allows for the prioritization of certain types of traffic, such as
voice or video, over others, ensuring that critical applications receive adequate network resources and
bandwidth.

10. Cost-Effectiveness: Switching reduces the cost of network operations by streamlining data
transmission, minimizing network downtime, and optimizing resource utilization, leading to overall
cost savings for organizations.

11. Diagram:
| Switching Purpose |
|
Efficient Data
Transmission
|
Optimal Resource
Utilization
|
Scalability
|
Reduced
Latency
|
Improved
Reliability
|
Flexibility
|
Support for Different
Protocols
|
Enhanced
Security
|
Quality of Service
|
Cost-Effectiveness
 4. TYPES OF SWITCHING

1. Circuit Switching.

2. Packet Switching.

3. Message Switching.

1. CIRCUIT SWITCHING
This method of switching establishes a dedicated communication path between the sender and receiver. Here
the link is established in physical form between two stations present in the network. The link will be
established, maintained and terminated for each communication session. The most common example of circuit
switching is the Analog telephone network.

This method of switching provides a constant bit delay and fixed data rate channel between the sender and
receiver. The full channel capacity is dedicated for the duration of a connection. When data is to be transferred
from sender to receiver, firstly the sender sends a request to the switching station for the establishment of a
connection. The receiver replies with an acknowledgment. After receiving the acknowledgment signal the
sender starts the data transmission. This switching is commonly used for voice circuits. The public switched
telephone network, Datakit, B channel of ISDN, Optical mesh network, etc. is some of the examples of
circuit-switched networks.
 Fig: Circuit switching

What are the phases of circuit switching?

These are the three main phases of circuit switching:

Connection establishment also called call setup; this phase establishes a dedicated circuit between two
communicating endpoints. The parties send a message back and forth acknowledging the established
connection. There are usually intermediate links or switches between the two parties.

Data transfer. Data -- usually voice -- is transmitted from the source to the destination. The connection
remains intact for the length of the interaction.

Connection relinquishment. This is also called the teardown phase. At the end of the interaction, one of the
two endpoints sends a message initiating a disconnection. The communication path, including the intermediate
links, is terminated.
 What are the advantages of circuit-switched networks?
1. Dedicated channel. Circuit-switched networks reserve a dedicated communications channel
circuit that only the two endpoints can access.

2. Reliable. A dedicated circuit between two hosts for the duration of that connection decreases the
potential for data loss or other reliability problems.

3. Security. Circuit-switched networks are more secure than packet-switched networks due to having
only two communicating parties on a dedicated circuit.

4. Quality. Once a connection is established, this type of network generally has a consistent
connection quality without delays in data flow.

What are the disadvantages of circuit-switching?

The drawbacks of using a circuit-switched network include the following:

1. Limited use. Circuit-switched networks can only be used for voice communication and aren't
available for other types of connections.

2. Inefficient. When a circuit is continuously reserved even when it's not in use, network bandwidth is
wasted.

3. Inflexible. A dedicated channel can only be used for circuit-switched network traffic and nothing else.
And, if there aren't enough dedicated channels, calls can fail.

4. Higher cost. A dedicated channel costs more per use.

5. Latency. Extra time is required to establish a connection before data is sent.

 2. MESSAGE SWITCHING

Message switching was a technique developed as an alternative to circuit switching before packet switching
was introduced. In message switching, end-users communicate by sending and receiving messages that
included the entire data to be shared. Messages are the smallest individual unit.

Also, the sender and receiver are not directly connected. There are a number of intermediate nodes that
transfer data and ensure that the message reaches its destination. Message switched data networks are hence
called hop-by-hop systems.

They provide 2 distinct and important characteristics:

Store and forward – The intermediate nodes have the responsibility of transferring the entire message to the
next node. Hence, each node must have storage capacity. A message will only be delivered if the next hop and
the link connecting it are both available, otherwise, it’ll be stored indefinitely. A store-and-forward switch
forwards a message only if sufficient resources are available and the next hop is accepting data. This is called
thestore-and-forwardproperty.

Message delivery – This implies wrapping the entire information in a single message and transferring it from
the source to the destination node. Each message must have a header that contains the message routing
information, including the source and destination.

Fig: Message Switching

 Advantages of Message Switching –
Message switching has the following advantages:

1. As message switching is able to store the message for which communication channel is not available,
it helps in reducing the traffic congestion in the network.

2. In message switching, the data channels are shared by the network devices.

3. It makes traffic management efficient by assigning priorities to the messages.

4. Because the messages are delivered via a store and forward method, it is possible to include priority in
them.

5. It allows for infinite message lengths.

6. Unlike circuit switching, it does not necessitate the actual connection of source and destination
devices.

Disadvantages of Message Switching –

Message switching has the following disadvantages:

1. Message switching cannot be used for real-time applications as storing messages causes delay.

2. In message switching, the message has to be stored for which every intermediate device in the network
requires a large storing capacity.

3. Because the system is so intricate, people are frequently unaware of whether or not messages are
correctly conveyed. This could cause problems in social relationships.

4. The type of message switching does not create a dedicated path between the devices. It is not
dependable communication because there is no direct relationship between sender and receiver.
 3. PACKET SWITCHING

Packet Switching in computer networks is a method of transferring data to a network in the form of
packets. In order to transfer the file fast and efficiently manner over the network and minimize the
transmission latency, the data is broken into small pieces of variable length, called Packet. At the
destination, all these small parts (packets) have to be reassembled, belonging to the same file. A packet is
composed of a payload and various control information. No pre-setup or reservation of resources is needed.

Packet Switching uses the Store and Forward technique while switching the packets; while forwarding
the packet each hop first stores that packet then forwards. This technique is very beneficial because packets
may get discarded at any hop for some reason. More than one path is possible between a pair of sources and
destinations. Each packet contains the Source and destination address using which they independently travel
through the network. In other words, packets belonging to the same file may or may not travel through the
same path. If there is congestion at some path, packets are allowed to choose different paths possible over an
existing network.

Fig: Packet Switching

 Advantages of Packet Switching over Circuit Switching

1. More efficient in terms of bandwidth, since the concept of reserving a circuit is not there.

2. Minimal transmission latency.

3. More reliable as a destination can detect the missing packet.

4. More fault tolerant because packets may follow a different path in case any link is down, Unlike
Circuit Switching.

5. Cost-effective and comparatively cheaper to implement.

Disadvantage of Packet Switching over Circuit Switching

1. Packet Switching doesn’t give packets in order, whereas Circuit Switching provides ordered delivery
of packets because all the packets follow the same path.

2. Since the packets are unordered, we need to provide sequence numbers for each packet.

3. Complexity is more at each node because of the facility to follow multiple paths.

4. Transmission delay is more because of rerouting.

5. Packet Switching is beneficial only for small messages, but for burst data (large messages) Circuit
Switching is better.
 5. Why is circuit switching preferred over packet switching in voice
communication?
Switching is a mechanism by which data/information sent from source towards destination which are not
directly connected. Networks have interconnecting devices, which receives data from directly connected
sources, stores data, analyses it and then forwards to the next interconnecting device closest to the destination.

Switching can be categorized as:

 Circuit switching

 Packet switching

 Message switching

Circuit switching is preferred over packet switching in voice communication because:

1. In circuit switching, a dedicated path is established between sender and receiver which is maintained
for entire duration of conversation.

2. It provides continuous and guaranteed delivery of data.

3. During the data transfer phase, no addressing is needed.

4. Delays are small.

5. It uses connection oriented service.

6. Message received in order to the destination

 6. Skill Development:

1. Collaboration: Working on a report with multiple team members requires

collaboration, communication, and coordination. By working together on this report,
team members can develop their collaboration skills.

2. Research: Team members will need to conduct extensive research on different types of
input and output devices. This can help them develop their research skills.

3. Analysis: The report requires analyzing different types of input output devices. This can
help team members develop their analytical skills.

4. Technical knowledge: we learned how code is created for accepting and displaying
data from user.

5. Time management: Working on a report with multiple team members requires good
time management and organization skills.

7. Reference:

1. Google

2. YouTube

3. reference books

8. Conclusion:
We successfully created a documentation that accepts and show information of switching and
has various types and diagram of switching in data communication.

Mrs. Smita Aruda

(Guide of project)