Synopsis report on

DIFFERENT TYPES OF COUNTERS USING FLIP-

FLOP
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement
Of the degree of
Second Year of Engineering by
PRATIK GAWADE (08)
PRATHAMESH KIRVE (19)
PRASAD MIRGAL (25)
VIRAJ PARSEKAR (32)
Project guide
PROF. RITESH CHAVAN

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
VIVA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
2022-23
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “DIFFERENT TYPES OF COUNTERS

WITH HELP OF FLIP FLOP” is bonafide work of “PRATIK GAWADE (08),
PRATHAMESH KIRVE (19), PRASAD MIRGAL (25), and VIRAJ PARSEKAR
(32)” submitted to the University of Mumbai in partial full film and the requirement for
the award of the degree of “Second Year of Engineering” in “Electrical Engineering”.

Project Guide Project Coordinator

(Prof. Ritesh Chavan)
(Prof. Mukeshkumar Mishra)

Head of Department Principal

(Prof. Bhushan Save) (Dr. Arun Kumar)

i
 PROJECT REPORT APPROVAL FOR S.E

The project entitled “DIFFERENT TYPES OF COUNTERS WITH HELP OF FLIP

FLOP” by “PRATIK GAWADE (08), PRATHAMESH KIRVE (19), PRASAD
MIRGAL (25), and VIRAJ PARSEKAR (32)” is approved for the degree of Second
year of electrical engineering.

Examiners
1. ………………………………
2. ………………………………

Date:
Place:

ii
 DECLARATION

We declare that written submission represents my ideas into my own word and where others’
ideas or word have been included, I have adequately cited and reference the original sources.
We also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and
have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source/in my submission. I
understand that any violation of the above will because for displinary action by the institute
and can also evoke penal action from the source which have thus not been properly cited or
whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Pratik Gawade. (08) ……………………….

Prathamesh Kirve. (19) ……………………….
Prasad Mirgal. (25) ……………………….
Viraj Parsekar. (32) ……………………….

iii
 ABSTRACT

The 4-bit Asynchronous counter is a sequential logic circuit that can be counts sequentially on
every clock pulse the resulting outputs count upward or downward from 0 (0000) to 15 (1111)
or 15 to 0. In this work, design and implementing 4-bit Asynchronous counter by using JK flip
flop. It not only helps us to determine the outputs from the inputs but also helps us to uniquely
recover the inputs from the outputs. Use of Tinker-cad software done simulation of 4-bit
Asynchronous Counter using JK Flip-Flop circuit. For good information used IEEE research
paper referred.

Keywords: 4-bit Asynchronous Counter, JK Flip-Flop, Simulation, Truth Table, Tinker-

cad.

iv
 INDEX

Sr. No. Title Page no.

1 Certificate i
2 Project Report Approval for S.E. ii
3 Declaration iii
4 Abstract iv
5 Content vi
6 List of Figure vii
7 List of Table viii
8 List of Abbreviation ix

v
 CONTENTS

SR. NO. TITLE PAGE NO

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction to Counters 1

1.2 Electronic Counter 1

1.3 Asynchronous (Ripple) Counter 3

1.4 Synchronous Counter 4

1.5 Decade Counter 5

1.6 Ring Counter 6

1.7 Johnson Counter 6

2. Literature Survey 7

3. Components Required 8

3.1 Components Required 8

3.2 Components Description 8

3.2.1 Breadboard 8

3.2.2 Red LED 10

3.2.3 Resistors 11

3.2.4 9V Battery 12

3.2.5 IC555 13

3.2.6 JK Flip-Flop 13

3.2.7 LM7850 14

3.2.8 100uF Capacitor 15

3.2.9 100K Pot 16

4. Advantages & Disadvantages 17

5. Result 19

6. Conclusion 21

Reference 22

Appendix-I 23

vi
 TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure Page
Title
No. No
1.3 Asynchronous Counter Created from JK Flip-Flop 4
1.4 Synchronous Counter 4

1.5 Decade Counter Using JK Flip-Flop 5

1.6 4-bit Ring Counter Using Four D Type Flip-Flop 6

1.7 4-bit Johnson Counter Using Four D Type Flip-Flop 6

3.1 Zero PCB Board 9

3.2 Zero PCB Board with Circuit 10

3.3 LED 11
3.4 220 & 1K Ohm Resistor 11

3.5 IC555 13
3.6 Symbol & Circuit of JK Flip-Flop 14
3.7 LM7850 15
3.8 100uF Capacitor 15
3.9 100K Pot 16
5.1 Working Model 20
5.2 Circuit Diagram 20
5.3 Output 1001 21
5.4 Output 1111 21

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table
Title Page No.
No.
1.3 Truth Table of JK Flip-Flop 3

3.1 Components Required & Description 8

5.1 Truth Table of Asynchronous Counter 21
6.1 Cost Estimation 24

viii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Full Form

AC Alternating Current
DC Direct Current
R Resistance
f Frequency
V Voltage across terminal
Hz Hertz
X Reactance

ix
 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Introduction to Counters

In digital logic and computing a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays)
the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a
clock. The most common type is a sequential digital logic circuit with an input line called
the clock and multiple output lines. The values on the output lines represent a number in
the binary or BCD number system. Each pulse applied to the clock input increments or
decrements the number in the counter. A counter circuit is usually constructed of several
flip-flops connected in a cascade. Counters are a very widely used component in digital
circuits, and are manufactured as separate integrated circuits and also incorporated as parts
of larger integrated circuits.

1.2 Electronic Counters

An electronic counter is a sequential logic circuit that has a clock input signal and a group
of output signals that represent an integer "counts" value. Upon each qualified clock edge,
the circuit will increment (or decrement, depending on circuit design) the counts. When the
counts have reached the end of the counting sequence (maximum counts when
incrementing; zero counts when decrementing), the next clock will cause the counts to
overflow or underflow, and the counting sequence will start over. Internally, counters use
flip-flops to represent the current counts and to retain the counts between clocks.
Depending on the type of counter, the output may be a direct representation of the counts
(a binary number), or it may be encoded. Examples of the latter include ring counters and
counters that output grey codes.

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

Many counters provide additional input signals to facilitate dynamic control of the counting
sequence, such as:

• Reset – sets count to zero. Some IC manufacturers name it "clear" or "master reset
(MR)".

• Enable – allows or inhibits counting.

• Direction – determines whether counts will increment or decrement.

• Data – parallel input data which represents a particular counts value.

• Load – copies parallel input data to the counts.

Some counters provide a Terminal Count output which indicates that the next clock will
cause overflow or underflow. This is commonly used to implement counter cascading
(combining two or more counters to create a single, larger counter) by connecting the
Terminal Count output of one counter to the Enable input of the next counter.

The modulus of a counter is the number of states in its count sequence. The maximum
possible modulus is determined by the number of flip-flops. For example, a four-bit counter
can have a modulus of up to 16 (2^4).

Counters are generally classified as either synchronous or asynchronous. In synchronous

counters, all flip-flops share a common clock and change state at the same time. In
asynchronous counters, each flip-flop has a unique clock, and the flip-flop states change at
different times.

• Synchronous counters are categorized in various ways. For example:

• Modulus counter–counts through a particular number of states.

• Decade counter – modulus ten counter (counts through ten states).

• Up/down counter – counts up and down, as directed by a control input.

• Ring counter – formed by a "circular" shift register.

• Johnson counter – a twisted ring counter.

• Gray-code counter – outputs a sequence of grey codes.

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

Counters are implemented in a variety of ways, including as dedicated MSI and LSI
integrated circuits, as embedded counters within ASICs, as general-purpose counter and
timer peripherals in microcontrollers, and as IP blocks in FPGAs.

1.3 Asynchronous (Ripple) Counter

An asynchronous (ripple) counter is a "chain" of toggle (T) flip-flops wherein the least
significant flip-flop (bit 0) is clocked by an external signal (the counter input clock), and
all other flip-flops are clocked by the output of the nearest, less significant flip-flop (e.g.,
bit 0 clocks the bit 1 flipflop, bit 1 clocks the bit 2 flip-flop, etc.). The first flip-flop is
clocked by rising edges; all other flip-flops in the chain are clocked by falling clock edges.
Each flip-flop introduces a delay from clock edge to output toggle, thus causing the counter
bits to change at different times and producing a ripple effect as the input clock propagates
through the chain. When implemented with discrete flip-flops, ripple counters are
commonly implemented with JK flip-flops, with each flip-flop configured to toggle when
clocked (i.e., J and K are both connected to logic high).

Table 1.3 Truth Table of JK Flip-Flop

Additional flip-flops may be added to the chain to form counters of any arbitrary word size,
with the output frequency of each bit equal to exactly half the frequency of the nearest, less
significant bit. Ripple counters exhibit unstable output states while the input clock
propagates through the circuit. The duration of this instability (the output settling time) is
proportional to the number of flip-flops. This makes ripple counters unsuitable for use in

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

synchronous circuits that require the counter to have a fast output settling time. Also, it is
often impractical to use ripple counter output bits as clocks for external circuits because
the ripple effect causes timing skew between the bits. Ripple counters are commonly used
as general-purpose counters and clock frequency dividers in applications where the
instantaneous count and timing skew is unimportant.

Fig. 1.3 Asynchronous Counter Created from JK Flip-Flop

1.4 Synchronous Counter

Fig. 1.4 4-bit Synchronous Counter Using JK Flip-Flop

In a synchronous counter, the clock inputs of the flip-flops are connected, and the common
clock simultaneously triggers all flip-flops. Consequently, all of the flip-flops change state

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

at the same time (in parallel) For example, the circuit shown to the right is an ascending
(up-counting) four-bit synchronous counter implemented with JK flip-flops. Each bit of
this counter is allowed to toggle when all of the less significant bits are at a logic high state.
Upon clock rising edge, bit 1 toggles if bit 0 is logic high; bit 2 toggles if bits 0 and 1 are
both high; bit 3 toggles if bits 2, 1, and 0 are all high.

1.5 Decade Counter

Fig. 1.5 Decade Counter Using JK Flip-Flop

A decade counter counts in decimal digits, rather than binary. A decade counter may have
each (that is, it may count in binary-coded decimal, as the 7490 integrated circuit did) or
other binary encodings. A decade counter is a binary counter designed to count to 1001
(decimal 9). An ordinary four-stage counter can be easily modified to a decade counter by
adding a NAND gate as in the schematic to the right. Notice that FF2 and FF4 provide the
inputs to the NAND gate. The NAND gate outputs are connected to the CLR input of each
of the FFs.".[1] It counts from 0 to 9 and then resets to zero. The counter output can be set
to zero by pulsing the reset line low. The count then increments on each clock pulse until
it reaches 1001 (decimal 9). When it increments to 1010 (decimal 10), both inputs of the
NAND gate go high. The result is that the NAND output goes low, and resets the counter
to zero. D going low can be a CARRY OUT signal, indicating that there has been a count
of ten.

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

1.6 Ring Counter

A ring counter is a circular shift register that is initiated such that only one of its flip-flops
is the state one while others are in their zero states. A ring counter is a shift register (a
cascade connection of flip-flops) with the output of the last one connected to the input of
the first, that is, in a ring. Typically, a pattern consisting of a single bit is circulated, so the
state repeats every n clock cycles if n flip-flops are used.

Fig. 1.6 4-bit Ring Counter Using D Flip-Flop

1.7 Johnson Counter

A Johnson counter (or switch-tail ring counter, twisted ring counter, walking ring counter,
or Möbius counter) is a modified ring counter, where the output from the last stage is
inverted and fed back as input to the first stage. The register cycles through a sequence of
bit-patterns, whose length is equal to twice the length of the shift register, continuing
indefinitely. These counters find specialist applications similar to the decade counter,
digital-to-analog conversion, etc. They can be implemented easily using D- or JK-type flip-
flops.

Fig. 1.7 4-bit Johnson Counter Using D Flip-Flop

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

Chapter 2

Literature Survey

1. K. Gavaskar et.al: In this project gives only the power comparison result of Flip-Flop
and counter design, area analysis and delay analysis of Flip-Flop and counter design at
different Supply Voltage can also be done.

2. Rupali Singh et.al: In this project gives in order for any state of the counter to be upset,
however, certain conditions must exist. Specifically, the clock input must be low, the D-
input must be high and the transient pulse must have positive polarity

3. K. Surya Bhavani et.al: In this project gives if these conditions do not exist then no
upset is observed. The nature of the upset process has been confirmed by studying the effect
of input state and transient pulse polarity on the upset of a single D-type flip-flop.

4. S. Kashyap et.al: In this project gives the proposed counter reduces power consumption
and chip area which maximizes the battery life and performance of the system.

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

Chapter 3

Components Required

3.1 Components Required

Table 3.1 Components Required and Description

SR.NO. COMPONENTS RATING

1 BREADBOARD FULL SIZE- 830 TIE POINTS

2 RED LED 3.2V, MICROW ATTS

3 RESISTORS 220 OHM

4 DUAL JK FLIP-FLOP 5V, 5A

5 POWER SUPPLY 5V, 5A

6 FUNCTION GENERATOR 4.60Hz, 5V, 2V

7 CONNECTING WIRES 22 AWG

3.2 Components Description

3.2.1 Zero PCB Board

A printed circuit board (PCB; also printed wiring board or PWB) is a medium used in
electrical and electronic engineering to connect electronic components to one another in a
controlled manner. It takes the form of a laminated sandwich structure of conductive and
insulating layers: each of the conductive layers is designed with an artwork pattern of
traces, planes and other features (similar to wires on a flat surface) etched from one or more
sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive
substrat.
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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

Electrical components may be fixed to conductive pads on the outer layers in the shape
designed to accept the component's terminals, generally by means of soldering, to both
electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it. Another manufacturing process
adds vias: plated-through holes that allow interconnections between layers.

Fig. 3.1 Zero PCB board

Printed circuit boards are used in nearly all electronic products. Alternatives to PCBs
include wire wrap and point-to-point construction, both once popular but now rarely used.
PCBs require additional design effort to lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly
can be automated. Electronic design automation software is available to do much of the
work of layout. Mass-producing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other
wiring methods, as components are mounted and wired in one operation. Large numbers of
PCBs can be fabricated at the same time, and the layout has to be done only once. PCBs can
also be made manually in small quantities, with reduced benefits.

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

Fig. 3.2 Zero PCB Board with Circuit

3.2.2 Red LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows
through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy
in the form of photons. The colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons)
is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the
semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-
emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device. Appearing as practical electronic
components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared (IR) light. Infrared
LEDs are used in remote-control circuits, such as those used with a wide variety of
consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were of low intensity and limited to red.
Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps, replacing small incandescent bulbs, and in
seven-segment displays. Later developments produced LEDs available in visible,
ultraviolet (UV), and infrared wavelengths, with high, low, or intermediate light output, for
instance white LEDs suitable for room and outdoor area lighting. LEDs have also given
rise to new types of displays and sensors, while their high switching rates are useful in
advanced communications technology with applications as diverse as aviation lighting,
fairy lights, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera
flashes, lighted wallpaper, horticultural grow lights, and medical devices.

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

Fig. 3.2 LED

3.2.3 Resistors
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current
flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate
transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts
of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution
systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change
slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust
circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for
heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

Fig. 3.3 Resistor of 220 ohm

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

3.2.4 9V Battery
The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is an electric battery that supplies a nominal
voltage of 9 volts. Actual voltage measures 7.2 to 9.6 volts, depending on battery
chemistry. Batteries of various sizes and capacities are manufactured; a very common size
is known as PP3, introduced for early transistor radios. The PP3 has a rectangular prism
shape with rounded edges and two polarized snap connectors on the top. This type is
commonly used for many applications including household uses such as smoke and gas
detectors, clocks, and toys.
The nine-volt PP3-size battery is commonly available in primary zinc-carbon and alkaline
chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide and lithium manganese dioxide (sometimes
designated CRV9), and in rechargeable form in nickel-cadmium (Ni–Cd), nickel-metal
hydride (Ni–MH) and lithium-ion. Mercury batteries of this format, once common, have
been banned in many countries due to their toxicity. Designations for this format include
NEDA 1604 and IEC 6F22 (for zinc-carbon) or MN1604 6LR61 (for alkaline). The size,
regardless of chemistry, is commonly designated PP3—a designation originally reserved
solely for carbon-zinc, or in some countries, E or E-block. A range of PP batteries was
produced in the past, with voltages of 4.5, 6, and 9 volts and different capacities; the larger
9-volt PP6, PP7, and PP9 are still available. A few other 9-volt battery sizes are available:
A10 and A29. Most PP3-size alkaline batteries are constructed of six individual 1.5 V
LR61 cells enclosed in a wrapper. These cells are slightly smaller than LR8D425 AAAA
cells and can be used in their place for some devices, even though they are 3.5 mm shorter.
Carbon-zinc types are made with six flat cells in a stack, enclosed in a moisture-resistant
wrapper to prevent drying. Primary lithium types are made with three cells in series.

Fig. 3.4 Battery 9V

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

3.2.5 IC555
In electrical engineering, a function generator is usually a piece of electronic test equipment
or software used to generate different types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of
frequencies. Some of the most common waveforms produced by the function generator are
the sine wave, square wave, triangular wave and sawtooth shapes. These waveforms can
be either repetitive or single-shot (which requires an internal or external trigger source).
Another feature included on many function generators is the ability to add a DC offset.
Integrated circuits used to generate waveforms may also be described as function generator
ICs. Although function generators cover both audio and radio frequencies, they are usually
not suitable for applications that need low distortion or stable frequency signals. When
those traits are required, other signal generators would be more appropriate.

Fig. 3.5 IC555

3.2.6 JK Flip-Flop
Unlike the JK Flip-flop, the basic S-R NAND flip-flop circuit has many advantages and
uses in sequential logic circuits but it suffers from two basic switching problems.

1. The Set = 0 and Reset = 0 condition (S = R = 0) must always be avoided.

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

2. If Set or Reset change state while the enable (EN) input is high the correct latching action
may not occur.

Then to overcome these two fundamental design problems with the SR flip-flop design,
the JK flip Flop was developed. This simple JK flip Flop is the most widely used of all the
flip-flop designs and is considered to be a universal flip-flop circuit. The two inputs
labelled “J” and “K” are not shortened abbreviated letters of other words, such as “S” for
Set and “R” for Reset, but are themselves autonomous letters chosen by its inventor Jack
Kilby to distinguish the flip-flop design from other types. The sequential operation of the
JK flip flop is exactly the same as for the previous SR flip-flop with the same “Set” and
“Reset” inputs. The difference this time is that the “JK flip flop” has no invalid or forbidden
input states of the SR Latch even when S and R are both at logic “1”. The JK flip flop is
basically a gated SR flip-flop with the addition of a clock input circuitry that prevents the
illegal or invalid output condition that can occur when both inputs S and R are equal to
logic level “1”. Due to this additional clocked input, a JK flipflop has four possible input
combinations, “logic 1”, “logic 0”, “no change” and “toggle”.

Fig. 3.6 Symbol & Circuit of JK Flip-Flop

3.2.7 LM7850

For ICs within the 78xx family, the xx is replaced with two digits, indicating the output voltage
(for example, the 7805 has a 5-volt output, while the 7812 produces 12 volts). The 78xx line are
positive voltage regulators: they produce a voltage that is positive relative to a common ground.
There is a related line of 79xx devices which are complementary negative voltage regulators.
78xx and 79xx ICs can be used in combination to provide positive and negative supply voltages

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

in the same circuit.

78xx ICs have three terminals and are commonly found in the TO-220 form factor, although they
are also available in TO-92, TO-3 'through hole' and SOT-23 surface-mount packages. These
devices support an input voltage anywhere from around 2.5 volts over the intended output
voltage up to a maximum of 35 to 40 volts depending on the model, and typically provide 1 or
1.5 amperes of current (though smaller or larger packages may have a lower or higher current
rating).

Fig. 3.7 LM7850

3.2.8 Capacitor 100uF

The 100uF cap (the bulk capacitor) is primarily to support the supply during temporary battery
disconnection during physical shock (eg. banging or dropping). The 100uF should be close to the
battery terminals. The 100uF cap should be placed between the power connector to the PCB and
the supply line/plane that feed VBAT to the radio. This effectively bypasses the inductance of
the battery and or power supply leads which may be very long. The resistance of the VBAT
supply line between 100uF cap and the radio should be kept very low - milliohms - to ensure no
extra droop voltage when the switching regulator is running. So, for a four-layer board where
VBAT is an internal plane, the 100uF cap can probably be anywhere as the resistance of the
plane is extremely low. But, for two-layer boards where VBAT is a trace, care should be taken to
ensure that the trace is wide between the power connector to the cap and the cap to the radio so
that the overall resistance is in the milli-ohm range.

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

Fig. 3.8 100uF Capacitor

3.2.7 100K Pot
The numeric value tells the value of resistance. 1k means that the pot will provide resistance
up to 1000 ohm. 10k & 100k means it will provide ten times and 100 times more resistance
than 1k, respectively. The lesser the resistance value, the more the current drawn by that
pot. Potentiometers have some basic working principles. A pot has two terminals as input
(marked as red and green in the figure). The input voltage is applied – across the resistor.
Then the output voltage is measured. It comes out as the difference between the fixed and
moving contact. The wiper plays a vital role here. While optimizing the output voltage- as
per the need, the wiper needs to be moved- along the resistive element. Moving the slider
helps to balance the galvanometer in case of measuring the emf of a cell. Now it acts as a
voltage divider as it continuously produces variable voltage. Based on this concept, a pot
measure electrical emf.

Fig.3.9 100K Pot

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

Chapter 4

Advantages and Disadvantages

4.1 Advantages

1. They are available in several mounting configurations.

2. There is large demand of electronic counters for vivid applications such as setting up AC
timer, setting timer to take pictures in camera, as clock divider etc.

3. They are available in low cost to medium cost depending upon the configurations and
specifications.

4. They are widely used for manufacturing purposes, for controlling batch sizes, punch/drill
products etc.

5. It can be used for long duration with minimum maintenance.

6. It offers digital readouts.

7.It can be easily installed and it is available in semi-automatic to automatic modes.

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

4.2 Disadvantages

1. There are chances of operational error which depends on configurations of electronic

counter machine.

2. It requires training to operate it efficiently and hence increases cost on training or in hiring
skilled professionals.

3. It is medium to heavy in weight.

4. Nowadays this circuit is not in use.

5. There are specific disadvantages of electronic counters based on type of digital counting
principle used in the design of it such as johnson counter, cascaded counter, synchronous or
asynchronous counter, decade counter, ring counter etc.

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

Chapter 5

Result

Since it would be desirable to have a circuit that could count forward and not just backward,
it would be worthwhile to examine a forward count sequence again and look for more
patterns. Since we know that binary count sequences follow a pattern of octave (factor of 2)
frequency division, and that J-K flip-flop multivibrators set up for the “toggle” mode are
capable of performing this type of frequency division, we can envision a circuit made up of
several J-K flip-flops, cascaded to produce four bits of output.

If the UP input and down inputs are 1 and 0 respectively, then the NAND gates between
first flip flop to third flip flop will pass the non-inverted output of FF 0 to the clock input of
FF
1. Similarly, Q output of FF 1 will pass to the clock input of FF
2. Thus the UP /down counter performs up counting.

Application:
Traffic signal
Timer
Oven
Toaster
AC
Refrigerator
Washing Machine
Godrej Aer Matic (New device).

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

Fig. 5.1 Working Model

Fig. 5.2 Circuit of Model

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

Table 5.1 Truth Table of Asynchronous Counter

Fig. 5.3 output 1001

Fig. 5.4 Output 1111

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 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

Chapter 6

Conclusion

Now we understood that what is counter and what is the meaning of the word
Asynchronous. An Asynchronous counter can count using Asynchronous clock input.
Counters can be easily made using flip-flops. As the count depends on the clock signal, in
case of an Asynchronous counter, changing state bits are provided as the clock signal to the
subsequent flip-flops. Those Flip-flops are serially connected together, and the clock pulse
ripples through the counter. Due to the ripple clock pulse, it’s often called a ripple counter.
An Asynchronous counter can count 2n - 1 possible counting states.

VIVA Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering 22

 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

Reference
[1] K. Gavaskar. “Low Power Design of 4-bit Simultaneous Counter using Digital
Switching Circuits for Low Range Counting Applications”, IEEE,2020.

[2] Rupali Singh, “Design and optimization of sequential counters using a novel reversible
gate”, IEEE,2017.

[3] K. Surya Bhavani, “Utilization of QCA based T flip flop to design counters”, IEEE,
2015.

[4] S. Kashyap, “Upset of a flip-flop-based counting circuit by EM transients”, IEEE, 2002.

VIVA Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering 23

 Different Types of Counters with Help of Flip-Flop

Appendix-I

Cost Estimation
Table 4.1 Cost Estimation

SR.NO. COMPONENTS QUANTITY PRICE ₹

1 Zero PCB board 1 80/-
2 Red LED 4 20/-
3 220 Ohm Resistor 4 60/-
4 1K Ohm Resistor 2 30/-
5 JK Flip-Flop 2 190/-
6 LM7850 1 60/-
7 9V Battery 2 60/-
8 IC555 1 20/-
9 100 uF Capacitor 1 10/-
10 100K Pot 1 30/-
₹ TOTAL ₹ 560/-

VIVA Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering 24