LESSON 1: Energy Transformation - it is a nucleotide and has ribose and nitrogenous base

- ADP + Pi = ATP (breaking down and building up)

• CELLULAR PROCESSEs
- DNA replication
• TASKS OF ATP
1.) Chemical work - ATP is used for building
- transcription
macromolecules, such as breaking down of
- translation
macromolecules. E.g Protein Synthesis. (from
» All cellular processes will require a steady supply of
peptides to amino acids)
energy.
2.) Transport work - ATP is used for transporting
» Energy production within a cell involves many
ions membranes. E.g Water, Glucose, Amino acids
coordinated and chemical pathway combination of
3.) Mechanical work - ATP is used for mechanical
Oxidation and reduction reactions.
processes such as muscle contraction, cilia,
movement. (for locomotion) E.g. flagellum and cilia

๑. NADP-NADPH
- NADP :Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotidephosphate.
- NADPH is NADP with a hydrogen atom.

• 2 FUNCTIONS
1.) NADPH is a good reducing agent. The H atom can
be easily given out, that is reduces other compounds
like FAD & etc.
2.) They can store energy. Like ATP, NADPH stores
๑. Redox reaction energy in H bond. NADPH converts to NADP and H+
- a reaction that involves the transfer of electrons releasing energy. It also acts as cofactor to several
between chemical species (theatoms, ions, or enzmes.
molecules involved in the reaction). ADP &ATP
๑. Adenosine Triphosphate
๑. Oxidation - type of nucleic acid (like DNA and RNA), contains high
- oxidation is losing of an electron (important carrier energy phosphate bonds that store and release
of certain material) in reaction. energy
- original meaning was combining Oxygen.
- (more positive)

๑. Reduction
- reduction is gaining of electron in reaction.
- original meaning was removing oxygen.
- (more negative) E.g is NADP - NADPH

๑. LEO GER - losing electron oxidation, gaining - a type of nucleic acid, binubuo ng nucleotide
electron reduction ( nitrogenous base , adenine phosphate, ribose or
sugar

• WHERE DOES THE ATP CAME FROM?

- ATP comes indirectly from the food we eat
- Molecules of carbohydrates (specifically glucose)
and lipids are broken down through the process of
“cellular respiration) and so you have your ATP

• AT THE HEART OF ATP

๑. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) ๑. Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)
- countless chemical reactions are occuring in cells to - composed of adenine molecule bonded to ribose
do essential life functions with the help of atp as molecule to a single phosphate group.
energy currency of cell
 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ATP - assisted by enzyme ATPase (Adenosine
Triphosphatase : a group of enzymes that catalyze the
hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in ATP to from ADP)

HOW DO WE GET ENERGY FROM THE ATP?

ADP-ATP CYCLE

- cells break phosphate bonds between last two

phosphate group in molecule of ATP as needed to
supply energy for most cellular functions, when this
happens a molecule of ADP, phosphate group are
available for reuse : “energy transformation” hindi
nawawala yung ADP and phosphate group they will be
available for reuse
- when any of the phosphate bonds are broken or
formed, energy is involved
- energy is released each time a phosphate is
removed from molecule
- energy is stored each time a phosphate attaches to • HOW ATP IS RE-MADE
molecule - the reverse of previous process occurs
- another enzyme is used
- ATP synthase : enzymes that provides energy for
• STEPS IN ADP-ATP CYCLE the cell to use through the synthesis of ATP. Uses the
1.) to supply cells with more energy, a “high energy
flows of protons (H+) across a membrane to drive the
bond” in ATP is broken.
synthesis of ATP from ADP to phosphate group. It is
2.) ADP is formed and phosphate is released back
found in mitochondria.
3.) as the cells requires more energy, ADP becomes
ATP when a free phosphate attaches to ADP
๑. Exergonic
molecules. Then energy needed to create an ATP
molecule is much less than the amount of energy - Reaction is not spontaneous.
produced when bond is broken.
- Energy is released.
๑. Phosphoanhyride Bonds ๑. Endergonic
- link of 3 phosphate groups to one another by two high
energy bonds - Reaction is spontaneous.
๑. Adenosine Triphosphatase - Energy is absorbed.
- break enzymes

• HOW BOND IS BROKEN

๑. Hydrolysis (adding H2O)
- available energy is contained in the bonds between
the phosphates and is released when they are broken,
which occurs through the addition of a water molecule
- ATP regeneration happens very fast (10M molecules
of ATP used and regenerated per second

- if ATP could not be regenerated by phosphorylation

๑. Electrons & Energy
of ADP, humans would use nearly their body weight in
ATP each day - The removal of an electron from a molecule results
in a decrease in potential energy in the oxidized
- it is a crucial step in oxidative phosphorylation in compound.
which electron are transferred from electron
carriers, into the proteins of the electron transport - The electron that is removed is shifted to a second
chain which then deposit the electrons onto oxygen compound, reducing the second compound.
atoms and consequently transport protons across the e-= energy
mitochondrial membrane
removal e-= low potential energy= oxidized

add e-= high potential energy= reduced

๑. Electrons

- The transfer of electrons between molecules is

important because most of the energy stored in
atoms and used to fuel cell functions is in the form of
high- energy electrons.

- most of energy stored in atoms and used to fuel cell

functions is in the form of high energy electrons
๑. Electrons
- The electron that is removed is shifted to a second
- high energy; they need electron carriers\ compound, reducing the second compound.

- mga dadaan sa series of step in the ETC para madala

niya ang energy sa specifc na area
๑. Electrons Carriers
๑. Protons
- Are called coenzymes.
- H+; hydrogen ions-called protein gradient
- A coenzyme is an organic non- protein compound
- these excess of protons drives the protein complex that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction.
(ATP synthase) to produce the ADP Coenzymes are often broadly called cofactors, but
they are chemically different. A coenzyme cannot
function alone but can be reused several times when
๑. ATP synthase paired with an enzyme.

- enzyme (special type of proteins; and is responsible - electron shuttles

for catalyzing reaction for ATP synthesis) - they bind and carry high energy electrons between
compound in pathways
๑. ATP synthesis
- the principal atom electrons carriers are derived
- final step for phosphorylation from B vitamins and derivative of nucleotides.
(nucleosides + phosphate group)
- Role is to produce ATP.
๑. Electron transport chain location
- The whole process of shuffling electrons around
- is located within mitochondria, and the proteins of from one molecule to another is called a redox
the electron transport chain span the inner reaction.
mitochondrial membrane.
- they bind and carry high energy electrons between
compound in different pathways, for example, the
glycolysis pathway, transcycle pathway, etc
๑. NAD/ NADH- cellular respiration

๑. NADP/ NADPH- photosynthesis

• ELECTRON CARRIERS coenzyme

- non-protein organic, which means it has carbon

๑. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
(NADH+) cofactors
- Stands for “nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) - inorganic, which means it doesn’t have any carbon
+ hydrogen (H)." It occurs naturally in the body and
plays a role in generating energy. The NADH produced
by the body is involved in making energy in the body.
• FUNCTIONS OF COENZYME
- Taking NADH supplements might affect blood
- an enzyme without coenzyme is called apoenzyme.
pressure and have other effects.
Without coenzyme or cofactors, enzyme cannot
catalyze effectively. In fact, the enzyme may not
function at all.
๑. NADPH+
- If reactions cannot occur at the normal catalyzed
- The reduced form of NADP+; used in anabolic
rate, then an organism
reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis,
which require NADPH as a reducing agent. It has a
role as a fundamental metabolite and a cofactor. It is
a NAD(P)H and a NADP. It is a conjugate acid of a
NADPH(4-).

๑. Flavin adenine Dinucleotide (FADH2)

- High energy electron carrier used to transport

electrons generated in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to - when an enzyme gains a coenzyme, it then becomes
the Electron Transport Chain. Glycolysis is the first of a holoenzyme, or active enzyme.
the three steps used to breakdown glucose to
produce ATP. Glucose, a 6 carbon sugar, is split into - Active Enzymes change substrates into the
two 3 carbon sugars. products in an organism needs to carry out essential
functions, whether chemical or physiological
coenzymes
* An enzyme without a coenzyme is called an - coenzymes like enzymes can be reused and
apoenzyme. Without coenzymes or cofactors, recycled without changing rate or effectiveness
enzymes cannot catalyze reactions effectively. In
fact, the enzyme may not function at all. If reactions
cannot occur at the normal catalyzed rate, then an
• TYPES OF ENZYMES
organism will have difficulty sustaining life.
1. Coenzymes
* When an enzyme gains a coenzyme, it then becomes
a holoenzyme, or active enzyme. Active enzymes 2. Cofactors - unlike coenzymes, true
change substrates into the products an organism cofactors are reusable non-protein molecules that do
needs to carry out essential functions, whether not contain carbon (inorganic) metal ions such as iron,
chemical or physiological. Coenzymes, like enzymes, zinc, cobalt & copper that loosely binds to an enzyme’s
can be reused and recycled without changing reaction active site. they must be supplemented in synthesized
rate or effectiveness.
NAD+ NADH & FAD FADH

• COMPONENTS OF ATP/NUCLEOTIDE
1. nitrogenous base (adenine)

2. sugar

3. phosphate group (3 bonds) : alpha, beta,

gamma
 and ATP has three. ATP has more energy because it
๑. NAD+ contains an extra high-energy phosphate- phosphate
- coenzyme found in all living cells in metabolism, NAD+ bond.
is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from
one reaction to another • WHAT IS THE ROLE OF ADP?
- is an oxidizing agent, i.e. an electron copper. - The primary role of ADP is to combine with inorganic
phosphate to make ATP, the premier energy molecule
- it accepts electrons from other molecules and that drives biochemical reactions. ADP also plays a
becomes reduced to form NADH significant role in blood clotting.
๑. NADH
• WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN THE ATP CYCLE?
- a reducing agent, i.e. an electric donor
- ADP is converted to ATP by the enzyme ATP
FAD- similarly, it is an oxidizing agents that accepts synthase by adding inorganic phosphate to ADP. ATP
electrons to become the reducing agent FADH is then broken down to ADP and inorganic phosphate
by the same enzyme when the body uses the energy
๑. NADH
stored in its bonds. ADP is then recycled to produce
- Is vital for cellular respiration. ATP again.

๑. NADPH

- Is crucial for photosynthesis.

๑. FAD

- Derived from vitamin B. flavin adenine dinucleotide

๑. COENZYMES FAD/FADH2

- FAD is a two-electron oxidizing agent, and is reduced

to FADH2 FADH2 Is a two electron reducing agent,
and is reduced to FAD

• HOW DO YOU CONVERT ATP TO ADP?

- ATP is converted to ADP by the enzyme ATP
synthase. ATP is hydrolyzed (broken down in the
presence of water) into ADP and inorganic phosphate.

• WHAT IS ADP VS ATP?

- Both ADP and ATP are biological molecules
produced by the cell. ADP has two phosphate groups,