Reviewer in EAPP (CHAPTER TEST)
Academic Reading
- Academic reading requires a more active, probing, and recursive strategy than
recreational reading.
- It is an essential skill for accomplishing a particular task or written assignment.
- Integral to the process of understanding your topic, finding research materials, and
developing your ideas.
General Purpose of Academic Reading:
➢ to get information (facts, data, etc.)
➢ to understand ideas and theories
➢ to understand the author’s viewpoint
➢ to support your own views (using citations
Different Styles of Reading Academic Text:
1. Skimming - It is the process of quickly viewing a section of text to get a general
impression of the author’s main argument, themes, or ideas.
2. Scanning - It is the process of searching through the material for a specific purpose or
information.
3. In-depth Reading - The purpose of this style is to understand the concepts and
arguments that the text contains.
Reading Strategies:
1. Read - While reading an academic text, noting details, highlighting key concepts, or
writing questions or comments on a paper may help the readers remember what they are
reading and may also build personal connections with the subject matter.
2. Summarize – The exercise of jotting down a few sentences or a short paragraph
capturing the main ideas of the reading is enormously beneficial.
3. Review - It always helps to revisit what the readers have read for a quick refresher.
Writing is a form of communication that is shaped by the following factors:
1. Topic – What is the text all about? What details am I imparting to the readers?
2. Role – Who am I as a writer? Do I write as a sibling? A student? A son/daughter? A
customer?
3. Purpose – Why am I writing this in the first place?
4. Audience – Who is reading this piece? What knowledge does he/she need to
understand in my writing?
Characteristics of Academic Writing:
1. Formal and Unbiased
2. Clear and Precise
3. Focused and Well-Structured
4. Well-sourced
5. Correct and Consistent
Examples of Academic Writing:
1. Essay
2. Research Paper
3. Thesis/Dissertation
4. Research Proposal
5. Literature Review
Informational Text - is nonfiction writing, written using special text features with the intention
of informing the reader about a specific topic.
INFORMATIONAL TEXT STRUCTURE
1. Definition / Elucidation - It explains the nature of something and describes the thing that
is being defined.
Example:
2. Description - It gives concrete details regarding a certain thing, focusing on the
appearance, characteristic, and action.
Example:
3. Recount of a sequence - It presents a chronological narration of a historical period, a
sequential description of a process or a procedure.
Example:
4. Cause and Effect - It records the reasons (causes) and consequences(effects) of events. It
presents reasons why a situation is obtained.
5. Problem – solution - It starts by discussing the problem and it will end by having a
positive solution.
6. Comparison and Contrast - It shows the similarities and differences in terms of the
characteristics of any other items, like groups of people, individual people, books,
characters, animals, etc.
7. Enumeration - It is a process of making or stating a list of things.
➢ Part of the sentence/paragraph
➢ Bulleted list
➢ Numbered list
8. Classification - It presents the groupings, types, classes, and categories that constitute a
concept, presented in hierarchal order.
9. Thesis – evidence - It primarily serves the purpose of arguing a point/position or
interpretation.
LANGUAGE AND TEXT STRUCTURES:
1. Mathematics Text
- Is easily recognizable because of its unique language features.
- Its most prominent language feature is the use of symbols.
- Math uses symbols in place of words, such as symbols for operations like “+” for
addition, “x” for multiplication.
2. Business Text
- has a special vocabulary (jargon)
Jargons:
a. remit, obligate, loan,
b. collateral, interest, stocks, etc.
- Some compound nouns are standard expressions in business, like tax collection system,
company car, price list, and bulk buying.
3. Social Science Texts
- Political Science (communism, monarchy and executive branch),
- Economics (market, profit, equity and trade relations),
- Sociology (migration, social class, and discrimination), and
- Psychology (depression, suicidal, personality and motivation)
4. Natural Science Texts
- In natural science texts such as physics, chemistry, and biology, technical terms, symbols
(ph, NaCl, and CO2) and abbreviations are common. Similar to other disciplines,
common words like power, pressure, force, work, and impulse have a technical meaning.
5. Literature and the Arts
- Like the other disciplines, literature and the arts have their content-specific terms or
jargon (examples: gothic, mood, symbol, balance, mosaic, hue, etc.) but what makes
them different is the dominant use of connotative language and figures of speech to
describe and convey content.
TEXT STRUCTURE – EXAMPLES (WEEK 3)
A. Definition or Elucidation
- verb is/are, for example, can be, is defined as, means, words refer to composition
(contain, make up, involves), words that suggest likeness (as, appears to be, refers to),
words refer to a class or genus, a form of (exercise), a branch of (engineering), a type of
(worship), a kind of (ship), etc. verb is/are, for example, can be, is defined as, means,
words refer to
B. Description
- adjectives to describe size (huge, small or numbers that specify dimensions), shape
(spherical, octagonal), position (middle, top), texture (rough, smooth, velvety), color
(verdant green, onyx-like), adverbs qualifying an action (evenly, roughly,
consistently), adjective phrases (a 10-gallon container, a four-day weekend)
C. Recount of a Sequence
- first, second, now, before, after, then, finally, while, meanwhile, during, and other
expressions of time and duration describing the steps in a process or procedure.
D. Cause and Effect
- some expressions that indicate effect or consequence or result (so, so that, as a result,
consequently, explanation for, thus, and accordingly), expressions that indicate cause
(due to, as a result of, because of, cause of)
E. Problem and Solution
- some expressions that indicate a problem-solution (the problem/dilemma is, if/then, so
that, solves, an answer to, addresses the problem of)
F. Comparison and Contrast
- some expressions that point to similarities (similarly, in like manner, in the same way),
differences (on the other hand, on the contrary, the opposite, compared to, in contrast,
although, unless, however)
G. Enumeration
- some words that indicate enumeration (to start with, first, second, in addition, next, then,
another, finally, also) Reasons for growth of cities • Growth of factories in cities
Establishment of schools that offer better education in cities Building of places of leisure
and entertainment.
H. Classification
- there are several types/kinds of, a part of, an example of groups/kinds/ways/types/classes
of, another kind of, divided into.
I. Thesis -Evidence
- assert, claim, prove/show that..., support, allege that, and nouns like (evidence, proof,
argument)
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF OUTLINING
1. Principle of Division
- You cannot claim to have divided something and have only one part, so since outlining is
based on division, every part of an outline that has subtopics should have at least two
parts or subsections.
EXAMPLE:
2. Principle of Classification
- Similar ideas should go together. This implies that there should be no overlapping of
topics and subtopics in an outline.
EXAMPLE:
3. Principle of Coordination
- Ideas of equal rank and value are coordinate therefore, they belong to the same level of
the outline. Coordinate headings must be expressed in parallel construction.
EXAMPLE:
4. Principle of Subordination
- There are big ideas and small ideas; small ideas should fall under the appropriate big
ideas.
EXAMPLE:
SENTENCE OUTLINE
- Each outline is a sentence form
TOPIC OUTLINE
- Each outline is a phrase form
OUTLINE FORM
- A traditional outline starts with a Thesis Statement (TS). This is a one-sentence
statement of the main idea of the article or text. Then the body of the article is divided
and subdivided this way:
➢ Main ideas are labeled with Roman numerals.
➢ (1st level of an outline) Supporting ideas developing the main ideas are labeled with
capital letters, indented.
➢ (2nd level) Details developing the supporting ideas are labeled with Arabic numbers,
indented.
➢ (3rd level) Minor details developing the details are labeled with small letters, indented.
(4th level)
EXAMPLE:
