Following the reign of Aurangzeb, the later Mughal emperors witnessed a period of decline in

the Mughal Empire. Here's an overview of the rulers after Aurangzeb, along with significant
events and timelines:

**1. Bahadur Shah I (1707–1712):**

- Succeeded Aurangzeb after his death.
- Faced regional revolts and Maratha invasions.
- His reign saw the weakening of central authority.

**2. Jahandar Shah (1712–1713):**

- Ascended the throne after Bahadur Shah I.
- His rule faced internal strife and power struggles among various factions.
- He was eventually defeated by Farrukhsiyar in the Battle of Samugarh.

**3. Farrukhsiyar (1713–1719):**

- Emerged victorious in the Battle of Samugarh against Jahandar Shah.
- Faced challenges from Sayyid Brothers (Syed Brothers), who played a significant role in the
administration.
- His reign was marked by the growing influence of regional powers, including the Sayyid
Brothers and the Marathas.

**4. Rafi ul-Darajat and Shah Jahan II or rafi us daula (1719):**

- Brief reigns with little impact on the overall course of the empire.
- The Sayyid Brothers continued to exert influence during this period.

**5. Muhammad Shah rangella (1719–1748):**

- Ascended the throne after the overthrow of Farrukhsiyar.
- His reign witnessed the influence of powerful nobles and the rise of regional powers.
- The empire faced invasions from Nadir Shah of Persia in 1739, leading to the sack of Delhi.

**6. Ahmad Shah Bahadur (1748–1754):**

- Ascended the throne after the death of Muhammad Shah.
- His reign was marked by internal strife and conflicts among nobles.

**7. Alamgir II (1760–1806):**

- Ascended the throne after Ahmad Shah Bahadur.
- His reign saw continued power struggles among nobles and the rising influence of regional
powers.
- The British East India Company gained prominence during this period.

**8. Akbar Shah II (1806–1837):**

- Ascended the throne after Alamgir II.
- His reign witnessed the diminishing power of the Mughal Empire, reduced to a symbolic role
under British suzerainty.
 - The Indian Rebellion of 1857 marked the end of Mughal rule, and Bahadur Shah II, the last
Mughal emperor, was exiled by the British.

**Important Note:**
- The later Mughal period saw the decline of central authority, increasing influence of regional
powers, and the encroachment of European colonial powers, particularly the British. The empire
became a symbolic entity with little real power. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 eventually led to
the formal end of the Mughal rule.

This period marked a significant chapter in Indian history as various regional powers and
European colonial forces played a crucial role in shaping the destiny of the Indian subcontinent.

The decline of the Mughal Empire was a complex process influenced by various factors. Here
are some key causes that contributed to the decline of the Mughals:

1. **Aurangzeb's Policies:**
- **Religious Intolerance:** Aurangzeb's policies, particularly his religious intolerance,
alienated many non-Muslim subjects, leading to internal strife.
- **Depletion of Resources:** His military campaigns, especially in the Deccan, drained the
empire's resources.

2. **Weak Succession:**
- **Weak Succession Practices:** Succession disputes and weak rules after Aurangzeb led to
a series of short-lived and ineffective rulers.
- **Power Struggles:** Frequent power struggles among princes weakened the empire.

3. **Maratha Resurgence:**
- **Maratha Challenges:** The Marathas, under leaders like Shivaji and later the Peshwas,
challenged Mughal authority and established their independent kingdoms.
- **Deccan Campaigns:** The Mughals engaged in prolonged and costly campaigns in the
Deccan against the Marathas, draining resources.

4. **Regional Powers and Invaders:**

- **Nadir Shah's Invasion (1739):** The invasion by Nadir Shah of Persia in 1739 resulted in
the sack of Delhi, causing immense economic and cultural losses.
- **Ahmad Shah Durrani's Invasions:** Repeated invasions by Ahmad Shah Durrani (also
known as Ahmad Shah Abdali) in the 18th century weakened the empire.

5. **Economic Decline:**
- **Fiscal Mismanagement:** Poor fiscal policies and mismanagement of revenue collection
systems contributed to economic decline.
- **Drain of Wealth:** The empire faced a drain of wealth due to excessive military expenses,
corruption, and inefficient revenue collection.
6. **Decline in Trade and Agriculture:**
- **Disruption of Trade Routes:** The disruption of major trade routes affected economic
prosperity.
- **Agricultural Decline:** Agricultural productivity declined due to high taxes and unstable
revenue systems.

7. **Administrative Decay:**
- **Corruption and Nepotism:** Corruption and nepotism within the administration eroded
efficiency.
- **Weak Provincial Governors:** The authority of provincial governors weakened, leading to
the rise of regional powers.

8. **European Colonial Influence:**

- **British East India Company:** The growing influence of the British East India Company and
other European powers further weakened Mughal authority.
- **Battle of Plassey (1757) and Buxar (1764):** British victories in these battles marked a shift
in power dynamics.

9. **Social and Cultural Factors:**

- **Cultural Decline:** The decline in patronage of arts and culture contributed to a cultural
stagnation.
- **Social Unrest:** Discontent among various social groups due to economic hardships and
administrative failures.

The decline of the Mughal Empire was a cumulative result of these interconnected factors,
leading to a weakened central authority, regional fragmentation, and ultimately paving the way
for the rise of regional powers and European colonial dominance in India.
After the decline of the Mughal Empire, various regional states emerged and played significant
roles in shaping the political landscape of the Indian subcontinent. Here are some prominent
regional states that rose to power:

1. **Maratha Empire:**
- **Leadership:** Under the leadership of Shivaji and later the Peshwas, the Marathas
established a powerful empire in western and central India.
- **Military Prowess:** The Marathas were known for their military prowess and guerrilla
warfare tactics.
- **Expansion:** They expanded their influence across Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, and
parts of North India.

2. **Sikh Empire:**
- **Leadership:** Founded by Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh Empire emerged in the early
19th century in the Punjab region.
- **Consolidation of Power:** Ranjit Singh unified various Sikh misls (confederacies) and
established a strong centralized rule.
- **Territorial Expansion:** The Sikh Empire expanded its territory from the Punjab region to
parts of North India.

3. **Rajput States:**
- **Autonomous Kingdoms:** Various Rajput states, such as Jaipur, Jodhpur, and Udaipur,
gained autonomy after the weakening of Mughal control.
- **Alliances and Conflicts:** Rajput states formed alliances or engaged in conflicts with one
another and external powers, including the Marathas and the British.

4. **Awadh (Oudh):**
- **Nawabs of Awadh:** The Nawabs of Awadh, with their capital in Lucknow, became
influential rulers.
- **Autonomous Rule:** The region operated with a significant degree of autonomy from the
Mughal Empire.

5. **Hyderabad and Carnatic:**

- **Nizam of Hyderabad:** The Nizam of Hyderabad established an independent state in the
Deccan region.
- **Carnatic Wars:** The Carnatic region witnessed power struggles involving the Nizam, the
British, and the French.

6. **Bengal:**
- **Nawabs of Bengal:** After the decline of the Mughals, the Nawabs of Bengal gained
prominence, but their authority eventually faced challenges from the British East India Company.

7. **Mysore:**
- **Tipu Sultan:** The ruler of Mysore, Tipu Sultan, resisted British expansion in South India.
 - **Anglo-Mysore Wars:** Tipu Sultan fought against the British in the Anglo-Mysore Wars but
eventually succumbed to their forces.

8. **Nagpur and Baroda:**

- **Maratha Subsidiary States:** After the defeat of the Marathas, various Maratha-ruled
states, like Nagpur and Baroda, continued to exist under British suzerainty.

These regional states, emerging in the aftermath of the Mughal decline, played pivotal roles in
the political landscape of India during the 18th and 19th centuries. Their interactions with each
other and with the European colonial powers contributed to the complex tapestry of Indian
history during this period.
The Maratha Empire, spanning the 17th and 18th centuries, witnessed the rule of several key
figures. Here's an overview of some significant Maratha rulers and the events during their
reigns:

**1. Shivaji Maharaj (1674–1680):**

- **Origin:** Born in the Bhonsle family, Shivaji founded the Maratha Empire.
- **Significant Events:**
- Established the Maratha kingdom and was crowned Chhatrapati in 1674.
- Innovative military tactics, including guerrilla warfare, against the Adil Shahi and Mughal
rulers.
- Constructed numerous forts, including Raigad.

**2. Sambhaji (1681–1689):**

- **Origin:** Son of Shivaji.
- **Significant Events:**
- Faced hostility from Aurangzeb after Shivaji's death.
- Captured by Aurangzeb in 1689 and executed.

**3. Rajaram (1689–1700):**

- **Origin:** Son of Shivaji and younger brother of Sambhaji.
- **Significant Events:**
- Continued resistance against Mughals after Sambhaji's death.
- Died in 1700, leaving the struggle against Mughals to his successors.

Shahu, also known as Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj, was the grandson of Chhatrapati Shivaji
Maharaj and the son of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj. He ruled as the Chhatrapati (monarch)
of the Maratha Empire from 1707 to 1749. Here are some key points about Shahu:

**1. Background:**
- Shahu was born as Ramaraja in 1682 to Sambhaji and his wife Yesubai.
- After the death of Sambhaji, Shahu was captured by the Mughals during Aurangzeb's reign.

**2. Imprisonment and Release:**

- Shahu spent several years in Mughal captivity.
- He was released in 1707, following the death of Aurangzeb, as part of a diplomatic
arrangement between the Marathas and the Mughals.

**3. Ascension to the Throne:**

- After his release, Shahu ascended to the throne as the Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire in
1707.
- His rule marked the beginning of the Chhatrapati line, succeeding the legacy of his
grandfather Shivaji Maharaj.
**4. Policies and Administration:**
- Shahu worked towards stabilizing the Maratha administration and consolidating power after
the turbulent times during Aurangzeb's reign.
- He appointed Balaji Vishwanath as the first Peshwa (Prime Minister) in 1714, marking the
establishment of the Peshwa administration.

**5. Relations with the Peshwas:**

- Shahu played a crucial role in defining the powers and responsibilities of the Peshwas,
creating a balance between the Chhatrapati and the Peshwa.
- His collaboration with the Peshwas contributed to the effective governance of the Maratha
Empire.

**6. Military Campaigns:**

- Shahu was involved in military campaigns against various regional powers, including the
Nizam of Hyderabad and the Mughals.
- His reign witnessed efforts to expand and secure Maratha territories.

**7. Death:**
- Shahu Maharaj passed away in 1749.
- After his death, his grandson, Shahu II, succeeded him as the Chhatrapati.

After the death of Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj in 1749, his grandson, Ramaraja (also
known as Shahu II), ascended to the throne as the Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire.
Shahu II continued the Chhatrapati line and inherited the responsibilities of rulership.
His reign followed the legacy of his grandfather, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, and his
father, Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj, in overseeing the Maratha Empire during a period
marked by regional conflicts and the growing influence of European powers in India.

Chhatrapati Shahu played a significant role in restoring Maratha power after the challenges
faced during the Mughal era. His reign saw the establishment of the Peshwa administration,
contributing to the administrative and military efficiency of the Maratha Empire during the 18th
century.

The process of Peshwas overshadowing the Chhatrapatis in the Maratha Empire gained
prominence during the tenure of Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj and continued in subsequent
years. Here are key developments:

1. **Balaji Vishwanath bhatt (1714–1720):**

- Appointed as the first Peshwa by Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj in 1714.
 - Balaji Vishwanath played a crucial role in stabilizing the Maratha administration after the
treaty of purandar between shivaji and aurangzeb represented by jai singh 1…got permission of
farrukhsiyar to collect chauth from 6 mughal province….

2. **Baji Rao I (1720–1740):**

- Baji Rao I, the second Peshwa, significantly expanded Maratha influence through military
campaigns.
- He played a pivotal role in shaping the policies of the Maratha Empire.
- The successful military campaigns and diplomatic efforts during Baji Rao I's tenure
enhanced the influence of the Peshwas in both military and administrative matters.

3. **Balaji Baji Rao (Nana Saheb) (1740–1761):**

- Balaji Baji Rao, the third Peshwa, implemented administrative reforms and took charge of
governance.
- The First Carnatic War (1746–1748) against the Nizam of Hyderabad and the influence in
Delhi further solidified the Peshwa's role in shaping Maratha policies.

4. **Madhav Rao I (1761–1772):**

- Madhav Rao I, the fourth Peshwa, was known for administrative efficiency and efforts to
stabilize the Maratha Empire.
- During his tenure, the influence of the Peshwas continued to overshadow the Chhatrapati.

5. **Nana Fadnavis (1773–1800):**

- Although not holding the formal title of Peshwa, Nana Fadnavis, a key minister, played a
central role in Maratha administration.
- His influence extended beyond the formal Chhatrapati-Peshwa relationship.

6. **Baji Rao II (1796–1802, 1803–1808):**

- Baji Rao II, the last Peshwa, ruled during a period when the British influence in India was
growing.
- His rule marked a phase where the British East India Company had a significant impact on
Maratha affairs. his grandon nanasahib participated in 1857 revolt…

The increasing influence of the Peshwas in both military and administrative matters gradually
led to the Chhatrapatis becoming symbolic rulers while real political power rested with the
Peshwas. This trend became more pronounced in the 18th century and contributed to the
overall dynamics of the Maratha Empire during its later years.

Chhatrapati Shivaji's administration, army, and revenue system laid the foundation for the
Maratha Empire's success.Here's a detailed look at each aspect:

Administration:
 ● Centralized System: Shivaji established a well-organized central government with four
ministers managing crucial departments: Sarnobat (military), Sachiv (finance), Mantri
(administration), and Pandit (justice).
● Ashta Pradhan Mandal: Each department functioned under an eight-member council
called the Ashta Pradhan Mandal, ensuring checks and balances within the system.
● Provincial Administration: The kingdom was divided into provinces called Sarkars,
further subdivided into Parganas and Villages. Each level had its own officials
responsible for administration, revenue collection, and justice.
● Meritocracy: Officials were appointed on merit and competence, regardless of caste or
origin, encouraging efficiency and loyalty.
● Espionage System: A well-developed intelligence network known as the "Shivaji Gardi"
kept the king informed about internal and external threats.

Army:

● Professionalization: Shivaji transformed the Maratha army from a loosely organized

tribal force into a professional and disciplined unit.
● Infantry: The core of the army was the infantry, consisting of highly mobile and adept
guerilla fighters armed with swords, spears, and shields.
● Cavalry: Cavalry played a crucial role in hit-and-run tactics and raiding enemy territory.
● Navy: Recognizing the strategic importance of the sea, Shivaji established a powerful
navy to defend the Maratha coastline and disrupt enemy trade routes.
● Fortifications: He built and strengthened numerous forts across his domain, providing
strategic outposts and safe havens for his troops.
● Discipline and Morale: Strict discipline and strong loyalty to the king fostered a
formidable military force capable of challenging the Mughal Empire.

Revenue System:

● Direct and Indirect Taxes: Shivaji introduced a systematic revenue system with direct
taxes on land (Chauth) and agricultural produce (Sardeshmukhi) and indirect taxes on
trade and customs.
● Land Survey and Records: He conducted a comprehensive land survey and
maintained detailed records, ensuring fair and efficient tax collection.
● Financial Stability: These reforms led to increased revenue and financial stability,
allowing Shivaji to fund his military campaigns and expansion.

Impact and Legacy:

Shivaji's administrative, military, and revenue systems proved highly effective in building and
consolidating the Maratha Empire. His innovations and efficient governance continue to inspire
leaders and provide valuable lessons in state-building and military strategy.
The Anglo-Maratha Wars were a series of conflicts between the Maratha Empire and the
British East India Company during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Here's an
overview of the major Anglo-Maratha Wars, the rulers involved, and the causes of these
conflicts:

**1. First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782):**

- **Rulers Involved:**
- Peshwa Raghunath Rao (Raghoba)
- Warren Hastings (Governor-General of Bengal)
- **Factions:**
- Raghunath Rao sought British support to become Peshwa, leading to a conflict
between factions supporting him and those loyal to the ruling Peshwa Narayan Rao.
- The British supported Raghunath Rao, leading to hostilities.

**2. Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805):**

- **Rulers Involved:**
- Peshwa Baji Rao II
- Yashwantrao Holkar
- Daulat Rao Scindia
- Jaswant Rao Holkar
- Wellesley (Governor-General of India)
- **Factions:**
- British expansionism and interference in Maratha internal affairs led to conflicts with
the Peshwa, Holkars, and Scindias.
- The Battle of Assaye (1803) and the Treaty of Bassein (1802) were key events.

**3. Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818):**

- **Rulers Involved:**
- Peshwa Baji Rao II
- Appa Sahib (Claimant to the Peshwa throne)
- Malhar Rao Holkar II
- Pratap Singh (Raja of Satara)
- Mountstuart Elphinstone (Governor of Bombay)
- **Factions:**
- Internal conflicts among Maratha chieftains led to British intervention.
- The Peshwa and other Maratha rulers sought to resist British dominance.

**Causes and Explanations:**

- **Internal Disputes:** Succession disputes and internal conflicts among Maratha
chieftains, especially regarding the Peshwa's position, fueled tensions.
- **British Expansionism:** The British East India Company sought to expand its
influence and territories, leading to conflicts with the Marathas.
- **Treaty of Bassein (1802):** The Treaty of Bassein, which the Peshwa signed with the
British, resulted in discontent among other Maratha chieftains who opposed British
interference.
- **Disintegration of Maratha Unity:** Internal rivalries and British interference
contributed to the disintegration of Maratha unity, leading to a weakened resistance
against British forces.
- **British Military Superiority:** The British, with superior military technology and
disciplined armies, gained an advantage in direct confrontations.

These wars marked a crucial phase in the decline of the Maratha Empire and the
expansion of British influence in India. The treaties that followed these conflicts resulted
in the annexation of Maratha territories and the establishment of British paramountcy
over much of India.
BENGAL

The period of "Later Mughals" refers to the decline of the Mughal Empire after the reign
of Aurangzeb. During this time, regional powers gained prominence, and Bengal
witnessed a significant shift in its political landscape. Here's an overview of Bengal's
quest for independence during the Later Mughal period:

**Background:**
- The decline of the Mughal Empire in the early 18th century led to a power vacuum and
the rise of semi-autonomous regional powers.

**1. **Murshid Quli Khan (1717–1727):**

- **Origin:** Originally a revenue officer under the Mughals, he became the Diwan of
Bengal.
- **Significant Events:**
- Appointed as the Nawab of Bengal in 1717 by the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar.
- Effectively gained autonomous control over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
- Established a stable revenue system and laid the foundation for Bengal's
semi-independent rule.

**2. **Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan (1727–1739):**

- **Origin:** A relative of Murshid Quli Khan.
- **Significant Events:**
- Succeeded Murshid Quli Khan as the Nawab of Bengal.
- Faced challenges from his own officials and external powers.

**3. **Sarfaraz Khan (1739–1740):**

- **Origin:** Son of Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan.
- **Significant Events:**
- Briefly became the Nawab of Bengal but faced internal opposition.
- Deposed and killed by his own officers in 1740.

**4. **Alivardi Khan (1740–1756):**

- **Origin:** Nephew of Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan.
- **Significant Events:**
- Emerged as the Nawab after the assassination of Sarfaraz Khan.
- Successfully defended Bengal against Maratha invasions.
- Faced and repelled the British in the Battle of Burdwan (1756).

**5. **Siraj-ud-Daulah (1756–1757):**

- **Origin:** Grandson of Alivardi Khan.
- **Significant Events:**
- Became Nawab after Alivardi Khan's death.
 - Faced the British East India Company in the Battle of Plassey (1757), leading to a
defeat and British control over Bengal.
- His reign marked the end of independent rule in Bengal.

The Battle of Plassey was a turning point, and following Siraj-ud-Daulah's defeat, the
British established control over Bengal. This marked the beginning of British dominance
in India, as the East India Company gradually extended its influence over other regions.
The later Mughals and their successors played significant roles in shaping Bengal's
political landscape during this transformative period.

MIR JAFAR BECAME NAWAB OF BENGAL DUAL GOVERNMENT REVENUE RIGHT WITH
BRITISH ADMINISTRATION RIGHT LATER MIR QUASIM BECAME NAWAB IN 1760 ,THEN
BATTLE OF BUXAR BETWEEN MIR QUASIM ,NAWAB OF AUWDH shuja ud daula and
MUGHAL EMPEROR SHAH ALAM 2 GOT DEFEATED BY BRITISH IN 1764,

The Treaty of Allahabad was signed on August 16, 1765, and it marked a crucial
agreement between the British East India Company and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam
II, following the Battle of Buxar (1764). The treaty had significant implications for the
political and economic landscape of northern India. Here are key elements of the Treaty
of Allahabad:

1. **Diwani Rights:**
- The most significant provision of the treaty was the grant of Diwani rights to the
British East India Company.
- Diwani rights conferred the authority to collect revenue (land revenue administration)
from the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.

2. **Territorial Adjustments:**
- The British acquired the territories of Kora and Allahabad, expanding their territorial
control.

3. **Financial Compensation to the Mughal Emperor:**

- As compensation for granting Diwani rights, the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II
received an annual pension of 26 lakhs (2.6 million) rupees.

4. **Political Arrangements:**
- The treaty acknowledged Shah Alam II as the Mughal Emperor, but in reality, the
British had significantly curtailed his political authority.
- The British installed puppet Nawabs in the provinces but retained effective control
over governance and revenue collection.

5. **Recognition of British Influence:**

 - The treaty formalized British political dominance in northern India, solidifying their
position as a paramount power.

6. **Dual Government System:**

- The Dual Government system, where the British controlled revenue collection while
local rulers retained administrative functions, continued to be a central feature.

7. **Impact on Indian States:**

- The treaty had repercussions on other Indian states as well, as the British extended
their influence and control over various regions.

8. **British East India Company's Economic Interests:**

- The acquisition of Diwani rights allowed the British East India Company to exploit the
economic resources of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa more effectively.

9. **Long-Term Consequences:**
- The Treaty of Allahabad marked a significant step in the consolidation of British
power in India and set the stage for further territorial acquisitions and political
dominance.

The treaty reshaped the political and economic dynamics of northern India, contributing
to the establishment of British paramountcy in the region. The British East India
Company's control over revenue collection laid the groundwork for the expansion of
their influence across the Indian subcontinent.
Awadh, also known as Oudh, witnessed a period of semi-autonomous rule after the
decline of the Mughal Empire. Here is an overview of the origin, kings, tenure, and
timeline of independent Awadh after the Later Mughals:

1. **Saadat Khan (Burhan-ul-Mulk) (1722–1739):**

- **Origin:** Saadat Khan was appointed as the governor of Awadh by the Mughal
Emperor.
- **Tenure:** 1722–1739.
- **Significant Events:**
- Saadat Khan laid the foundation for the semi-autonomous rule of Awadh.
- He consolidated power and established an efficient administration.

2. **Shuja-ud-Daula (1753–1775):**
- **Origin:** Shuja-ud-Daula succeeded his father Saadat Khan.
- **Tenure:** 1753–1775.
- **Significant Events:**
- Shuja-ud-Daula played a crucial role in the events leading up to the Battle of Buxar
(1764).
- His reign saw conflicts with the British, including the aforementioned battle.

NOW UNDER BRITISH DUAL GOVERNMENT ,REVENUE RIGHT TO BRITISH,PUPPET

RULERS…

3. **Asaf-ud-Daula (1775–1797):**
- **Origin:** Asaf-ud-Daula, son of Shuja-ud-Daula, ascended to the throne.
- **Tenure:** 1775–1797.
- **Significant Events:**
- Asaf-ud-Daula shifted the capital from Faizabad to Lucknow.
- His reign is associated with the cultural and architectural development of Lucknow.

4. **Wazir Ali (1797–1798):**

- **Origin:** Wazir Ali, son of Asaf-ud-Daula, succeeded his father.
- **Tenure:** 1797–1798.
- **Significant Events:**
- Wazir Ali faced conflicts with the British East India Company.
- The British intervention led to the annexation of Awadh.

5. **Saadat Ali Khan II (1798–1814):**

- **Origin:** Saadat Ali Khan II was appointed as the ruler by the British.
- **Tenure:** 1798–1814.
- **Significant Events:**
- Saadat Ali Khan II ruled under British suzerainty, and Awadh became a princely state.
The annexation of Awadh by the British in 1856 during the rule of Wajid Ali Shah marked
the end of its semi-autonomous status. Awadh then became a part of British India. The
era of independent Awadh reflects a period when regional powers sought autonomy amid
the decline of the Mughal Empire and the rise of British influence in India.
After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the region of Punjab witnessed a period of
political instability and power struggles among various regional powers. The period
following the later Mughals saw the emergence of independent or semi-independent
entities in Punjab. Here is an overview of some of the prominent rulers and their
timelines:

1. **Banda Singh Bahadur (1670–1716):**

- **Origin:** Originally a Sikh military commander, Banda Singh Bahadur emerged as a
significant leader during the early 18th century.
- **Tenure:** He established the first Sikh state in the Punjab region.
- **Timeline:** Banda Singh led a series of military campaigns against the Mughal
administration and established his rule in parts of Punjab from 1709 to 1716.

2. **Ahmad Shah Durrani (1722–1772):**

- **Origin:** Ahmad Shah Durrani, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali, was the founder
of the Durrani Empire and the ruler of Afghanistan.
- **Tenure:** Ahmad Shah invaded the Indian subcontinent multiple times, including
Punjab, during the mid-18th century.
- **Timeline:** His invasions, such as the Battle of Panipat (1761), had a significant
impact on the political landscape of Punjab.

3. **Sikh Misls (18th Century):**

- During the 18th century, various Sikh Misls (confederacies) were established in
Punjab, each led by a different Sikh chief.
- Prominent Sikh leaders during this period included Charhat Singh Sukarchakia, Jassa
Singh Ahluwalia, and others.
- These Sikh Misls played a crucial role in shaping the future Sikh Empire.

4. **Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780–1839):**

- **Origin:** Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the founder and the first Maharaja of the Sikh
Empire.
- **Tenure:** He established a powerful Sikh state, uniting various Sikh Misls, and ruled
over a significant part of Punjab.
- **Timeline:** Ranjit Singh's reign began in the late 18th century, and he continued to
expand his empire until his death in 1839.

5. **Post-Ranjit Singh Period (1849 Onward):**

- After Maharaja Ranjit Singh's death, the Sikh Empire faced internal conflicts and
external pressures, leading to the Anglo-Sikh Wars.
- The Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–1849) resulted in the annexation of Punjab by the
British East India Company in 1849.

The period after the later Mughals in Punjab was marked by the rise of Sikh leaders, the
establishment of the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, and eventual annexation
by the British. This complex history laid the foundation for the socio-political landscape
of Punjab in the 19th and 20th centuries.

The Anglo-Sikh Wars were a series of conflicts between the Sikh Empire and the British
East India Company during the mid-19th century. The wars resulted in the annexation of
the Sikh Empire and the incorporation of Punjab into British India. Here's an overview of
the causes, events, and rulers during the Anglo-Sikh Wars:

**First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846):**

**Causes:**
1. **Expansionist Policies:**
- The British were concerned about the growing power of the Sikh Empire under
Maharaja Ranjit Singh's successors and feared it could threaten British territories in
India.
2. **Disputed Succession:**
- The death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839 led to a power vacuum, and disputes over
succession weakened the Sikh Empire.
3. **British Provocation:**
- The British East India Company deliberately provoked the Sikhs, leading to border
clashes and skirmishes.

**Rulers:**
- **Sikh Empire:** Maharaja Dalip Singh (child ruler) and regency led by Rani Jindan.
- **British:** Governor-General Sir Henry Hardinge and Commander-in-Chief Sir Hugh
Gough.

**Key Events:**
1. **Battle of Mudki (1845):**
- A clash between British and Sikh forces, resulting in a Sikh victory.
2. **Battle of Ferozeshah (1845):**
- A major battle where the British faced determined Sikh resistance, but the outcome
remained inconclusive.
3. **Battle of Aliwal (1846):**
- A decisive British victory that weakened the Sikh position.
4. **Treaty of Lahore (1846):**
- The Sikhs signed a peace treaty ceding territories to the British and accepting British
control over the region.

**Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–1849):**

**Causes:**
1. **Discontent in Punjab:**
 - Discontentment among the Sikh nobility and the army due to the harsh terms of the
Treaty of Lahore.
2. **British Suspicions:**
- British suspicions of a potential Sikh rebellion and the perceived need for preemptive
action.

**Rulers:**
- **Sikh Empire:** Maharaja Dalip Singh (child ruler) and regency led by Rani Jindan.
- **British:** Governor-General Lord Dalhousie and Commander-in-Chief Sir Hugh Gough.

**Key Events:**
1. **Second Sikh War (1848–1849):**
- Several battles and engagements occurred during this period, including the Battles of
Chillianwala and Gujarat.
2. **Annexation of Punjab (1849):**
- The British defeated the Sikhs decisively in the Battle of Gujarat, leading to the
annexation of Punjab.
3. **End of Sikh Rule:**
- Maharaja Dalip Singh was deposed, and the Sikh Empire officially came to an end.

The Anglo-Sikh Wars had significant repercussions, marking the end of the Sikh Empire
and the incorporation of Punjab into British India. The annexation of Punjab further
solidified British control over northern India.
RAJPUTS..

The term "independent Rajputs" might refer to the various princely states and Rajputana
regions that maintained a degree of autonomy or independence after the decline of the
Mughal Empire and during the British colonial period. Rajput rulers played a significant
role in governing their territories. Here are a few prominent Rajput states and their rulers
during the post-Mughal period:

1. **Mewar (Udaipur):**
- **Origin:** The rulers of Mewar maintained a long-standing history of independence
and resistance against foreign powers.
- **Prominent Kings:**
- Rana Raj Singh (r. 1652–1680)
- Rana Jai Singh (r. 1698–1707)
- Rana Sangram Singh II (r. 1710–1734)

2. **Marwar (Jodhpur):**
- **Origin:** Marwar, ruled by the Rathore Rajputs, retained considerable autonomy.
- **Prominent Kings:**
- Maharaja Ajit Singh (r. 1679–1724)
- Maharaja Abhai Singh (r. 1724–1749)
- Maharaja Vijay Singh (r. 1750–1793)

3. **Amber (Jaipur):**
- **Origin:** The Kachwaha rulers of Amber (later Jaipur) were influential in the region.
- **Prominent Kings:**
- Sawai Jai Singh II (r. 1699–1743)
- Sawai Pratap Singh (r. 1778–1803)

4. **Jaisalmer:**
- **Origin:** Jaisalmer, in the Thar Desert, maintained its independence.
- **Prominent Rulers:**
- Maharawal Akhai Singh (r. 1724–1762)
- Maharawal Salivahan Singh (r. 1762–1820)

5. **Bharatpur:**
- **Origin:** Bharatpur, ruled by the Jats, asserted its independence.
- **Prominent Rulers:**
- Maharaja Suraj Mal (r. 1733–1763)
- Maharaja Jawahar Singh (r. 1763–1768)

6. **Bikaner:**
- **Origin:** Bikaner, another princely state in Rajasthan, retained its autonomy.
 - **Prominent Rulers:**
- Maharaja Sardar Singh (r. 1735–1787)
- Maharaja Surat Singh (r. 1787–1828)

These are just a few examples, and there were many other Rajput states with rulers who
played important roles in the post-Mughal period. The political landscape was complex,
with various states aligning with or resisting external powers, including the British East
India Company. Over time, many princely states, including those ruled by Rajputs,
became part of the British colonial system through treaties and alliances.
south india …

During the later part of the Mughal period and after the decline of the Mughal Empire,
several independent kingdoms emerged in the southern part of the Indian subcontinent.
These kingdoms played a significant role in shaping the political landscape of the region.
Here are some notable independent South Indian kingdoms, along with their origin,
rulers, tenure, and timeline after the later Mughals:

1. **Hyderabad State (Asaf Jahi Dynasty):**

- **Origin:** Established by Mir Qamar-ud-din Siddiqi, the first Nizam, in 1724 after the
Mughal Emperor granted him the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk.
- **Rulers:** Asaf Jah I and his descendants.
- **Tenure:** Late 17th century to the mid-20th century.
- **Timeline:**
- Asaf Jah I (1724–1748)
- Nizams continued to rule until India's independence in 1947.

2. **Mysore Kingdom (Wodeyar Dynasty and Haidar Ali-Tipu Sultan):**

- **Origin:** Established by Yaduraya in 1399; later, Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan played
crucial roles.
- **Rulers:** Wodeyar Dynasty; later, Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan.
- **Tenure:** Late 14th century to the early 19th century.
- **Timeline:**
- Haidar Ali (1761–1782)
- Tipu Sultan (1782–1799)
- Wodeyar Dynasty restored after the defeat of Tipu Sultan.

3. **Maratha Confederacy (Maratha Kingdoms):**

- **Origin:** Founded by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in the late 17th century.
- **Rulers:** Chhatrapatis, Peshwas, and various Maratha chieftains.
- **Tenure:** Late 17th century to the early 19th century.
- **Timeline:**
- Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (1674–1680)
- The confederacy expanded under various leaders, including the Peshwas.
- Decline post the Third Battle of Panipat (1761).

4. **Travancore Kingdom:**
- **Origin:** Founded by Marthanda Varma in the early 18th century.
- **Rulers:** Marthanda Varma and his successors.
- **Tenure:** Early 18th century to the mid-20th century.
- **Timeline:**
- Marthanda Varma (1729–1758)
- The kingdom continued under various rulers.
5. **Nawab of Arcot (Carnatic):**
- **Origin:** Nominally under the Mughals, but practically independent by the 18th
century.
- **Rulers:** Nawabs of Arcot.
- **Tenure:** Late 17th century to the mid-19th century.
- **Timeline:**
- Mohammed Ali Walajah (1749–1795)
- The British influence increased over time.

These kingdoms and entities played a crucial role in regional politics during the decline
of the Mughal Empire and the subsequent period. The dynamics varied across regions,
with some kingdoms remaining independent for an extended period, while others came
under British influence.

The process through which various Indian kingdoms and territories came under British
control or remained as princely states involved a complex interplay of political, military,
economic, and diplomatic factors. Here is a broad overview of how different regions and
entities were affected during the period of British expansion in India:

1. **Hyderabad State (Asaf Jahi Dynasty):**

- **Under British Influence:** The Nizams of Hyderabad initially maintained a certain
degree of autonomy but gradually came under British influence. The British East India
Company signed subsidiary alliances with the Nizams, which obligated them to maintain
a British force in their territory.
- **Princely State:** Hyderabad remained a princely state under British suzerainty until
India gained independence in 1947.

2. **Mysore Kingdom (Wodeyar Dynasty and Haidar Ali-Tipu Sultan):**

- **Anglo-Mysore Wars:** The British and the Mysore Kingdom, ruled by Haidar Ali and
later Tipu Sultan, engaged in a series of conflicts known as the Anglo-Mysore Wars. The
British ultimately defeated Tipu Sultan in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798–1799).
- **Princely State:** After Tipu Sultan's death, the Wodeyar Dynasty was restored, and
Mysore became a princely state under British suzerainty.

3. **Maratha Confederacy (Maratha Kingdoms):**

- **Anglo-Maratha Wars:** The Marathas and the British fought a series of wars known
as the Anglo-Maratha Wars. The defeat of the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha War
(1817–1818) led to the imposition of the Treaty of Bassein and the subsequent annexation
of Maratha territories.
- **Princely States:** While some Maratha territories were directly annexed by the
British, others were transformed into princely states with local rulers under the
suzerainty of the British Crown.

4. **Travancore Kingdom:**
 - **British Protection:** Travancore maintained friendly relations with the British and
sought British protection. The kingdom did not face direct annexation.
- **Princely State:** Travancore continued as a princely state under British protection
until India gained independence.

5. **Nawab of Arcot (Carnatic):**

- **Anglo-French Wars and Carnatic Wars:** The Carnatic region witnessed conflicts
between the British and the French, and the Carnatic Wars had repercussions on the
political structure.
- **British Influence:** The British gained control over the Carnatic region, and the
Nawab of Arcot became a puppet ruler under British influence.
- **Princely State:** The Nawab of Arcot retained a titular role but had limited powers as
a princely state under British influence.

In general, the British employed various strategies, including diplomatic alliances,

military campaigns, and the creation of subsidiary alliances, to expand their control over
different regions of India. The resulting political landscape included directly administered
territories under British control, as well as princely states that retained local rulers but
were subject to varying degrees of British influence or suzerainty.

A Subsidiary Alliance was a diplomatic and military strategy employed by the British East
India Company during its expansion in India. It was a form of agreement imposed on
Indian rulers, typically princely states, in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Subsidiary
Alliance system aimed to establish British influence and control over these states
without direct annexation. Here's how the Subsidiary Alliance worked:

1. **Terms of the Subsidiary Alliance:**

- **Military Assistance:** The Indian ruler had to agree to maintain a British military
force within their territory. This force was ostensibly for the ruler's protection, but in
reality, it strengthened British military presence.
- **British Officers:** The Indian ruler accepted the appointment of British officers to
key positions within their administration, including military and finance.

2. **Financial Obligations:**
- **Costs of British Troops:** The princely state had to bear the expenses of maintaining
the British troops stationed in their territory, often leading to a significant financial
burden.

3. **No Foreign Relations Without British Consent:**

- **Exclusive Treaty Relations:** The princely state agreed not to enter into any
diplomatic relations or treaties with other foreign powers without the explicit consent of
the British East India Company.

4. **Economic Control:**
 - **Customs Duties:** The British often gained control over the collection of customs
duties and other revenues, giving them economic dominance.

5. **Weakened Autonomy:**
- **Erosion of Authority:** While the Indian ruler retained their title, the practical
authority and autonomy of the ruler were significantly weakened, as important decisions
were influenced or controlled by the British.

6. **Examples:**
- One notable example is the Subsidiary Alliance imposed on the Nizam of Hyderabad
in 1798.
- Another instance is the Subsidiary Alliance with the Nawab of Awadh (Oudh) in 1801.

7. **Purpose:**
- **Strategic Expansion:** The Subsidiary Alliance system was a strategic tool for the
British to expand their influence without engaging in direct annexation.
- **Prevent Alliance Against the British:** It also served to prevent Indian rulers from
forming alliances against the British East India Company.

8. **Legacy:**
- **Political Centralization:** The system contributed to the centralization of power in
British hands and the weakening of traditional Indian political structures.
- **Precedent for Future Annexations:** The erosion of autonomy often paved the way
for the later annexation of princely states into British territories.

The Subsidiary Alliance system was a crucial aspect of the British strategy during their
imperial expansion in India, allowing them to exert control over vast regions without the
immediate need for direct annexation.