SECURITY DIMENSIONS

ISSN 2353–7000
NO. 17; 2016 (142–156)

Training Load and Training Effectiveness

in The Preparatory Phase by the Case
of Kickboxing Fighters of UKS Gladiator Club

Assoc. Prof. Tadeusz Ambroży, Ph.D.

The Faculty of Physical Educ. & Sport, University of Physical Education in Cracow,
POLAND

Amadeusz Kwiatkowski, M.A.

The University of Physical Education in Cracow, POLAND

Assoc. Prof. Dariusz Mucha, Ph.D.

The Faculty of Physical Educ. & Sport, University of Physical Education in Cracow,
POLAND

Krzysztof Wrześniewski, Ph.D.

The Faculty of Physical Educ. & Sport, University of Physical Education in Cracow,
POLAND

Assoc. Prof. Juliusz Piwowarski, Ph.D.

University of Public and Individual Security APEIRON in Cracow, POLAND

ABSTRACT

The aim of the paper it to analyze the effectiveness of training of fighters of UKS
Gladiator Club in the preparatory phase and to analyze training loads used during that
time. Participants included a group of 12 fighters of UKS Gladiator Club who have
achieved high sports results – this group includes medalists of Polish Championships and
of the Cup of Europe. Test were carried three times in the preparatory phase. Physical
fitness parameters have been evaluated by means of selected tests of EUROFIT testing
battery. Summing up, it should be noted that an important cognitive element of the
research carried out is an observation of improvement of the level of physical fitness in
case of the majority of investigated features, which was the intended effect of training
in the preparatory phase. The adopted training load has caused an average increase of
investigated parameters, which proves training effectiveness.
 Training Load and Training Effectiveness…

ARTICLE INFO

Article history
Received: 20.02.2016 Accepted 12.03.2016

Key words
kickboxing, preparatory training, training effectiveness, training load

Introduction
Kickboxing was created and popularized in the United States. Its roots are
found in Far Eastern martial arts. Eastern martial arts reached the United
States through soldiers carrying out military service in various countries.
Together with soldiers came numerous immigrants who opened schools
of close combat arts and the golden period of Far Eastern marital arts
started because of popularity of exoticism. As a result of ongoing commer-
cialization, sports competition in those disciplines combined with obtain-
ing sports results started as well. In 1960s Mike Anderson, an instructor of
karate, adopted techniques of classic box and combined them with karate
and tae kwon do kicks for the first time. This has resulted in new sports
discipline called American Karate or Full Contact Karate1.
In 1968 first full contact karate tournament was organized (however,
at the time participants did not yet wear body protection against too
strong kicks), which resulted in a great number of injuries (almost all
contestants were injured) and led to introduction of pads which have
been used to this day. In 1970 in Florida a fight between contestants
Lewis and Baines was labelled as full contact karate, but this time with
the use of pads. This fight received incredible media coverage. Since
this fight the name kickboxing started to be used. In 1974 first World
Championship in Kickboxing were organized.
At present kickboxing is a combination of boxing punching techniques
with kicking techniques borrowed from Eastern marital arts2. Various
forms of sports competitions are used:
1. Musical forms which is a type of competition in which contestants per-
form a staged fight with one or several opponents to music.
1
 K. Wieczorek, Podstawy Kick-boxingu. Historia, technika, metodyka treningu [The basis
of kick-boxing. History, technique and methodology of training], Siemiatycze 2008.
2
 L. Ufel, Świat Kickboxingu [The world of kickboxing], Wydawnictwa Sport i Turysty-
ka, Warszawa 1991.

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 Tadeusz Ambroży, Amadeusz Kwiatkowski et al.

2. Semi-contact is a fighting discipline in which fighters fight with a goal

of scoring the greatest number of points by using correct, precise, light
and well-controlled punching and kicking techniques. This is a techni-
cal discipline which emphasizes the speed and accuracy of techniques
equally, and scoring is based on the rule of controlled actions. The fight
is halted directly after a successful action and points are awarded.
3. Light contact is a continuous fight. It is very important for the punch-
ing and kicking techniques to be light. Fighting too hard can be a rea-
son for disqualification.
4. Full contact is a match in which punches and kicks can be made with
full power and strength. Fights can be held only in rings with strict-
ly defined parameters. Forbidden techniques include attacking with
the knee, kicking the opponent below the hip line as well as attacking
with the elbow, the forearm, the knife-hand, striking backhanded, spin-
ning backfist. Contestants fight with naked torsos and head protection,
mouth-guard, gloves for full contact sport, groin protection, shin guard
and foot protection, hand wraps are compulsory too.
5. Low kick is a fighting form during which punching and kicking tech-
niques can be used with full power and strength; thighs can be attacked
as well. Prohibited techniques include attacking with the knee, attack-
ing with the elbow, the forearm, the knife-hand, striking backhanded,
punching from above. Contestants fight with naked torsos and wear
shorts. Obligatory protection include head protection, mouth-guard,
gloves for full contact sport, groin protection, shin guard and foot pro-
tection, hand wraps are compulsory too.
6. K 1 is a form of fighting in which punching and kicking techniques
have to be performed with full strength and power and which allows
attacking thighs and attacking with the knee. Prohibited techniques in-
clude elbow techniques, attacking with the forearm and the knife-hand.
Depending on tournament, it is prohibited to attack the head with the
knee (then it is allowed to attack the torso repeatedly with the knee) or
to perform repeated attacks with the knee (then it is allowed to attack
the head with the knee). Contestants fight with naked torsos, they wear
shorts. Obligatory protection include head protection, mouth-guard,
gloves for full contact sport 10 Oz, groin protection, shin guard and
foot protection, hand wraps are compulsory too.
7. Muay Thai is fighting in which punching and kicking techniques have
to be performed with full strength and power and which it is allowed

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 Training Load and Training Effectiveness…

to attack thighs, to attack with the knee, the elbow and the forearm.
Prohibited techniques include attacking the groin and the back part of
the body. It is also allowed to attack knee joints. Clinching is allowed as
well. Contestants fight with naked torsos and wear shorts. Obligatory
protection include head protection, mouth-guard, gloves for full contact
sport 10 Oz or 12 Oz, groin protection, shin guard and foot protection,
hand wraps are compulsory too.
8. Full Contact Karate is fighting which is used by karate organizations and
which is an intermediary element between the rules of K 1 and low kick.
In this fighting punching and kicking techniques have to be performed
with full strength and power, it is allowed to attack thighs. Single attack
to the torso with the knee is allowed as well. Prohibited techniques in-
clude attacking with the elbow, the forearm, the knife-hand, kicking the
head with the knee. Duration of a fight is 3 rounds, 2 minutes each. Con-
testants fight with naked torsos and wear long trousers. Obligatory pro-
tection includes full contact helmet, mouth-guard, gloves for full contact
10 Oz, groin protection, shin protection, hand wraps are compulsory too.
Training load and competition burden in kickboxing characterize ef-
fort made by a contestant. The magnitude of this effort exerts a direct
influence on the energetic and psychological sphere organism and can
positively or negatively influence the effectiveness of training process. The
relations between used loads and their effects in organism are subject of
the analysis which confirm the effectiveness of training process.
Load applied during physical (training) exercises and in the course of
a sports fighting (starting operation) can be divided into:
- e xternal one – it is identified with physical effort which is made dur-
ing training,
- internal one – this is individual reaction of the body to effort, which is
expressed by the level and character of physiological and biochemical
changes, as well as the level of psychological engagement.
External load is the product of volume, namely the work that was made,
and intensity, namely the value of developed power. Whereas the volume
of training work causes long-term functional changes and exerts influence
on the length of maintaining shape, intensity decides about the speed at
which it is obtained. In order to obtain better and better results, it is nec-
essary to increase training load3.
3
 Obciążenia treningowe, dokumentowanie i opracowywanie danych [Training load, docu-
menting and compiling data], H. Sozański, D. Śledziewski (eds.), Wydawnictwo COS,
Warszawa 1995.
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 Tadeusz Ambroży, Amadeusz Kwiatkowski et al.

Tab. 1. Classification of load according to applied means takes

three areas of influence into account:
Area Means Symbol Effect
Means having They shape contestants’ general fitness.
1 comprehensive W They do not influence the development
nature. of special fitness.
Targeted They develop leading features.
2 U
means. They get fitness ready for specialist need.
Means having They develop movement and performance
3 S
special nature. characteristics for starting needs.

There are three types of training means (table 1) and five scopes of
intensity in which heart rate before and directly after effort (HR) and
duration of effort are used as criteria (table 2).
Tab. 2. Classification of load in the energy area is related
to performing exercises and specific intensity.
Duration
Scope Type of effort Intensity Heart rate
of effort
Anaerobic effort A few or
From 130
I (supporting Very low or low. several
to 140.
effort). hours.
From
300 s to 3
Aerobic effort
From 160 and more
II (developing Moderate or high.
to 180. hours of
effort).
continu-
ous work.
Aerobic and
Up to
III anaerobic effort High or submaximal. Above180.
300 s.
(mixed effort).
Anaerobic, lactic Submaximal or close Above From 20 s
IV
acid effort. to maximal. 190. to 120 s.
Anaerobic,
Close to maximal From 130 Up to
V non-lactic acid
and maximal. to 180. 20 s.
effort.

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 Training Load and Training Effectiveness…

VI scope is also found in literature, which is defined as one that

strengthens anabolic changes in muscles (strength training).
An analysis of load is based on presenting energetic costs incurred as
a result of effort, thanks to transforming data about partial and summary
time of performed work. As a result of the fact that training load is a reac-
tion of the organism to the used means, presenting energetic costs seems
to be closest to real structure of load.
Fundamental start burden in amateur kickboxing lasts 8 minutes, but
it has to be divided into three periods of continuous, 2 minute long work,
namely rounds separated by two periods of incomplete rest lasting 1 minute,
namely breaks between subsequent rounds. When analyzing the work of
contestants in energy areas it can be concluded that in kickboxing we deal
mainly with work in the fourth and fifth scope (round) as well as the third
scope (the whole fight). Situation changes a bit during professional fights
where rounds last 3 minutes and where contestants work mainly in the third
scope. In case of such efforts, lasting up to 20 minutes, energy needs of the
organism are satisfied by blood glucose and liver and muscle glycogen4.
A classic training cycle of a kickboxing contestant involves a complex
of organizational activities, studies and training tasks which aim to devel-
op fitness and then stabilize and use it, as well as necessary regeneration.
A 12-month training of kickboxing fighters can be divided into macrocy-
cles, mesocycles and microcycles5.
Long cycles (macrocycles) – they most often last twelve or six months,
which are related to the specificity of rivalry in this discipline; they are
divided into three phases: the preparatory phrase (developing form), the
participation phase (stabilization and application of form), the transitional
phase (partial and controlled reduction of form); in order to optimize form
both volume and intensity have to change incrementally in accordance
with the rule of gradual increase of training load. Many trainers resign
from the transitional phase because of a tight schedule of participation in
competitions6 (tab.3).
4
 A. Ronikier, Fizjologia sportu [The physiology of sport], Biblioteka Trenera, COS,
Warszawa 2001.
5
 T. Ulatowski, Teoria Sportu. Trening [The theory of sport. Training], Resortowe Centrum
Metodyczno-Szkoleniowe Kultury Fizycznej i Sportu, vols I & II. Warszawa 1992.
6
 T. Ambroży, D. Mucha, D. Ambroży, A. Ostrowski, J. Omorczyk, Logistyka działań
w procesie treningu zawodników ju-jitsu [Logistics of actions in the course of ju-jitsu
fighers’ training], „Logistyka”, 2014, no 6, p. 13964-13974.

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 Tadeusz Ambroży, Amadeusz Kwiatkowski et al.

Training periodization in kickboxing involves two main start periods

in which the most important competitions are held in April/May, this
is the time when such competitions as Polish Championship, the Cup
of Poland, the World Cup, the Cup of Europe are organized, and in
September, when World Championship and European Championship
are organized.
Tab. 3. An outline of a macrocycle7
Pre-start phase

Pre-start phase
competition

competition
Main

Main
Perparatory Start phase Start phase Transitional
Start phase I
phase 1 II II phase

The preparatory phase in kickboxing lasts approximately four months

and is divided into two shorter phases: general participation phase and
special participation phase. The main aim of the general preparation
sub-phase is to improve the level of motor skills by using general de-
velopment training. However, developing techniques should not be ne-
glected. In general preparation we should focus mainly on developing
strength and endurance. Special preparation in the preparatory phase
is a process in which transition to the participation phase takes place.
The volume of effort is still high, motor skills are still developed, but by
means of specialist actions, namely actions that are typical of kickbox-
ing and while still doing general development exercises, which volume
should equal 30% of the volume of the training. The main skills that
are developed in this sub-phase include speed and speed endurance.
At the end of this phase first contestants should in low ranking com-
petitions of the season, which are to facilitate entering the start phase.
Achievements of the preparatory phase, namely optimal general and
special form, constitute a basis for preparation of the contestant to ob-
tain maximal sports results.
7
 Roczny Plan Szkolenia Zawodników Light-contact [An annual training plan of contest-
ants], T. Skrzypek (ed.). 2000.

148
 Training Load and Training Effectiveness…

The aim of the paper

The aim of the paper it to analyze the effectiveness of training of UKS
Gladiator Club Fighters’ in the preparatory phase and to analyze training
loads used during that time.

Material and methodology

Participants
Participants included a group of 12 fighters of UKS Gladiator Club (the
average age: 13,2±2,2) who have achieved high sports results – this group
includes medalists of Polish Championship and the Cup of Europe. Table
4 presents a description of the test group.
Tab. 4. A description of the test group
Parameter Mean Standard deviation
Age [in years] 13,17 2,21
Height [cm] 160,42 14,91
Weight [kg] 51,13 15,95

Tools
Physical fitness parameters have been measured by means of selected test
of EUROFIT testing battery:
- agility test – 4 x 10 meter run measured in seconds,
- explosive strength test – a standing long jump measured in centimeters,
- sit and reach flexibility test – measured in centimeters,
- static strength test – bent-arm hang test measured in seconds,
- cardiorespiratory strength test – a shuttle run, the so-called beep test,
measured in meters8.
Training loads have been measured on the basis of trainer’s training
documentation.

The test procedure

The performed tests were of longitudinal character – they were conducted
in the start period, which lasted from 02.11.2015 to 22.02.2016. During
8
 Eurofit, Europejski test sprawności fizycznej [The European test of physical fitness],
Translation from English: H. Grabowski & J. Szopa. AWF, Kraków 1989.

149
 Tadeusz Ambroży, Amadeusz Kwiatkowski et al.

this time 3 measurements were made: 1) pretest – at the beginning of the

preparatory period (03.11.2015), 2) second measurement – in the middle
of the preparatory period (05.01.2015) and 3) posttest – at the end of the
preparatory period (23.02.2016).

Statistical analysis
Because of a small number of the test group, a decision has been made to
use Friedman test (Friedman, 1940), which is a non-parametric counter-
part of analysis of variance ANOVA for dependent variables. When dif-
ferences between the measured parameters have been found, Dunn-Bon-
ferroni (Dunn, 1964) test was used as post hoc test.
Statistical calculations have been made by using a statistical software
by Statsoft Poland, namely Statistica 10. The alpha level for p ≤ 0,05 was
set as statistically significant in all comparisons. All descriptive data have
been presented in mean ± SD format.

Test results

Training load
When analyzing training documentation, it has been found that train-
ings took place three times a week, each lasting from an hour to an hour
and a half. There were 66 training sessions in total, which correspond
to 3960 minutes of training. Whereas comprehensive training lasted
1583 minutes, 1346,4 minutes were devoted to specific means, which con-
stitutes 40% and 34% of all training time respectively. The least time was
spent on targeted training means – only 26% of all training time, which is
1029,6 minutes (table 5).
Tab. 5. A distribution of training means
of the preparatory mesocycle
Time distribution Percentage distribution
Means
(min) (%)
Targeted (U) 1029,6 26%
Special (S) 1346,4 34%
Comprehensive (W) 1584 40%
SUM 3960 100%

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 Training Load and Training Effectiveness…

Physical fitness
Descriptive statistics of performed fitness test has been presented in table 6.
Tab. 6. Average values of selected fitness tests
Measurement 1 Measurement 3
Variable Measurement 2
Pre-test Post-test
Standing long
172,67 ± 32,37 178,83 ± 28,52 182,00 ± 30,19
jump [cm]

Bent-arm hang
19,47 ± 17,29 19,73 ± 18,06 22,62 ± 19,17
test [s]

Run 4x10 [s] 11,94 ± 1,14 12,12 ± 1,22 10,88 ± 3,54

Flexibility [cm] 10,83 ± 4,95 10,46 ± 5,55 11,92 ± 5,53

Beep test [m] 835,00 ± 266,99 861,67 ± 264,57 986,67 ± 245,44

While table 7 presents the results of statistical analysis using Friedman

test, figure 1 presents percentage change of fitness test results in the course
of preparatory phase. These results serve only supportive role in the inter-
pretation of observed differences.
Figure 1. Percentage change of values of adopted fitness tests

151
 Tadeusz Ambroży, Amadeusz Kwiatkowski et al.

In case of results of standing long jump test, statistically signifi-

cant differences between performed measurements have been found
(c2(2, N = 12) = 12.311; p = .002). In comparison to the first measurement,
statistically significant (p <.05) improvement of results obtained in the
second (by 3,6%) and third (o 5,4%) measurement have been observed.
When analyzing the results of arm-bent hang test, statistically significant
differences between the performed measurements (c2(2, N = 12) = 10.167;
p = .006) have been found as well. The results of posthoc test indicated
statistically significant (p < .05) differences between the first and third
measurement in which arm-bent hang longer on average by 16,2% has
been observed.
In case of 4x10 run statistically significant differences between per-
formed measurements (c2(2, N = 12) = 6.426; p = .040) have been ob-
served. The results of Dunn-Bonferroni test9 have indicated statistically
significant (p < .05) shorter duration time of this fitness test in the third
measurement in comparison to earlier measurements – first and second
ones. After the preparatory phase ended, the duration of 4x10 run short-
ened on average by 8,8% in comparison to the first measurement.
In case of beep test statistically significant differences between measure-
ments (c2(2, N = 12) = 14,851; p = .001) have been observed as well. Post-
hoc analysis has indicated significant (p < .05) improvement of distance
run between pretest and posttest (on average by 18,2%).
No statistically significant differences between measurements in flexi-
bility test (p > .05) have been found.

9
 O. J. Dunn, Multiple comparisons using rank sums, “Technometrics”, 1964, 6, p. 241–252.

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 Training Load and Training Effectiveness…

Tab. 7. The results of Friedman test10

Average rank

Variable Measure- Measure- c2 p

Measure-
ment 1 ment 3
ment 2
Pre-test Post-test
Standing
1,21 2,29 2,50 12,311 .002
long jump
Arm-bent
1,58 1,67 2,75 10,167 .006
hang test

4x10 run 2,21 2,38 1,42 6,426 .040

Flexibility 2,00 1,88 2,13 .439 .803

Beep test 1,29 1,88 2,83 14,851 .001

Discussion and summary

The basic aim of training in the preparatory phase was to increase the level
of general fitness, which constitutes a basis for specialist training, as well as
to improve already known and learn new elements of fighting techniques.
Technical training, which constitutes 30–50% of all training means used
in this phase is necessary since ceasing exercises of this type results in re-
ducing the accuracy of movement and response time11.
The performed tests indicate a growth of investigated characteristics
of physical fitness in the majority of contestants. The highest progress can
be observed in the explosive strength test, the static strength test and car-
diorespiratory strength test. As the results of test show, these are the most
important features, which are necessary to achieve success in kickboxing12.
10
 M. Friedman, A comparison of alternative tests of significance for the problem of m rank-
ings, “The Annals of Mathematical Statistics”, 1940, 11 (1), p. 86–92.
11
 Z. Czajkowski, Poradnik trenera [A guidebook for trainers], RCMSKFiS, Warsza-
wa 1994.
12
 A. Kwiatkowski, Analiza wybranych składników przygotowania motorycznego zawod-
niczek uprawiających kickboxing na różnym poziomie mistrzostwa sportowego [An analy-
sis of selected elements of motor preparation of female contestants training kickbox-
ing at various level of sports mastery], B.A. paper, Rzeszów University 2012.

153
 Tadeusz Ambroży, Amadeusz Kwiatkowski et al.

The smallest effects of training in the preparatory phase have been ob-
served in flexibility and agility tests.
The distribution of training means in the investigated period is close
to that of taekwondo contestants. Taekwondo contestants preparing for
World Championship used the following training means in the prepara-
tory phase: W-41%, U-16%, S-43%. This ration is close to the ration of
investigated kickboxers, however taekwondo fighter devoted more time
to specialist training13. Other studies have also analyzed the structure of
training loads in taekwondo, e.g. in Orient Kłobuck Club. They devoted
52%, 15% and 33% of all training time to comprehensive, targeted and
specialist training respectively14.
Summing up, it should be noted that an important cognitive element
of the research carried out is observation of improvement of the level of
physical fitness in case of the majority of investigated features, which was
the intended effect of training in the preparatory phase. When planning
the next preparatory phase, one has to pay greater attention to the devel-
opment of such skills as flexibility and agility.
The adopted training load has caused an average increase of investi-
gated parameters, which proves training effectiveness. The final pictures
of the effectiveness of training carried out in the preparatory phase will
be reflected by sports results obtained in the most important contests
this year, namely Polish Championship in May and World Champion-
ship in September.

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155
 Tadeusz Ambroży, Amadeusz Kwiatkowski et al.

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Cite this article as:

T. Ambroży, A. Kwiatkowski, D. Mucha, K. Wrześniewski, J. Piwowar-
ski, Training Load and Training Effectiveness in The Preparatory Phase by
the Case of Kickboxing Fighters of UKS Gladiator Club, “Security Dimen-
sions”, 2016, no 17, p. 142–156.
Licence: This article is available in Open Access, under the terms of the Creative Commons Li-
cense Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0; for details please see https://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any me-
dium, provided that the author and source are properly credited. Copyright © 2016 University
of Public and Individual Security “Apeiron” in Cracow

156