Introduction on IOT

Objectives:

• Understand the Digital transformation is the application of digital technology to

provide the stage for business and industry to innovation.
• Learn about Networks form the foundation of the digitized world.
What is an IOT?
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected physical devices, vehicles,
buildings, and other objects that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies,
allowing them to collect and exchange data over the internet. These devices, often referred to as
"smart" devices or "things," are capable of interacting with each other, with the environment, and
with humans to perform various tasks and functions.
In simpler terms, IoT involves connecting everyday objects to the internet and enabling them to
communicate and share information. This connectivity and data exchange lead to increased
automation, efficiency, and convenience in various aspects of life and industries.
Key characteristics of IoT include:
Connectivity: IoT devices are connected to the internet, enabling them to communicate with other
devices and systems remotely.
Sensors and Data Collection: IoT devices are equipped with various sensors that can gather data
from their surroundings. These sensors can detect factors such as temperature, humidity, light,
motion, and more.
Data Processing and Analysis: The data collected by IoT devices is processed and analyzed to
derive meaningful insights. This can help in making informed decisions and taking appropriate
actions.
Automation and Control: IoT devices can be programmed to perform actions or trigger events
based on specific conditions. For example, a smart thermostat can adjust the temperature in a room
based on occupancy and user preferences.
Remote Monitoring: IoT allows for remote monitoring and management of devices and systems.
This is particularly useful in scenarios where physical access is difficult or risky.
Interconnectivity: IoT devices can interact with each other, creating a network of devices that can
collaborate to achieve a common goal. For instance, a smart home system might have lights,
thermostats, and security cameras that can work together based on user-defined rules.
Real-time Communication: IoT devices can exchange data and information in real-time, enabling
quick responses and actions.
IoT has a wide range of applications across various industries, including:
Smart Homes: IoT devices like smart thermostats, lighting systems, and security cameras enhance
home automation and energy efficiency.
Healthcare: Wearable devices and medical sensors can monitor patient health remotely, providing
real-time data to healthcare professionals.
Industrial IoT (IIoT): IoT is used in manufacturing and industrial settings to improve efficiency,
predictive maintenance, and overall production processes.
Transportation: IoT-enabled systems in vehicles can provide navigation, remote diagnostics, and
vehicle tracking.
Agriculture: IoT can optimize irrigation, monitor soil conditions, and track livestock for more
efficient farming.
Smart Cities: IoT technologies contribute to urban planning, traffic management, waste
management, and more in modern cities.
Environmental Monitoring: IoT sensors can monitor pollution levels, weather conditions, and
natural resources for environmental conservation.
IoT has the potential to revolutionize how we interact with the world around us, creating smarter
and more connected environments that offer new levels of convenience, efficiency, and insight.

History of IOT
The history of the Internet of Things (IoT) can be traced back several decades, with its roots in the
evolution of technology and the desire to connect and automate devices. Here's a brief overview
of the key milestones in the history of IoT:
Early Concepts (1960s-1970s): The idea of connecting devices and enabling them to
communicate with each other was proposed as early as the 1960s. The term "Internet of Things"
was first coined by British technologist Kevin Ashton in 1999, but the concept itself had been
under development for decades prior.
First Networked Device (1982): A modified Coca-Cola vending machine at Carnegie Mellon
University became one of the earliest examples of an IoT-like device. It was connected to the
university's local network and could report the inventory and temperature of the drinks.
Telemetry and SCADA Systems (1980s-1990s): Industries like utilities and manufacturing began
using telemetry and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems to remotely
monitor and control equipment. While not fully IoT as we know it today, these systems laid the
foundation for remote data collection and control.
Wireless Identification and RFID (2000s): The use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
technology gained traction in the early 2000s, allowing objects to be identified and tracked
wirelessly. This marked a significant step toward the realization of IoT.
Pervasive Computing (2000s): Researchers and companies began exploring the concept of
pervasive computing, where computing capabilities were integrated into everyday objects, making
them "smart" and connected.
Sensor Networks and IPv6 (2000s): Developments in sensor technologies and the adoption of
IPv6 (which offers a vastly larger number of IP addresses) created an environment where a
multitude of devices could be uniquely addressed and connected.
Emergence of IoT Platforms (2010s): In the early 2010s, major tech companies started
developing IoT platforms that allowed developers to connect and manage devices more easily.
This marked the beginning of a more standardized and scalable approach to IoT development.
Widespread Adoption (2010s-Present): The proliferation of smartphones, increased internet
connectivity, and decreasing costs of sensors and hardware led to a rapid growth in the number of
connected devices. Smart home devices, wearables, and industrial applications gained significant
popularity.
5G Connectivity (2020s): The rollout of 5G networks brought faster and more reliable
connectivity, enabling real-time communication and data exchange, which is crucial for
applications like autonomous vehicles and remote surgery.
Edge Computing and AI Integration (2020s): With the growth of IoT-generated data, edge
computing gained prominence. This approach involves processing data closer to the source,
reducing latency and conserving bandwidth. Integration of IoT with artificial intelligence (AI) and
machine learning (ML) is also becoming more prevalent, enabling devices to make intelligent
decisions based on data analysis.
The history of IoT is characterized by a gradual evolution of technology, connectivity, and the
conceptualization of a world where devices, objects, and systems are interconnected. As
technology continues to advance, IoT's impact on various industries and daily life is expected to
expand even further.

Key Components of an IOT

The Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem involves a variety of components that work together to
enable the connectivity, data exchange, and automation that define IoT applications. Here are some
of the key components of IoT:
Sensors and Actuators:
Sensors: These devices detect physical changes or conditions in the environment. They
can measure factors like temperature, humidity, pressure, light, motion, and more.
Actuators: Actuators are devices that perform actions based on the data received from
sensors. For example, they can activate motors, open valves, or control switches.
Connectivity:
 IoT Protocols: Communication protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-Wave,
LoRaWAN, and cellular networks (3G, 4G, 5G) facilitate data exchange between devices
and the internet.
Gateways: Gateways serve as intermediaries between IoT devices and the cloud,
translating different protocols and managing data flow.
IoT Devices:
Smart Devices: These are physical objects embedded with sensors, actuators, and
processing capabilities. Examples include smart thermostats, wearable fitness trackers, and
smart appliances.
Embedded Systems: These are the computing components integrated within devices.
Microcontrollers and microprocessors control the operations of sensors, actuators, and
other components.
Communication Infrastructure:
Cloud Computing: Cloud platforms provide storage, processing power, and tools for
managing IoT data. They also offer analytics and insights based on collected data.
Edge Computing: In edge computing, data is processed closer to the source (on the edge
of the network) rather than being sent to the cloud. This reduces latency and conserves
bandwidth.
Data Analytics and AI:
Big Data Analytics: IoT generates vast amounts of data. Big data analytics tools process
and analyze this data to derive meaningful insights.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML): AI algorithms and ML models
can be applied to IoT data to make predictions, recognize patterns, and enable autonomous
decision-making.
Security and Privacy:
Device Security: Implementing security measures like encryption, authentication, and
authorization to protect IoT devices from unauthorized access.
Data Privacy: Ensuring that user data collected by IoT devices is handled in compliance
with privacy regulations.
User Interfaces:
Mobile Apps: Many IoT applications are controlled and monitored through mobile apps
that provide users with real-time information and remote control capabilities.
Web Interfaces: Web-based dashboards and portals allow users to access and manage their
IoT devices and data through browsers.
IoT Platforms and Middleware:
IoT Platforms: These platforms provide tools for managing devices, data, and applications
in an integrated manner. Examples include AWS IoT, Google Cloud IoT, and Microsoft
Azure IoT.
Middleware: Middleware solutions help manage communication between devices and
applications by abstracting underlying complexities.
Networking Components:
Routers and Switches: Traditional networking devices that help route and manage data
traffic between IoT devices and the internet.
Mesh Networks: These networks allow IoT devices to communicate with each other,
forming a self-organizing, interconnected network.
These components collaborate to create an IoT ecosystem that enables the collection, transmission,
analysis, and utilization of data from various sources, leading to improved efficiency, automation,
and insights in various domains.

IOT Infrastructure and Protocols

The Internet of Things (IoT) operates based on a structured architecture and various
communication protocols to enable seamless connectivity and data exchange among devices.
Here's an overview of the typical IoT architecture and some of the common communication
protocols used:
IoT Architecture:
Perception Layer:
This layer includes sensors, actuators, and various devices that interact with the physical world
and collect data. Sensors capture environmental data, and actuators perform actions based on
commands received.
Network Layer:
The network layer handles the communication between devices and the transfer of data. It includes
components like gateways, routers, and switches.
Protocols: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-Wave, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, LTE-M, Ethernet, and
more.
Processing Layer:
The processing layer comprises microcontrollers, microprocessors, and edge computing devices
that process data locally before sending it to the cloud.
Edge Computing: In edge computing, data is processed closer to the source, reducing latency and
conserving bandwidth.
Middleware Layer: Middleware provides services such as data storage, data management, device
management, and communication management. It abstracts the underlying complexities.
IoT Platforms: These platforms offer tools and services for managing devices, data, and
applications. Examples include AWS IoT, Google Cloud IoT, and Microsoft Azure IoT.
Application Layer:
The application layer encompasses user interfaces, applications, and services that interact with
users and leverage the collected data for specific use cases.
Mobile Apps: Many IoT applications are controlled and monitored through mobile apps.
Web Interfaces: Web-based dashboards and portals provide users with access to their IoT devices
and data.
Security Layer:
Security measures are implemented throughout the architecture to protect devices, data, and
communication from unauthorized access and malicious attacks.
Device Security: Encryption, authentication, and authorization mechanisms are used to secure
devices.
Data Privacy: Ensuring compliance with privacy regulations and protecting user data.

Common IoT Protocols:

MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport):
A lightweight publish-subscribe messaging protocol that efficiently handles communication
between devices, making it suitable for resource-constrained environments.
CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol):
Designed for IoT devices with limited resources, CoAP is a protocol that enables communication
between devices using low-power, constrained networks.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):
Traditional web protocol used for communication between devices and servers. RESTful APIs are
often used with HTTP for IoT application development.
AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol):
A messaging protocol that focuses on reliable message delivery. It's used for more complex
communication scenarios and interoperability between various systems.
Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE):
Bluetooth is commonly used for short-range communication between devices, such as wearable
devices and smartphones.
BLE is a low-power variant of Bluetooth ideal for energy-efficient IoT applications.
Zigbee and Z-Wave:
Zigbee and Z-Wave are wireless communication protocols designed for low-power, short-range
communication in home automation and smart device networks.
LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network):
LoRaWAN is designed for long-range, low-power communication in wide-area networks, making
it suitable for applications like smart agriculture and smart cities.
NB-IoT (Narrowband Internet of Things) and LTE-M:
Cellular protocols like NB-IoT and LTE-M provide low-power, wide-area connectivity for IoT
devices over cellular networks.
These protocols and the IoT architecture work together to create a connected ecosystem that
facilitates the exchange of data and enables the functioning of various IoT applications across
industries.
Different Arduino Modules

Active Piezo-Buzzer Module W

This active piezo-buzzer module KY-012 will make a beep sound (2.5 Khz) when
3.3V is applied to its input pins. No PWM required.

Flame IR Sensor W
The KY-026 IR Flame sensor module is sensitive the IR light spectrum emitted by
open flames and triggers a digital output.

Heartbeat/Pulse Sensor
The KY-039 heartbeat detects heartbeat/pulse via the finger using a photoresistor and
flashing an LED. Should not be used as a medical device. Pa

High Sensitivity Microphone Sensor

This is the KY-037 sensor is a highly sensitive module for picking up sound and
audio. This sensor triggers a digital output based on the intensity of the sound. The
trigger value can be adjusted based on the position of an on-board potentiometer.

High-Voltage Relay Module W

The KY-019 5V one channel relay module allows you to control high-voltage/high-
current devices using a low-voltage digital output pin on the Arduino. Great
for controlling lamps or other appliances with an Arduino.

Infrared (IR) Sensor W

Infrared IR sensor module (KY-022) for use in infrared data transmission projects.
The perfect sensor for receiving button presses from an infrared remote control.
Can decode most all TV and AV remote controls.
Infrared (IR) Transmitter W
The KY-005 Infrared transmitter module allows you to transmit IR signals and codes.
This is great for remote controlling other devices or for home automation projects.
Also great for the homemade TV B-Gone project.

Joystick Module
This (KY-023) module is the perfect input device for gaming, controlling stepper
motors, servos, and remote control robotics projects. These have both analog (AO)
and digital (DO) output options.

Knock Sensor
Knock sensor are vibration sensors specifically designed to pick up the vibration of
knocking. Great for magic door openers triggered by knocking on the door.

Light Barrier Module W

This (KY-010) module will create a digital output when the light path is broken
between the two sensors. Great for detecting if a card or other object is passing
between the sensors.

Logic Level Shifter

Logic level shifters (sometimes called voltage translators) are great ways of working
with modules or components that require a different voltage. With an LLS you can
use a 3.3 volt module on a 5 volt line or vice-versa.

Magnetic Dry Reed Switch

The KY-025 4pin magnetic dry reed pipe switch detects nearby magnetic fields. On
detection of a magnetic field a digital output will occur.

Metal Touch Sensor

This is the KY-036 sensor module for detecting human touch. Can be used to control
projects based on human or animal touches to metal connected object. Great for
making a touch lamp project.
Momentary Button Module
The KY-004 momentary button module is a great module for providing input into
your projects from the press of a button.

Obstacle Detection Sensor

This is the KY-032 obstacle detection sensor. It emits infrared light that is bounced
back by objects in proximity. When detected by a digital output is sent. Sensitivity
can be adjusted by on-board potentiometers. Great for detecting when a robot is
about to impact with walls or other objects.

Passive Piezo-Buzzer W
This is the KY-006 Passive Piezo-Buzzer module. This buzzer’s sound and volume
can be changed by sending signals of different frequencies.

Photoresistor Light Sensor

The KY-018 Photoresistor light sensor changes resistance value based on the amount
of light contacting the surface of the photoresistor. Great for sensing whether it
is daylight or nightlight conditions.

RGB SMD LED

The KY-009 is a surface mount (SMD) RGB LED. It can display any of over 16
million colors in a single dot. Great for visual indicators on projects where a
changing in color could indicate status.

Rotary Encoder Module

Rotary Encoders like the KY-040 output the position of the sensor allowing for price
control of stepper motors and servos.

Soil Moisture Sensor

Soil moisture sensors let you accurately detect the amount of water suspended in
soils (plant pots for example). These are great for Arduino gardening projects.
Temperature Sensor
The KY-013 Analog Temperature sensor measures ambient temperature from -55℃ /
+125℃ with an accuracy of ± 0.5℃. This is commonly used to measure the
temperature of devices and enclosures of your Arduino projects.

Temperature and Humidity Combination Sensor W

The KY-015/DHT11 combination sensor detects both temperature and humidity
levels. Fantastic for use with weather stations. You can learn about the DHT11 here.

Tilt Switch Module

Tilt switch modules such as this KY-017 are ideal for detecting if your robot or other
project has become tilted from its normal position.

Tracking Sensor
Tracking sensor are used to help robots follow a specific path on paper or other
surfaces by sensing lines and markings drawn on their surfaces.

Two-Color LED Module

This KY-011 Arduino two-color LED module has a bi-color LED capable of
displaying red or green sharing a common cathode. Can be used as a visual indicator
for go/stop type feedback in projects.

Ultrasonic Distance Sensor W

Ultrasonic distance sensors like the KY-050 emit a high frequency ultrasonic pulse
that bounces back to the on-board ultrasonic sensor. The time delay can be used to
determine distances surprisingly accurate. We have an ultrasonic distance sensor
project you can try!

Vibration Sensor
The KY-002 vibration switch module detects movement and vibration of your project
and connects two pins (digital output). This can be used to detect if your Arduino
project is being shaken or abruptly moved.
 Water Level Sensor (Leak Sensor)
Water level sensors (or leak sensors) allow you to gauge the presence of water or the
depth of water by reading the sensor output values. Great for detecting leaks in the
pans of hot water heaters.

Resistor Color Coding

Arduino Uno Board

Bread Board

Arduino Traffic Light Activity

// Arduino Trafic Lights - www.101computing.net/arduino-traffic-
lights

void setup()

pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // Red LED

pinMode(12, OUTPUT); // Amber LED

pinMode(11, OUTPUT); // Green LED

void loop()

// Green

digitalWrite(13, LOW);

digitalWrite(12, LOW);

digitalWrite(11, HIGH);

delay(3000); // Wait for 3000 millisecond(s)

// Amber

digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
 digitalWrite(11, LOW);

delay(1000); // Wait for 1000 millisecond(s)

// Red

digitalWrite(13, HIGH);

digitalWrite(12, LOW);

delay(3000); // Wait for 3000 millisecond(s)

// Red + Blinking Amber

digitalWrite(13, HIGH);

digitalWrite(11, LOW);

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

digitalWrite(12, HIGH);

delay(500); // Wait for 500 millisecond(s)

digitalWrite(12, LOW);

delay(500); // Wait for 500 millisecond(s)