SUBJECT:

DATA PROCESSING
CLASS:
S.S. 2

TERM: THIRD

©Deeper Life High School. 2023

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 SCHEME OF WORK

WEEKS TOPICS CONTENT

1 GRAPHIC PACKAGES (a) Meaning of Graphic Package
(b) Uses of Graphic Software Package
(c) Examples of Graphic Package

2 GRAPHIC PACKAGES (d) Corel Draw meaning (e) Components of Corel

Drawf) specialized graphic applications

3 COREL DRAW i)Page set up settings ii) Using the text tool
PRACTICAL (Paragraph and artistic text) iii)Fit Text to Path,
Mirror, Rotation, Power Clipping, Outlines

4 COREL DRAW iv)designs: flyer, letter-headed paper with water

PRACTICAL CONTINUES mark, logo, ID Card, etc.

5 MAINTENANCE OF (a) General cleaning.

COMPUTER I (b) Battery Charging and replacement
c)DVD drive lens cleaning.

6 MAINTENANCE OF (a) Details of hardware maintenance (b) Details of

COMPUTER II software maintenance

7 MID TERM BREAK

INDEXES (a) Clustered versus Uncluttered indexes(b) Dense
8 versus sparse

9 INDEXES Indexes(c) Primary and Secondary indexes (d)

indexes using composite search keys

10 REVISION
11-13 EXAMINATION

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WEEK:1

TOPIC:GRAPHIC PACKAGES

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of this topic, students should be able to:
1. Define what a graphic package is and explain its role in creating and manipulating visual
content.
2. List various contexts in which graphic software packages are used
3. Provide examples of popular graphic software packages

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR:The students already have experience working with visual content, such as
viewing images and diagrams on digital devices

SUBTOPIC 1:Meaning of Graphic software Package

Introduction:
Graphics are visual and pictorial representation of data on surfaces such as a wall, canvas, screen,
paper or stone using line arts, symbols, numbers, geometric designs, diagrams and photographs by
combining text, illustration and colour in order to brand, illustrate and entertain. Graphics can either
be functional or artistic; therefore an image generated by a computer is called graphics.
Definition of Graphic Package
Graphic Package or software is a collection of programs that allows for easy creation, selection and
deliberate manipulation of text and images using distinctive styles on a computer for the purpose of
clarity and effective communication.

Uses of Graphic Software Packages

The uses of Graphic Software package cannot be exhausted because it provides numerous
advantages ranging from the following;
Traditional Uses
• It is used for pictorial representation and manipulation of data.
• It is used for computer aided designs used in schools.
• It is used for creating simple and complex fliers, posters, books and bill boards.
• It is used in typesetting and graphic arts designing.
• It is used for creating designs, text and graphics for effective presentation in seminars.
Professional and advanced Uses
• For Graphic Design Software e.g desktop publishing
• For Multi-media development Software e.g Computer simulations, Hyper-media editing.
• Image development Software e.ge.g Graphics editor
• For Traditional Medium Effects e.g Photoshop, Corel Painter and Photo Paint.
• For Photo Realistic Effects e.g 3D effects, Painter 3D, Add Depth 2D.
• For Hyper-realistic Effects e.g 2D Image editing software, 3D models with 2D effects
(e.g Cartoons and illustrations).

PRACTICE EXERCISE
Fill in the gap questions
1. A graphic software package refers to a specialized ________________ used for creating and
manipulating visual elements.

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 2. Graphic software packages enable users to design and edit various types of
________________, including images, illustrations, and graphics.

3. Graphic software packages are widely employed in ________________ design to create

visually appealing and informative layouts.

4. One of the primary uses of graphic software packages is in ________________ design, where
they help in creating logos, banners, and marketing materials.

5. Adobe Photoshop and CorelDRAW are examples of popular ________________ that fall
under the category of graphic software packages.
Essay Questions
1. Explain what a graphic software package
2. List three traditional uses of graphic software package
3. List two professional uses of graphic software package

SUBTOPIC 2
EXAMPLES OF GRAPHIC PACKAGE
There are different examples of Graphic Package, but here is a list of some common ones
Examples of Graphic Packages
i. Paint
ii. Corel Draw
iii. Instant Artist
iv. Harvard graphics
v. Gimp(GMP)
vi. Logo graphics
vii. Ventura
viii. Adobe Photoshop
ix. Photoshine
X. Adobe illustrator

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Fill in the gap questions

1. Adobe Photoshop: Adobe Photoshop is a widely used ________________ software package for
editing and manipulating images.

2. CorelDRAW: CorelDRAW is a versatile graphic software package that is popular among

________________ designers and illustrators.

3. Canva: Canva is an easy-to-use online ________________ platform that allows users to create
various visual content.

4. GIMP: GIMP, which stands for GNU Image Manipulation Program, is a powerful
________________ software package available for free.

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5. Inkscape: Inkscape is an open-source vector graphics editor suitable for creating
________________ graphics and illustrations.

Essay Questions
1. List any three examples of graphics software package
2. Explain how graphic packages contribute to effective communication.
3. Imagine you're tasked with creating a poster for your school valedictory service, list two
application software that can be used to achieved this.

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. What is a graphic package? a) A package of printed images b) A software used for creating and
manipulating visual elements c) A bundle of fonts and colors d) A tool for creating 3D animations
2. Which of the following best describes a graphic package? a) A device for printing documents b) A
suite of office applications c) A software designed to edit sound files d) A software designed for
creating and editing images
3. What are some common uses of graphic software packages? a) Cooking recipes and financial
calculations b) Editing music and recording videos c) Designing graphics and enhancing visual
content d) Creating mathematical equations and coding websites
4. In which field might graphic software packages be heavily used? a) Archaeology b) Engineering
c) Graphic design d) Astrophysics
5. Which of the following is an example of a popular graphic software package used for image
editing? a) Microsoft Excel b) Adobe Photoshop c) Microsoft Word d) Google Chrome
6. Which software is commonly used for creating vector graphics and illustrations? a) Microsoft
PowerPoint b) Adobe Illustrator c) Microsoft Access d) Mozilla Firefox
7. What is the primary purpose of a graphic package? a) Managing financial transactions b)
Organizing emails and contacts c) Creating and manipulating visual elements d) Playing video
games
8. Which software type is specifically designed for working with images, illustrations, and visual
content? a) Spreadsheet software b) Word processing software c) Graphic software package d)
Video editing software
9. What is a common application of graphic software packages? a) Calculating mathematical
equations b) Writing novels and stories c) Designing logos and posters d) Analyzing scientific
data
10. In which profession might a graphic software package be essential for creating appealing visual
materials? a) Accountant b) Historian c) Graphic designer d) Geologist

FILL IN THE GAP

1. A graphic package is software designed for creating and manipulating ________________
elements.

2. Graphic packages are used to edit and enhance images, illustrations, and other types of
________________ content.

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 3. These software tools provide a range of features to adjust colors, apply effects, and improve
the overall ________________ of visuals.

4. Graphic packages are essential for professionals in fields such as graphic design, advertising,
and ________________ production.

5. Adobe Photoshop and CorelDRAW are examples of well-known graphic software

________________.

6. Graphic software packages are widely used in design to create visually appealing
________________ materials.

7. One of the primary uses of graphic software packages is in logo design and creating
________________ visuals.

8. In the field of digital art, graphic software packages allow artists to create intricate and
imaginative ________________.

9. Graphic software packages are valuable for enhancing visuals used on websites and
________________ media.

10. Photo retouching and manipulation are common applications of graphic software packages in
the field of ________________.

ESSAY
1. List any two online graphic package application
2. List 5 uses of graphic package application
3. Who is a graphics designer?
4. List 5 keyboard shortcuts that can be used in Corel Draw
5. List any 5 toolbars in Corel Draw

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

1. Graphic Design: Creating logos, posters, brochures, flyers, and other marketing materials.
2. Illustration: Crafting digital illustrations, character designs, and vector graphics.
3. Photo Editing: Enhancing and retouching photographs, applying filters, and adjusting colors.
4. Web Design: Designing website layouts, user interfaces (UI), and web graphics.
5. Animation: Crafting 2D or 3D animations for movies, games, and online content.
6. Print Design: Designing layouts for magazines, newspapers, books, and other printed
materials.
7. Digital Art: Creating digital paintings, concept art, and multimedia artworks.
8. Architectural Visualization: Creating visual representations of architectural designs.
9. CAD (Computer-Aided Design): Designing models for engineering, architecture, and
manufacturing.
10. Video Editing: Incorporating graphics, titles, and effects into videos.
11. User Experience (UX) Design: Designing interfaces with a focus on user interactions and
usability.

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 12. Adobe Creative Cloud: A suite of applications including Photoshop (photo editing), Illustrator
(vector design), InDesign (print layout), After Effects (motion graphics), and more.
13. CorelDRAW Graphics Suite: A comprehensive package for vector illustration, layout design,
and photo editing.
14. GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program): An open-source alternative to Photoshop for
image manipulation and editing.
15. Affinity Suite: Includes Affinity Designer (vector graphics), Affinity Photo (photo editing), and
Affinity Publisher (desktop publishing).
16. Autodesk AutoCAD: Industry-standard CAD software for 2D and 3D design and drafting.
17. Blender: Open-source software for 3D modeling, animation, and rendering.
18. Procreate: A popular digital painting app for creating illustrations and artworks on iPads.
19. Sketch: A vector-based design tool for creating user interfaces and web designs.
20. Canva: An online platform for creating graphic designs, presentations, and social media
graphics.

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

ACROSS

2. The process of arranging and combining visual elements.

4. A software used for creating and editing graphics.
6. An image made up of pixels.
7. A design that repeats to fill an area.

DOWN

1. A tool that helps create curved lines.

3. The color model used for displays and screens.
5. The space between elements in a design.
• INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:"The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." - Lao Tzu

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WEEK:2

TOPIC: Graphic Packages 2

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of this topic, students should be able to:
1. Understand the role of CorelDRAW in graphic design
2. Familiar with CorelDRAW key components and tools
3. Recognize the importance of specialized graphic applications in addressing specific design
challenges across various industries.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR:The students are familiar with the concept of graphic design and have a basic
understanding of various graphic software applications

Sub-topic 1
Meaning of Corel Draw
Corel Draw is a graphic package used mainly for automating artistic functions and designing high
quality graphics using conventional lines, basic shapes, symbols and logos. CorelDraw was
developed by Corel Corporation Ottawa, Canada in June 1985. The latest version that makes the
sixteenth versions (i.e. CorelDraw X6) was released in March 2012.

Uses of CorelDraw
1. CorelDraw provides users with different tools to create original images or drastically edit them.
2. CorelDraw is also compatible with other program in the Corel Draw Graphics suite, such as
Corel Photo-Paint
3. CorelDraw is used to create logos
4. To create complex drawing
5. To create professional world brochure

Loading Corel Draw

➢ Click start button on the task bar
➢ Click all programs
➢ Click Corel graphic suites (installed)
➢ Click CorelDraw (version type available)
OR
Double click on Corel Draw ICON on the Desktop or taskbar if available.

PRACTICE EXERCISE
Fill in the gap questions
1. CorelDRAW is a software developed by ________, used for creating and editing vector
graphics.
2. To create a new document in CorelDRAW, press __________.
3. The shortcut _____ is used to open an existing file in CorelDRAW.
4. If you want to save your current project, use the shortcut _______.
5. To quickly undo your last action, press _____ in CorelDRAW.

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 Theory
1. What is CorelDRAW
2. List two uses of CorelDRAW
3. List the steps involved in opening CorelDRAW
SUB-TOPIC 2:
Sub-topic 2
Components of Corel Draw
After loading Corel Draw it brings you to an environment with a blank/white background or drawing
window with a rectangular box where your drawing is created. This environment displays the following
features or components.

COMPONENTS OR FEATURES OF CORELDRAW ENVIRONMENT

1. Title Bar: It displays application name and file name at the top of the package.
2. Menu Bar: It displays the various command use to work on the program.
3. Page Layout: This is a workspace for user’s work, otherwise known as printable page.
4. Standard Tool Bar: This bar contains icon and commands for performing operations on
documents.
5. Status Bar: It displays detailed information about programs selected.
6. Ruler: This is used for measuring objects in order to obtain accurate size. There are two types:
horizontal and vertical.
7. Properties Bar: It displays detailed information about graphic/text selected.
8. Scroll Bar: They are used for scrolling page layout/work in the desired direction (Horizontal
and Vertical)
9. Colour Palette: It displays various colours used for colouring any selected object/text.
10. Tool Box: This contains the tools used to create, fill, and modify your drawing.
11. Document Navigator: it allows movement, quick view or move from one work area to another.
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12. Docker: A window containing available commands and settings relevant to a specific tool or
task.
13. Navigator: A button at the lower-right corner that opens a smaller display to help you move
around a drawing.

TOOL BOX
Toolbox appears on the left corner of the publication window. It is used to display tool/icon
for performing different operations on the screen.
1. Pick Tool
2. Shape tool
3. Crop tool
4. Zoom tool
5. Freehand tool
6. Smart Fill tool
7. Rectangular tool
8. Ellipse tool
9. Polygon tool
10. Basic shape tool
11. Text tool
12. Interactive blend tool
13. Eyedropper tool
14. Pen tool
15. Fill tool
16. Interactive fill tool

NOTE: Treat each tool above one after other in detail.

CorelDraw Menu
This consists of eleven menus. They are: File, Edit, View, Layout, Arrange, Effect, Bitmap, Text,
Tools, Windows and Help

File:The File menu contains options for creating new documents, opening existing files, saving and
exporting projects in different formats, printing designs, and managing document properties.

Edit:In the Edit menu, users can find commands related to copying, cutting, and pasting objects, as
well as undoing and redoing actions. It also includes options for finding and replacing content within
the document.

View:The View menu provides tools for adjusting the way you see your document, such as zooming
in and out, toggling grid and guidelines visibility, and arranging multiple documents or pages.

Layout:This menu includes options for setting up the page layout, managing layers, aligning and
distributing objects, and adjusting rulers and page guides.

Arrange:In the Arrange menu, users can control the stacking order of objects (bringing to front or
sending to back), grouping and ungrouping objects, aligning and distributing objects precisely, and
transforming objects.

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Effect:The Effect menu offers a range of creative options to apply various effects to objects, such as
applying 3D effects, blending objects, and creating interactive features.

Bitmap:This menu is focused on bitmap editing and manipulation. It provides tools for cropping,
adjusting color and brightness, applying filters, and converting vector objects to bitmaps.

Text:The Text menu includes options for formatting and editing text, such as changing font styles,
alignment, and spacing. Users can also access advanced typography features.

Tools:In the Tools menu, users can select different tools for drawing, editing, shaping, and
transforming objects. This menu is central to the creative process.

Windows:The Windows menu facilitates managing the interface layout. Users can arrange open
documents, access dockers (panels), and customize the workspace according to their preferences.

Help:The Help menu provides access to resources like user guides, tutorials, and online support.
Users can also check for software updates and access information about the program.

SPECIALISED GRAPHIC APPLICATIONS

There are other specialized Graphic Applications used in other field of endeavours, namely;
• Paint programs used to create rough free hand drawings and can be edited using bitmap.
• Illustration/design programs are used drawing curved lines and its images are stored in
vector based formats.
• Presentation graphics Software used for creating bar charts, pie charts and graphics for
slide shows and reports.
• Animation software enables you to chain and sequence a series of images to simulate
movement.
• CAD(Computer Aided Design) Software used by engineers and architects to draft designs
• Desktop Publishing allows full set of word processing and fine control of text and graphics.

PRACTICE EXERCISE
Fill in the gap questions
1. The ____ in CorelDRAW contains various tools that allow you to perform tasks like drawing,
selecting, and editing objects.

2. The _____ located below the menu bar provides context-sensitive options for the selected tool or
object.

3. The ____ docker gives you access to a wide range of colors, allowing you to choose and apply
them to your designs.

4. The ____ lets you manage and organize the various layers and objects within your project.

5. The ____ contains essential drawing tools, such as the rectangle, ellipse, and line tools.

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Essay
1. What is the function of pick tool in CorelDRAW?
2. What is the function of curve tool in CorelDRAW?
3. List any tool specialized graphics package software

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following drawing tools would create special effects on texts? A. Smart Art. B.
Shape tool. C. Text box. D. Word Art.
2. Which of the following is not a feature on the drawing tool bar? A. Oval shape. B. line C. Drop
Cap. D. Arc.
3. In graphic packages, the process of removing an unwanted part of an image is known as A..
shaping. B. resizing. C. editing. D. cropping.
4. Magazines and brochures can be produced using a A. data processing software. B. graphic
software. C. presentation software. D. web authoring software.
5. The design output of a graphic package can be in the following file formats except A. rtf B. jpg
C. D. dmp

6. The part labelled II in the diagram above is used to A. shape objects. B. select and transform
objects. C. draw lines and curves. D. create texts.
7. Graphics can be captured using the following devices except A. webcam. B. scanners. C.
joystick D. digital camera.
8. The image below shows CorelDraw tool bar

The part labeled I is used to A. shape objects B. select objects C. draw

lines and curves kD. create texts.
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 9. Figure 3 shows CorelDraw to toll bar. the part labeled III in figure 3 is used to A.
shape objects B. select and transform objects C. search objects D. change the windows
10. The PowerClip feature in CorelDRAW is used to: A) Clip images to specific shapes B) Apply
complex gradients to objects C) Adjust brightness and contrast D) Create custom brushes

FILL IN THE GAP

1. The ________ in CorelDRAW is commonly used for freehand drawing and sketching.
2. To duplicate an object in CorelDRAW, you can use the shortcut ____.
3. The ______ allows you to apply 3D effects to text and objects in CorelDRAW.
4. The feature that allows you to create text that follows a curved path is the ______.
5. _______in typography refers to adjusting the space between letters in a text.
6. The ______ feature in CorelDRAW is used to clip images to specific shapes.
7. The tool used to create smooth transitions between two objects is the ______.
8. The __________ Tool in CorelDRAW allows you to add outlines with varying thickness to
objects.
9. The file format commonly used for exporting vector graphics from CorelDRAW while retaining
print quality is ______.
10. The tool in CorelDRAW that allows you to adjust the perspective of an object is the _______.

ESSAY
1.State the keyboard shortcut keys to rotate an object in CorelDraw
2. State the keyboard shortcut keys to position an object in CorelDraw
3. Outline the steps to inserting a circular shape in CorelDraw application
4. Outline the steps to adding the caption “Happy Birthday” into the circular shape in no (3)
5. List any five options from the file menu in CorelDRAW

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

1. Workspace: CorelDRAW has a customizable workspace that includes menus, toolbars,

and panels, which allow users to access various features and tools.
2. Drawing Tools: CorelDRAW offers a range of drawing tools such as the Pen tool, Bezier
tool, Shape tools, and Freehand tool. These tools help create and edit vector shapes and
paths.
3. Color Management: CorelDRAW provides tools for selecting and managing colors,
including color palettes, swatches, and color harmonies.
4. Text Tools: Users can add and manipulate text using the Text tool. CorelDRAW supports
various font styles, sizes, and effects.
5. Effects and Filters: The software includes a variety of effects and filters that can be
applied to objects, such as drop shadows, transparency, and distortion.
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 6. Layers: CorelDRAW supports layer-based editing, allowing users to organize and
manipulate elements on different layers for better control over the design.
7. Image Tracing: CorelDRAW can convert raster images (bitmap) into editable vector
graphics through its image tracing feature.
8. Export and Import: CorelDRAW supports various file formats for exporting and importing
designs, ensuring compatibility with other software and platforms.
9. Print and Output: The software offers tools for preparing designs for print, including
options for color separations and print previews.
10. Adobe Illustrator: A vector graphics editor used for creating illustrations, logos, and other
vector-based artwork. It's widely used in professional graphic design.
11. Adobe Photoshop: A raster graphics editor primarily used for image manipulation,
retouching, and photo editing. It's commonly used by photographers and digital artists.
12. AutoCAD: A computer-aided design (CAD) software used in architecture, engineering, and
construction for creating precise technical drawings.
13. Blender: A 3D computer graphics software used for creating animations, visual effects, and
3D models. It's popular among 3D artists and animators.
14. SketchUp: A 3D modeling software known for its intuitive interface, used for architectural
and interior design, as well as for creating 3D models.
15. InDesign: A desktop publishing application used for creating layouts for print and digital
media, such as magazines, brochures, and eBooks.
16. Brush: A digital sculpting tool used for creating highly detailed 3D models, particularly in
the realm of character design and digital art.
17. CADSTAR: A specialized software for electronic design automation (EDA) and printed
circuit board (PCB) design.
18. Maya: A 3D animation and modeling software widely used in the entertainment industry for
creating visual effects, animations, and games.
19. Procreate: A digital painting app designed for creating artwork on tablets and mobile
devices, popular among digital artists and illustrators.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES: "Your education is a passport to the future; tomorrow belongs to

those who prepare for it today."

WEEK 3
TOPIC: COREL DRAW PRACTICAL
COREL DRAW SHORTCUT

General Shortcuts:

Ctrl + N: New document

Ctrl + O: Open a file
Ctrl + S: Save the current document
Ctrl + Z: Undo
Ctrl + Y: Redo

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Ctrl + X: Cut
Ctrl + C: Copy
Ctrl + V: Paste
Ctrl + A: Select all objects
Delete: Delete selected object(s)
Ctrl + P: Print
Ctrl + F: Find and replace

Navigation and Zoom:

Spacebar: Hand tool (temporary access)
Ctrl + Spacebar: Zoom tool (temporary access)
Ctrl + +: Zoom in
Ctrl + -: Zoom out
Ctrl + 0: Fit page in window

Working with Objects:

Ctrl + D: Duplicate selected object(s)
Ctrl + L: Lock selected object(s)
Ctrl + Shift + L: Unlock all objects
Ctrl + G: Group selected objects
Ctrl + U: Ungroup selected group
Ctrl + PgUp: Bring object to front
Ctrl + PgDn: Send object to back
Ctrl + Shift + C: Convert text to curves
Ctrl + Shift + Q: Convert to curves (shapes)
Ctrl + B: Apply or remove outline

Text Formatting:
Ctrl + B: Bold text
Ctrl + I: Italicize text
Ctrl + U: Underline text
Ctrl + Shift + >: Increase font size
Ctrl + Shift + <: Decrease font size
Ctrl + Shift + A: Align left
Ctrl + Shift + C: Center align
Ctrl + Shift + R: Align right
Ctrl + Shift + J: Justify text

Working with Colors:

Ctrl + F11: Open the Color Palette
Alt + Shift + C: Pick color from image
Alt + Click: Eyedropper tool (select color from the screen)
Ctrl + I: Invert colors of a bitmap image

Working with Lines and Curves:

Ctrl + L: Convert line to curve
Shift + F3: Smooth selected nodes

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Ctrl + F3: Cusp selected nodes
Ctrl + Shift + F3: Symmetrical (smooth) nodes
Ctrl + B: Break curve apart

1. Steps for Page Setup Settings:

Open CorelDRAW.
Go to the "File" menu and select "New" to create a new document.
In the "New Document" dialog box, set your desired page size, orientation, and other settings.
Click "OK" to create the new document with your chosen page setup.

2. Using the Text Tool (Paragraph and Artistic Text):

Select the "Text" tool from the left toolbar.
Click on the canvas to create a text box.
Type your text into the text box.

3. To use Paragraph Text:

Click and drag to create a text box of a specific size.
Your text will wrap within the box, and you can adjust alignment and spacing.

4. To use Artistic Text:

Click once on the canvas.
Your text will appear as a single line. You can adjust its position and size.

5. Fit Text to Path:

Create a path (e.g., draw a curve using the Pen tool).
Select both the path and the text.
Go to "Text" in the top menu, then select "Fit Text to Path."
The text will now follow the shape of the path.

6. Mirror:
Select the object you want to mirror.
Go to "Arrange" in the top menu, then select "Transformations."
Choose "Mirror" and select the desired mirror axis.

7. Rotation:
Select the object you want to rotate.
Click and drag the rotation handle located above the object.
Alternatively, go to "Arrange," then "Transformations," and select "Rotate."

8. Power Clipping:
Create a shape (e.g., rectangle) that you want to use as a container.
Place the shape over the object you want to clip (keep the shape above the object).
Select both the shape and the object.
Go to "Effects" in the top menu, then select "PowerClip" and "Place Inside Frame."

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 9. Outlines:
Select the object with a fill that you want to outline.
Go to "Object" in the top menu, then select "Convert to Curves" (Ctrl + Q).
Go to "Object," then "Outline," and choose your desired outline width.

TEST OF PRACTICAL

1. Outline the steps to perform the following actions in CorelDraw application:

(i) Inserting a circular shape
(ii) Adding the caption “Happy Birthday”
(iii) Changing the colour of the caption to Red
(iv) Fitting the caption around the circular object.

2. Fig 2: Reproduce the figure above and list the steps

involved in placing the text in between the circles

3. Design the ID-Card below:

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 Application:
I. Dimension of the card is 2.5inches by 3.5inches
II. Add any logo of your choice at the top left side of the id card
III. Change the title to DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL
IV. Change the name to your full name
V. Use any font size and your desired font style

WEEK 4: COREL DRAW PRACTICAL Continues

More Practical Section (Students should be guided to perform the following using CorelDraw)

• Design a Letter head using CorelDraw.

• Design Flag of Nigeria

• Design a Wedding Card

• Create the Logo of DLHS

• Design a Birthday Card

• Create MTN Logo

• Create and Design a Business Card

• Create Airtel Logo

• Invitation Card

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WEEK: FIVE
TOPIC: MAINTENANCE OF COMPUTER I

LESSON OBJECTIVES:By the end of the topic, students should be able to:
1. define computer maintenance;
2. identify and describe four (4) types of computer maintenance;
3. list some common general cleaning tips for computer systems;
4. identify various cleaning tools used in cleaning computer systems;
5. Explain the proper handling practices and procedures for cleaning for DVDs, CD-ROMs and
CD disc;

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR:The students have been taught computer system and know about basic
hygiene including basic safety measures when handling electronics.

SUB-TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER MAINTENANCE

CONTENT:
Maintenancerefers to the set of activities and practices carried out to keep equipment, systems, or
structures in a functional and operational state.

Computer Maintenance: is the proactive practice of ensuring that computers and related hardware
components function effectively and efficiently over time. It involves a set of activities and procedures
aimed at preventing hardware and software issues, optimizing performance, and extending the
lifespan of computers. Regular computer maintenance can help prevent system crashes, data loss,
and other technical problems that can disrupt your work or entertainment activities.

CATEGORIES (TYPES) OF COMPUTER MAINTENANCE

1. Preventive Maintenance:
Preventive maintenance: involves proactive measures taken to prevent potential issues before
they occur. The goal is to minimize the chances of hardware failures, software glitches, and
security breaches.
2. Corrective Maintenance:
Corrective maintenance is carried out in response to identified issues or problems within the
system. This type of maintenance focuses on fixing errors, bugs, and unexpected failures.
3. Adaptive Maintenance:
Adaptive maintenance involves making changes to the system to accommodate evolving
technological requirements, user needs, or changes in the operational environment. This type
of maintenance is important for ensuring the system remains relevant and effective over time.
4. Perfective Maintenance:

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 Perfective maintenance aims to enhance the system's performance, efficiency, and usability by
refining and optimizing its functionalities. This type of maintenance is focused on improving the
system's overall quality and user experience.

PRACTICE EXERCISE
FILL IN THE GAP QUESTIONS
1. The purpose of __________maintenance is to fix errors, bugs, and unexpected failures within
the computer system.
2. System __________ helps identify and resolve issues before they lead to complete failures or
downtime.
3. _________maintenance involves enhancing the system's performance, efficiency, and user
experience.
4. The practice of regularly updating operating systems, drivers, and software applications is part
of __________maintenance.
5. One of the goals of computer system maintenance is to ensure the __________of data in case
of hardware failures or data corruption.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. How does adaptive maintenance differ from other types of maintenance?
2. What role do software updates and patches play in maintenance?
3. How does preventive maintenance contribute to the longevity of computer hardware?

SUB-TOPIC 2: GENERAL CLEANING OF THE COMPUTER

CONTENT
Cleaning generally is the process and act of keeping ones computer, its components and other
related peripheral devices in good condition free from dust and debris for proper functioning to avoid
mal-function, sudden breakdown and encourage its longevity.

General Cleaning Tips

I. Always turn off your computer and unplug all external component before cleaning.
II. Never use liquids directly on your computer components. Use specialized electronics cleaning
solutions or isopropyl alcohol (70% or higher) applied to a microfiber cloth for gentle cleaning.
III. Use compressed air which is excellent for removing dust and debris from hard-to-reach
places.
IV. Organize cables to improve airflow and make cleaning easier. Velcro straps or cable sleeves
can help keep cables tidy.
V. Ensure that the ventilation areas of your computer, such as fans and air intakes, are clean
and unobstructed so as to help for proper airflow.

Tools for cleaning Computer Hardware

1. Compressed Air Can
2. Electronics Cleaning Solution
3. Isopropyl Alcohol
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 4. Microfiber Cloths
5. Soft Brushes
6. Lint-Free Swabs
7. Vacuum Cleaner with Brush Attachment
8. Anti-Static Wrist Strap
9. DVD or CD-ROM cleaner

Remember that safety is a priority. If you're uncomfortable with opening your computer case or
cleaning specific components, it's best to consult a professional technician. Regular cleaning can
significantly improve your computer's performance and extend its lifespan.

PRACTICE EXERCISE
FILL IN THE GAP QUESTIONS
1. __________ is a handy tool for blowing away dust and debris from hard-to-reach areas within
your computer.
2. To prevent scratching delicate surfaces, use __________ cloths for wiping down screens and
components.
3. An________ strap can help prevent electrostatic discharge when working inside your
computer case. To organize cables and improve airflow, consider using ________ straps or
cable sleeves.
4. Regularly cleaning the ventilation areas of your computer, such as fans and air intakes, helps
maintain proper ________.
5. Isopropyl alcohol with a concentration of 70% or higher can be used on a cloth to clean
surfaces without leaving ________.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What's the initial safety step before cleaning a computer system?
2. Why might it be best to consult a professional technician for computer cleaning in some
cases?
3. What is the significance of regularly cleaning ventilation areas like fans and air intakes?

SUB-TOPIC 3: DVD & CD-ROM CLEANING

CONTENT
Cleaning DVDs (Digital Versatile Discs) and CD-ROMs (Compact Discs - Read-Only Memory) is
essential to maintain their playback quality and longevity. So, proper handling and cleaning is
necessary.

CLEANING DVD & CD-ROM DRIVES

PROCEDURES
• Always hold the disc by its edges or center hole to avoid touching the data side (shiny side).
Fingerprints and smudges can interfere with reading.
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 • Purchase a DVD or CD-ROM cleaner from a local radio shack
• Use the DVD or CD-ROM cleaner on the mal-functioning drive.
• A damp piece of cloth can also be used by removing the disc tray gently, clean and allow the
tray to dry before pushing the tray in.

CLEANING DVD & CD DISC

Dirty DVD and CD disc could cause an error in disc reading which affects it from been read. So,
proper handling and care is necessary.

PROCEDURES
• Get a cleaning kit for effective cleaning of disc
• A piece of normal clean cotton cloth could be used to wipe against the track starting from the
middle of the CD or DVD.
For tough dirt, light use of water or pure spirit could be used

PRACTICE EXERCISE
FILL IN THE GAP QUESTIONS
1. Fingerprints and smudges on the data side of a disc can ______________.
2. ______________ is essential to maintain the playback quality and longevity of DVDs and CD-
ROMs.
3. To avoid interfering with reading, it's important to ______________ when holding a disc.
4. To clean a DVD or CD tray, a damp piece of cloth can be used; make sure to let the tray
______________ before closing it.
5. Where do we purchase a DVD or CD-ROM cleaner?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What can be used for tough dirt on a disc, aside from a cleaning kit?
2. Why might cleaning a DVD or CD disc be necessary?
3. What's the potential issue with fingerprints and smudges on a DVD or CD-ROM?

CONCLUSION
In summary, computer system maintenance and cleaning are essential practices that contribute to the
optimal performance, reliability, and durability of electronic devices. Preventive, corrective, adaptive,
and perfective maintenance strategies help address issues proactively, enhance security, and
accommodate technological changes. Regular cleaning, using appropriate tools and techniques,
prevents the accumulation of dust and debris that can lead to hardware problems and compromised
functionality. Together, these practices ensure a smoother user experience, extend the life of devices,
minimize downtime, and preserve the value of technology investments.

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TOPICAL TEST
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. ‘Which of the following is not a preventive maintenance measure?
A. Regular update of the operating system. B. Proper shut down of the system.
C. Use of uninterrupted power supply. D. Data recovery. [WAEC 2015/29]
2. Routine check operations on computers in order to ensure its continued functioning is known
as computer
A. services. B. repairs.
C. maintenance D. installation. [WAEC 2016/27]
3. Which of the following is one of the tools used to maintain the computer?
A. slower. B. Calliper.
C. Cotton wool. D. Kerosine. [WAEC 2012/2]
4. The proactive maintenance of computer equipment before a fault or failure occurs is called a
A. corrective maintenance B. predictive maintenance
C. preventive maintenance D. preservative maintenance. [WAEC
2018/27]
5. In computer maintenance, the dampen material can be used on the following devices except
A. DVD B. keyboard
C. mouse D. screen. [WAEC 2019/27]
6. Dust from the system unit casing can get removed using the following except
A. antistatic wipes B. cotton wool
C. static wipes D. wet cloth. [WAEC 2019/28]
7. One characteristic of a dirty mouse is that the mouse
A. is not recognized by the system B. un-mounts itself from the system
C. pointer changes appearances D. pointer moves erratically. [WAEC 2020/28]
8. A desktop computer is switched on and the monitor displays an error message which reads:
No input signal. The likely cause of this error is
A. defective monitor B. disconnected VGA
C. low memory D. power failure [WAEC 2022/28]
9. Preventive maintenance measures in the computer room do not include
A. good ventilation B. proper illumination
C. The use of rugs D. the use of tiles [WAEC 2022/31]
10. A good computer maintenance practice entails
A. washing the dusty computer parts with soap and d water
B. keeping computers exposed to sunlight to dry the body
C. cleaning the display unit with methylated spirit
D. blowing the system unit with blower. [WAEC 2018/28]

FILL IN THE GAP QUESTIONS

1. __________ involves modifying the system to adapt to new technological requirements or
changing user needs.
2. One of the first steps in cleaning your computer system is to ________ and unplug it to
ensure your safety.

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 3. Regular __________ of hardware components helps prevent dust buildup and overheating,
ensuring optimal performance.
4. ________the cables in your computer setup can make cleaning easier and improve the
overall appearance.
5. Software __________ are important to address security vulnerabilities and ensure the system
remains up-to-date.
6. __________ involves modifying the system to adapt to new technological requirements or
changing user needs.
7. Regularly __________ temporary files and unnecessary software can help free up disk space
and improve system performance.
8. When cleaning your keyboard, use compressed air to blow away debris between the keys,
and for a deeper clean, consider using a mixture of ________ and water.
9. Adaptive maintenance involves modifying the system to accommodate __________
requirements and changing user expectations.
10. When wiping a disc with a cotton cloth, start from the ______________ of the CD or DVD.
ESSAY:
1. Explain the concept of perfective maintenance and its benefits.
2. Examine how regular cleaning impacts computer performance and efficiency.
3. Discuss how dust accumulation affects cooling, fan speed, and overall system functionality.
4. Explain the purpose of using an anti-static wrist strap during computer cleaning.
a. What risks does electrostatic discharge pose to computer components, and
b. how can proper tools mitigate these risks?
5. Elaborate on the importance of proper handling when cleaning CD-ROMs and DVDs.
a. Why is it crucial to avoid touching the data side of these optical discs?
b. Discuss the potential consequences of mishandling.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

1. Abrasive: Materials that are rough and can cause damage to delicate surfaces or
components.
2. Adaptive Maintenance: Modifying a computer system to accommodate changing
technological requirements or user needs.
3. CD (Compact Disc): A digital optical disc used for storing audio, video, and data. CDs come in
various formats, such as CD-Audio for music and CD-ROM for data storage.
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 4. CD Cleaning Kit: A package containing tools and solutions specifically designed for safely
cleaning CDs to improve playback quality.
5. CD-ROM (Compact Disc - Read-Only Memory): A type of optical disc that can only be read,
not written or erased. CD-ROMs contain data that can be accessed by computers and other
devices.
6. Cleaning Kit: A package containing tools and solutions designed for effectively cleaning discs
and drives.
7. Compressed Air: Pressurized air used to blow away dust and debris from components and
hard-to-reach areas.
8. Corrective Maintenance: Actions taken to identify, diagnose, and fix errors, bugs, or failures
in a computer system.
9. Cotton Swab: A small stick with cotton at one end, used for cleaning delicate parts like the
laser lens.
10. DVD (Digital Versatile Disc): An optical disc technology used for storing and playing back
digital audio, video, and data. DVDs have higher storage capacity compared to CDs.
11. Hygiene: Practices and procedures aimed at maintaining cleanliness and preventing
contamination.
12. Isopropyl Alcohol: A cleaning solution with a high concentration of alcohol, used for cleaning
without leaving residue.
13. Maintenance: The process of ensuring the proper functioning, reliability, and security of
computer systems.
14. Microfiber Cloth: A soft and lint-free cloth used for wiping down screens and delicate
surfaces.
15. Optical Drive: A hardware component that reads and writes data to optical discs such as
DVDs and CDs.
16. Perfective Maintenance: Enhancing a system's performance and quality by optimizing
functionalities and adding new features.
17. Playback Quality: The level of audio or video quality when playing a disc in an optical drive.
18. Preventive Maintenance: Proactive measures taken to prevent issues, errors, or failures
before they occur in a computer system.
19. Pure Spirit: Highly refined alcohol used for cleaning purposes, often mixed with water.
20. Read Error: An issue that occurs when the laser lens of an optical disc drive cannot properly
read the data on a disc, leading to playback problems.
21. Tray: The part of an optical drive that holds and ejects discs.
22. Ventilation: The process of allowing air to circulate around computer components to prevent
overheating.

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

1. I am something that you should do when your computer is running slowly,

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 Or when you are having problems with it.
I can help to fix problems,
And improve the performance of your computer.
What am I?
Answer: Computer troubleshooting
2. Riddle: The Tech Guardian's Challenge

I am a keeper of machines, both sleek and tall,

Preventing their downfall, I heed the call.
Four types I embody, distinct in their aim,
To keep systems healthy, free from all blame.

Preventive is my first, the guardian unseen,

Stopping issues before, where they might have been.
Corrective I am, when errors appear,
Diagnosing and solving, so systems can cheer.

Adaptive is my nature, I change with the tide,

Adjusting and evolving, no challenge I hide.
Perfective is my touch, enhancing what's there,
Optimizing performance, a tech dream so rare.

When dust gathers round, I clean with due care,

Tools of all kinds, for surfaces and air.
A cloth of fine fibers, gentle yet strong,
Compressed air's whisper, removing what's wrong.

From isopropyl's touch to brushes so soft,

I help systems endure, no matter how oft.
In the world of tech, I'm the puzzle to solve,
Who am I, the one who helps systems evolve?

Answer: Maintenance Guardian

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
"Prevention is better than cure."
"Cleanliness is next to godliness."

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WEEK: 6
TOPIC: MAINTENANCE OF COMPUTER II

LESSON OBJECTIVES:By the end of the lessons, the students should be able to:
1. identify when computer batteries are due for charging and replacement;
2. define hardware maintenance and identify some hardware maintenance tips;
3. define software maintenance and identify some software maintenance tips.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR:Students have been taught the topics of computer software and hardware,
hence they are familiar with the importance of keeping the physical parts clean and performing
regular updates of the software to increase their computer's lifespan. Additionally, they use their
computers for learning activities, which makes them aware that their computers rely on batteries.

SUB TOPIC 1:BATTERY CHARGING AND REPLACEMENT

CONTENT:
CHARGING OF BATTERY
The frequent and long usage of battery could cause depletion of its life cycle because most battery is
made with Lead acid, lithium and gel-cel which make them vulnerable and prone to failure. Hence,
making replacement inevitable, at least once in 6 months perform battery sensor re-calibration. To
maintain a heathy battery life, it is advised to not overcharge batteries, occasionally allow batteries to
completely discharge and practice charging laptops fully then unplug from power source before
usage.

REPLACECEMENT OF BATTERY (UPS BATTERY AS AN EXAMPLE)

Replacement of battery solely depends on the in-built low battery alarm which runs a periodic self-
test and alert one when replacement is needed. At times, some batteries trigger false alarm
occasionally UPS self-test could be used to correct that.

Also, when a battery displays epileptic and flashing panel light alarm repeatedly, it shows a bad
battery and calls for replacement.
Note: It is better to wait for battery alarm to trigger before ordering a replacement because keeping
batteries on shelves reduces its life span or cycle except fully charged.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
FILL IN THE GAP QUESTIONS:
1. Batteries should be ____ when it is not in use.
2. _______ is the most common type of laptop battery.
3. Batteries should not be ______ for long periods of time.
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 4. Avoid ____charging and deep ____your battery.
5. ______your battery when needed.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

1. List three (3) types of laptop batteries.
2. What are the 3 most important things to do to extend the life of your laptop battery?
3. How do you know when it's time to replace your laptop battery?

SUB-TOPIC 2: Details of Hardware Maintenance

CONTENT:
Computer hardware maintenance involves the regular upkeep and servicing of physical components
and devices that make up a computer system. Proper hardware maintenance is crucial to ensure the
reliable and efficient functioning of computers, prevent hardware failures, and extend the lifespan of
the equipment.

Hardware Maintenance tips

1. Do not allow heat and moisture on your system
2. Clean the computer case and clear its ventilation ports of any obstruction.
3. Keep a neat key board, turn the keyboard upside down and shake it to clear the crumbs from
between the keys. If that doesn’t suffice blast it briefly with compressed air. If the keys stick or
your keyboard really dirty, pry it off for easier cleaning.
4. Make your monitor sparkle by wiping the monitor case and clear its vents of obstruction,
without pushing into its unit.
5. Check your power protection.
6. Wipe your CD and DVD media gently with a moistened, soft cloth.
7. Use antistatic wipes for inside the system cleaning.
8. Avoid touching any part of the circuit board surface with your hand.
9. Replace CMOS battery when your time indicator losses.

PRACTICE EXERCISE
FILL IN THE GAP QUESTIONS:
1. Computer hardware maintenance involves the regular upkeep and servicing of ______
components and devices that make up a computer system.
2. One of the hardware maintenance tips is to clean the computer case and clear its _______
ports of any obstruction.
3. If the keys on your keyboard stick or it's particularly dirty, you can pry them off for easier
cleaning or blast it with __________.

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 4. When cleaning inside the system, it's recommended to use ________ wipes to avoid static
buildup.
5. To avoid damaging components, it's important to never touch any part of the _________
surface with your hand.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

1. Why are antistatic wipes recommended for cleaning inside the computer system?
2. Why are antistatic wipes recommended for cleaning inside the computer system?
3. Why is it important to avoid heat and moisture around your computer system?

SUB-TOPIC 3:Details of Software Maintenance

CONTENT
Computer software maintenance refers to the process of managing and improving software
applications after they have been deployed and are in use by end-users. It involves various activities
aimed at ensuring the software's functionality, reliability, security, and performance throughout its
lifecycle.
Software Maintenance Tips:
1. First backup all your file on a regular basis

2. Make use of a good antivirus program.

3. Use a registry cleaner regularly for the good health of the PC.

4. Clean temporary internet files from time to time.

5. Give your PC a periodic checkup with a good hardware diagnostic utility

6. Use registry mechanic

7. Defragment your hard drive at regular intervals, this allows data to be crammed on the disk
and free the maximum space available on the computer.

8. Start windows in safe mode when there is a trouble booting.

PRACTICE EXERCISE
FILL IN THE GAP QUESTIONS:
1. Performing a periodic checkup using a good hardware _________ utility can help identify
potential issues.
2. Using a _______ regularly can contribute to the overall health of your PC by optimizing the
registry.
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 3. When encountering booting troubles, it can be helpful to start Windows in ________.
4. To ensure data safety, it's recommended to ________ all your files on a regular basis.
5. ________your hard drive at regular intervals can help optimize data storage and improve
system performance.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

1. State two (2) benefits of software maintenance.
2. What does software maintenance refer to?
3. Explain the significance of defragmenting a hard drive in software maintenance.

CONCLUSION
Maintaining the health and performance of batteries and computer systems requires a comprehensive
approach. Proper battery charging practices, such as avoiding overcharging and periodic discharging,
can extend battery life. Recognizing low battery alarms and conducting regular self-tests are crucial
for timely battery replacement. For software maintenance, practices like regular backups, antivirus
usage, and registry cleaning ensure optimal software functionality. Hardware maintenance involves
preventing heat and moisture, cleaning computer components, and using antistatic wipes. Employing
these practices collectively enhances the longevity and efficiency of both batteries and computer
systems, ensuring reliable and smooth operation.

TOPICAL TEST:(10 multiple Choice Questions, 10 fill in the gap questions and 5 essay question)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. One precautionary measures taken when cleaning as monitor is
A. plugging of power supply cable
B. spraying a window cleaner on the monitor
C. unplugging the power supply cable
D. using a vacuum cleaner to clean monitor casing [WAEC 2021/28].
2. The erratic movement of the mouse is usually caused by
A. damaged driver
B. dirty mouse ball
C. improper connection of mouse cable
D. outdated driver [WAEC 2021/28].
3. Corrective maintenance of software refers to
A. modifications initiated due to defects in software
B. making software easier to understand
C. enhancement aimed at making the product faster
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 D. deploying the software to a different hardware platform.[WAEC 2022/27].
4. A desktop computer is switched on and the monitor displays an error message which reads:
No input signal. The likely cause of this error is
A. defective monitor C. low memory
B. disconnected VGA D. power failure [WAEC 2022/28].
5. What materials are commonly used in making batteries, making them vulnerable to failure?
A. Copper and Zinc C. Nickel and Aluminum
B. Lead acid, lithium, and gel-cel D. Silver and Gold
6. What is the main goal of computer software maintenance?
A. Developing new software applications
B. Ensuring reliable internet connection
C. Managing and improving software after deployment
D. Upgrading hardware components
7. When is it advisable to order a replacement battery?
A. As soon as you notice any issues
B. Before the battery alarm triggers
C. After the battery has completely discharged
D. Whenever there's an option to buy a new battery
8. What should you avoid touching when conducting hardware maintenance?
A. Circuit board surface C. Keyboard keys
B. Monitor screen D. CD and DVD media
9. To maintain a healthy battery life, what is advised about overcharging batteries?
A. Overcharge them regularly
B. Avoid overcharging them
C. Charge them to full capacity daily
D. Overcharging has no impact on battery life
10. How can the life span of a battery be preserved while on shelves?
A. Regularly discharging the battery
B. Keeping the battery fully charged
C. Keeping the battery in a warm environment
D. Waiting for the battery alarm to trigger

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FILL IN THE GAP QUESTIONS
1. If your time indicator starts to lose accuracy, it's time to replace the _______ battery.
2. A _______can be employed for maintaining the optimal performance of your PC's registry.
3. The process of rearranging fragmented data on traditional hard drives is known as
__________.
4. One of the goals of computer software maintenance is to ensure the regular __________ of
data in case of hardware failures or data corruption.
5. Users should be educated about best practices such as __________ on suspicious links and
updating passwords regularly.
6. To protect your system from malware, it's important to make use of a good ____________
program.
7. To prevent hardware failures, it's important to not allow excessive ______ and moisture near
your system
8. When a battery displays epileptic and flashing panel light alarm repeatedly, it shows a bad
battery and calls for replacement. This is called ____.
9. To ensure the good health of your PC's registry, it's suggested to use ____________
mechanic.
10. Regularly cleaning _____________helps maintain the efficiency of your system and prevent
clutter.

ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. (a) Define the term software maintenance
(b) State four importance of software maintenance. [WAEC 2017/4]
2. What is the purpose of disk cleanup in computer maintenance?
3. (a) What role does temperature control play in computer maintenance?
(b) How can routine hardware inspections contribute to computer maintenance?
4. Investigate the factors that influence decisions regarding battery replacement.
5. You are a computer technician working in a repair shop. A customer brings in their computer
because it is not working properly. You diagnose the problem and find that the hard drive is
failing. What are the steps you would take to fix the problem?

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

1. Antistatic Wipes: Cleaning materials designed to prevent static electricity buildup.
2. Antivirus Program: Software designed to detect and remove malware from a computer
system.
3. Backup: Creating copies of data to prevent loss.
4. Battery Sensor Re-calibration: The process of adjusting the battery sensor to ensure
accurate measurement of battery status.
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 5. Boot: The process of starting up a computer system.
6. Circuit Board: A thin board containing electronic components and circuitry.
7. CMOS Battery: A small battery on the motherboard that powers the CMOS memory.
8. Compressed Air: Air pressurized in a canister used for cleaning.
9. Defragment: The process of rearranging data on a hard drive to improve access speed.
10. Depletion: Reduction or decrease in the quantity or level of something, in this context, the
reduction of battery life.
11. Diagnostic Utility: Software that detects and diagnoses issues in a computer system.
12. Discharge: The process of using up the stored energy in a battery.
13. Epileptic: Inconsistent or irregular.
14. False Alarm: A mistaken or inaccurate warning.
15. Flashing Panel Light Alarm: A visual signal in the form of blinking lights.
16. Hardware Maintenance: The practice of keeping physical components and devices of a
computer system in good condition.
17. Keyboard Upside Down: Turning the keyboard with the keys facing downwards.
18. Lifecycle: The stages a software application goes through, from creation to retirement.
19. Lifespan: The period during which something is functional or useful.
20. Low Battery Alarm: An alert indicating that the battery's charge is running low.
21. Monitor Case: The outer casing of a computer monitor.
22. Overcharge: Supplying excess electrical energy to a battery.
23. Performance: The efficiency and speed of software execution.
24. Power Protection: Measures taken to safeguard computer systems from electrical issues.
25. Prone to Failure: Likely to experience malfunction or breakdown.
26. Registry Cleaner: A tool used to optimize and clean the Windows registry.
27. Replacement: Substitution of an old or faulty component with a new one.
28. Safe Mode: A diagnostic startup mode of Windows with minimal functionality.
29. Security: Measures taken to protect software from unauthorized access or harm.
30. Self-test: Automatic evaluation or diagnostic procedure conducted by a device on itself.
31. Software Maintenance: The process of managing and enhancing software applications after
deployment.
32. Ventilation Ports: Openings designed to allow air to flow and cool a computer system.
33. Vulnerable: Susceptible to damage or failure.

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

(Each topic should be enriched with worked examples, images, past WAEC SSCE/NECO SSCE
/ BECE JSCE questions.)
D Z B A T T E R Y W T I
O E R H G C B R N K L L

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B Q F A F H C E V X Z A
A H U R J A J P O W E R
C M B D A R S L V C X D
K Y T W F G G A V H Y H
U P S A R I M C K T O E
P L O R E N X E Z Q A A
A V O E I G D M N X M T
M O I S T U R E S T U B
C H A R G I N N G H E A
H A R D S O F T W A R E
X N O I T A R B I L A C

Words to Find:
1. HARDWARE
2. SOFTWARE
3. BATTERY
4. REPLACEMENT
5. CHARGING
6. DEFRAGMENT
7. CALIBRATION
8. BACKUP
9. HEAT
10. POWER
11. MOISTURE

Remember that words can be arranged in any direction: horizontally, vertically, diagonally,
forwards, or backwards. Happy solving!

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
"Like batteries, we all have cycles of charging and replacing. Our hardware, our vessel, thrives
with attention and care. In the digital realm, software maintenance is the bridge between
imagination and reality. Charge your life, maintain your path, and program your dreams into
existence."

"Replace not just the battery, but also doubts and limitations."
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"In the cycle of charging and replacement, remember that even energy needs renewal."

"Behind every efficient system is a heart of well-maintained hardware and software."

WEEK:8

TOPIC: INDEXES
LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of this topic, students should be able to:
i) define index;
ii) sketch the structure of an index;
iii) state the types of index;
iv) differentiate between clustered and non-clustered index;
v) compare dense and sparse index.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students have seen indexes at the back of their books-chemistry text
book, HiiT Computer book, etc.

SUB-TOPIC 1: Definition of Index

CONTENT:
An index is a pointer to data in a table. An index in a database is very similar to an index in the back
of a book. An index in a database works the same way in that a query is pointed to the exact physical
location of data in a table.

Structure of an index
An index typically has two parts: the search key and the data reference. The Search key contains a
copy of the primary or candidate key of the table. The pointer contains the addresses of the disk
blocks where the values/records of the given key is stored.

Types of Index
i. Clustered vs Non-clustered Indexes
Clustered: is where the table data is physically stored in the order of the keys on the index. It is used
to define the order or sort the table or arrange the data by alphabetical order just like a dictionary. For
all pages-locked tables, rows are stored in key order on pages, and pages are linked in key order. For
data-only-locked tables, indexes are used to direct the storage of data on rows and pages, but strict
key ordering is not maintained. Maximum number of clustered index per table is 1.

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 Clustered Index

ii. Non-clustered: is where the storage order of data in the table is not related to index keys. You can
create only one clustered index on a table because there is only one possible physical ordering of the
data rows. You can create up to 249 non-clustered indexes per table.

Non-clustered Index

Clustered indexes are relatively expensive to maintain when the file is updated. Clustered
indexes are expensive to maintain because data entries may have to be moved across pages, and if
records are identified by a combination of page id and slot, as is often the case, all places in the
database that point to a moved record (typically, entries in other indexes for the same collection of
records) must also be updated to point to the new location; these additional updates can be very time
consuming.

Dense Vs Sparse Indexes

Dense Index point directly to individual records. In indexing, if there is one unique index entry
corresponding to every record it is called dense indexing.
A Sparse Index: this contains index records for only some search key values. Applicable when
records are sequentially ordered on search key.

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 A data file of records with three fields (name, age, and sales) is shown with two simple indexes
on it. The first index is sparse, clustered index on name. Notice how the order of data entries in the
index corresponds to the order of records in the data file. We cannot build a sparse index that is not
clustered. Thus, we can have at most one sparse index. A sparse index is typically much smaller than
a dense index. On the other hand, some very useful optimization techniques rely on an index being
dense. A data file is said to be inverted on a field if there is a dense secondary index on this field. A
fully inverted file is one in which there is a dense secondary index on each field that does not appear
in the primary key.

Fill In The Gap Question

1. ___ is a pointer to data in a table.
2. An index typically has two parts _____ and _____.
3. _____ is where the table data is physically stored in the order of the keys on the index.
4. ______ is where the storage order of data in the table is not related to index keys.
5. The maximum number of clustered index per table is ______.

Short Answer Questions

i. What is a dense index?
ii. What is a sparse index?
iii. Differentiate between clustered and non-clustered index (give 2 differences).

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the purpose of an index in a database?
a) To store primary key values b) To optimize data storage c) To provide additional security
d) To define data types
2. Which type of index stores a copy of the entire data row along with the indexed column?
a) Sparse index b) Dense index c) Clustered index d) Non-clustered index
3. In a sparse index, what is typically stored for each indexed entry?

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 a) The index key and a pointer to the data row b) Only the index key c) A hash value of the
indexed column d) The data row itself
4. A dense index is characterized by:
a) Storing every data row in the index b) Storing only a subset of the data rows in the index
c) Storing index keys in sorted order without gaps d) Storing index keys in random order
5. In a clustered index, how are the data rows physically stored in the table?
a) Randomly distributed across disk sectors b) Stored based on the index key values c)
Stored in a separate index table d) Stored in the order of insertion
6. Which type of index does not change the physical order of the data rows in a table?
a) Sparse index b) Dense index c) Clustered index d) Non-clustered index
7. What is the main advantage of using a non-clustered index?
a) It improves data insertion performance b) It ensures data rows are stored in order of the
index key c) It requires less storage space than other index types d) It supports fast
retrieval of specific rows based on index keys
8. Which of the following index types can be created on columns that are not part of the table's
primary key?
a) Sparse index b) Dense index c) Clustered index d) Non-clustered index
9. What is a typical scenario where using a clustered index is beneficial?
a) When searching for a specific row based on non-primary key columns b) When a table
has frequent data insertions and deletions c) When optimizing the data storage for
sparse columns d) When optimizing the data storage for dense columns
10. In which type of index is the logical order of the index keys different from the physical order of
data rows?
a) Sparse index b) Dense index c) Clustered index d) Non-clustered index

Fill In The Gap Questions

1. ___ is a pointer to data in a table.
2. An index typically has two parts _____ and _____.
3. _____ is where the table data is physically stored in the order of the keys on the index.
4. ______ is where the storage order of data in the table is not related to index keys.
5. The maximum number of clustered index per table is ______.
6. The maximum number of non-clustered index per table is ______.
7. ___ indexes are expensive to maintain because data entries may have to be moved across
pages.
8. _____ index point directly to individual records.
9. ______ index this contains index records for only some search key values.
10. The Search key contains a copy of the _______ key of the table.

Essay Question
1. Differentiate between clustered and non-clustered index (give 2 differences).
2. Differentiate between dense and sparse index (give 2 differences)
3. Sketch and explain the structure of an index.
4. Define clustered index.
5. What is a sparse index?

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INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES: “Learning is not the product of teaching. Learning is the product of the
activity of learners.” –John Holt

WEEK: 9

TOPIC:INDEXES

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. discuss Primary and Secondary Indexes
2. discuss Indexes using composite search keys
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students already have been taught indexes in the previous week.

SUB-TOPIC 1: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INDEXES

CONTENT
Primary Index
Is an index on a set of fields that includes the unique primary key for the field and is guaranteed not to
contain duplicates. Student ID can be example of it.

The primary index contains the key fields of the table. The primary index is automatically created in
the database when the table is activated.

Secondary Index
Is an index that is not a primary index and may have duplicates. E.g Student name.

Two data entries are said to be duplicates if they have the same value for the search key field
associated with the index. A primary index is guaranteed not to contain duplicates, but an index on
other (collections of) field can contain duplicates. Thus, in general, a secondary index contains
duplicates.

If we know that no duplicates exist, that is, we know that the search key contains some candidate key,
we call the index a unique index.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Student ID can be example of ____________
2. __________ is an index that is not a primary index and may have duplicates
3. A primary index is guaranteed not to contain _____________
4. A secondary index contains ____________
5. The primary index is automatically created in the ______________ when the table is activated.

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 SUB-TOPIC 2: INDEXES USING COMPOSITE SEARCH KEYS

CONTENT

The search key for an index can contain several fields; such keys are called composite search keys
or concatenated keys. As an example, considering a collection of employee records, with fields
name, age, and sales, stored in sorted order by name.

If the search key is composite, an equality query is one in which each field in the search key is
bound to a constant. E.g. we can ask to retrieve all data entries with age =20 and sal=10. The hashed
file organization supports only equality queries, since a hash function identifies the bucket containing
desired records only if a value is specified for each field in the search key.
A range query is one in which not all fields in the search key are bound to constants. E.g. we can ask
to retrieve all data entries with age=20; thus query implies that any value is acceptable for the sal
field. As another example of a range query, we can ask to retrieve all data entries with age < 30 and
sal> 40.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. The search key for an index can contain several ____________
2. A range __________ is one in which not all fields in the search key are bound to constants.
3. As another example of a range query, we can ask to ________ all data entries with age < 30
and sal> 40.
4. If the search key is composite, an _____________ is one in which each field in the search key
is bound to a constant.
5. The ____________ file organization supports only equality queries.

TOPICAL TEST
Objective Questions
1. What is the primary purpose of a primary index in a database table? a) To speed up data
retrieval for a specific column b) To enforce uniqueness constraints on columns c) To improve
query performance for complex operations d) To define relationships between multiple tables
2. In a primary index, the index entries are ordered based on the values of the: a) Most recently
inserted records b) First column of the table c) Primary key of the table d) Non-unique column.
3. What distinguishes a secondary index from a primary index in a database? a) Secondary
indexes have faster retrieval times b) Secondary indexes are used for non-unique values c)
Secondary indexes store actual data records d) Secondary indexes are only used for join
operations
4. When might you consider using a secondary index in a database? a) To enforce referential
integrity b) To improve insertion speed c) To ensure data uniqueness d) To optimize search
queries on non-primary key columns
5. What is a composite index in a database? a) An index that contains a combination of both
primary and secondary keys b) An index that includes multiple columns as its key fields c) An
index used for sorting records in reverse order d) An index that is used to maintain
relationships between tables
6. What is a primary difference between a single-column index and a composite index? a)
Composite indexes only work with unique columns b) Single-column indexes are more space-

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 efficient c) Composite indexes are more suitable for sorting d) Composite indexes involve
multiple columns in the index key
7. In a composite index, the order of columns in the index key affects: a) Data integrity b) Query
performance c) Data storage d) Data uniqueness
8. When is it advantageous to use a composite index? a) When searching for values in a single
column b) When searching for values in multiple columns c) When searching for values with
NULL entries d) When searching for values in a single column using wildcard characters
9. Which operation can be improved using a composite index? a) Insertion of new records b)
Updating existing records c) Joining two tables d) Displaying table schema
10. When designing a composite index, what factors should be considered for the order of
columns? a) Alphabetical order b) Column size c) Cardinality and selectivity d) Length of
column names

Fill in the gap Question

1. Student ID can be example of ____________
2. __________ is an index that is not a primary index and may have duplicates
3. A primary index is guaranteed not to contain _____________
4. A secondary index contains ____________
5. The primary index is automatically created in the ______________ when the table is activated.
6. The search key for an index can contain several ____________
7. A range __________ is one in which not all fields in the search key are bound to constants.
8. As another example of a range query, we can ask to ________ all data entries with age < 30
and sal> 40.
9. If the search key is composite, an _____________ is one in which each field in the search key
is bound to a constant.
10. The ____________ file organization supports only equality queries.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY

1. Composite Index: An index structure that involves multiple columns as its key fields. It
optimizes queries that involve filtering, sorting, or joining on combinations of those columns.
2. Composite Search Key: The set of columns used as the index key in a composite index. The
order of columns in the key affects the index's effectiveness for certain queries.

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER

Puzzle 1: Primary Index Matching
You are given a table named "Customers" with columns "CustomerID" (Primary Key), "Name,"
"Email," and "Phone." Each customer has a unique CustomerID. Can you explain how the primary
index works for this table and how it ensures data integrity?
Puzzle 2: Secondary Index Scenario
Consider a "Orders" table with columns "OrderID," "CustomerID," "OrderDate," and "TotalAmount."
You are tasked with optimizing query performance for customer-related searches. Propose a
secondary index that would enhance retrieval times for queries involving the "CustomerID" column.
Puzzle 3: Composite Index Challenge
You are designing a database for an online store with a "Products" table containing columns
"ProductID," "Category," "Brand," "Price," and "StockQuantity." Users often search for products based

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on a combination of "Category" and "Brand." Design a composite index that would help optimize
these types of queries.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:“A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.”
-Henry B. Adams

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