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SSS 2 (BASIC 11)

Technical Drawing

FIRST TERM e – LEARNING NOTES

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 SCHEME OF WORK

WEEKS TOPICS CONTENT

Special curves (a) Locus definition, applications and construction of
1 special curves. E.g. Parabola, hyperbola, involutes,
epicycloids, Archimedean spiral.etc.
Special curves (b) Construction of special curves using different methods.
2

Link mechanism (a) Link mechanism: Definition, examples of machine that

uses link mechanism
3 (b) Plotting the loci of points on link mechanism.

Link mechanism (b) Solving and plotting the loci of points on link
mechanism questions.
4
True shapes (a) True shapes of truncated cone, prisms, pyramids and
cylinders. (b) Development of models.
5
Intersection of Definition,
solid shapes (a) Line and curve of intersection
6 (i) two intersecting cylinders.
(ii) a cylinder intersecting a cone. .

7 MID-TERM MID – TERM: ASSIGNMENT

BREAK
Intersection of (b). (iii) two intersecting prisms.
8 solid shapes (iv) two intersecting pyramids.
(continues) (v) Surface development of intersecting solids.
Perspective (a) Definition and types of perspective drawings (i) one
drawing point perspective (ii) two points perspective.
9 (b) Identification and location of main terms in perspective
drawing e.g. horizon, station point, vanishing points and
planes.

10 Perspective (b) Identification and location of main terms in perspective

drawing drawing e.g. horizon, station point, vanishing points and
planes.

11 Revision Examination
12 Examination.
13 Marking

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 WEEK: ONE & TWO

TOPIC: Special curves

LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson students should be to:

1.Define the following: Parabola, Hyperbola, Involute, Epicycloid, archimrdean spiral.

2. Construct parabola, involute, epicycloid etc.
3. State the applications of special curves.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students are familiar with special curves from SS 1 topic.

Definitions of special curves e.g. parabola, hyperbola, helix, involute, Archimedean spiral etc.
What is Locus- Locus is the path traced by the point when moving in accordance with a definite rule.

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Construction of Parabola.
Parabola is the locus of a point which moves so that its distance from a fixed point called Focus and a fixed
straight line called Directrix are always equal.
A
X P

H Q axis
Focus
Directrix
Vertex A

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 PF
The ratio PX= 1 is called eccentricity.
distance from focus
It means = perpendicular distance from directrix

 Therefore, the eccentricity of a parabola is unity or 1.

To draw the curve by the locus method, first position the focus F and the directrix. The vertex V may be found
by bisecting FH, thus satisfying the law for the curve. Draw lines such as AA, parallel to the directrix, and by
drawing an arc centred at F, of radius HQ, to cut AA, fix two points on the parabola. Other points may be found
in the same way and the parabola drawn with a French curve. Note that at V the parabola crosses the axis at
900. The ratio PF:XP, which is equal to unity, is the eccentricity of the curve.
The parabola has the property that if a source of light, sound or heat is placed at the focus, rays reflected from
the parabola form a parallel beam. This property is made use of in hand torches, car headlamps and some
electric fires. Conversely, rays falling on the parabola from outside will be reflected to the focus. This explains
the shape of some radar and radio dishes which have the form of a paraboloid.
Application of parabola
a. The path of a stone thrown at an angle to the horizontal
b. Shape of water issuing from a water-hose
c. Reflector of motor car head lamp
d. Construction of arch.

Hyperbola.
The hyperbola is the locus of a point which moves so that the ratio of its distances from the focus and directrix
is constant and greater than 1. The eccentricity is thus greater than 1.

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 3
To draw the curve for a given ratio, say 2, first position the focus and directrix as shown above. The vertex is
found by dividing AF into five equal parts, when V will be two divisions from A. to fix further points, draw any
line such as AA, parallel to the directrix, and with centre F and radius AH times the eccentricity, draw arcs to
cut AA above and below the axis.
Lines which are tangents to the hyperbola at infinity are called Asymptotes. When the asymptotes are at right
angles, the hyperbola is called rectangular or equilateral.
The ellipse, parabola and hyperbola are conic sections. i.e., they may be produced by passing planes through a
right cone.

Archimedean Spiral: It is the locus of a point with uniform velocity and uniform angular velocity as it moves
from another fixed point.

Helix: It is the locus point moving round upward a cylinder while the cylinder itself rotates about its axis both
at uniform (constant) velocity.

It is also the locus of a point which moves round the circumference of a right cylinder, at the same time axially,
the ratio of the two movements being constant. The axial movement during one revolution is called the lead.
EPICYCLOID: An epicycloid is the locus of a point on the circumference of a circle as it rolls without slipping
around the outside of a larger circle.
Epicycloid and Hypocycloid

When a circle rolls without slipping round the outside of a fixed circle (called the base circle), a point on the
circumference of the rolling circle traces out an epicycloid. When the circle rolls round the inside of the base
circle the resulting locus is a hypocycloid.
Superior and inferior trochoids: When the point which traces the locus is outside the rolling circle the locus
produced is a superior trohoid, when it is inside, the locus is an inferior trochoid.
PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:
i. Which of the following is the true shapes of the section S-S below if the object is spherical.

(a) circle (b) ellipse (c)triangular (d)sphere (e) parabola

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 ii. A conic section whose eccentricity is 4/3 is a/ an --------. (a) Hyperbola (b) Parabola (c) Sphere
(d) Circle (e) Ellipse.
iii. The head lamp of a car is constructed by applying the principle of ------------ (a) Hyperbola (b)
Parabola (c) Involute (d) Cycloid (e) Ellipse
iv. The profile of a screw thread is constructed using the principle of a/ an -------
(a) Helix (b) Hyperbola (c) Involute (d) Cycloid

ESSAY:

1. What is Epicycloid?
2. List at least 2 method of constructing parabola.
3. What is cycloid?

SUB-TOPIC 2: Construction of special curves (parabola, hyperbola)

CONTENT:

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER: To Construct Parabola using Circumscribing Rectangular method.

Procedures:
i. Use the Span and Rise to lay out a rectangle
ii. Divide it in two by the axis of symmetry
iii. Divide the sides of the two rectangles so obtained into the same number of equal divisions.
iv. Draw lines parallel to the axis through one set of divisions and join each of the other sets to O
v. Where the parallel through 2 cuts the line O to 2 is a point on the parabola, and so on.

Exercise: Construct a Parabola using rectangular method, given the Span and Rise 70mm and 45mm
respectively.

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Procedures: Follow the guide lines stated above.
The circumscribing rectangle method may also be used to draw an ellipse. In this case the sides of the
rectangle are equal in length to the axes of the ellipse. The divisions along the span in the parabola above are
laid out along the major axis, and the divisions on the rise along half the minor axis. The parallel lines above
now radiate from the lower end of the minor axis and the points are plotted as before.

The parabola has the property that if a source of light, sound or heat is placed at the focus, rays reflected from
the parabola form a parallel beam. This property is made use of in hand torches, car headlamps and some
electric fires. Conversely, rays falling on the parabola from outside will be reflected to the focus. This explains
the shape of some radar and radio dishes which have the form of a paraboloid.
Hyperbola.

The hyperbola is the locus of a point which moves so that the ratio of its distances from the focus and directrix
is constant and greater than 1. The eccentricity is thus greater than 1.

3
To draw the curve for a given ratio, say 2, first position the focus and directrix as shown above. The vertex is
found by dividing AF into five equal parts, when V will be two divisions from A. to fix further points, draw any
line such as AA, parallel to the directrix, and with centre F and radius AH times the eccentricity, draw arcs to
cut AA above and below the axis.
Lines which are tangents to the hyperbola at infinity are called Asymptotes. When the asymptotes are at right
angles, the hyperbola is called rectangular or equilateral.

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The ellipse, parabola and hyperbola are conic sections. i.e., they may be produced by passing planes through a
right cone.
PUZZLE: To draw a hyperbola when given the Ordinate, the Vertex and the Transverse.

Procedures:
i. Indicate O and mark the ordinate each side of it OA and OB
ii. At O draw a perpendicular to AB and mark the Vertex V and the Transverse axis VV1
iii. Divide OA OB and the two perpendiculars at A and B into the same number of equal parts. Radiate
lines as shown. The intersection of the lines gives the points for the hyperbolic curves.

Exercise 3: To draw a hyperbola when given the Foci and the Transverse Axis.

Radius= VA
R= V1A

F1

Procedures:

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 i. Draw the given foci F and F1, and transverse axis VV1.
ii. Take any convenient unit and mark it off from F to give points A, B, C, D,E.
iii. Use radius VA from one focal point and radius V1A from the other focal point to obtain the four
points on the hyperbolic curve. The other points are obtained by using radii B, etc.

NB: A tangent at a given point P on the curve is obtained by joining P to the focal points F and F1 and then
bisecting the angle FPF1. The bisector is the required tangent.

EVALUATION
1. Construction a hyperbola given the span, height and the transverse axis e.g. span 90mm, height=
70mm, transverse axis= 70mm.
2. Construct a parabola given the span and the height e.g. span=80mm, height =50mm.
3. What is hyperbola?
4. What is parabola?
5. List any two method of constructing parabola.

Construction of Involute and Archimedean spiral

Introduction: What is an Involute?
If a straight line is rolled round a polygon without slipping, points on the line will trace out involutes.
Construction of Involutes of a square

When the line rolls round the square it will pivot on successive corners, so the locus consists of a series of
circular arcs whose radius increases as each corner becomes the pivot.
Construction of the Involute of a circle.

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Procedures:
i. The circle may be thought of as a polygon with an infinite number of sides.
ii. First draw the base circle and in some convenient position a line equal in length to its circumference.
iii. Divide both into the same number of equal parts (say twelve).
iv. From the points on the circle draw tangents as shown, to represent successive positions of the
generating line. When this line is in the position of the tangent at point 1 it will have rolled one-twelfth
of the circumference.
v. Take one-twelfth from the straight line along which the base circle circumference was set out.
vi. Mark it off along the tangent at point 1, thus obtaining a point on the curve.
vii. Repeat the procedure stepping off two-twelfths, three-twelfths of the circumference on succeeding
tangents.

SUB-TOPIC 3:

CONTENT: Construction of an Archimedean spiral given the pole, the shortest and longest distance from the
pole.

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EPICYCLOID
An epicycloid is the locus of a point on the circumference of a circle as it rolls without slipping around the
outside of a larger circle.

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Procedures:

i. Find φ in order to centralize the figure using φ= r/R X 360.

Where r= radius of the small circle (30mm) R= radius of the larger circle (90mm).
ii. Draw the larger arc, also draw the vertical radius and share the φ half ways to indicate radius, 6,
and 12.
iii. Draw the small circle and divide it into 12 equal parts. Also step off same interval on the larger
arc.
iv. Draw the centre arc and also draw arcs 1, 2, 3, 4, - - - - - 12.
v. With centre point C1 and radius r (small circle), cut across arc 1 repeat the same for C2, C3 - - - -
- C12. A curve drawn through these points gives the required Epicycloid.

Note: The procedures above can also be use for the construction of Hypocycloid.
PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

1. What type of curve will be produced from the construction shown below?

A. Parabola B. hyperbola C. Ellipse D. Circle

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P Q
F1 O F2
2. In Fig.1, the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis is 5:3. If the minor axis is 60, what is the length of MF2? A. 100
B. 50 C. 30 D. 18.

3. The locus of a point which moves so that the ratio of its distances from the focus and directrix is constant and greater
than 1.is called________ A. ellipse B. hyperbola C. parabola D. helix

4. A practical application of principle of helix is in A. trust bearing B. washer C. screw thread D. rivet.

5. A conic section whose eccentricity is 2/3 is a/an A. Hyperbola B. Parabola C. Sphere D. Ellipse.

KEY WORDS : Special curves.

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

1. (a) Construct an involute to circle R20, starting from the lowest point of the circle and in a clockwise
direction.
(a) Draw a tangent to the involute in 1 (a) at point P, which is located on the invloute at 70 to the right
of the vertical centre line. WAEC 2021.

REFERENCE BOOK:

i. Engineering Drawing Book 1 3rd Edition By Parker M.A and Pickup F. Pp 38-42.
ii. Technical Drawing For School Certificate and GCE by J.N. Green. Pp 135-143
iii. Element of Technical Drawing, By Akano. Pp 75-80.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:

"Focus is not saying yes to all important things, rather it is

saying no to less important things."
- Steve Jobs

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WEEK: THREE & FOUR
TOPIC: Link mechanism

LESSON OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this week, the students should be able to: (a) define link mechanism (b) state some practical
examples of link mechanism (c) state the importance of link mechanism (d) construct link mechanism.
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR
The students have been taught special curves.

LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

1. Define link mechanism

2. List some practical example of link mechanism
3. Solve link mechanism

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students have been taught special curves in the previous lesson, they can also identify
some mechanical machine that use link mechanism to work.

SUB-TOPIC 1: Link mechanism.

CONTENT:

I. Definition of link Mechanism.

II. Construction of link mechanism
III. Plotting the loci of points on link mechanism

The link mechanism is the path traced out by a point moving in relation to some specified constraints. The
example of link mechanism is the bicycle brakes where the brake lever on the bike is pulled the cable moves
upwards and forces the brake blocks against the rim of the wheel.
Definition of link: A link can be defined as a rigid body having two or more pairing elements which connect it
to other bodies for the purpose of transmitting motion.

In device, at least one link is either in a fixed position relative to the earth or carries the device as a whole
along with it during motion. This link is the frame of the device or machine and is referred to as the fixed link.

Definition of mechanism: An arrangement or assembly of moving parts in a machine or simple device

performing a complete functional motion.
Examples of link mechanism

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 i. Locus of a point on the connecting rod of a simple engine
ii. Locus of a point on a four bar mechanism
iii. A point on the handle of a door constrained to swing about its hinge.

iv. A pendulum bob traces an arc of a circle as it is constrained to a pivot or support at one end.
iv. The conversion of the rotary motion from the standing/table faan rotor to a reciprocatory motion.
v. The swing of the louvre window handle.

Examples 1: OBA is a simple slider crank chain. OB is a crank of 30 mm length. BA is a connecting rod of 90
mm length. Slider A is sliding on a straight path passing through point O. Draw the locus of the mid-point of
the connecting rod AB for one complete revolution of the crank OB.

Example 2: Fig. 4.13 shows a mechanism in which OB is a crank of 30 mm length revolving in clockwise
direction. BC is a rod connected to the crank at the point B by turning pair and rod BC is constrained to pass
through the guide at O1 called trunnion. Draw the loci of point P and C for one revolution of the crank. The
point P is 30 mm from B on the rod BC. Length of BC is 150 mm. Point O1 is 80 mm on the right and 15 mm
below the point O.

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Procedures:
i. Draw the given crank (circle) and divide it into 8 or 12 equal parts.
ii. With the compass, open 100mm (length of link) and position at each of the division draw arc across the
horizontal centre line, also draw line for each.
iii. For each line drawn, determine the mid-point O. the curve drawn round the points is the locus at point
O

Example1: In the figure the crank AB rotates clockwise about A and the crank CD rotates anticlockwise
about C. the cranks are joined by the link BDF. Plot to a scale of 1mm to 1cm the loci of points E and F for
one revolution of AB. AB and DC are 45cm, BD is 120cm and BE and DF are 30cm
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D F
 120mm

Solution

NB: The curves drawn in red are the paths traced by the points specified on the cranks.

SUB-TOPIC 2: Solving of Link mechanism problem

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www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

If the crank OK in the diagram below moves anticlockwise the link KP with (A) rotate at Q (B) Slide toward K
(C) Slide toward P (D) Remain stationary (E) Rotate at P.

ESSAY.
1. In the crank mechanism shown below AB oscillates as the crank CD rotates about D. Construct the
locus of point P for a complete revolution of crank CD. DC=40mm, AB=60mm, BC=100mm, BP=60mm.

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

1. Draw the locus of a point O. when the crank BC undergoes one complete revolution. The point A is made
to reciprocate horizontally.

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 2. In the crank mechanism shown below, OA rotates about centre O, while CB is pivoted at C and
oscillate as shown. Plot the locus of point P for all the possible of CB.

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SUB-TOPIC 3:

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

Solving of link mechanism problem

PUZZLE

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1. . Which of the following is drawn using the tangents to a given circle?
A. Ellipse B. Involutes C. Hyperbola D. Parabola.

2. . _______ is the locus of a point which moves so that its distance from a fixed point called Focus and a
fixed straight line called Directrix are always equal. A. Hyperbola B. Parabola C. Epicycoloid D.
Trochoid.
3. .. The head lamp of a car is constructed by applying the principle of ------- A. Hyperbola B. Parabola C.
Involute D. Ellipse

WAEC 2021
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 INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:

"The goal of education is not to increase the amount of knowledge but to create
the possibilities for a child to invent and discover, to create men who are capable
of doing new things." - Jean Piaget

WEEK: FIVE

TOPIC: TRUE SHAPES AND SECTIONS

LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to:

i. Define true shape and sectioning of solid objects

ii. State the application of true shape
iii. Construct true shapes of solid shapes.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students are familiar with solid objects. E.g cylinder, cone. Pyramid etc.

SUB-TOPIC 1: True shapes of Sections

CONTENT:

The true shape view is an extension of multi-view drawings. There are some cases in practice where views of
an object projected on the principal planes (as seen in orthographic projection) are either not enough to
describe the object’s true shape and size or are difficult to draw or dimension.Such cases include object with
beveled or inclined faces of a complex nature and best drawn by raveling the true shape views.
Sections means cutting or slicing off part of an object or building to show clearly the inside so as to give
sufficient information that will enable easy manufacturing. When an object is cut and its upper part removed it
is called a truncated object.

The remaining part of a truncated object is called a frustrum. Thick long chains with with arrow head are used
to show the line of cutting (cutting plane) and direction of view. The part behind the cutting plane must be
remved. Do not show hidden details on sectional views. The sectional surface must be hatched using thin short
lines, at 450 to the horizontal when the solid part of an object is cut through .Do not hatch on opening.
Section of objects can be shown or described by drawing

i. Sectional end elevation

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 ii. True shape of sections.

TRUE SHAPE OF CYLINDER

SUB-TOPIC 2: HEXAGONAL PRISM AND TRIANGULAR PRISM

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CONSTRUCTION OF HEXAGONAL PYRAMID AND SQUARE PYRAMID

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BRAIN TEASER:

1. What is the difference between true shape and end elevation?

2. What is section in technical drawing?
3. What is frustrum of an object?

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SUB-TOPIC 3: THE CONSTRUCTION OF A TRUNCATED CONE.

CONTENT:

BRAIN TEASER:

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A hexagonal based pyramid is cut by a plane QQ as shown above. Draw,
i. The given view
ii. Complete the plan
iii. End elevation into the direction of arrow K.
iv. True shape of the section.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:

"The successful person has the habit of doing the things failures
don't like to do. They don't like doing them either, necessarily. But
their disliking is subordinated to the strength of their purpose." -
E.M. Gray

WEEK: SIX

TOPIC: Intersection of solid shapes

LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Define intersection of solid shape

2. List applications of intersection of solids
3. Construct intersection of solids.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students have been taught true shapes of solid objects,therefore, they are familiar with
the topic.

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 Technical Drawing
S.S 2 (First Term)
E-note Week 6
INTERSECTION OF SOLID SHAPES

SUB-TOPIC 1: Definition and construction of intersection of solid shapes.

CONTENT:

Interpenetration is the joining together of two or more objects or pipes at an angle to each other for easy flow of
gas or liquid or for the purpose of making tools or artistic design. The pipes may be of different sizes and
shapes. The angle between them also varies from 00 -900
Here we are going to see how the curve of intersection between various pipes are drawn and how to develop
each piece of pipes that are joined together. The line of curve where two surface meet is called the curve of
intersection.
Practically, the principle of intersection are found in gas pipes, water supply pipes, engines buildings etc.

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www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
SUB-TOPIC 2:

CONSTRUCTION OF CURVE OF INTERSECTION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO CYLINDER OF UNEQUAL

DIAMETER THAT INTERPENETRATE AT AN ANGLE.

CONTENT:

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www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
 SUB-TOPIC 3:

CONTENT:

Interpenetration of Square into Square

In this the first section where we are looking at the Interpenetration of actual solids we will examine the simple exercise
of finding the lines of Interpenetration between two square based prisms. Below you can see the setup drawing for this
problem.

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You can draw this yourself if you wish but you will have to come up with your own dimensions. To the left in grey there is
a section view of the smaller square based prism which is penetrating the larger square based prism. We need this to
help us rotate the Plan view into the Elevation view and maintain the correct dimensions. (You could just use
measurements in the Elevation but it is good practice to do it as above as you will need this skill later where
measurements will not work so easily.)

You can see the labelling that we have used here in this drawing and why we have used the section of the smaller square
based prism to provide our Elevation drawing. Remember to draw the lines lightly at this stage. As you can see there is
no need to label every corner of the prisms, just so long as we can recognise the edges.

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It is obvious where the edges 1 and 3 of the small prism intersect with edge a of the larger prism and these are points we
can use to start with. In the Plan you can see where edge 2 of the small prism intersects with the surface ab of the large
prism. Project this point into the Elevation to find the point of intersection there. You will also notice that edge 4 of the
small prism intersects the surface ad of the large prism along the same construction line. You can now draw in the lines
of Interpenetration in the Elevation. Draw the lines following the section view, edge 1 joins to edge 2, joins to edge 3,
joins to edge 4, and back to edge 1 again. You can only see the lines of Interpenetration joining edges 1, 2 and 3.

Line out your drawing and it should look like the drawing above.

Technical Drawing - Interpenetration - Square into Square Offset

Here we are going to look at the construction of the lines of Interpenetration between two square based prisms one of
which is offset. Below you can see the problem which you can create yourself with your own dimensions.

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You can see from the drawing that the horizontal square based prism (HSBP) is offset towards the back of the vertical
square based prism (VSBP). Continue below to see how to do this problem.

In order to setup the question you need an End View as well as the Elevation and Plan. You will also need this End View
later in order to find some of the points of Interpenetration. Do not forget to label the edges of the two solids.

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For clarity we have removed the construction lines necessary to setup the question. You should not rub these out when
you are doing problems.

From the Plan it is easy to see where the edges 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the HSBP intersect with the surfaces of the VSBP. Project
these points into the Elevation to locate four of the points of Interpenetration. At this stage you should be beginning to
see the value of labeling.

From the Plan we can see that the edge of the VSBP intersects the HSBP, but we cannot see where this intersection
occurs. We need the End View for this. In the End View we can see that the edge a of the VSBP intersects the edge 1,2
of the HSBP at point 5, and the edge 2,3 of the HSBP at point 6. Project these points across to the Elevation.

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Now you are ready to draw in the lines of Interpenetration in the Elevation. The simplest way to do this is to follow the
order of the points in the End View. Draw these lines lightly first. 1 to 5 to 2 to 6 to 3 to 4 to 1. Now you need to
determine which of these lines are hidden and which are visible from your point of view. If this is not clear the lines 5 to
1, 1 to 4, 4 to 3 and 3 to 6 are all behind the VSBP and so are hidden.

Finally line out your drawing remembering that the part of the edge a on the VSBP between points 5 and 6 no longer
exists and so should not be lined in.

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

Technical Drawing - Interpenetration - Flat Surface Problems

Here are three problems that you should attempt in order to reinforce your learning so far. Click on the problem to see
the solution.

Question 1

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Determine the lines of Interpenetration between the hexagonal based prism and the square based prism.

Question 2

Show the lines of Interpenetration between these two square based prisms in the End Elevation to the left. The solution
to this problem is shown without any of the question setup construction lines.

Question 3

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Determine the lines of Interpenetration for the two square based prisms shown.

CONCLUSION: Teacher summarizes the whole topic for more understanding by the students.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:

"Focus on the possibilities for success, not on the potential for

failure." - Napoleon Hill

WEEK 7
MID-TERM ASSIGNMENT

1. The sketch in Fig. 2 shows the elevation of a truncated right cone.

Draw, full size, the: (a) given view; (b) plan; (c) end view in the direction of arrow M;

(d) true shape of the cut surface. [20 marks]

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WEEK: EIGHT

TOPIC: INTERSECTION OF SOLID SHAPES

LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

1. Construct cone intersecting cylinder

2. Construct two intersecting prism
3. Construct square prism intersecting square pyramid.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students are familiar with topic.

SUB-TOPIC 1: Drawing the curves of Intersection of a Cylinder Intersecting a Cone

CONTENT:

SUB-TOPIC 2: Drawing the curves Intersection and development of Square and Hexagonal Prism

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CONTENT:

SUB-TOPIC 3: DRAWING OF SQUARE PRISM INTERSECTING A SQUARE PYRAMID.

CONTENT:

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 PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:
1. The form of drawing that involves a vanishing point is called
A. cabinet B. cavalier C. perspective D. orthographic
2. Thin continuous line is used for all the following except A. construction B. cutting plane C.
dimensioning D. projection.
3. Which of the following is the plan of the pipes drawn below?

A B
C D

4. What is the name of the tool sketched below?

A. chisel
B. gouge
s
C. scriber R
D. screwdriver
5. A title block is designed to carry the following except. O
A. date of the drawing B. name of the draughtsmanC. pencil used D. scale used.
T
Q

6. Which of the following lines is not a part of circle?

A. O –Q B. O-S C. R-O D. R-S
7. In the case of a helix, the distance that a point moves along the cylinder in one complete revolution is called -------
- A. Axis B. Circumference C. Crest D. Pitch
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 8. Which of the following is drawn using the tangents to a given circle? A. Ellipse B. Hyperbola C. Involutes
D. Parabola
9. When a vertical plane cuts a cone along the axis through the apex, it produces a/an A. Circle B. Ellipse
C. Hyperbola D. Triangle
10. How many sides has a dodecagon? A. 12 B. 9 C. 8 D. 11

KEY WORD: INTERSECTION.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:

"The more you concentrate, the better you'll be. You must focus
on your strengths, and keep improving."
- Caesar Milan

WEEK: NINE &TEN

TOPIC: PERSPECTIVE DRAWINGS

LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Define perspective drawing

2. State terms used in perspective drawing
3. State two types of perspective drawing.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students are familiar with the topic.

SUB-TOPIC 1: Definition and terms used in perspective drawing.

CONTENT:
Naturally, distant objects appear smaller than their real sizes e.g. the stars, the sun, the moon etc. For instance,
the farther we look down a long corridor in a building, the closer it appears to come. Perspective drawing
therefore shows the pictorial representation of the apparent reduction in size of a distant object. Since
architecture deals with large objects like buildings, perspective drawing becomes more useful in making
architectural drawings realistic than either isometric or oblique drawing. Distant parts of a building are shown
in perspective as tapering to a point, just as they appear to an observer of the actual building. Perspective
projection can be in one point or two point perspective.
Perspective drawing: It is the drawing that gives the distant part of an object (e.g. building,road,train track,
long room, etc) tapering to a point just as it appears to an observer of the object. This gives the outlook of the
distant objects smaller than their real sizes.
Terms used in perspective drawing

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 1. Horizon lines: It determines how far the viewer can see based on the terrain and the distance of the
viewer from the ground.
2. Vanishing point: It is the point on horizon line where the angular perspective lines of an object that
should continue past its edges and eventually converge.
3. Angular lines: These are straight lines that are neither parallel nor perpendicular to the horizon line.
4. Perspective lines: These are straight lines that are drawn at an angle from the edges of objects,
back into expected distant space, until they finally converge at a point on the horizon line.

SUB-TOPIC 2: Types of Perspective drawing

CONTENT:

1. One point perspective drawing

The four parallel edges of the cube are converged at a particular point.This point is called vanishing
point.
2. Two-point perspective drawing
It contains two vanishing point and the two vanishing point appears at a point in two directions
called sight line.

SUB-TOPIC 3:

CONTENT:

LESSON 8 & 9
TECHNICAL DRAWING
S.S 2 [ First Term]

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KEY WORDS: vanishing point, horizon line etc.

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

1. Fig. 2 shows a circle with link OP attached to it. The circle rolls along KS without slipping:
(i) plot the locus of the point P when the circle makes one revolution;
(ii) name the curve produced.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:

"When you fully focus your mind, you make others' time your
time."
- Terence McKenna

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LESSON OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this week, the students should be able to: (a) define link mechanism (b) state some practical
examples of link mechanism (c) state the importance of link mechanism (d) construct link mechanism.
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR
The students have been taught special curves.

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