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Emulsion

the reaction of oxalic acid to carbon dioxide may form due to the excess reactant metal sphere of surface area 0.0225 m2 is in an evacuated enclosure whose walls are held at a very low temperature. Electric current is passed through resistors embedded in the sphere causing electrical energy to be dissipated at the rate of 75 W. If the sphere surfaces temperature is measured to be 560 K, while in steady state, calculate emissivity of the sphere surface a) 0.498 b) 0.598 c) 0.698 d) 0.798

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أ. علي محمد
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35 views6 pages

Emulsion

the reaction of oxalic acid to carbon dioxide may form due to the excess reactant metal sphere of surface area 0.0225 m2 is in an evacuated enclosure whose walls are held at a very low temperature. Electric current is passed through resistors embedded in the sphere causing electrical energy to be dissipated at the rate of 75 W. If the sphere surfaces temperature is measured to be 560 K, while in steady state, calculate emissivity of the sphere surface a) 0.498 b) 0.598 c) 0.698 d) 0.798

Uploaded by

أ. علي محمد
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction:

Melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes from solid to


liquid. At the melting point, the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in
equilibrium. The melting point of a substance depends on many factors, such as
pressure, the size and shape of the particles of the substance, and the strength of
the bonds between the particles of the substance itself. The melting point is
usually determined at the standard pressure, which is equal to 1 atmosphere
pressure or 100 kilopascals.

Purpose: The purpose of this laboratory exercise is to identify and assess the
purity of an unknown solid organic compound by determining its melting point .

Benzoic acid is an organic aromatic carboxylic acid with the chemical formula
C7H6O2 or C6H5COOH, and is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.

Chemicals :

solid organic compound ( benzoic acid ).

Apparatus and Tools :

1- Capillary tube
2- Melting temperature apparatus
3- Measuring ruler
Procedure:

1.Take a capillary tube and sealed an open end of capillary tube by inserting
The tip into a Bunsen flame and turning the tube in your fingers.
2.Place a small amount of the compound (Benzoic acid) in a clean surface.
Push the open end of the capillary tube into the compound.
3.Move the powder to the closed end of the capillary tube by tapping it on the
Table. Repeat until the compound occupies 2-3 mm of the capillary tube end.
4.Place the capillary tube in the Mel-Temp apparatus chamber, with the closed
End pointed down.
5.Record the melting range, which begins when the sample first starts to melt
And ends when the sample is completely melted.
6.Repeat the experiment with a new capillary tube and fresh quantity of the
Substance.
7.Calculate the average temperatures to get the experimental melting point of
The solid.
Melting point = (T1+T2)/2

Discussion:

Why could the rate of heat influence the melting point?

The rate of heating can influence the melting point of a substance because the
rate at which heat is applied affects the equilibrium between the solid and liquid
phases. When a substance is heated slowly, there is more time for heat to
transfer evenly throughout the sample, allowing for a gradual and smooth phase
transition. This can result in a more accurate determination of the melting point.
Conversely, when a substance is heated rapidly, there may be localized hot spots
within the sample, causing uneven melting and potentially leading to an
inaccurate measurement of the melting point. Rapid heating can also result in
overshooting the desired temperature, causing the substance to partially
decompose or vaporize before reaching its true melting point. Therefore, it is
important to control the rate of heating during a melting point determination to
ensure that the phase transition occurs evenly and accurately, ultimately leading
to a reliable measurement of the melting point of the substance.
Why is organic matter crushed in a melting point experiment?
_ facilitate the entry of the substance into the capillary tube.

Why should you always use a new capillary tube with a sample of your
compound when doing a second melting point determination?

Using a new capillary tube with a sample of your compound for a second
melting point determination is important to ensure accuracy and reliability of
the results. Reusing a capillary tube can lead to contamination from the previous
sample, which can affect the melting point of the new sample. This
contamination can alter the observed melting point and lead to inaccurate
conclusions about the purity of the compound. Therefore, using a new capillary
tube helps to minimize the risk of contamination and ensures more accurate
results in the second melting point determination.

Why should the sample be crushed well to be soft?

The sample needs to be soft in a melting point experiment to ensure uniform


melting, good thermal contact with the capillary tube, prevent splattering, and
facilitate accurate observation of the melting point.

Why the sample height in capillary tube is 2-3mm?

This height ensures that the sample melts uniformly and consistently, allowing
for accurate observation of the melting point range. It also helps in minimizing
the amount of sample needed for the test. By keeping the sample height small,
any variations in the melting point due to impurities or uneven heating can be
more easily detected. Overall, maintaining a sample height of 2-3 mm in the
capillary tube is a standard practice in melting point determinations to achieve
reliable and reproducible results.
Impurities is used in making the freezing mixture by adding salt to ice, Explain
that?

The phenomenon of impurities lowering the freezing point is utilized when


making a freezing mixture by adding salt to ice. This process involves the salt
dissolving in the water from the ice, which disrupts the formation of ice crystals
and lowers the overall freezing point of the mixture. As a result, the temperature
of the mixture drops below the freezing point of water, allowing for the
formation of a colder environment ideal for freezing or preserving items such as
ice cream

How can one improve the accuracy of determining the melting point in a
laboratory setting?
- To improve the accuracy of determining the melting point, one can
use a high-quality melting point apparatus, ensure the sample is
pure, calibrate the equipment regularly, use proper heating
techniques, and repeat the experiment to ensure consistency.

Results:
Determination melting point.

Calculation :
T1 =120.4 °C
T2 =126.5 °C

T2 -T1
126.5 - 120.4 =6.1 °C

T average = T1+T2/2
120.4 +126.5 /2
=123.45 °C

References :
Mettler Toledo
Byjus
DrugBank
Sigma Aldrich

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