1

Input 1.1A Choosing the right greeting

Use the greetings in A–K to complete the table below.

A. Hi. E. How do you do? I. Nice to meet you.

B. Hello. F. Nice to see you. J. How are you doing?
C. How are you? G. Good to see you. K. Pleased to meet you.
D. How’s it going? H. Great to see you.

Greetings When to Use Them

It doesn’t matter if you’re offering a president a handshake or buying a

milkshake, this greeting is good for all situations, formal and informal.
In the past, this was a more informal greeting. Now, it’s used much more
generally, for example, in stores, for buying food and drink, and quite
often in business. But in very formal situations, it’s better to use “Hello”.
This is a very common greeting between people meeting for the first
time. It’s fine for all situations, formal and informal.
This is a slightly more formal greeting for meeting people for the first
time.
This is a very formal greeting for first meetings. It’s less common
nowadays. People learning English often think it means, “How are you?”
and reply, “Fine , thanks” or “Very well, thanks”, but you should reply
with a greeting. Say “How do you do?”, “Nice to meet you” or “Pleased
to meet you”.
These greetings can be formal or informal. They’re normally used when
you see someone you’ve met before but haven’t seen them for some
time.
This can be formal or informal. We use it when we see people we know
or have met before. Common replies are, “Fine, thanks” and “Very well,
thanks”. Sometimes, this greeting is used when people meet for the first
time. In this case, repeat “How are you?”, or say “Nice to meet you.”

These are more informal ways to greet people you know.

2
Input 1.1B Greetings—when to use them

3
 Input 1.1C Reading script: Formal or informal

You are going to listen to three people meeting at a conference. Listen, and then
answer the questions below. Take turns to read the script and choose the right
answer.

1. The women, Meera and Tanya, know don’t know each other.

2. Meera and Tanya greet each other formally /informally

3. Tanya greets the man, Arvind, quite /very Informally.

4
Input 1.1D Reading script: Formal or informal

Meera : Hi, Tanya.

Tanya: : Hi there, Meera. Good to see you. How are you doing?

Meera : Great, thanks. And you?

Thanks, I’m fine. This is Arvind, a colleague of mine, who’s come here from
Tanya : Delhi.
This is Meera — she’s part of the conference organization team.

Meera : Hi. Nice to meet your

Arvind : Nice to meet you.

Meera : So, you’ve come all the way from Delhi?

Arvind : That’s right.

5
Input 1.1E Language summary

Saying “Hello” Hello.

Hi.

Meeting people forthe first time Nice to meet you.

Pleased to meet you.How do

you do?
Seeing people again Nice to see you.

Good to see you.Great

to see you.
Every day greetings How are you?

How are you doing?How is

it going?

6
Input 1.2A Choosing the correct answer

You are going to listen to a conversation. Listen carefully and choose the correct parts of
the conversation to complete the below sentences.

1. I live/I’m living ……………………………. in Mumbai at the moment.

2. I don’t live/I’m not living ……………………………. there permanently.

3. I just work/I’m just working ……………………………. in India temporarily.

4. My company does/My company’s ……………………………. doing a project there.

5. So, what do you do?/what are you doing? ……………………………. What line of business are
you in?

6. I’m an environmental engineer. I design/I’m designing ……………………………. wind turbines.

7. We work/We’re working ……………………………. on a big project on the west coast of India.

8. Do you travel/Are you traveling ……………………………. a lot, generally?

7
Input 1.2B Reading script: Permanent or temporary?

Meera : So, you’re from Mumbai?

Arvind : Well, I’m living in Mumbai at the moment. I’m American actually.
Meera : Oh, right.
Arvind : I don’t live here permanently. I’m just working in India temporarily. My
company’sdoing a project and I’ve been in Mumbai for about … six months.
Meera : I see. So, what do you do? What line of business are you in?
Arvind : I’m an environmental engineer. I build wind turbines.
Meera : Okay.
Arvind : We’re working on a big project on the west coast of India, near Maharashtra.
Meera : Right. So, do you travel a lot, generally?
Arvind : Quite a lot. But I usually work in the States. It’s the first time I’ve
worked so far away. And though my grandparents are from here,
it’s the first time I’ve been toIndia. I’m enjoying my time in Mumbai.
Especially the food …

8
Input 1.2C Reading script: Permanent or temporary?

Permanent situations Are you from Bangalore?

No, I live in Madurai.

I play football regularly.

______________________________________________________________

Temporary situations What are you studying?

I’m doing my fourth year of Electrical Engineering.

Where is he staying?
He’s staying at the hostel this week.

9
Input 1.2D Practice

Complete these sentences. Use the correct form, for example, ‘I look’ or ‘I’m
looking’. Focus on your pronunciation.

1. I / look / for a new apartment

2. you / speak / English / ?

3. Sorry, I / not / understand

4. Hello. Where are you? I / wait / for you

5. My car’s in the garage for repairs, so I / use / my wife’s car

6. I / know / the owner of this café

7. you / have / your passport with you / ?

8. I / think / this is the road, but I’m not sure

10
Input 1.3A Communication

Positive points Negative points

11
Input 1.3B Using ‘when’ to state facts

In the article below, the word ‘when’ is missing seven times. Read the text loud with
correct stress and intonation and insert the missing words in the correct places. The first
one is done for you.

when
First impressions last. So we meet people for the first time, we try hard to make

a good impression. That’s easier we break the ice face to face, and not, for

example, we introduce ourselves on the phone.

This is because we talk to people directly, our body language—the expressions

on our face, the gestures we make with our hands—helps us communicate.

Research by the scientist Albert Mehrabian found that we talk face to face, 55%

of the information we exchange is nonverbal.

What does this mean for people who communicate internationally in a language

that’s nottheir mother tongue, such as English? Does nonverbal communication

help there are language problems? Or people from different cultures meet, do

the rules of body languagechange, and cause confusion?

12
Input 1.3C If you …?

1. If you have to work, what time do you wake up?

2. If you have free time, what do you like to do?
3. If you have a lot of work, how do you organize yourself?
4. If you meet someone new, how do you introduce yourself?
5. When you have a lot to read, do you get tired?
6. When you are hungry, what is your favourite snack?
7. What do you do if you can’t fall asleep?
8. What does your teacher do if you talk in class?
9. How do you prepare if you have a difficult exam?
10. How do you feel when it is Monday morning?

13
Input 1.3D Language summary

We use the zero conditional to talk about facts that are always true. We can use this structure

when we want to talk about scientific facts, or things that happen when something else

happens.

When we heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.

If we switch on the lights, it is not dark anymore.

What happens when we melt ice?

If it rains, do we get wet?

14
15
Input 2.1A Vocabulary for life stages

Part 1: Use the words below to complete the groups, which describe life events.

be made 1. __________ a job.

get 2. __________ children /kids.
get 3. __________ fired.
get 4. __________ posted.
get 5. __________ married.
get 6. __________ school. / __________ to school
go 7. __________ school.
go 8. __________ redundant.
go 9. __________ promoted.
have 10. __________ a company.
join 11. __________ a company.
leave 12. __________ for a company.
leave 13. __________ to/on a training course.
meet 14. __________ your partner.
start 15. __________ to college/university.work

Part 2: Now put the phrases under the correct headings.

List 1: Growing up and education List 2: Career and training List 3: Personal life

16
Input 2.1B Too many educated people

Ten years ago, Peter Torch, a scientist at the University of Washington, made a very
surprising prediction in the science journal Nature. He said, ‘The next decade is going tobe
a period of growing instability in the United States and western Europe because of
unemployment.’ He said that a part of the reason is the ‘overproduction of young
graduates with advanced degrees’.

Most people think that getting a better education is a good thing. But for any country it’s
important to find a balance between the number of people who graduate from college and
the number of young people who begin work immediately after school.

While we do need chartered accountants, lawyers and doctors, countries need plumbers
and bus drivers, too. Not all countries have a ‘hard work pays’ culture, where you can finish
school, not go to college, but get trained for a job, start working and do well. The best paid
jobs in some places go only to people who study in the best universities.

Work in groups and do the following:

1. Summarize and share what you read above with the class.
2. In this country, do you think there is a good balance between people going to college
and people getting a job straight after school?
3. Is the culture in this country a ‘hard work pays culture’, an ‘education culture’, or a
bit of both?
4. Who do you think should pay for higher education? Students (through loans), the
parents, or should higher education be free for every student?

Discuss the pros and cons, and the fairness of these options.

17
Input 2.1C Language Summary

I was born in Salem.

So, did you grow up there?
Yes. I lived there until I was 17.

In this country, children start school when they are five and leave school at 18.

When did you finish your college course?

I graduated two years ago.

After I graduated. I did not want to get a job right away.

He did well at work and is going to get promoted next month.

How did you meet your partner?

We met at a party.

They decided to get married.

When you have children, life changes.

18
Input 2.2A The library

Choose the correct form of the words in brackets to complete the narrative.

Yesterday, I [go]_____ to my favourite library, a place where I’ve [spend] _____ countless

hours immersed in books and knowledge. As I [enter] ______, I [notice]______the librarian

who had always been kind and helpful. She [smile] _____ warmly and [give] _____ me a

book I had [request] ______. I [sit] ______ in a cozy corner, [open] _____ the book, and

was immediately [captivate] _______ by the story. Hours passed unnoticed as I

[read]______ page after page. The author’s words [paint] ____ vivid scenes in my mind,

and I [become] ______deeply engrossed in the characters’ lives. When I finally finished, I

[close] ______ the book with a sense of contentment. I [run] ____ home and reflected on a

day well spent.

19
Input 2.2B Answer key

Yesterday, I went to my favorite library, a place where I‘ve spent countless hours immersed

in books and knowledge. As I entered, I noticed the librarian who had always been kind and

helpful. She smiled warmly and gave me a book I had requested. I sat in a cozy corner,

opened the book, and was immediately captivated by the story. Hours passed unnoticed as I

read page after page. The author’s words painted vivid scenes in my mind, and I became

deeply engrossed in the characters’ lives. When I finally finished, I closed the book with a

sense of contentment. I ran home and reflected on a day well spent.

20
Input 2.2C Language summary

go I went to college in Istanbul.

have We had our first child three years ago.

take I took a year off between school and college.

get We got married last July.

come I came to live here five years ago.

leave I left school ten years ago.

see I saw one of my old school friends yesterday.

speak I spoke to my boss this morning to ask for a week off.

buy We bought our first apartment four years ago.

meet I met my husband in the office where I worked.

21
Input 2.2C Soft skills

They’re called soft skills, that is, areas of accomplishment that are useful in
many different professions.

For example, being an expert communicator is a very useful talent. Having

a reasonable knowledge of mathematics is, too.

Understandably, soft skills are an important topic in education. They help

decide which subjects—such as science, geography, history or art—
children should spend the most time on.
In colleges, students in specialized courses, such as medicine, engineering
and law, need to cover a lot of specific subjects. But some of their learning
also needs to be ‘softer’, to give them more opportunities as their careers
progress and, perhaps, change direction.

Discuss the following questions with the class:

1. What’s a ‘skill’?
2. What are ‘soft skills’?
3. Which ‘soft skill’ does the article mention that is connected to language?
4. The article mentions subjects that children study at school. What are they?
5. The article mentions two college subjects that are connected with science.
What arethey?
6. Which school and college subjects do you think are the most useful in a
number ofdifferent jobs?
7. Can you think of other examples of soft skills, like communication skills?

22
Input 2.3B Lessons I learned

What subjects did you like most, and least?

What did you study in classes 11 and 12?

Did you have any especially good or bad teachers?

Did you have any part-time jobs, or did you have to do chores in the house?

Did you learn any important lessons from the jobs or chores they did? What were they?

23
24
Input 3.1A Irregular verb list

Base Form Past Tense Past Participle

be was/were been
begin began begun
break broke broken
bring brought brought
buy bought bought
build built built
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
do did done
draw drew drawn
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
feel felt felt
find found found
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
have had had
hear heard heard
hold held held
keep kept kept
know knew known
leave left left
lead led led
let let let

25
Base Form Past Tense Past Participle
lie lay laid
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sit sat sat
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
stand stood stood
take took taken
teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought
understand understood understood
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written
lie lay laid

26
Input 3.1A Practice—I have

Exercise 1: Read the situations and frame sentences using has/have and correct forms of
the words in the box.

arrive Break fall go up grow improve lose

1. Tanveer is looking for his key. He can’t find it.

Tanveer has lost his key.

2. Lisa can’t walk and her leg is in plaster.

Lisa

3. Last week the bus fare was Rs 180. Now it is Rs 200.

The bus fare

4. Amar’s English wasn’t very good. Now it is better.

His English

5. Dinesh didn’t have a beard before. Now he has a beard.

Dinesh

6. This morning I was waiting for a letter. Now I have it.

The letter

7. The temperature last month was 35 degrees. Now it is only 30 degrees.

The

Exercise 2: Complete the sentences with been or gone.

1. Raman is on holiday. He’s ____________ to Jaipur.

2. I’ve just____________ the shops. I bought a lot of things.

3. Arti isn’t here at the moment. She’s ____________ to the shop to buy a newspaper.

4. George has ____________ out. He’ll be back in an hour.

5. Are you going to the bank? No, I’ve already to the bank.

27
Input 3.1A Practice—I have (continued)

Exercise 3: Complete the answers to the questions, using words from the list. Some
sentences are positive, and some negative.

at be eat happen have have meet play read see try

1. What’s Deepa’s sister like?

I’ve no idea. I’ve never met her.

2. Is everything going well?

Yes, we ____________________ any problems so far.

3. Are you hungry?

Yes, I ____________________ much today.

4. Can you play chess?

Yes, but ____________________for a long time.

5. Are you enjoying your break?

Yes, it’s the best holiday ____________________for a long time.

6. What’s the book like?

I don’t know. ____________________it.

7. Is Erode an interesting place?

I’ve no idea, I ____________________there.

8. Did your car break down yesterday?

Yes, it’s the second time ____________________this month.

9. Do you like soya milk?

I don’t know____________________it.

10. Who’s that woman near the door?

I don’t know. ____________________her before.

28
Input 3.1B Practice—I have … (answer key)

Exercise 1:
1. Lisa has broken her leg.
2. The bus fare has gone up.
3. His English has improved.
4. Dinesh has grown a beard.
5. The letter has arrived.
6. The temperature has fallen.

Exercise 2:

1. gone
2. been
3. gone
4. gone
5. been

Exercise 3:
1. haven’t had
2. haven’t eaten
3. I have had/I’ve had
4. I haven’t read
5. I’ve never been/I haven’t been
6. it’s happened/it has happened or that has happened/that’s happened
7. I’ve never tried/I’ve never eaten
8. ’s been/has been
9. I have never seen/I haven’t seen

29
Input 3.1C Practice—Perfect or Past Tense?

Exercise 1: Form sentences from the words given.

1. It/not/rain/this week.
It hasn’t rained this week.

2. The weather/be/cold/recently.

3. It/cold/last week.

4. I/not/read/a newspaper/yesterday.

5. I/not/read/a newspaper/today.

6. Ethan/earn/a lot of money/this year.

7. She/not/earn/so much/last year.

8. You/go/holiday/recently?

30
Input 3.1C Practice—Perfect or Past Tense? (continued)

Exercise 2: Are the underlined parts of these sentences correct or incorrect? Correct them
where necessary.

1. I’ve lost my key. I can’t find it anywhere.

Correct

2. Have you eaten a lot of sweets when you were a child?

Did you …

3. I’ve bought a new car. You must come and see it.

4. I’ve bought a new car last week.

5. Where have you been yesterday evening?

6. Liv has left school in 2019.

7. I’m looking for Manav. Have you seen him?

8. Have you been to Paris? Yes, many times.

9. I’m very hungry. I haven’t eaten much today.

10. When has this book been published?

31
Input 3.1C Practice—Perfect or Past Tense? (continued)

Exercise 1:

1. It hasn’t rained this week.

2. The weather has been cold recently.
3. It was cold last week.
4. I didn’t read a newspaper yesterday.
5. I haven’t read a newspaper today.
6. Ethan has earned a lot of money this year.
7. She didn’t earn so much last year.
8. Have you gone on a holiday recently?

Exercise 2:

1. Correct
2. Did you eat
3. Correct
4. I bought
5. Where were you
6. Liv left school
7. Correct
8. Correct
9. Correct
10. When was this

32
Input 3.1D Language summary

I/We/They/You have (I’ve, etc.)

He/She/It has
finished, lost, done, been, etc.
Have you/they/we …?
Has he/she…?

The present perfect simple is has/have + past participle (see Input 3.1A for list)
finished/ decided/worked: most past participles end in –ed.
But some don’t end in –ed : seen, swum, done, etc.

Situations Examples
Discussing past situations and actions when I’ve finished the job.
the time of the situation/action isn‘t I’ve bought a new car.
important.
Talking about things you’ve done before, I’ve seen this movie before.
although it’s not important to say when you I’ve used this software before.
did them.
Talking about things you have/haven’t done Have you ever been to Thailand?
in your whole life. Yes, I’ve been there./No, I’ve never been
there.

Compare gone to and been:

Veer is on holiday. He’s gone to Italy. Veer is in Italy.

Veer’s been to Italy. Veer went to Italy and came back.

33
Input 3.2A Just/Already/Yet/So far

Exercise 1: Read the situations and complete the sentences with just, already, or yet.

1. After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says, ‘Would you like something
to eat?’ You say, ‘No thank you ____________________________.’(have lunch)

2. Jameel goes out. Five minutes later, the landline phone rings and the caller asks,
‘May I speak to Jameel?’ You say, ‘I’m afraid ____________________________’.(go
out)

3. You are eating in a restaurant and the waiter thinks you have finished. He starts to
take your plate away. You say, ‘Hey, wait a minute. ’(not finish).

4. You plan to eat at a restaurant tonight. You phone and reserve a table. Later, your
friend asks you, ‘Shall I book a table for us?’ You say, No that’s okay
____________________________’(do it).

5. You know that Mala is looking for a PG room. Perhaps she has managed to do it.
You ask Mala, ____________________________?’(find)

6. You are still thinking of where to go during your summer break. A friend asks, ‘So
where are you going in June?’ You say, ‘____________________________
’(not/decide).

7. Lokesh went shopping but returned a few minutes back. His friend asks you, ‘Is
Lokesh still out shopping?’ You say, ‘No, ____________________________.’(come
back)

34
Input 3.2B Language summary

Exercise 2: Use just, already, yet, and so far, and speak 5–6 sentences in pairs about the
progress you have made towards your life goals.

just, already, yet, so far, still

We use just to say something happened a short while ago.
We use yet in questions and negative sentences, but not in positive sentences.

We use already to stress that something has happened sooner than expected.

We use so far to talk about things which have started, but which haven’t finished.

We use still to stress that things haven’t happened.

I’ve just had lunch. a short time ago

I’ve already paid the bill. sooner than expected
I haven’t paid the bill yet. until now
I have three bills to pay. I have paid the started the job, but not finished
power bill so far, not the others.
He promised to call me this morning. It‘s stresses that something hasn’t happened
12:30 and he still hasn‘t phoned.

since, for
We use for to talk about situations that have existed over a period of time.
We use since to talk about situations that have existed from a time in the past.

I haven’t met him since 2012. starting from 2012 until now
I haven’t met him for ten years. a period of ten years

35
Input 3.3A Sports and activities

1. tennis 11. sailing

2. squash 12. judo

3. badminton 13. football

4. basketball 14. yoga

5. volleyball 15. karate

6. swimming 16. table tennis

7. aerobics 17. hiking

weight
8. 18. cricket
training

9. golf 19. scuba diving

10. cycling 20. horse riding

36
Input 3.3B Matching exercise

Exercise 1: Match the descriptions in column A with the correct words in column B.

Column A Column B
1. to do better than a competitor a. winners
2. the ones who come in first place b. candidate
3. ...... is chosen to do a business project c. to beat
4. ...... a competitor in a selection process d. wins … contract
e.g., for a job

Exercise 2: Talk about these headlines.

CRICKET NEWS: CAN INDIA BEAT

AUSTRALIA? Vishal Infrastructure wins
Madurai Airport contract

New Scuba Diving World Record: 142

hours, 42 minutes!!

NEW CEO OF AIR INDIA

IS CAMPBELL WILSON

New Delhi possible Olympic Games

candidate?

37
Input 3.3C Language summary

I like to play cricket. Venu likes to do karate.

Arshad goes swimming every day.
There are several competitors in the 500 m race.

All want to be the first, but only one can win.

Who won the game? What was the name of the
winner?A game of cricket is a competition between two
teams. Each team tries to beat the other.
In a competition, people compete against one another.

38
39
Input 4.1A Types of news story

Match the type of news story in column A with the description in column B.

Types of news story Description

Reports and analysis of major sporting events from

Political 1 A
aroundthe world.

News about burglaries, theft, murder,

Business 2 B
kidnapping andother antisocial activities.

Current and predicted conditions of sunshine, rain,

Crime 3 C
humidity, and wind.

Current events and relevant issues, of international

Reviews 4 D organizations, governments, and individual

politicians.

Opinions about the latest movies, books,

Weather 5 E shows,restaurants and other forms of

entertainment.

The editor of the newspaper writes a special article

Sport 6 F on acurrent issue and expresses the view of the

newspaper.

News about the economy, industrial news,

Editorial 7 G interest rates,unemployment, and the share
market.

40
Input 4.1B Identify the news story

Fill in the table below using information from the newspaper clippings given to you.
Identify
(1) the type of news story it is, and (2) the words in the article that made you
decide on this.An example has been done for you.

Clipping Type Key words from the text

Example Sports second half, score, final two games, top spot

Example clipping

Muller, went off with an injury and that led to a disjointed second-half display, allowing
Adam and Jan to score for Plzen. Bayern need a point from their final two games to
guarantee top spot, with games against Barcelona and Inter Milan to come.

41
Input 4.1C Language summary

Did you read the main new stories in the newspaper today?
There’s generally more bad news than good news in the
media.The editorial today criticized an important politician.
The business section of the newspaper said that a lot of people don’t have jobs in
the country. There’s a lot of unemployment.
The reviews of the new Bollywood movie have been
good.The economy is growing.
The government is increasing the number of police officers to help reduce
crime.Extremely strong winds and rain cause cyclones.

42
Input 4.2A What’s happened recently?

To: [email protected]

From: [email protected]

Dear Anjana,

Sorry I didn’t reply earlier. Things have been a bit hectic at my office lately. The latest news
is, I’ve just been transferred to another division in Dubai, although I haven’t started yet. I
leave for Dubai next week, on March 3, and start my new job a week later. All I’ve been
doing in the last few days is getting things organized before the move. The main reason I’ve
been given this job is because a project I completed with Emirates airlines in recent weeks
was much appreciated by the client! To be honest, it’s been a grind here during the past
few months, so I’m glad to leave and explore new opportunities. So that’s the latest from
my side. I’ll give you a call and tell you how the new job’s going as soon as I’ve settled in.

It seems you have also been busy recently organizing the Machine Learning global meet.
So good luck with that.

Best wishes,
Harry

1. Can you sum up the main news in the email in one sentence?

2. What’s the current situation with his old job and his new one?

3. Why has he got a new job?

4. What does the word ‘grind’ mean in this context?

43
Input 4.2B Follow-up conversation

5. Underline the sentences that refer to recent events. Which phrases in this email refer
to recent events? (There should be 8.)

44
Input 4.2B Follow-up conversation

This is a follow-up to the email you read in Input 4.2A. Complete the conversation using
thewords in brackets.

A: Hey! 1 _____________________ (you/start) the new job yet?

B: Yes. 2 _____________________ (I/be) at my new workplace for the last ten days.

A: Good to know. And what about Dubai? Do you like living there?
It’s not too bad. The first few days 3 _____________________ (bit/difficult), but it’s
B:
fine now.
A: And … 4 _____________________ (tough) on the first day of work also?
No, not really. I think I 5 _____________________ (have) a good start, actually. I 6
_____________________ (attend/orientation training)—a sort of introductory
B: course, for new employees. After that my boss 7 _____________________
(take/out/lunch) at a fancy restaurant. We 8 _____________________ (talk) for an
hour about the company’s future plans.
A: Your boss sounds nice. And was it difficult to find a place to stay?
The company 9 _____________________ (give/accommodation) for three days and
B: also 10 _____________________ (introduce/me) a property agent. She 11
_____________________ (find) me a very nice apartment close to the Marina.
A: Sounds wonderful.

(Continue this dialogue)

45
Input 4.2C Language summary

We use the Present Perfect tense to talk about experiences. Some phrases help
us to saythat these experiences took place a short while ago.

Things have been a bit hectic at my office lately.

The latest news is, I’ve just been transferred.
All I’ve been doing in the last few days is getting things organized.
A project I completed with Emirates airlines in recent weeks was much appreciated.
It’s been a grind—dull and difficult here—during the past few months.
That’s the latest from my side.
You have also been busy recently.

We use the Simple Past tense to talk about details of an experience.

Did you find it difficult to settle in?

Was it a good week?
Where did your boss take you out for lunch?

46
Input 4.3A When and while

We _____________________ (have) lunch when the CEO _____________________

1.
(come) to say hello.
2.
I _____________________ (drive) to work when I _____________________ (hear)
the news about heavy rains in Bengaluru on the radio.
3.
When I _____________________ (switch) on the TV, they
_____________________ (show) live pictures of the incident.
4.
While Raghu _____________________ (print) documents for the meeting, the
power _____________________ (go) off.
5.
The engineers _____________________ (try) to find a solution while the
conference was _____________________ (go) on.
6.
Neela _____________________ (get) up from her desk when she
_____________________ (hurt) her knee.
7.
What were _____________________ (you/do) when the customer
_____________________ (call)?
8.
We _____________________ (sign/deal), while we _____________________
(eat/dinner) together.
9.
When I _____________________ (leave) the meeting room, everyone
_____________________ (still discuss/news)
10
The company _____________________ (encourage) Shilpa to study for her MBA,
while she _____________________ (work) with them.

47
Input 4.3B When or while?

In some of the sentences below, both when and while are correct. In others, only
when iscorrect. Cross out while in the sentences where it is not correct.

1. When/While I was waiting for the clinic to open, I noticed the headline on someone’s
newspaper.

2. When/While I opened the door, I saw the pictures on the wall.

3. I was checking my email when/while I noticed the screen of my computer was dirty.

4. A colleague told me about the incident when/while we were going up to the office in
the elevator.

5. Nisha was having breakfast while/when Pradeep came to her desk.

6. We were speaking to our manager while/when his assistant was taking down notes.

7. I learned the difference between ‘when’ and ‘while’ when/while I was doing this
exercise.

48
Input 4.3C Language summary

I was driving to work when I heard the news on the radio.

When I was driving to work, I heard the news on the radio.
We were sitting in the board room when the thunderstorm began.
When the thunderstorm began, we were sitting in the park.

We can also use while instead of when before was/were …–ing.

I heard the news on the radio when I was driving to work.
I heard the news on the radio while I was driving to work.

49
50
Input 5.1A Vocabulary practice … + to

Complete the sentences using the words in brackets and other suitable words.

1. Lakshmi has received a good job offer in Singapore. She _____________________

take it. (bound)

2. I was very foolish and mailed my application only after the deadline. I’m
_____________________ selected. (likely)

3. I’m not surprised you are tired. After such a long journey for the interview you
_____________________ tired. (bound)

4. Akshay’s father runs a successful business. Akshay _____________________ join him

after graduating from college. (sure)

5. Why don’t you read the advertisement carefully? It _____________________ contain

all the information you want. (likely)

6. Since you speak Japanese, you _____________________ that job you applied for in
Tokyo. (certain)

51
Input 5.1B Vocabulary practice … + to

Job description

Role

Responsibilities

Required skills

Desired skills

52
Input 5.1C Language summary

Talking about career plans:

I would like a career in medicine.
I want to have a career in construction.
I hope to pursue a career in politics.
I plan to work in hospitality.

I want to work for a hospital.

I want to join my family business.

Talking about job opportunities:

What job opportunities are
available to you?There are job
opportunities in hotels.
I’m likely to get a job as a draftsman.
I’m not likely to get a job as a project manager.

Alternatives to likely to:

I’m sure to get a job
in Chennai.She is
certain to get a good
job.
The final year students are bound to get internships in IT companies.

53
Input 5.2A Describing yourself positively

Work with your partner and match the pairs.

innovative 1 A able to change according to the situations

able to handle pressure without getting

hard working 2 B
upset
do necessary things without being asked
cooperative 3 C
and accepts blame if something goes wrong

self-sufficient 4 D does everything on time

versatile 5 E finds new ways of doing things

responsible 6 F does things in a systematic way

completes tasks quickly without wasting

well-qualified 7 G
time

self-motivated 8 H has special abilities/specially trained

skilled 9 I works with energy and commitment

efficient 10 J has necessary knowledge for the job

works independently and doesn’t ask for

calm 11 K
help unnecessarily

organised 12 L happy to help out

able to accept problems without

punctual 13 M
complaining or getting irritated
has a desire to do things out of own interest
loyal 14 N
and doesn’t need someone to force them

patient 15 O firm and supportive

54
Input 5.2B Language summary

You should thoroughly research a company’s background when you apply for a job.

Promoters are people who own/finance the company.

We talk about a company’s profitability to see if it is making money.
Opinions of people who work in the company is employee feedback and opinions of the
customers is customer feedback.

Your priorities could be to get a challenging and well-paying job.

Jobs can be satisfying, interesting, rewarding, and involve travelling.

You should be able to talk about your positive points, or strengths when you apply for a job.
You may be self-motivated, responsible, loyal, innovative, hard-working, patient, skilled,
efficient, calm, versatile, organized, well-qualified, self-sufficient, cooperative or punctual.

55
Input 5.3A Things to think about

Discuss the following questions with others in your group.

1. Are good manners and social skills important in an interview?

2. What is the ideal time to arrive at an interview?

3. Should you introduce yourself to the receptionist?

4. Should you greet people by name?

5. What if you don’t catch their name?

6. Is it correct to make eye contact with everyone?

7. Should you be smiling and relaxed or be very serious?

8. Should you dress casually if the organization has a relaxed dress code?

9. Should your mobile be switched on?

10. What if you’re nervous when you are finally called into the interview room?

11. Should you extend your hand first or wait for the interviewer to extend his/her hand
for a handshake?

12. Should you look directly at the interviewer?

56
Input 5.3B Language summary

Introductions
You can appear confident by introducing yourself without waiting for someone to ask:
Hello, I’m …/Hi, I’m …
When the interviewer introduces himself or herself:
How do you do Mr … /Pleased to meet you Ms …/Nice to meet you Ms …

Giving long answers

To start with/Firstly …
My second contribution was/Secondly/Next …
You can expand an idea by saying:
In addition, /And another thing/What’s more/I should mention here/Just a
small point ...

Showing different degrees of interest

Of course, I would!
I would love to do that!
I might be able to do that
Well, I need to think about it

Asking politely for information

May I ask you
…? Could I
ask you …?
Do you mind telling me …?
I wonder if …?

57
58
Input 6.1A An interesting email

Read the email below with your partner and mark the sentences below as True or False.

From: Aman Bhava

To: Natasha Rao
Subject: Leadership course

Hi Natasha,
How have you been? Yesterday, a friend told me about an interesting leadership course. Since
you are interested in management, I know you’d like to take a course like that, and I certainly
would. It is a three-day course in Mumbai, and my friend said it was excellent. I’d like to take
the same course, if possible.
So, my question is, shall l ask if you can take it as well? Obviously, cost is an issue. I will ask
Kapil in the training department about that. I will speak to him when I go to the office next
Friday. I’m hoping he says yes, because I heard he wants to know more about this type of
training. He won’t know that until someone takes the course.
I will tell him this is a good opportunity to get some feedback. Anyway, let me know what you
think. And I will contact you as soon as I get an answer from Kapil.
Best wishes,
an
Are these statements true or false?
1. Aman’s friend enjoyed
the intercultural training course. True/False
2. Aman would like to go
to Copenhagen to do the course. True/False
3. Aman needs to ask
Kapil if the company will pay for the course. True/False
4. Kapil thinks that this
type of training is too expensive. True/False
5. Aman is going to ask
Kapil to contact Natasha. True/False

Work with another pair and discuss these questions.

1. In the 2nd paragraph, 2nd sentence, what does ‘shall I’ mean?
2. Later in the second paragraph, Aman writes, ‘So I will ask Kapil’. In this situation, is‘I’ll
...’ an offer, the same as ‘Shall I ...’?
3. Can you think of short title, for the subject line of the email, to sum up what it’s about?
4. Briefly discuss what ‘Leadership training’ means.

59
5. What does Aman ask Natasha?
6. What’s Aman going to do to make her plan happen?
7. Why does Aman use ‘I will,’ and not ‘I’ll’ in the email?

60
Input 6.1B Offers, decisions and connected events

Work with your partner and choose the right options.

Offering/Deciding to do things in the future

1. My question is, will I/shall l ask if you can take it as well?
2. I/I’ll ask Kapil, in the training department, about that.
3. I/I’ll tell him this is a good opportunity to get some feedback.

Talking about two connected events in the future

4. I/I’ll speak to him when I/I’ll go to the office next Friday.
5. I/I’ll contact you as soon as I/I’ll get an answer from Kapil.
6. He doesn’t know/He won’t know that until someone from the company takes/will
take a course.

61
Input 6.1C Talking about arrangements

Section 1: Look at the conversation between Aman and Natasha.

Aman: Yes, so Kapil has agreed that we can both take the course.
Natasha: That’s great news. Well, I’d definitely like to go … one hundred percent.
Aman: Excellent. Did I send you the web link to the course brochure, by the way?
Natasha: I haven’t received anything.
Aman: OK. Well, (A) _____________________
Natasha: Excellent.
Aman: (B) _____________________ . And (C) _____________________
Natasha: Great.
Aman: Obviously, (D) _____________________ .
Natasha: Well, I am fairly flexible over the next three or four months. I’m taking a
short break in July. So, (E) _____________________ ?
Aman: Well, July’s not possible for me, anyway, so … so no need.
Natasha: OK. Well, other than that, there should be no problem …

Section 2: Choose the right options.

1. And I/I’ll contact the training company in Mumbai.
2. I/I’ll send you that as soon as I/I’ll get back to my office.
3. And when I/I’ll send out the dates that are available, I/I’ll send you the details.
4. So shall/will I send you the dates for that?
5. I don’t/won’t book the course until you/you’ll confirm that the dates are OK.
6. We won’t/We’ll avoid July.

62
Input 6.1D Language summary

Offers
Shall I book the tickets?
Decisions for the future
I’ll book the tickets.

To plan things well you have to make arrangements.

You can connect two events in the future like this:

Your plan in the future after another event in the future

I’ll phone you when I arrive.
Your plan in the future immediately after another event in the future
I’ll phone you as soon as I arrive.
Your plan in the future only after another event in the future
I won’t phone you until I arrive.

63
Input 6.2A What are these arrangements?

Take turns to read these aloud to your partner. What arrangement is it?

1. I can’t see you tomorrow afternoon, I’m afraid. I’m meeting a colleague at two thirty.
And we’re going to be busy until five o’clock at least.
________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

2. I have to get up really early in the morning. The plane leaves at six-fifteen.
And I have tocheck in at least an hour before departure.
________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

3. It’s a two-day conference. It starts on Tuesday morning at nine. And it

finishes onWednesday afternoon, at about four o’clock, I think.
________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

4. According to the order form, the delivery’s arriving on Friday afternoon at

five o’clock. So, if the truck gets delayed, I’m going to be stuck here waiting until
Friday evening. Notgood at all!

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

64
Input 6.2B Language for arrangements

Table A

A. I can’t see you tomorrow afternoon, I’m afraid. I __________________________ a

colleague at two thirty. And we’re going to be busy until five o’clock at least.

B. I have to get up really early in the morning. The plane ______________________ at

six fifteen. And I have to check in at least an hour before departure.

C. It’s a two-day conference. __________________________ on Tuesday morning at

nine. And it finishes on Wednesday afternoon, at about four o’clock, I think

D. According to the order form, the delivery __________________________ on Friday

afternoon at five o’clock. So, if the truck gets delayed, I’m going to be stuck here

waiting until Friday evening. Not good at all.

Table B

1. meet/am meeting
2. leaves/is leaving
3. It starts/It’s starting
4. arrives/is arriving

65
Input 6.2C Email confirming arrangements

Write an email from Aman to Natasha confirming the arrangements for the
Leadershiptraining using the details provided.

Leadership training course: details and travel arrangements

 Number of participants: 18
 Course begins: 10 August
 Course ends: 17 August
 Accommodation arranged by training company
 Chennai–Mumbai flight: 11:00 am, 9 August (offer to pick up Natasha from her
house)
 Dinner with trainer, Vikas Arora, at Trident Hotel, 7 pm, 9 August
 Course timings: 09:00 am to 5:00 pm
 Mumbai–Chennai flight: 9:00 pm, 17 August

66
Input 6.2C Language summary

This is how we talk about personal arrangements in the future.

It’s a good idea to say the time of the arrangement. This avoids confusion and
shows thatwe are talking about a future arrangement, and it is not something
happening at the moment.

I’m meeting Herman at 10 o’clock.

He’s driving to Rajkot next Friday.

We’re having a barbecue tonight.

This is how we talk about timetables.

They are fixed and have an impact on many people.

The train leaves at 3:30.

The store opens at 9 o’clock.
The conference starts on Monday morning.

67
Input 6.3A Going to or will?

Team A

1. Why are you turning on the printer?

__________________________ the document (I/print)
2. I’ve got a bad headache. __________________________ some Crocin. (I/get)
Oh really? Just wait a second
3. Oh, I’ve just realised. I forgot to bring my wallet. I haven’t got any money.
Don’t worry. __________________________ the bill. (I/pay)
4. Why are you taking everything out of the drawers?
__________________________ up my work area. (I/tidy)
5. I’ve been thinking about it for a few months, and I’ve decided to quit my job.
Really? What ___________________ ___________________ after that? (to/do)

Team B
1. I don’t know how to use your washing machine.
It’s easy. ___________________ you. (I/show)
2. Where are you going? To the fourth floor?
Yes, ___________________ the sales manager. (I/meet)
3. What would you like to eat?
___________________ a masala dosa please (I/have)
4. Did you call Sharon about the brochures?
No, I completely forgot. ___________________ her now (I/call)
5. Have you decided what to do with your bonus money?
Yes, ___________________ new car (I/buy)

68
Input 6.3B Language summary

We use ‘I’ll’ to say what we’ve just decided to do—to talk about decisions made rightnow.
It’s cold. I’ll turn on the heating.
I’m not sure what time the store opens. I’ll look online.
That’s heavy. I’ll help you carry it.

We use ‘going to’ to talk about decisions we made some time ago—to talk about plans
we’ve had for some time.
I’m going to look for another job.
She’s going to study engineering.
We’re going to paint the walls green.

69
70
Input 7.1A Future cities

Look at the pictures below and discuss what cities of the future will be like.

71
Input 7.1B What’s the certainty?

1 By 2050 the world’s 4 Cars today

population is expected to
According to industry
reach 9.8 billion. Nearly
sources, there will perhaps
70 percent of this booming
be a higher demand for
population will certainly
smaller cars in the future.
live in urban areas.

2 5 In the last decade, we have

The world will definitely run seen that heavy storms
out of petroleum products. and floods are becoming
There’s no question of ‘if’, more and more
only ‘when’. commonplace. Weather
patterns are set to become
even more irregular in the
years to come. In fact, it
will possibly become very
difficult to even try to
forecast weather.

3 6
The demand for water will All buildings in the future
probably drastically out strip probably will have inbuilt
supply in several cities in solar panels to make use of
India, China, Africa, and the the sun’s energy to
Americas by the end of 2030. generate electric power.

72
Input 7.1C Types of forecasts

Look at the three types of forecasts below. Discuss with your partner how certain or
uncertain you think these kinds of forecasts are.

1. 24-hour weather forecasts

2. Forecasts on climate change
3. Company forecasts for sales of new products

Why are some forecasts more difficult to make?

73
Input 7.1D How to forecast

One of the key things with a forecast is time – how far it looks into the future. Weather
forecasts are a good example. If you watch the twenty-four-hour forecast, it'll probably be
right –

or very close. If it's a seven-day forecast, it might be right, but it may be completely wrong.
So, when you try to look along way into the future,

things are less predictable. Another important thing is past experience. To help predict the
future, you always try to look at the past, for information. So, climate change, for instance,
has happened before.

And it helps us to predict how the climate will possibly change in the future. But if you've
never done something before, things are much less predictable. If a company's selling a
completely new product they've just developed, for example, then forecasts about how well
it might sell

are very difficult to make, because there's no past information to look at. So, things that are
totally new are generally more unpredictable.

74
Input 7.1E Language summary

We can say:
It will certainly happen
definitely
when we are certain about something.

We can say:
It will probably happen
probably will
when there is a good chance something will happen.

When something is possible, we can say:

It will possibly happen
Maybe it will happen
Perhaps it will happen
It will perhaps happen

75
Input 7.2A Talking about the weather

1. What’s the weather like today?

2. What’s the weather been like recently, e.g., earlier in the day/earlier in the
week/lastweekend?
3. Would you say today’s weather is typical for this time of year? If not, discuss
what kindofweather is more typical.
4. How would you describe the weather, here, generally? What sort of
weather is mosttypical in the different seasons?
5. Are there any kinds of weather you never, or very rarely, get here?

76
Input 7.2B Talking about the weather

77
Input 7.2C Weather forecast

Part A: Complete the pairs of opposite weather words.

clear dry mild calm

1. Tomorrow is going to be cold / ___________________ .

2. It’s going to be windy / ___________________ .
3. It will be cloudy / ___________________ .
4. The whole day will be wet /___________________ .

Part B: Now listen to a weather forecast from a radio broadcast. Underline the
correct words inthe sentences in Part A.

Part C: Discuss the questions below about the weather forecast.

1. Do you think the weather forecast you heard was for a place in your country?

2. If so, how common is this type of weather in your country?

78
Input 7.2D Extreme weather

Which words go together to describe extreme weather? Match the following.

deep rain
freezing cold
torrential hurricane
strong snow
dense hot
boiling fog
destructive wind

79
Input 7.2E Language summary

This is how we describe the weather.

a cloud It’s cloudy

the sun It’s sunny clear, blue sky
rain It’s rainy, It’s wet heavy rain, torrential rain It’s dry
wind It’s windy strong wind, gale, hurricane It’s still
fog It’s foggy dense fog It’s clear
snow It’s snowing heavy snow, deep snow
frost It’s freezing

80
Input 7.3A Use of forecast/prediction/scenario

Part A: Use the words forecast/prediction/scenario to fill in the gaps.

1. A ...............................is a general word that means saying or guessing what will

happen in the future.
2. A ...............................is a more confident view of the future. It is often an
expert opinion, for example, what meteorologists think the weather will
be like over the next 24 hours, orhow many products a company thinks it
will sell in the next three months.

3. A ...............................is a possible situation. It may be imaginary. It may also be a

realistic possibility that might happen in the future.

Part B: What do you know about global warming? Use the words forecast,
predict andscenario to talk about the subject.
You could also use some of the words below.
carbon dioxide (CO2)
climatologists
polar region
ice melt
sea level

81
Input 7.3B Climate change and Asia

Read the text about the impact of climate change in Asia and answer the questions.
A recent global study says that climate change is going to hit Asian countries the hardest in the next
fifty years.
Asia has more people living in coastal cities than any other region in the world, hence a rise in the
sea level and extreme weather patterns will have the greatest effect on people and places in Asia.

By 2050, parts of Asia may see increasing average temperatures, destructive heat waves, torrential
rainfall events, severe hurricanes, and changes in water supply.
Some countries in Asia, like Japan, South Korea, and China, however, are expected to see lower
impacts of climate change. In fact, these countries are likely to have agricultural advantages from
climate change and an increase in crop yields. But there are risks to their infrastructure and to the
food supply chains due to extreme weather. These will in turn have long-lasting affects around the
world.
While many problems are forecast, Asia is also in a position to tackle these challenges if they want
to. This is because most countries in the region are still developing their infrastructure both in the
rural and urban areas. The countries here have good opportunities to make sure that whatever is
built can withstand what is coming in the not-so-distant future.

1. According to the article, why will Asia be affected most by climate

change? What willAsian countries experience?
2. What positive impact will climate change have on some countries?
What are thenegative consequences that will affect the world?
3. Is it too late for Asia? Why or why not?

82
Input 7.3C Language summary

We use will and going to to discuss forecasts that are quite certain.
Tomorrow will be a cold day.
It will rain later in the
afternoon. Tomorrow is
going to be a cold day.
It’ s going to rain later in the afternoon.

When we make forecasts, we can use could discuss possibilities—things that may or may
not happen.
It could snow at the end of the week. →It may/might snow.
There could be some rain in the evening. →There may/might be some rain.

We can use the first conditional to make predictions of things we are quite certain about.
If it rains in the evening, there might be a thunderstorm.

83
84
Input 8.1A Understanding positive words

Which of these words best answer the questions below?

generous hardworking sensitive reserved confident

trustworthy moody lazy optimistic ambitious
sociable attentive cheerful impatient unreliable

1. Is your friend usually in a good mood? …………………….

2. Is it important to your friend to be successful in whatever he/she does?
……………..……..
3. Does he/she notice other people’s feelings? ……………...……..
4. Does he/she often give presents, pay for lunch or a coffee? ………………..…..
5. Does he/she work hard? ……..……………..
6. Does he/she become angry or annoyed if he/she has to wait for
something orsomeone? ………………..…..
7. Can you trust a secret with your friend? ………………..…..
8. Does he/she listen well when you are speaking? ……………..……..
9. Does your friend keep his/her feelings to him/herself? ……………..……..
10. Is your friend usually not worried by things, no matter what happens?
……………..……..
11. Does your friend think the future will be good? …………..………..
12. Does he/she often change their opinion about things? ……………..……..
13. Does your friend often postpone things he/she has to do? ……………..……..
14. Is your friend happy one moment and then sad the next? ……..……………..
15. Does your friend get along well with people? ………………..…..

85
Input 8.1B Language summary

Talking about abilities:

I have a reputation for …
I am good at …–ing
I am capable of …–ing
I consider myself to be …
I’m proud of my … /I take pride in my ...

Positive words you can use to describe yourself:

generous hardworking sensitive reserved confident
trustworthy moody lazy optimistic ambitious
sociable attentive cheerful impatient unreliable

86
Input 8.1C Some more useful words

The adjectives below can be used to describe people’s personalities.

absent-minded active adaptable aggressive ambitious

amusing analytical approachable arrogant authoritative
assertive astute attentive bashful brainy
bright brilliant carefree cautious cheerful
commanding conscientious conservative courteous creative
critical decisive demanding determined diligent
diplomatic direct discerning disorganized disinterested
eager easy-going eccentric egotistic emotional
excitable experienced farsighted forgetful frank
friendly generous gentle giving greedy
hard-working harsh headstrong helpful hypocritical
imaginative impulsive independent innocent inquisitive
insightful intelligent jealous jovial just
keen kind knowledgeable level-headed liberal
likeable logical loyal materialistic mature
meticulous mischievous modest moody naive
narrow-minded non-judgmental observant obstinate old-fashioned
open-minded optimistic organized outgoing passionate
patient pleasant polite possessive predictable
quick quick-witted rational realistic reasonable
rebellious relaxed resourceful responsible sarcastic
secretive sensitive serious sincere skilful
sloppy stylish sympathetic tactful talented
talkative temperamental tenacious thoughtful timid
uncivil unmannerly unpleasant unreasonable vague
vehement vivacious warm-hearted weak weird

87
Input 8.2A Tough interview questions

 Why should we hire you?

 Why do you want to work here?
 When were you most satisfied in your job?
 What are your weaknesses?
 What are three positive things your last boss would say about you?
 What do you think of your last boss?
 How would you deal with a difficult boss?
 What did you like most/least about your last job?
 How well do you work under pressure?
 What was the most difficult decision you ever had to make?
 Would you describe a situation in which your work was criticized?
 Have you applied elsewhere?
 Has your job application ever been rejected? Why?
 Is there anything else you’d like to tell me about yourself?
 What are your expectations of us as an employer?
 Where do you want to be in five years?
 What do you know about our organization?
 What are your salary requirements?
 Are you willing to go where the company sends you?
 Do you like routine tasks/regular hours?
 Do you make your opinion known when you disagree with the views of your manager?
 Have you ever been asked to resign?
 Have you ever had difficulties getting along with others?
 How do you handle tension?
 How long will you stay with the company?
 How long have you been looking for another position?
 Rate yourself on a scale of one to ten.
 What area of your skills/development do you want to improve?
 What are some of the problems you encountered in your previous job?
 What are some of the things that you find difficult to do?
 You’re overqualified for the position on offer. Why do you want the job?
 How do we know that you won’t leave us the minute you get a better offer?
 Why haven’t you found a job before now?

88
Input 8.2B Language summary

How you worked on your weaknesses:

I overcame my shyness by taking a communication
skills course.I worked on it.
I broke the habit of getting nervous before presentations by
practicing with myfriends.
I complete all my assignments on time now. I trained myself to
prioritise importanttasks over unimportant tasks.
I learned the hard way to say ‘no’ sometimes.

Words for emphasising:

There’s absolutely no doubt about that.
I cannot emphasize that strongly enough.
I must stress this point, although I have said it before.

89
Input 8.3A Questions for the interviewer

1. What are some of the aims of this job?

2. What are some of the long-term objectives you would like to see completed?

3. What are some of the more difficult problems one would have to face in this
position? How do you think these could be handled best?
4. What type of support does this position receive in terms of people, finances,
etc.?

5. What freedom would I have in determining my own work objectives, deadlines,

and methods of measurement?
6. What advancement opportunities are available to a successful employee?

7. How is one evaluated in this position?

8. What accounts for success within the company?

9. Are there any parts of my résumé you’d like me to elaborate on?

10. Could you explain how this job fits into the overall structure of your company?

11. What standards are expected of me? How am I going to be measured in relation
tothese standards?

90
Input 8.3B Language summary

It’s important to ask the interviewer questions at the end of your interview. Ask ‘Wh–’
questions to get all the information you need, but avoid asking about salaries and perks.

Who will I be reporting to?

What are the performance standards?
What are the opportunities for professional development?

91
92
Input 9.1A FAQs

e.g., my money back

request to b .............. something What I b…………....

c………….... send b…………....

se………….... the d.............. charges
are………….... make me p .............. for cancelling the order
t…………..../s ............... goods am ..................to confirm something

Replace the words in the FAQs (1–7 below) with words which mean the same (from the text
box above).

1. If I’m not satisfied with my purchase, can I return the goods and get a refund?

e.g. my money back

2. If my goods are damaged during delivery, will you exchange them?

3. Can I cancel an order that hasn’t been shipped yet? If so, will you charge a
cancellation fee?

4. If I purchase a gift, can you send it to the recipient without an invoice inside ?
that won’t be delivered right away, do I have to

5. If I place an ordered that won’t be delivered right away, do I have to pay

immediately, or will the payment be made when you deliver my order?

6. After I’ve ordered something, how quickly will you confirm it by email? What should I
do if I haven’t received confirmation within a reasonable time?

7. If I need to arrange for a return, a refund or an exchange, how should I package the
product, and how and where should I send it? Who will pay for the delivery charge?
And how will you refund me?

93
Input 9.1B Language summary

When you order a product, you buy it and receive it later, for example, by mail.When did
you order the product? On what date did you place the order?
When people buy things online, they generally pay by credit card. How did youpay?
I made a credit card payment.
When you order something online, you should receive an email to confirm the order. Have
you had a message confirming the order?
No, I haven’t received confirmation.
The products are quite big and heavy, so we deliver them by truck. We’ll deliver the
package in the morning. Will you be at home to receive the delivery?
We’ll send the product to you. We’ll ship it in the next few days.
A document asking for, or confirming, a payment is called an invoice.
If you’re not happy with the product, you can send it back. You can return it.If you return
the product, we’ll exchange it and send you a new one.
I’ve ordered a product but have now decided I don’t want it. Can I cancel my order?If you
cancel an order, we’ll send you an email to confirm the cancellation.
Can I return the product and get my money back? Will you give me a refund?

94
Input 9.2A Advantage or disadvantage?

1. You can compare lots of different products very quickly.

2. You can buy things from home. You don’t have to go into town.
3. There’s a risk your credit card details will be stolen.
4. You can find products that are more difficult to get—the kinds of things
you mightnever find in stores.
5. You can’t physically pick up products and have a good look at them.
6. You can’t ask a store assistant for more information about a product.
7. If you have some sort of problem, for example, if the thing you’ve bought
is defective, then you have to send it back by mail, and things get
complicated.
8. You don’t get the product immediately. You have to wait for delivery.

95
Input 9.2C Language summary

96
Input 9.3A My first, brand new car

Read the article along with your partner and answer the questions below.

1. What is this article comparing?

2. Which ‘moment’ does the article mention?
3. What happens at that moment and why?

You get an unusual sensation when you get your first brand-new car—especially if you’ve
always bought second-hand. You’ve waited impatiently for weeks after paying the booking
amount.
Now, as you sit in the driver’s seat for the first time, there’s suddenly a moment of
uncertainty. You want to wait just a little longer before driving on that smooth, clean
showroom floor, and onto the rougher, dirtier tarred road outside. Because, as soon as you
drive a little farther, two things will happen.
First, your nice, spotless tyres will lose their shine. Second, your ‘brand-new car’ will
suddenly be a ‘used car’ that’s 5% to 10% less valuable than it was a few seconds earlier.
Can you think of a more expensive ten-second trip?
So, is it worth paying a lot more for a brand-new vehicle? Or is it better to buy a recent,
second-hand one?

97
Input 9.3B Comparatives

Use the words in brackets to complete the sentences. Use much/a bit, etc. + another word.
Use ‘than’ where necessary.

1. The company’s financial situation was ________________ we thought at first.

(much/serious)
2. This office is too small. We need something ________________. (much/big)
3. I liked the presentation on business strategy. It was ________________expected.
(much/interesting)
4. It was very hot inside the conference room yesterday. Today it’s ________________
________________. (a bit/cool)
5. I’m afraid the problem is ________________ (far/complicated) it looks.
6. You’re speaking too fast. Can you speak ________________?(a bit/slowly)
7. It’s ________________to learn a language in a country where it is spoken. (a
lot/easy)
8. I thought my new boss was younger than me but in fact she is ________________.
(slightly/old)
9. ‘How do you feel now? ’ ________________ ‘, thanks.’ (much/good)
10. We should re-look at the terms of the contract. It’s ________________ (a
bit/expensive) the old one.

98
Input 9.3C Language summary

We can use these words for comparisons with big differences.

The new car model is a lot smaller than the old one.
The new car model is much more efficient than
the old one.The new car model is far less
expensive than the old one.

We can use these words for comparisons with small differences.

The new model is a little smaller than the old one .
The new model is a bit more efficient.
The new model is slightly less expensive.

99
100
Input 10.A (i) Leisure as an opposite

Read the text aloud, taking turns with your partner.

What is leisure? You could say it’s the opposite of work. This is actually a good way to think
about leisure time, in order to make the most of it, because a good way to spend your spare
time is to do the opposite of what you do the rest of the time.
So if you have a physical, outdoor job, it’s good to stay in for an evening, just lying on the
couch watching TV. If you spend the week working indoors, your first priority might be to go
out and get some exercise and some fresh air—maybe go for a walk. The opposite of sitting
at a desk.
Making the most of your free time is also about being in different places. If you’re at home a
lot (maybe because you look after your kids fulltime), then you probably want to get out of
the house—to go out for the day or take a real break and go away for a few days. Or if you
take the train to work five days a week, on Saturday morning you probably won’t want to
go into town via the same rail track or walk around town just a couple of streets from your
office. Better to be somewhere else.
As the saying goes, ‘A change is as good as a rest’.

Discuss these questions with your partner.

1. What ‘opposite’ does the article talk about?
2. What examples of opposites does the article give?

101
Input 10.A (ii) Leisure as an opposite

Exercise 1: Use the words below to complete the phrases about leisure time. You
will need to use one of the words twice.

along around away for in into on out over

What is leisure? You could say it’s the opposite of work. This is actually a good way to think
about leisure time, in order to make the most of it. Because a good way to spend your spare
time is to do the opposite of what you do the rest of the time.
So if you have a physical, outdoor job, it’s good to (1) stay ............. for an evening, just lying
on the couch watching TV. If you spend the week working indoors, your first priority might
be to (2) go ............ and get some exercise and some fresh air—maybe (3) go ............. a walk.
The opposite of sitting at a desk.
Making the most of your free time is also about being in different places. If you’re at home a
lot (maybe because you look after your kids fulltime) then you probably want to get out of
the house—to (4) go ............ for the day, or take a real break and (5) go ........................ for a
few days. Or if you take the train to work five days a week, on Saturday morning you
probably won’t want to (6) go ............ town via the same rail track, or (7) walk.............. town
just a couple streets from your office. Better to be somewhere else.
As the saying goes, ‘A change is as good as a rest’.

Exercise 2: Use some of the words below, and your own words, to complete 1–3. Then
compare your sentences to those in the article in Input 10.1A (i).

away for go in out stay

To make the most of your free time, think of leisure as an "opposite". For example:
1. If you have a physical, outdoor job, in your leisure time it’s good to
____________________ .
2. If you spend the week working indoors, sitting at a desk, in your leisure time
it’s good to ____________________ .
3. If you look after your kids fulltime at home, in your leisure time it’s good to
____________________.

102
Input 10.B Words that go together

Listen to your teacher read a text out for you about a man’s leisure activities. Underline the
correct options.

1. We quite often have friends in/over for the evening.

2. My wife and I occasionally go out for/to a meal.
3. We go at/to the movies.
4. We get a night away/out, in town, from time to time.
5. We like having an evening back/in, watching TV on some weekends.

103
Input 10.1C Language summary

We use these phrases to talk about free time activities.

stay in
go out
go for a walk
go out (for the day)
go away (for a few days)
go into town
walk around town
have friends over
go out for a meal
go to the movies
have a night out

have an evening in

104
Input 10.2A To or -ing, or both?

Underline the correct forms of the words in blue below. In some cases, there
are two correct answers.
1. I really enjoy garden/to garden/gardening. I find it relaxing, mentally, being
outdoors—even though it can be hard work, physically.

2. I hate play/to play/playing board games. When I’m with friends or family, I’d
rather just chat/to chat/chatting.

3. I can’t stand watch/to watch/watching football on TV. Although I don’t mind

watch/to watch/watching certain other sports.

4. I love cook/to cook/cooking, which is why I enjoy have/to have/having people

over for dinner.

5. But I don’t really enjoy do/to do/doing it for a lot of people. I prefer have/to
have /having a fairly small number of guests.

105
Input 10.2B Like or dislike?

Here are four examples of things people like doing, or don’t like doing in their free time:
• watching TV serials
• eating out
• playing board games (e.g., Chess, Monopoly, Ludo) or card games (e.g., rummy,
bridge)
• cooking
Discuss in your groups how much you like or dislike these pastimes.

Now, tell the class whether your views were similar or different from your other group
members. How strongly did they express their likes or dislikes?

106
Input 10.2C Language summary

We talk about likes and dislikes by saying:

I love it. I like it. I don’t mind it. I don’t like it. I hate it.
I really like it. I enjoy it. I don’t enjoy it. I can’t stand it.
I really enjoy it.

We talk about preferences by saying:

I prefer/I’d prefer that.
I’d rather do that. (I’d = I would)

We can use either to or –ing with these words:

love to do like to do hate to do prefer to do
love doing like doing hate doing prefer doing

We always use –ing with these words:

enjoy doing
can’t stand doing

107
Input 10.3A Corporate entertainment and team building

Read the article below with your partner and discuss the question.

We tend to think we know our colleagues quite well. However, it’s difficult to really
understand people when you only ever see them in the same boring workplace. So, to get to
know colleagues better, does it help to spend time with them in more amusing situations? If
so, does that help build better teams? Judging by the size of the market for ‘corporate
entertainment’, the answer to both questions is ‘yes’.
The idea of corporate entertainment is to allow groups of colleagues to do something more
interesting than they do in the office—to help with team building, or as a reward for hard
work. Many events start with an exciting activity, e.g., kart racing or paintball—often
something quite physical and tiring. After, there’s a more relaxing social session, usually
over a meal or drinks. This allows coworkers to chat about their experiences—especially
about the surprising things that normally sensible colleagues did.

What’s the article about, and how is it connected to the words in the title?

Describe your feelings in these situations:

1. working in the same office every day
2. a physical activity such as kart racing or paintball
3. a social session over a meal or drink

108
Input 10.3B Language summary

Experiences can be described as:

It was interesting.
It was boring.

It was relaxing.
It was tiring.

It was amusing.
It was exciting.

It was surprising.
It was amazing.

We can feel:
I was interested.

I was bored.
I was relaxed.

I was tired.

109
110
Input 11.1A Time phrases

That job takes a lot of my

I spend a lot of time on it.
time.
I want to take some time
I need a break.
off.
Do you go there often?
From time to time
Not very often.
I’m here most of the
I’m in nearly every day.
time.
We always have trouble It causes problems all the
with this. time.
I’m under a lot of At times, my job is
pressure occasionally. stressful.
She always does things in She never takes the time
a hurry. to do things carefully.
Don’t rush. Slow down. Take your time.

I work five days a week. I work fulltime.

I work only three days a
I work parttime.
week.
I frequently have to work
I often work overtime.
late.

111
Input 11.1B Time pressure and me

Look at the comments made by different people in conversations about time pressure.
Talkto the others in your group about each of these statements and answer the questions
that follow.

• Which comments are true for you today?

• Which comments were true for you at an earlier stage in life?
• Which comments do you think will be true in the future?

1. ‘I’m pretty happy with the hours I work/study. I think I’ve got a good work/life
balance.’
2. ‘I spend a lot of time at working/studying … too much, in fact. I’d work less if I
could.’
3. ‘Ideally, I’d like to spend more time working.’
4. ‘I have all the time in the world. So, generally, whatever I do, I take my time.’
5. ‘Most of the time, I get home from work/college late and tired. All I have time to
do
is eat and crash out.’
6. ‘For me, home is the place where I generally take the time to relax and
do the things I want to do.’
7. ‘When I’m at home, I’m busy most of the time. I hardly have any time to myself.’
8. ‘At times, it’s really tough trying to juggle work/study and family life.
It’s just nonstop.’

112
Input 11.1C Society and time pressure

What observations can we make from the comments in Input 11.1B, and from the
discussion you’ve just had? What can we say about:

• how busy different people are at different stages in life.

• the way society is today, with regard to time pressure/work-life balance.

Discuss with your partner and share your opinions.

113
Input 11.1D Language summary

That job takes a lot of my time. I spend a lot of time on it.

I need a break. I want to take some time off.

Do you go there often? Not very often. Just from time to time.

I’m in nearly every day I’m here most of the time.

We always have trouble with this. It causes problems all the time.

I’m under a lot of pressure occasionally. At times, my job is stressful.

She never takes the time to do things
She always does things in a hurry
carefully.
Don’t rush. Slow down. Take your time.

Do you work full-time? Yes, I work five days a week.

I work part-time. I work three days a week.

I frequently have to work late. I often work overtime.

114
Input 11.2A Tips to reduce time pressure

Take turns to read these aloud to your partners. Then discuss what the tips are
and writethem down in your own words.
It’s important to be realistic with time. We
often expect jobs to be easier than they
really are, so we set deadlines that are too
optimistic. It’s better to be pessimistic and
Tip 1 allow more time. A big cause of stress is not
meeting expectations. So having more
realistic expectations meansless stress.
Example: If you think it’s going to take you four days to do a job, tell everyone it will take
you five.

Summary:

It’s a good idea to do small jobs right away

Tip 2 and get them out of the way. Long ‘to-do’
lists are stressful, even if the tasks on them
are only small. So, it’s better not to let small
jobs pile up. If you have a long list, do the
quickest jobs first to shorten it as fast as
possible.
Example: Reply to emails immediately.

Summary:

If you’re busy, it helps to concentrate 100%

on what you’redoing which helps avoid
Tip 3 getting interrupted. This may sound
obvious. However, it’s easy to
underestimate just how seriously
distractions slow us down.
Example: If you need to do some written work at home, go into a quiet room and close
thedoor.

Summary:

115
Input 11.2A Language summary

You give advice by saying:

You should do that.

It helps to do that.
It’s a good idea to do that.
It’s important to do that.
You shouldn’t do that.
It’s not a good idea to do that.
It’s better not to do that.
It’s better to do that.

116
Input 11.3A Scenarios

Two scenarios are given. One is likely, the other unlikely. Fill in the missing
one. (One has been done for you.)
1. Likely scenario: I’ll be able to take the metro to my new office.
I’ll take it every day if it doesn’t cost too much.
Imaginary scenario: It’s a pity the train is so expensive.
I’d take it every day if it was cheaper.

2. Likely scenario: Our company’s considering letting us work part time. If they allow it, I’ll
work three days a week.
Imaginary scenario: I wish our company would let us work part time.

3. Likely scenario: I’m thinking about quitting my job. And if I leave, I’ll do something
completely different.
Imaginary scenario: I’m not planning on quitting my job.
But

4. Likely scenario: We’re thinking of selling the house. I think we’ll buy a place out of
town, if we move.
Imaginary scenario: We have no plans to move at present.But

5. Likely scenario: I want a new car.

Unlikely scenario: I need a new car. If I was to get a promotion this year, I’d buy one.

6. Likely scenario: We have completed most of the project. If we make a good

presentation, the boss will be happy.
Unlikely scenario: We have completed some of the project.

117
Input 11.3B Coping with the rat race

Read the text below and answer questions 1–3. Then discuss question 4 with your partner.
Get up, go to the office, work all day, come home, go to bed. Get up the next morning and
do the same. And the next morning. Until you retire. This may sound like a rather
depressing, exaggerated, and simplistic perception of daily life. However, for some
people,it’s exactly how the daily grind seems. And, if you believe the statistics, an
increasing number of people feel that life is just a rat race.

Why do people get this feeling? Sometimes it’s simply because they dislike their work. A lot
of individuals believe that, if they changed jobs, they would be happier. Or it may be that
too much stress is spoiling a good job. In other words, some workers would enjoy their jobs
more if they were under less time pressure. In other cases, the problem has to do with
location. Many people feel they would be happier if they moved away from the stress of the
big city. Others, who live miles out of town and travel long distances to work, would prefer
to live closer to their workplace and spend less time commuting.

1. What do you understand by the word ‘rat race’?

2. Why do people think life is a ‘rat race’?

3. Without looking at the text above, complete these sentences about imaginary scenarios.
a. A lot of individuals believe that, if they/change/jobs, they/be/happier

b. Some workers/enjoy/their jobs more if they/be/under less time pressure

c. Many people feel they/be/happier if they/move/away from the

stress of the big city

Do you agree with the ideas in 3 (a–c)? Discuss with your partners.

118
Input 11.3C Language summary

This is how we talk about possible scenarios, that is, things that could happen in reality.
If I change my job, I will be happy.

This is how we talk about imaginary scenarios, that is, things that probably won’t
happenin reality.
If I changed my job, I would be happy.

119
120
Input 13.1A Left- and right-hand driving

Driving on the left versus driving on the right. Are the statements below True or False?
Discuss with the others in your group and mark your answers. If you’re not sure why, try to
guess.

1. In most countries, vehicles are driven on the left-hand side of the road.
2. In the past, several countries changed from driving on the left to driving on the
right.
3. Some people believe that right-hand-drive cars are safer than left-
hand-drive cars—especially if they have a manual transmission (with a
manual gear stick), rather thanautomatic transmission.

121
Input 13.1B Did you know?

First, read the article. Then look at 1–5. Are the sentences True or False? Try to complete
the task without looking back at the article.

1. In most countries, vehicles are driven on the right-hand side of the road. The worldwide
split between driving on the right and left is difficult to measure exactly, as comparisons can
be based on the number of countries, populations of countries, or total lengths of highways
in countries. As a rough guide, two-thirds of the world drives on the right, and one third
driveson the left.
2. In the past, a number of countries changed from driving on the left to driving on the right.
Sweden is a famous example, where the rule changed on 3 September 1967, at 5:00 am—
surprisingly, without any major accidents. Several other countries (China is an example) had
mixed systems in the past, with some parts of the country driving on the right and other
parts on the left. This led to a change to the right in order to have a single, national rule.
3. Some people believe that right-hand-drive cars are safer than left-hand-drive cars—
especially if they have manual transmission (with a stick shift), rather than automatic
transmission. This is because when you change gear in a right-hand-drive car, you use your
left hand, leaving your right hand on the steering wheel. As most people are right-handed,
this means their ‘good hand’ is always steering the car.

1. In most countries, vehicles drive on the right. True False

2. Roughly three-quarters of the world drives on the right. True False
3. Sweden changed from driving on the left to the right in 1967. True False
4. Today, all parts of China drive on the left. True False
5. It is thought that left-hand-drive cars are safer. True False

122
Input 13.1C Did you know?

With highway-related words, there are a number of differences between American and
British terms. How many do you know, or can guess? Complete the table below.

car circle intersection motorway park road sidewalk traffic

American English British English

1. highway …………………………………
2. ………………………………… footpath/pavement

3. parking lot …………………………………

4. ………………………………… junction
5. expressway/freeway/thruway …………………………………
6. ………………………………… roundabout

123
Input 13.1D Language summary

Cars drive on the highway.

In your country, do people drive on the right-hand side or left-hand side of the highway?
On the street, people walk along the footpath at the side of the street.
If you need to leave your car, you can park it in a parking lot.
The place where two streets or highways come together is called an intersection.
An expressway or freeway is a highway divided into two parts, where the cars on one side
go in one direction and the cars on the other side go in the opposite direction.
Some intersections have circles that cars drive around, called traffic circles.
The car has manual transmission. You have to shift the gears yourself.
It’s easier to drive a car with automatic transmission.
To make a car turn left or right, you turn the steering wheel.

124
Input 13.2A Vocabulary for rules

can can’t must mustn’t

have to don’t have to are allowed to aren’t allowed to

Part A: Put the words above into the correct categories below.

forbidden/prohibited:

compulsory:

choice to do:

choice not to do:

Part B: Complete the descriptions of traffic rules using the words and phrases below.
Sometimes, two or more words/phrases are possible.

1. A speed limit is a law which states that you ___________________ go over a certain
speed.
2. You ___________________ drive through green traffic lights.
3. ......................................................................................................................... The
law states that you ___________________ drive through red traffic lights.
4. In many countries, seatbelts are compulsory. This means that all car
drivers and passengers___________________ wear them.
5. You ___________________drive below the speed limit if you like. You
___________________drive exactly on the limit.
6. At an intersection, a ‘Yield’ or ‘Give Way’ sign means you ___________________let
cars that are already on the highway go past before you pull out.
7. In most countries, you only need to switch on your headlights when it starts to get
dark, or when visibility is bad. If visibility is good, during the day, you
___________________switch on your lights.

125
Input 13.2B Yield/Give way

126
Input 13.2C Yield/Give way rules

Confusing and dangerous foreign road rules to watch out for

Driving abroad is often confusing. And not just because some of the road signs are different.
The rules of the road may be different, too. Clearly, you can’t learn all the traffic regulations
for every foreign country you visit. However, it helps to learn about some specific laws that
often take visiting drivers by surprise. A good example is a rule that is followed in many
Continental European countries, where cars can pull out of intersections in front of other
cars. For visiting drivers who don’t know the rule, the danger is obvious.
The rule only applies at some intersections, and generally only on roads with low-speed
limits. It states that you have to yield to vehicles arriving from the right. Vehicles on the
right are allowed to join the road in front of those already on the highway. Cars on the right
don’t have to wait for you to stop. They can just pull out.
In the diagram, Car A must stop. It mustn’t move forward until after Car B has joined the
road. However, if Car B is turning left, and another car is coming in the opposite direction
(Car C), then Car B can’t join the far lane—it’s not allowed to pull out in front of Car C
(because Car C is on its right). In this case, Car B can wait at the junction and allow Car A to
pass. However, if the driver of Car B likes, he or she can move halfway across the road and
wait for Car C to pass, making Car A wait.

Use the words and phrases below to complete the descriptions in 1–5.

can can’t must mustn’t

has to doesn’t have to is allowed to isn’t allowed to

1. ...................................................................................Car A _______________
/______________________ stop and yield to Car B.

2. Car B _______________ /_______________ join the road in front of Car A.

3. Car B _______________ wait for Car A to go past before pulling out.

4. Car A _______________ / _______________ /_______________ move

forward until Car B has pulled out.

5. Car C _______________ stop and yield to Car B.

127
Input 13.2D Words in sentences

Look at the highlighted words in the sentences. Listen to the difference between how the
words are said on their own (on the left) and how they’re said in sentences (on the right).

1. can You can pull out.

2. can’t You can’t park here.
3. to You have to yield.
4. must You must yield.
5. mustn’t You mustn’t stop here.

128
Input 13.2E Language summary

This is how we talk about traffic rules

In some countries, you must wear a seatbelt in a car. It’s compulsory.
You mustn’t drive without a seatbelt. It’s forbidden.
You can’t drive without a seatbelt.
You’re not allowed to drive without a seatbelt.
In some countries, you don’t have to wear a seatbelt if you are sitting at the
back.In some countries, you can sit in the back seat without a seatbelt.
In some countries, you are allowed to sit in the back seat without a seatbelt.

129
Input 13.3A Transport in a big city

Match the pictures of city transport with words in the box.

1. Which types of transport need tracks or rails to travel on?

2. Which types of transport can you rent in many cities?
3. How is an app-based cab different from a taxi?

130
Input 13.3B Phrases to agree and disagree

Phrases to agree with someone:

1. agree/with/I/you
2. right/think/I/you’re
3. made/point/a/good/you’ve
4. more/couldn’t/agree/I

Phrases to disagree with someone:

1. so/not/sure/I’m
2. to/have/I/disagree
3. by/idea/that/not/I’m/convinced
4. afraid/I’m/I/agree/don’t

Phrases to partially agree with someone:

1. but/me/wrong/get/don’t …
2. mean/I/but/what/see/you …

131
Input 13.3C Language summary

Phrases to show agreement:

I agree with you.
I think you’re right.
You’ve made a good point.
Oh definitely.
I couldn’t agree more.
Phrases to show disagreement politely:
I’m not so sure.
I have to disagree.
I’m not convinced
by that idea.I’m
afraid I don’t
agree.
Phrases to partially agree with someone:
Don’t get me wrong but …
I see what you mean but …

132
133
Input 14.1A Will be doing and will have done

These are sentences about the future. Use the correct forms of the words in brackets to fill
in the blanks.

1. Don’t call me between 7 and 8, _____________________ breakfast with the boss. (I/have)

2. Phone me after 8a.m. _____________________ by then. (I/finish)

3. I meet my team everyday between 3:30 and 4:00 p.m. So, at 3:45p.m.
_____________________ to my team. (I/speak)

4. Can we meet tomorrow? Yes, but not in the afternoon, _____________________ .

(I/work)

5. Do you think _____________________ the same job in ten years’ time? (you/still/do)

6. Bella has gone to Europe and is spending her travel allowance too quickly. If she continues
likes this, _____________________ all her money before the end of the trip. (she/spend)

7. 6p.m. is too late to ask for an interview. The Human Resources team
_____________________ home by then. (go)

134
 1.

Input 14.1B My to-do list

Things to do this week:

1.
2.
3.

Things to do this month:

1.
2.
3.

Things to do by 2025:
1.
2.
3.

135
Input 14.1C What I will have achieved

All of us have hopes and dreams. What do you think your future will be like?

Make notes about what you think you will be doing and what you will have done when you
are 45 years old. Share with the class.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

136
Input 14.2A Practice using linking words

Exercise 1: Complete the sentences with although/in spite of/because/because of.

1. it rained a lot; we enjoyed our college trip.
2. a. all my careful plans, a lot of things
went wrong during thepresentation.
b. I had planned everything
carefully, a lot of things wentwrong during the presentation.
3. a. Sneha went home early she was feeling unwell.
b. Sneha went to work the next day she was still feelingunwell.
4. a. Ratish accepted the job the salary, which was very high.
b. Ratish accepted the job the salary, which was quite low.
5. a. I managed to finish the recording there was a
lot of noise.
b. I couldn’t finish the recording the noise.

Exercise 2: Link the two sentences and make it one sentence. Use the linking
words inbrackets.
1. Satish worked hard. He was very tired. (despite)
2. They are paid very low wages. They are satisfied. (in spite of)
3. My foot was injured. I managed to walk home after classes today. (although)
4. I enjoyed the film. The story was silly. (in spite of)
5. Vishnu and I work in the same building. We rarely see each other. (Though)
6. Mr. Singhal got annoyed with Kartik. He was only a few minutes late for the
meeting.(even though)

Exercise 3: Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.

1. Advait completed the online training program although …
2. Advait completed the online training programme because …
3. Though Misha didn’t come to the freshers’ party …
4. Misha didn’t come to the freshers’ party in spite of …

137
Exercise 1

1. Although
2. a. In spite of
b. Although
3. a. because
b. although
4. a. because of
b. in spite of
5. a. although
b. because of

Exercise 2 (alternatives answers are possible)

1. Despite being tired, Satish worked hard.
2. In spite of the low wages, they are satisfied.
3. Although my foot was injured, I managed to walk home after classes today.
4. In spite of the silly story, I enjoyed the film.
5. Though Vishnu and I work in the same building, we rarely see each other.
6. Even though Kartik was only a few minutes late for the meeting, Mr. Singhal got
annoyed with him.

Exercise 3 (example answers)

1. Advait completed the online training programme although he was in the middle of
his term exams.
2. Advait completed the online training programme because he was interested in it.
3. Though Misha didn’t come to the freshers’ party, I had a great time.
4. Misha didn’t come to the freshers’ party in spite of my reminder.

138
Input 14.2B Language summary

Addition Linkers: Sequence and Order Emphasis Linkers:

furthermore Linkers: indeed
moreover First, second, third certainly
in addition Next undoubtedly
additionally Then of course
furthermore Afterward without a doubt
besides Meanwhile clearly
not only... but also Finally absolutely
In conclusion
Contrast Linkers: Result Linkers:
however Comparison Linkers: As a result
on the other hand Similarly Consequently
nevertheless Likewise Thus
nonetheless In the same way Hence
although Just as Therefore
in contrast Compared to For this reason
conversely On the contrary So

Cause and Effect Linkers: Illustration Linkers:

therefore For example
consequently For instance
as a result Specifically
thus In particular
so Such as
because To illustrate
since
Summary Linkers:
Time Linkers: In summary
meanwhile To sum up
simultaneously In conclusion
eventually Overall
subsequently All in all
in the meantime To conclude
firstly, secondly, thirdly, … As a whole
at the same time

139
Input 14.2C Reading Comprehension

I worked hard, but I didn’t pass the test.

Although I worked hard, I didn’t pass the test.
Despite my hard work, I didn’t pass the test.
In spite of my hard work, I didn’t pass the test.
Even though I worked hard, I didn’t pass the test.

140
Input 14.3A Practice

Exercise 1: Use correct forms of the words in brackets and complete the sentence, e.g., I
didn’t meet Prateek at the conference. If I had seen him (I see), I would have said (I say)
hello.

1. I wanted to send you an email, but I didn’t have your email address. If
________________ (I/have) your email address I ________________
(send/you) the invitation.
2. Hassan says his trip to London was just ok. (he/enjoy) it more if the
weather ________________ (be) better.
3. I’m glad you reminded me about the sales meeting today. I
________________ (I/forget) about it if ________________ (you/not/tell)
me.
4. Arti got to the airport too late to board the plane. If (she/not/ miss) the
flight, ________________ (she/attend) the interview.
5. Arman went to a party last night and did a bad job with the assignment. If
Arman ________________ (go) to the party last night, ________________
(he/write) a good essay.

Exercise 2: Plan to speak about 5–6 sentences beginning with the prompts below.

a. If I had known that …

b. If I had studied …

141
Input 14.3B Influences

1. What do you think has been the most important invention of the last 50
years? Whatwould have been different if this had never been invented?
2. What is the best piece of advice you have ever received? How might
your life bedifferent if you had never received this advice?
3. What might the world be like now if the internet had never been invented?
4. If you hadn’t learned English, how would your life be different?
5. If you had been offered a high-paying, full-time job right after school,
would youhave dropped out of college to take the job?

142
143
Input 15.1A Advertisement messages

Special
offer!!
35% off!

Hurry!
Sale Half Price Fares*

ends Limited Seats

soon! availableBook

now!
*Terms and conditions
apply

SUBSCRIBE NOW AND CLAIM YOUR

GIFT

1. What message is conveyed by all six ads?

2. What other message is in three of the ads?
3. Identify words in the ads that express these messages.

144
Input 15.1B The right words

145
Input 15.1C Understanding ads

1. Which ad do you think is offering the best deal?

2. How high do you think the chances of winning the cruise are?

3. How good are the kinds of free gifts you get with ads?

4. On the ‘half-price fares’ ad it says, ‘See conditions below’—What does this mean?

146
Input 15.1D Language summary

We use these words when we are discussing advertisements.

Advertisements are called ads for short.
The purpose of ads is to advertise products. They’re for advertising.
Ads on the TV and on the radio are often called commercials.
Sometimes, stores have sales, when they sell things at lower prices for a short time.
If a price is reduced by 25%, the packaging will say 25% off.
If a price is reduced by 50%, the packaging will often say half-price or buy one and
get one free.
People who buy things are customers.
People who buy things and use them are called consumers.

147
Input 15.2A Sales advisor

FROM SALESPERSON TO SALES ADVISOR. BUT HOW GOOD IS SALES ADVICE?

‘Salesperson’ is an unloved job title. It has a pushy image. This stereotype may be
unfair, but it explains why the title is going out of fashion. Today, increasingly,
companies employ not salespeople but friendlier sounding ‘sales advisors’ or ‘sales
consultants’. Sometimes, the word ‘sales’ is removed altogether to give titles such as
‘customer advisor’.
However, customers should be careful. It’s important not to confuse advising and
selling. Yes, ‘customer advisors’ can offer valuable help with some things, for example,
explaining technical information about products. But it’s important to remember that
they might not give the best buying advice. One reason is that sales staff sometimes
earn higher commissions for selling some
products and lower commissions for others (depending on how much profit the
company makes on different items). So, they might just try to sell the product that will
pay the highest commission, rather than the one that’s best suited to the customer’s
needs. Therefore, take care. Think twice before accepting ‘customer advice’. It’s
dangerous to see a commercial salesperson as an independent advisor. Make sure you
remember who you’re dealing with.

Answer these questions about the article.

1. Why do some companies call their sales staff ‘sales advisors’,
‘sales consultants’ or‘customer advisors’?
2. What example is given in the article of some useful advice that
salespeople can offercustomers?
3. According to the article, why don’t salespeople always
give customers the bestbuying advice?
4. What’s the main piece of advice given by the article?

148
Input 15.2B Language summary

Use these phrases to advise people about precautions.

Be careful.
Take care.
Make sure you …
Make sure you don’t …
It’s important to …
It’s important not to …
It’s dangerous to…

149
Input 15.3A Headlines

Work with your partner and underline the words that describe trends in these headlines.

Is the rise in food prices improving eating habits in cities?

HAS THE GROWTH OF UNLIMITED CALLS REDUCED THE AVERAGE PHONE BILL?

IS THE RECENT DROP IN SALARIES DUE TO A FALL IN THE PROFITS OF

IT SERVICES?

AS THE PRICE OF OIL INCREASES, SHOULD FUEL TAXES DECREASE?

150
Input 15.3B Trends

Use the words that you just discussed to fill the table below. Change the forms of the
wordswhere necessary. In some cases, you don’t need to change them.

1. decrease 2. drop 3. fall 4. growth 5. improve 6. increase 7. reduce 8. rise

1. d……………… a d………………
2. d……………… a d………………
3. f……………… a f………………
4. g……………… g………………
5. i……………… an i………………
6. i……………… an i………………
7. r……………… a r………………
8. r……………… a r……………

151
Input 15.3C Language summary

We use these words to talk about positive and negative trends.

Positive changes:
rise
improve
grow
increase

Negative changes:
reduce
drop
fall
decrease

152