PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE 7.

PUBLIC POLICY - GOVERNMENT’S

POLICIES
“Man, by nature, is a political animal.” -Aristotle 8. POLITICAL BEHAVIOR - INFLUENCE OF
Humans are not self-sufficing so they find the INDIVIDUALS
need to come together as a community - Plato
and Aristotle
GOVERNANCE

• Gubernare / Kubernaein = “to steer”

POLITICS
• It is a manner of steering or governing,
• “Polis” = city-state “Community of directing or controlling a group of
citizens” people or a state.
• ATHENS as the most powerful and • The process of decision-making and the
prominent city-state process by which decisions are
implemented/ not implemented.
• Directly related to politics
POLITICS - a mechanism used by the • The exercise of power or authority by
government to control, influence and political leaders for the well-being of
implement policies and programs. the citizens
• Its complexity includes the
- is the exercise of power, the science of promulgation of policies that affect
government, the making of collective decisions, directly human and institutions;
the allocation of scarce resources, and the economic and social development
practice management and leadership

BAYANIHAN ATO HEAL AS ONE ACT – Republic

act 11469 SEVEN (7) ELEMENTS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

1. PARTICIPATION - Everyone can directly

or indirectly partake in governmental
BRANCHES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE processes.
1. POLITICAL THEORY - CLASSICAL 2. RULE OF LAW - Good governance
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY requires fair legal frameworks that are
2. COMPARATIVE POLITICS - TYPES OF enforced by an impartial regulatory
CONSTITUTIONS, POLITICAL ACTORS, body, for the full protection of
LEGISLATURE stakeholders.
3. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION - 3. TRANSPARENCY - Means that decisions
GOVERNMENT POLICY taken and their enforcement are done
4. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS - in a manner that follows rules and
POLITICAL-ECONOMICAL INTERACTIONS regulation.
5. PUBLIC LAW - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 4. RESPONSIVENESS - All institutions and
THE GOVERNMENT AND CITIZENS processes try to serve all stakeholders
6. POLITICAL METHODOLOGY –DESCRIBE within a reasonable timeframe.
& DEFINE POLITICAL PHENOMENA
 5. CONDENSUS-ORIENTED - Requires Political Ideologies
mediation of the different interests in
1. LIBERALISM - A political ideology that
society to reach a broad consensus in
gives importance to the fulfillment of
society on what is in the best interest of
the individual through the satisfaction
the whole community and how this can
of his interest. It views individuals to be
be achieved.
born equal, equipped with reason, and
6. EQUITY AND INCLUSIVENESS - Result-
have their own rights.
oriented and best performance within
available resources.
• CLASSICAL LIBERALISM - It does not
7. ACCOUNTABILITY - All institutions and
encourage the interference of the state
sectors of the government are
on the individual life as humans can
accountable to the public.
take care of themselves.
• MODERN LIBERALISM - It believes that
if individuals are not subject to
GOVERNMENT
regulation, there might be injustices.
- A group of people with the authority to govern Therefore, the state must intervene to
a country or a state protect individuals from social evils.

- The people is the government

2. CONSERVATISM - It is an ideology that
has the desire to preserve institutions
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
and is reflected in a resistance or
• “Ideology” ideologie = science of ideas suspicion to change. For conservatives,
• Ideology - is a set of related ideas or a tradition reflects the accumulated
systematic group of concepts and wisdom of the past, as manifested in
beliefs about culture, society, and the practices that have endured the test
human life. of time.
• Is a set of ideas that are combined in a
variety of ways to guide and inspire 3. COMMUNISM - It is an ideology based
people to political action. on common ownership, which aims to
establish a society that is classless and
egalitarian. Communists believes that
Characteristics of Political Ideology private ownership of wealth and means
1. Provide an explanation for problems of production promotes inequality and
that confronts modern societies by other social evils.
providing futuristic visions.
2. Ideology is action-oriented • KARL MARX & FRIEDRICH ENGELS’
3. Ideologies mobilize a large number of COMMUNISM
people. - Communism advocates the abolition
of private owned property

Transition from Capitalism to

Communism
 4. SOCIALISM - That stands in opposition • Force a degree of oppression upon their
to capitalism and proposes an citizen, utilize violence and torture to
alternative which is perceived to be achieve what the leader wants.
more human and equitable. In
Example: MARTIAL LAW
capitalism, an individual rises according
to ability, there’s a competition. 2. TOTALITARIANISM
• Totalitarianism is a form of government
5. FASCISM - It is an ideology fueled by that attempts to assert total control
extreme nationalism. It promises the over the lives of its citizens.
birth of a new, stronger, and greater • Totalitarian regimes employ extreme
society, stripped from all of its measures such as secret police forces
weaknesses. It promotes and imprisonment to control the
authoritarianism, nationalism, and private and political lives of their
violence seeking to create a citizens.
totalitarianism.
Example: North Korea
• ADOLF HITLER, NAZI GERMANY 3. FEDERALISM
- He promoted the anti-semitic • The word “federal” comes from the
propaganda which led to Holocaust. Latin foedus which means covenant or
• BENITO, MUSSOLINI, ITALY treaty.
- A leader of National Fascist Party • A system of government under which
significant government powers are
6. ANARCHISM - It is an ideology on the shared between the Federal and the
belief that government and laws are not Regional /State Governments.
necessary, and personal autonomy is a
must. For anarchist, the government is Example: United States
evil because it exercises coercive
4. PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM
authority, which violates the freedom
• A system of government which
and equality of individuals.
allocates public decision-making powers
to a house of elected representatives,
or parliament, typically including
TYPES OF GOVERNMENT decisions on national laws and
1. AUTHORITARIANISM regulations,
• Is defined as; a form of government • typically holds the title of Prime Minster
characterized by absolute or blind
obedience to authority, as against 5. UNITARY GOVERNMENT
individual freedom and related to the • is a system that has a strong central
expectation of unquestioning government that controls what
obedience. subnational governments do and
• The obedience of the people or public is smaller areas within the country
created through mixtures of threats, that don't have much independent
violence, fear and propaganda. power.
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT • Constitutional Monarchy – a system of
government that is ruled by a king or
1. DEMOCRACY –
queen whose power is limited by its
• Greek word “demos” and “kratos” country's constitution.
which means “common people”
and “power”. The word democracy 4. OLIGARCHY -
means “power to the people” • Comes from the Greek word
• A way of governing which depends “oligarkhes” meaning “rule by the
on the will of the people. few”.
• A form of government in which all
Classification of Democracy: power is vested in a few persons or a
• Direct/Pure Democracy - people dominant class or clique; government
decide on various policies without by the few.
any representatives
• Indirect/Representative – some THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT
people are elected to represent the
rest of the citizens 1. Executive branch - is responsible for
implementing and enforcing laws, headed by
the President. It includes various departments
2. REPUBLIC – and agencies that oversee specific aspects of
• Latin word “res publica” which means governance.
“public thing”, “public matter”, or
“public affair”. The power of
government is held by the people. 2. Legislative branch - consists of the Senate
• The people give power to the leaders and the House of Representatives, tasked with
they elect to represent them or serve making, amending, and repealing laws. This
their interest. branch serves as the primary forum for public
• The representatives are responsible for debate and decision- making.
serving ALL PEOPLE, NOT JUST FEW.

3. MONARCHY - 3. Judicial branch - interprets and applies the

• The ruling power or total sovereignty is laws, ensuring their constitutionality and
vested in one person only called resolving disputes. The Supreme Court, as the
“MONARCH”. The power lasts until highest judicial body.
his/her death unless he/she abdicates.

Major Types in terms of Succession: • Checks and Balances - ensures that

• Hereditary Monarchy – the title is each branch of government has some
handed down through bloodlines. measure of influence over the other
• Elective Monarchy – title is passed branches, preventing any one branch
down to an elective official. from gaining too much power.
• Absolute Monarchy – a dictatorship.
.