INTRODUCTION

Excel is a spreadsheet program from Microsoft and a component of its Office product group for
business applications. Microsoft Excel enables users to format, organize and calculate data in a
Spreadsheet.
By organizing data using software like Excel, data analysts and other users can make information
easier to view as data is added or changed. Excel contains a large number of boxes called cells
that are ordered in rows and columns. Data is placed in these cells.
Excel is a part of the Microsoft Office and Office 365 suites and is compatible with other
applications in the Office suite. The spreadsheet software is available for Windows, mac OS,
Android and iOS platforms.
Excel is most commonly used in business settings. For example, it is used in business analysis,
human resource management, operations management and performance reporting. Excel uses a
large collection of cells formatted to organize and manipulate data and solve mathematical
functions. Users can arrange data in the spreadsheet using graphing tools, pivot tables and
formulas.

The image given below represents how an Excel spreadsheet looks like:

1
Excel Terminology and Components:
Excel has its own terminology for its components, which new users may not immediately find
understandable. Some of these terms and components include the following:

1. Cell:
A user enters data into a cell, which is the intersection of a column and row.
2. Cell reference:
This is the set of coordinates where a cell is located. Rows are horizontal and numbered
whereas columns are vertical and assigned a letter.
3. Active cell:
This is the currently selected cell, outlined by a green box.
4. Workbook:
This is an Excel file that contains one or more worksheets.
5. Worksheet:
These are the different documents nested within a Workbook.
6. Worksheet tab:
These are the tabs at the bottom left of the spreadsheet.
7. Column and row headings:
These are the numbered and lettered cells located just outside of the columns and rows.
Selecting a header highlights the entire row or column.
8. Formula:
Formulas are mathematical equations, cell references or functions that can be placed
inside a cell to produce a value. Formulas must start with an equal "=" sign.
9. Formula bar:
This is the long input bar that is used to enter values or formulas in cells. It is located at
the top of the worksheet, next to the "fx" label.
10. Address bar:
This bar located to the left of the formula bar shows the number and letter coordinates of
an active cell.
11. Filter:
These are rules a user can employ to select what rows in a worksheet to display. This
option is located on the top right of the home bar under "Sort & Filter." An auto filter
option can be selected to show rows that match specific values.
12. AutoFill:
This feature enables users to copy data to more than one cell automatically. With two or
more cells in a series, a user can select both cells and drag the bottom right corner down
to autofill the rest of the cells.
13. AutoSum:
This feature enables users to add multiple values. Users can select the cells they want to
add and press the Alt and Equal keys. There is also a button to enable this feature on the
top right of the home page, above "Fill" and to the left of "Sort & Filter."

2
14. PivotTable:
This data summarization tool sorts and calculates data automatically. This is located
under the insert tab on the far left.
15. PivotChart:
This chart acts as a visual aid to the PivotTable, providing graph representations of the
data. It is located under the middle of the insert page, next to maps.
16. Source data:
This is the information that is used to create a PivotTable.

Features of MS Excel:

Various editing and formatting can be done on an Excel spreadsheet. Discussed below are
the various features of MS Excel.

The image below shows the composition of features in MS Excel:

1. Home:
Comprises options like font size, font styles, font color, background color, alignment,
formatting options and styles, insertion and deletion of cells and editing options.
2. Insert:
Comprises options like table format and style, inserting images and figures, adding
graphs, charts and spark lines, header and footer option, equation and symbols.
3. Page Layout:
Themes, orientation and page setup options are available under the page layout option.
4. Formulas:
Since tables with a large amount of data can be created in MS excel, under this feature,
you can add formulas to your table and get quicker solutions.
5. Data:
Adding external data (from the web), filtering options and data tools are available under
this category.
6. Review:
Proofreading can be done for an excel sheet (like spell check) in the review category and
a reader can add comments in this part.
7. View:
Different views in which we want the spreadsheet to be displayed can be edited here.
Options to zoom in and out and pane arrangement are available under this category.

3
 OBJECTIVES
1. To gain practical experience MS-Excel.
2. To implement different formulas used in MS-Excel.
3. To increase knowledge about MS-Excel.
4. To learn about data validation, conditional formatting etc.
5. To do some data analysis using excel such as the results of students.

4
 LAB WORKS
The Lab Works done on this report are on following topics:

1. Formulas:
A formula in Excel is used to do mathematical calculations. Formulas always start
with the equal sign (=) typed in the cell, followed by your calculation.

2. Bar Graph:
A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents categorical data with
rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values that they represent.
The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally. A vertical bar chart is sometimes
called a column chart.

3. Conditional Formatting:
Conditional Formatting in Excel enables you to the cells with certain color depending
on the condition. It is an excellent way to visualize data in a spreadsheet. You can
also create rules with your own custom formulas.

4. Pie Chart:
A pie chart is a graphical representation technique that displays data in a circular-
shaped graph. It is a composite static chart that works best with few variables. Pie
charts are often used to represent sample data, with data points belonging to a
combination of different categories.

5. Data Validation:
Data validation is a feature in Excel which is used to control what users can enter into
a cell. It allows you to dictate specific rules. It also allows users to display a custom
message if users try to enter invalid data.

6. Gantt Chart:
A Gantt chart, commonly used in project management, is one of the most popular and
useful ways of showing activities (tasks or events) displayed against time. On the left
of the chart is a list of the activities and along the top is a suitable time scale. Each
activity is represented by a bar; the position and length of the bar reflects the start
date, duration and end date of the activity.

5
1. Formulas and Bar Graph:

In this work, marks of 7 students in different subjects have been given. Total marks,
percentage, pass or fail, and the rank of the students have been determined using formulas
and plotted in the bar graph.

The bar graph shows the total percentage obtained by the students.

The vertical lines represent the percentage obtained by the students while the horizontal
line shows the name of the students.

6
1. Conditional Formatting and Pie Chart:

In this work, percentage of 15 students is given in three different terms. Total percentage
or grade is calculated using the formula in the below screenshot and the total percentages
are colored using conditional formatting.
Below 40 percentage are red, above 90 are blue, 60-70 are gray, 70-80 are yellow and 80-
90 are green. And the total percentage are also represented in pie-chart showing how
much space each student’s total percentage have occupied in the pie chart.

7
2. Data Validation:

Given below is the example for data validation:

The data is valid if only the given conditions are fulfilled that can be seen below the
table. The customer name column only allows letters to be input, the contact number
column only allows a 10 digit number to be input and soon as specified by the formulas
and conditions below the tables. If the data do not verify these specific rules, the user will
get a warning such as:

Only specific listed data or allowed also be entered through listing:

8
3. Gantt Chart:

Given below is a table that shows 7 tasks, their start dates and the number of days each
task need to be completed. These data can be shown in a Gantt chart as such: