SCIENCE 8 – WEEK 3

Sir Lemuel M. Licup

 WORK
Are you doing WORK
when…
• Lifting weights?
• Walking with a big bag of grocery in
your hand?
• Completing your homework
assignment?
• Writing an essay?
 WORK
• WORK is done only when a constant force applied on
an object, causes the object to move in the same
direction as the force applied.
 WORK
• Work is done if the
object you push
moves a distance in
the direction
towards which you
are pushing it.
 WORK
• No work is done
if the force you
exert does not
make the object
move.
 WORK
• No work is done if
the force you
exert does not
make the object
move in the same
direction as the
force you exerted.
 1. There must be force.
2. When you apply a certain
amount of force to an
object, it must move a
certain distance.
THERE ARE 3 3. The force that you applied,
CONDITIONS and the direction of the
FOR WORK. motion must be parallel. If
you applied force to the
right, then the object must
move to the right.
 a mouse pushing a
WORK OR NOT? piece of cheese with
its nose across the
floor.

• According to the scientific definition,

what is work and what is not?
• a teacher lecturing to her class.
WORK OR NOT?
 WHAT’S WORK?
• A scientist delivers a speech to an
audience of his peers. No
• A body builder lifts 350 pounds above his
head. Yes
• A mother carries her baby from room to
room. No
• A father pushes a baby in a carriage. Yes
• A woman carries a 20 kg grocery bag to
her car? No
 FORMULA FOR WORK
Work = Force x Distance
• The unit of force is Newton
• The unit of distance is meters
• The unit of work is newton-meters
• One newton-meter (N•m) is equal to one joule (J)
• So, the unit of work is a joule (J).
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
FOR WORK
• You are helping to Given:
F = 50 N, d= 200 m
push your mother’s Required:
Work = ?
heavy shopping cart Equation:

with a force of 50 N W = Fd
Solution:

for 200 m. What is W = Fd

= (50 N) (200 m)
amount of work Answer:

done? Work = 10,000 N•m / 10,000 J

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
FOR WORK
• Jack put on his bag-pack of Given:
weight 120 N. He then starts F = 120 N, d= 10 m

running on level ground. He Required:

Work = ?
started to climb up a ladder Equation:
up a height of 10 m. How W = Fd
Solution:
much work was done? W = Fd
= (120 N) (10 m)
Answer:
Work = 1,200 N•m / 1,200 J
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
FOR WORK
• The baseball player does Given:

1234 Joules of work when W = 1234 J, d= 100 m

Required:
hitting a baseball into left Force = ?
field. Assuming the baseball Equation:

landed 100 meters away F = W/d

Solution:
from home plate, how much F = W/d
force did the player use to = (1234 N•m) / (100 m)
hit the ball? Answer:
Force = 12.34 N
 POWER
• Power is the rate
at which work is
done.
• The amount of
work done in a
unit of time.
FORMULA FOR POWER
Power = Work / Time
• The unit of work is joule
• So, the unit of power is a joule/second (J/s) or watt

• The unit for power is joules per second. But maybe, you are
more familiar with watts which is commonly used to measure
power consumption of electrical devices. The unit watt is named
after James Watt who was a Scottish inventor and mechanical
engineer known for his improvements on steam engine
technology.
 WHO IS MORE
POWERFUL?
Two physics students, Ben and Bonnie, are in the
weightlifting room. Bonnie lifts the 50 kg barbell over
her head (approximately 0.60 m) 10 times in one
minute; Ben lifts the 50 kg barbell the same distance
over his head 10 times in 10 seconds.
Which student does the most work?
Which student delivers the most power?
Explain your answers.
WHO IS MORE POWERFUL?
Ben and Bonnie do the same
amount of work; they apply
the same force to lift the
same barbell the same
distance above their heads.
Yet, Ben is the most
powerful since he does the
same work in less time.
Power and time are
inversely proportional.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM FOR
POWER
How much power will it Given:
take to move a 10 kg m = 10 kg, a = 2 m/s2, d = 10 m, t = 5 sec
mass at an acceleration Required:
of 2 m/s2 a distance of Power = ?
10 meters in 5 seconds? Equation:
This problem requires P = W/t or P = Fd / t or P = mad / t

you to use the formula Solution:

for force, work, and P = W/t

power all in the correct = (10kg)(2 m/s2)(10m) / (5s)

order. Answer:
Power = 40 J/s or 40 watts
ENERGY
 ENERGY
• Energy is the capacity to do work
• SI Unit: Joule (J)
• Many forms
• Common ones:
• Kinetic
• Potential
• Electric
• Chemical
• Solar
• Nuclear
KINETIC ENERGY (KE)
• A form of energy that a body in motion possess.
• The word kinetic comes from the Greek word
kinetikos which means moving. Kinetic energy
quantifies the amount of work the object can do
because of its motion.
KINETIC ENERGY (KE)
• The amount of KE of a moving body depends on:
• Mass of body (kg)
• Velocity (m/s)
• When either mass or velocity of moving body is
increased, KE will also increase.
• Therefore, the work done in accelerating an object is
equal to the kinetic energy gained by the object.
KINETIC ENERGY (KE)
• Formula:

Kinetic Energy = 1 x Mass x (Velocity)2

2
1
KE = 2
x m x v2

Units: [J] [kg] [m/s]2

• SI Unit: Joule [ J ] … same as Work Done

SAMPLE PROBLEM FOR KE
• Find the KE of an empty van of mass 1000kg moving at 2m/s.
KE = ½ x 1000kg x (2m/s)2
= 2000 J

• Find the KE of van when it is loaded with goods to give a total mass of
2000kg, and moving at 2m/s.
KE = ½ x 2000kg x (2m/s)2
= 4000 J

• Find KE of unloaded van when it speeds up to 4m/s.

KE = ½ x 1000kg x (4m/s)2
= 8000 J
POTENTIAL ENERGY (PE)

• Potential energy is the energy possessed by

an object as a result of its POSITION or
CONDITION.

• Two common kinds:

• Gravitational PE
• Elastic PE
 ELASTIC PE
• Energy that can be possessed by an object
due to its CONDITION. Examples:

“Slinky” … when stretched or compressed

Spring … when stretched or compressed
Rubber band … when stretched
Balloon with air … when compressed
GRAVITATIONAL PE
• Energy that can be possessed by an object due to
its POSITION.

• In Physics, ground level is normally assumed to be

at ZERO GPE.
• Any object that is at ground level has ZERO GPE.
• If object is lifted a certain height above ground, its
GPE has increased.
 GRAVITATIONAL PE
• Gravitational force is the force that the earth exerts
on all objects on its surface. It is always directed
downward or towards the center of the earth.
Hence, when an object is lifted from the ground, the
work done is against the force of gravity. An object
gains energy when raised from the ground and loses
energy when made to fall. The energy gained or
lost by the object is called gravitational potential
energy or simply potential energy (PE).
GRAVITATIONAL PE
• Can be calculated with:
GPE = mass  gravitational acceleration  height
above ground level
= m  g  h Object on top of
Units: g
earth
building, of mass, m

[J] [kg] [m/s2] [m] Distance from

ground, h

Ground,
0 GPE
SI Units of GPE : Joule [J]
 EXAMPLE OF GPE
• You lifted your bags to the top of your table. What can you
say about the GPE of your bag?
• Zero, increase, decrease

• Lift the same bag on the Moon. What happens to GPE?

• Zero, increase, decrease

• Will the GPE be the same on Earth and Moon?

• Same, less on Moon, more on Moon?
SAMPLE PROBLEM FOR GPE

• A cat had climbed at the Given:

g = 9.8 m/s2, m = 6 kg, h = 20 m
top of the tree. The Tree is Required:
20 meters high and the cat Potential Energy = ?
Equation:
weighs 6kg. How much PE = mgh
potential energy does the Solution:
PE = mgh
cat have? = (6kg) (9.8 m/s2) (20m)
Answer:
PE = 1,176 J