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Communications
COMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKS

The process of sharing data, programs, and

information between 2 or more computers
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Communication Systems
• 4 basic elements
• Sending and receiving devices
• Communication channel
• Connection devices
• Data transmission specifications

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Communication Channels
• Channels carry data from one computer to another
• 2 categories of communication channels
• Physical connection
• Wireless connection

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Wireless Connections Connection Device Signals

• Types of signals
• Infrared
• Broadcast radio • Analog
• Wi-FI (wireless fidelity) • telephone signals;

• Microwave • continuous electronic wave

Microwave dish • Digital
• Bluetooth
• computer signals;
• Satellite • presence or absence of an electronic pulse; on/off
• GPS

Satellite

GPS
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Connection Device Types and Transfer

Modem – modulator-demodulator
Speeds
• Types of modems • Modulation (key term) is the name of the process for converting
• External from digital to analog
• Internal
• PC Card • Demodulation (key term) is the name of the process for converting
• Wireless
from analog to digital
BANDWIDTH:
Measurement of the capacity of the
channel (bits-per-second (bps)
transmission capability of a channel)

Transfer Speeds

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Protocols Networks
• Set of communication rules for exchanging data between • A computer network is a communication system
computers
• Connects two or more computers
• Standard for Internet: TCP/IP (Transmission control
protocol/Internet protocol) • Allows information exchange and share resources

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Computer network types

Physical network topology
A network can be characterized by its physical capacity (number of connected
computers), the distances that separate the computers (geographical area) or its
organizational purpose.

There are 3 main types of computer networks:

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

LAN is a network that connects computers and devices in a limited
geographical area such as home, office building, or closely positioned group
of buildings (1 m to 1 km). The network transmission speed is between 10MB/s to 1
GB/s. The network capacity does not exceed (2 to 1000 computers).

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2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) 3. Wide Area Network (WAN)

MAN is a large computer network that usually spans a city or a large A WAN network is a computer network that covers a large geographic area
such as city, country or spans even intercontinental distances (several
campus. The MAN network is the union of several local area networks hundreds of kilometers).
(LAN) within the same perimeter of a very large company, region or city that
connects computers within 10 – 25 km. A WAN uses a communications channel that combines many types of media
such as telephone lines, cables, and air waves.
The MAN networks usually use fiber optic.
The largest WAN is the Internet. A wide area network consists of a collection
For example, a university or college can have a MAN that connects several
of interconnected LANs.
local area networks located in an area of 1 km2.

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What is an IP address
Ø AnIP (Internet Protocol) address is an identifier for a
particular machine on a particular network; it is part of a
scheme to identify computers on the Internet.
IP ADDRESS
Ø A way to identify machines on a network
Ø A unique identifier
Ø Used to connect to another computer
Ø Allows transfers of files and e-mail

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IPv4 structure
Ø IP addresses consist of four bytes sections (32 bits)

Ø Each section is 8 bits long (one byte)

Ø Each section can range from 0 to 255

Ø for ex: 128.35.0.72

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IP structure IP structure
Ø These4 sections represent the machine itself and the 3 Classes of IP address A B C
network it is on
Ø Class A reserved for governments
Ø The network portion is assigned.
Ø Class B reserved for medium companies
Ø The host section is determined by the network administrator
Ø Class C reserved for small companies
Network Host Local address

3 classes A B C

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IP structure
Network portion

Ø Class A begins 1 to 127 Ip address class # Of Host IDs Per Network

ID
Ø Class B begins 128 to 191 Class A 224-2 = 16,277,214
Class B 216-2 = 65,534
Ø Class C begins 192 to 223 Class C 28-2 = 254

• Class D : begins 224 to 239

• Class E : begins 240 to 255
D 224 – 239 1110 Reserved for Multicasting
E 240 – 254 1111 Experimental; used for research

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Class A Class B
Support the need of moderate to large-sized networks
Support extremely large networks (more than 16 million host
addresses available) The first TWO bits of the 1st octet is 10
The lowest number that can be represented is 10000000 = (128) 10
1st
The first bit of the octet is 0 The highest number is 101111111 = (191)10
The lowest number that can be represented is 00000000 = (0) 10
Any address that starts with a value in the range of 128 to 191 in the 1st
The highest number is 011111111 = (127)10
octet is a class B address

Any address that starts with a value in the range of 0 to 127 in the
1st octet is a class A address

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Class C Exercise
Change the following IP addresses from binary notation to
It is used to support small networks with a max of 254 hosts.
dotted-decimal notation.
The first THREE bits of the 1st octet is 110
The lowest number that can be represented is 11000000 = (192) 10
The highest number is 110111111 = (223)10 1. 01111111 11110000 01100111 01111101
Any address that starts with a value in the range of 192 to 223 in the 1st 01111111 11110000 01100111 01111101 Class A
octet is a class C address 127 240 103 125

D 224 – 239 1110 Reserved for Multicasting

2. 10101111 11000000 11111000 00011101 Class B
E 240 – 254 1111 Experimental; used for research
10101111 11000000 11111000 00011101
175 192 248 29

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Find the class of the following ip addresses Find the class of the following IP addresses.
208.34.54.12
A. 11000010.00010101.11111111.10101010 127. 240. 103. 125
First 3 bits are 110 à Class C 200.14.99.15
B. 10011101.11100010.00000101.11111010 177.201.45.6
First 2 bits are 10 à Class B
C. 01011101.11100010.00000101.11111010
First bit is 0 à Class A

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Exercises
• Explain why most address in class A are wasted.

A block in class A address is too large for almost any

organization. This means most of the addresses in class A
are wasted and not used.

• Explain why medium-size or large-size corporation does

not want a block of class C addresses

A block in class C is too small for many organizations.

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