Notes of Database Systems
Notes of Database Systems
9-1-2024
Data: Collection of raw facts and figure. Database:Collection of data stored in an efficient /
organised way.
We collect data in two ways
Structured database:
Structure database is a data that is stored in well-defined format typically using tables with rows
and columns.,makes it sure that data is consistent. Example: include SQL-based databases
Unstructured database:
Unstructured database is that which is stored in its native form(like without using specific
format). Example: Not included SQL-based databases
There are two types of management systems
11-1-2024
1.File Management System:
A file management system is used for file maintenance (management )operations. It is a type of
software that manages data files in a computer system. A file management system has limited
capabilities and is designed to manage individual or group files, such as special office
documents and records. It may display report details. A file management system is also known as
a file manager
2.Database Management System:
Database:we called it the mixture of Data and Records:Data is raw information,record is
collection of organised information.
> Record:
Roll Name
01 ABC
Table 2:
In DBMS, the data is more secure. Data is not very secure in file
management system.
Backup of recovery Process
DBMS RDBMS
It Stores data in form of file It Stores data in form of tables
Data items need to access Multiple data items can be
individually accessed same time
DBMS doesn’t support distributed RDBMS supports distributed data
data
Security is less More security measures provided
It deals with small amount of data It deals with large amount of data
16-2-2024
ER modeling(Top down Approach)
What is ER Modelling.?
A graphical technique or design that can later be implemented as a database
Entity
Anything that can be stored in database.Represented as Rectangle
Entity instances Ways to store entities
Regular Entity that have an student. It can take only one value for a particular student.
Multi-valued Attributes If an attribute can take more than one value for each entity, it is a multi-
valued attribute. Multi-valued example for multi valued attribute : telephone number of an
employee, a particular
employee may have multiple telephone numbers.
Stored Attribute An attribute which need to be stored permanently is a stored attribute
Example : name of a student
Derived Attribute An attribute which can be derived automatically from other attributes is a
derived attribute. Example: age of employee which can be calculated from date of birth and
current date.
Relationship
Relation between entities and data sets is called relationship
Degree of Relationship
The degree of relationship in a database refers to the number of entities participating in a
relationship.
● Unary Relationship: Involves a single entity type.
● Binary Relationship: Involves two different entity types.
● Ternary Relationship: Involves three different entity types.
It describes how entities are connected to each other in the database.
Cardinality of Relationship
The cardinality of a relationship in a database is like how many items are connected in a
relationship.
● One-to-One (1:1): Each item on one side is connected to exactly one item on the other
side.
● One-to-Many (1:N): Each item on one side can be connected to multiple items on the
other side.
● Many-to-One (N:1): Many items on one side can be connected to one item on the other
side.
● Many-to-Many (N:N): Many items on one side can be connected to many items on the
other side.